(Fundamentals of Internet)

What is Internet?, Internet applications, Internet Addressing –Entering a Web Site Address, URL–Components of URL,
Searching the Internet, Browser –Types of Browsers,
Introduction to Social Networking: Twitter, Tumblr, LinkedIn, Facebook, flickr, Skype, yahoo, YouTube, WhatsApp.
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Q) What is internet?
Internet is defined as an information superhighway to access information over the web (OR) Internet is a
worldwide global system of interconnected computers.
The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the Internet, it's possible to
access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more.
You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also called going online. When someone says a
computer is online, it's just another way of saying it's connected to the Internet.

What is the Web?

The World Wide Web—usually called the Web for short—is a collection of different websites you can access through the
Internet.
A website is made up of related text, images, and other resources. Web
Page
A document that has information can be displayed in a web browser like Firefox, Google Chrome, etc. Its called just
“pages.”

Web Server
Where the web content is stored called a web server. The web server is used to host web sites. The web site is a
collection of web pages, The web server is a software that responds to the request for web resources.

History of Internet

The history of the internet timeline in a chronological view.

In 1969, MIT scientists invented a data transmission method and the first data to send from one computer to another
was ‘LOG’. They converted the word ‘LOG’ into binary values and sent from one to another using the wired medium.
In 1970, 13 computers at MIT were internally connected.
In 1971, the first email was sent using @ sign in ARPANET.
In 1983, the TCP/IP protocols became more strong and sophisticated. Some attributes addition like acknowledgment
(ACK) and reverse acknowledgment (RAK) made the internetworking as a good outlook.
In 1990, a CERN scientist T.B. Lee proposed a markup language which is named HTTP later. In this proposed
method, Lee connected CERN employees by sharing messages through this language platform. But this method was
limited to CERN members only.
In 1993, the proposed method of Lee was open to the public and the first website launched in the world. Although
some say that the first website was launched in 1991 but that wasn’t public or free.

In 1995, famous market place and shop cart amazon.com made their first launch and still they’re the best sellers in
online shopping. Google introduced itself as a search engine in 1997 with yahoo. Both are top search engine now.
Social media sites: Facebook, twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn invented or created within 2000-2010 and now you cannot
live a single day without it.

How does the Internet work?

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At now you’ll be wondering, how does the web work? The exact answer is pretty complicated and would take a short
time to elucidate.
It’s important to understand that the web may be a global network of physical cables, which may include copper
telephone wires, TV cables, and Fiber Optic Cables. Even wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G believe these
physical cables to access the web.

When opening a site, Computer sends an invitation over the wire to a server. Where websites are stored. It works tons
like your computer’s disk drive. A request arrives one time. The server retrieves the web site and sends the right data
back computer. What’s amazing is that this all happens in just a few seconds!

Q) Applications of internet:-
Internet is interconnection of large number of heterogeneous computer networks all over the world that can share
information back and forth. These interconnected network exchange information by using same standards and
products. The internet is treated as one of the biggest invention. It has a large number of uses.
 Communication
o It is used for sending and receiving message from one and other through internet by using electronic
mail. Some of the web sites providing this service are yahoo mail. Com Hotmail. Com rediffmail.com
etc.

 Job searches
o Getting information regarding availability of job in different sectors and areas. You can publish your
resume in online for prospective job some of the web sites providing this service are naukri.com,
monster. Com, summer job. Com, recuritmentidia.com etc.

 Finding books and study material

o Books and other study material stared around the world can be easily located through internet.
Latest encyclopedias are available online.

 Health and Medicine

o Internet provides information and knowledge about field of health and medicine. People can have
information about various diseases and can receive help. Patient can be taken to virtual check room
where they can meet doctors.

 Travel

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 o One can use internet to gather information about various tourist place. It can be used for booking
holiday tours, hotels, train and flights. Some of the web sites providing this service air India travels.
Org. com, raj travel. Com, make mytrip. Com.

 Entertainment
o Songs, movies, latest sports update through internet some of the web sites providing this services
are cricinfo.com.
 Shopping
o Internet is also used for online shopping. By just giving accounts details you can perform the
transaction you can even pay your bills and perform bank related transaction.
 Stock Market Updates
o You can sell or bases shares white sitting on computer through interest several websites like ndtv
profit.com, money pore.com, provide information regarding investment.

 Research
o A large number of people are using internet for research purposes you can download any kind
information by using internet.

 Business use of internet: Different ways by which internet can be used for business are:
Information about the product can be provided online to the customer.
Provide market information to the business. It
helps business to recruit talented people. Help in
locating suppliers of the product.

Fast information regarding customers view about company’s product.

Eliminate middle men and have a direct contact with customer
Providing information to the investor by providing companies background and financial information
on website.

Q) Internet Addressing
Each computer and router on the internet must have a name so that it can be uniquely identified. An Internet
addressing or Internet protocol address or IP address consists of 32 bits, or four bytes. IP addresses as four natural
numbers from 0-255. It is common to express IP addresses as four natural numbers separated by dots. The network
interface card NIC of every computer that wants to send or receive messages on the internet must have at least one
address. This is similar to the need for you to have a unique address receive mail. On the internet, this address is called
IP address. IP address is often expressed in the dotted decimal format, such as: 192.168.1.1

Q) Entering a Web Site Address

You can specify a URL in several ways, but three methods are most commonly used.
(1) Type the URL in the browser’s address box.
(2) Click a hyperlink that is linked to that URL. ‘
(3) Store the URL in your browser’s favorites’ list, then select the URL from the list.

Q) Components of URL
An URL stands for uniform Resource Locator, which is simply an address of a document on the web, more accurately,
on the internet although a URL can look complex and long it’s made up of four basic parts – Protocols, host names,
folder names and filename each of which has a specific function. Depending on the application, a URL can include
additional information, to specify user names or input to a server – side script, but fundamentally these four parts

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cover the basics.

http ://WWW. Abed. Com / ~ ejay / index. Htm /

Protocol host name folder name Filename

Types of URL: - URL s varies depending on the location of the documents to which user will link. Basically URLS
fall into two categories; Absolute and relative URL. They are described below.
Absolute URL: An absolute URL contains all the information necessary to find the files on the internet. It contains
the protocol indicator, host name, folder name and File name. Absolute URL are similar to address used by the U.S
postal service, which include a name, street address, apartment number, city, state and zip code. If same of the
information is missing – bay, the street number or house number. The carrier can’t deliver the mail to the right person.
Similarly, if the protocol indicator or host name is missing from a URL, browsers cannot link to a specific file because
they won’t know where and how to look for the file. Likewise, if the folder or file name is missing, browsers won’t
know which piece of information to pull of the server. The given is an example of absolute URLS.

http : // www. Abed. Com/ ~ ejay / index. htm

Protocol host name folder name File name

II) Relative URLS:

A relative URL usually contains only the folder name and file name or even just the file name. We can use these
partial URLs when we are pointing to a file that’s located within the same folder or on the same server as the
originating file. In these cases, a browser doesn’t need the server name or the protocol indicator because it assumes the
files are located in a folder or on a server that’s relative to the originating document.
User can use relative URLS to refer to documents in relation to the originating documents, which is called document.
Relative URLS or to the server on which the originating document resides, which is called server – related URLS.

Q) Searching the Internet

A web search engine is a tool designed to search for information on the world wide web. The search results are usually
presented in a list and are commonly called hits. That information may consist of web pages, images information and
types of files.
The search engine components are
(a)User interface: - The screen in which you type a very and which displays the search results.
(b)Searcher: - The part that searches a database for information to match your query.

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 (c) Evaluator: - The function that assigns relevancy scores to the information retrieved.
(d)Gatherer: - The components that traverses the web, collecting information about pages.
(e) Indexer: - The function that categorize the data obtained by the gatherer.
Search Engine Working: -
Web crawler (Gatherer), database and the search interface are the major components of a search engine that actually
makes search engine to work. Search engines and widen the results of a search. Following are the steps that are
performed by the search engine.
 The search engine looks for the keyword in the index for predefined database instead of going directly to the
web to search for the keyword.
 It then uses software to search for the information in the database. This software component is known as web
crawler.
 Once web crawler finds the pages, the search engine then shows the relevant web pages as a result. These
retrieved web pages generally include title of page, size of text portion, first several sentences etc.
 User can click on any of the search results to open it.
Directories: -
A web directory or web guide is a hierarchical representation of hyper links. The top level of the directory typically
provide a wide range of very general topics, such as arts, automobiles, education, entertainment, news, science, sports
and so on. Each of these topics is a hyperlink that leads to more specialized sub – topics.
Directories are easy to use. Click (or) select the category for the topic in which you are interested, can continue to
move down through the hierarchy, selecting sub categories and narrowing the search at each level, until you are
presented with a list of hyper links that pertain to your topic.
Ex: -
AOL Net fine--------www, aol.com./net find
CNET Search.com-------WWW.fearch.com
Infoseek---------WWW. Infoseek.com
Yahoo!-----------WWW. Yahoo.com

Meta Search Engines: -

A meta search engine (or) all – in – one search engine performs a march by calling on more than one
other search engine to do the actual work. The results are collected, duplicate retrievals are eliminated, and the results
are ranked according to how well they match use query.
 The advantage of a Meta search engine is that you can access a number of different search engines with a
single query.
 The disadvantage is that you will often have a high noise to signal ratio, that is, a lot of the “matc: - hes” will
not be of interest to you.
Ex :-
1.WWW. Meta search. Com
2. WWW. Meta crawler.Com
3. WWW. Meta find. Com

Q) Some Popular Search Engines / Search Engine Examples

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Google: You can say it Google web search or Google search or simply Google. The name is enough and further
introduction is not necessary. Can you imagine Google manages more than three billion searches per day? It is
crawler – based search engine. Not only has the web, Google fulfilled your hunt for the images, videos news, books,
maps apps etc.
Estimated unique monthly visitors – 1,100,000,000
Bing: Search engine produced by Microsoft and one of the healthy competitors of Google. Your second best option
for search query is Bing. Bing says for the users –“Bing is for doing.’’ It is available in 40 Language’s and totally
scripted by Asp.net.
Estimate unique monthly visitors – 350,000,000
Yahoo: Yahoo stands for ‘’Yet another Hierarchically Organized oracle.’’ Through since October 2011 Yahoo is
operated by Bing, yahoo search is third prominent search engine you are looking for. It is human – compiled directory
based search engine. Yahoo has collaborated with yelpIne to boost its local search for better competition with Google.
It is totally scripted by php.
Estimated unique monthly visitors – 300,000,000
Ask: ‘’ ASK’’ is the most common key word for your search query ask com was originally known as Ask Jeeves. Ask
basically serves the search quarries on daily submitted questions where questions are answered by other users or are in
the format polls. They are also based on traditional keyword searching. They had developed the world’s first’’. Click
popularity’’ search Technology.
Estimate unique monthly Visitors – 245,000,000
AOL SEARCH: AOL search for America online. AOL search is also a crawler – based search engine, like
Google. The outcome of search query of AOL is almost similar to Google. Now the question is where it differs,
it differs in the point in ‘’ internal’’ version of AOL search. It provides links to content only available within the
AOL online service. So you have the option for search and browsing the web simultaneously. It is written c++
Language.
Estimated unique monthly Visitors – 125,000,000

Q) Different types of web browsers.

All web browsers are application programs that are developed to access information on which World Wide Web.
Although the primary application of the web browsers is the same, they differ from each other in more than one
aspect. The distinguishing areas are:
Platform: Linux, windows Mac, BSD and other Unix protocols: FTP, SFTP, SAMBA, HTTP, IMAP, etc. Graphical
user Interface. (Gui)
However, the general, primary and secondary features and facilities offered by web browsers include download,
bookmarks, and password management. They also offer functions like spell checking, search engine tool bars, tabbed
browsing, advertisement filtering, HTML access keys and pop – up blocking.

Internet Explorer:-
It was developed by Microsoft in 1994 and released in 1995 as a supportive package to Microsoft windows line of
operating systems. According to Statistics, its usage share from 1999 to 2003-04 was around 95% . Micros of
occasionally releases updates for the previous version of IE, which have some enhanced capabilities.

Mozilla Firefox:-
It is owned by Mozilla Corporation and was the result of experimentation. Mozilla Firefox was
officially announced in February 2004. It was earlier named phoenix, firebird, and eventually Firefox. It is the Second
– most famous browser after Internet Explorer, as there were around 100 million downloads, within a year of its
release.

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 Safari:-
This is a web browser from Apple inc. Which is compatible with Mac OS X , Microsoft windows, and the I phone os.
Safari was released by Apple in January 2003 as a public beta.

Opera:-
This browser was developed by Opera software. In 1996. It is a well – Known browser that is mainly used in internet
activated mobile phones, PDAS, and smart phones. Opera Mini and Opera Mobile are the browsers used in smart
phones. It is compatible with many operating systems such as sotaris, Linux, Mac OSX, and Microsoft windows
mobile operating systems for smart phones and PDA’S.

Google Chrome:-
This web browser was developed by Google. Its beta and commercial versions were released in sept
2008 for Microsoft windows. The browser versions for Mac OSX are under development. The browser options are
very similar to that of safari the settings locations are similar to Internet Explorer7, and the windows design is based
on Windows vista.

Netscape Navigator:-
It was developed by Netscape Communications Corporation and was most popular in the 1990’s. Exceptional
features were it to rise to fame with a market share of more than 50%. In the 1990’s.
Lynx:-
It was initially developed by distributed computing group at university of Kansas only for using in the campus. A
cross platform browser that runs on UNIX, VMS, DOS, Microsoft windows, Mac. OS, OS/2 and others. Lynx is a text
based browser.

Q) Web Terminologies
Web Surfing is a great way to become familiar with the web. To begin our discussion of web surfing, we first
introduce and review some common web terminology.”
1. Page or Web page: - A file that can be read over the World Wide Web.
2. Pages or Web Pages: - The global collection of documents associated with and accessible via the world web.
3. Hyperlink: - A string of Clickable text or a clickable graphic that points to another web page or document.
When the hyperlink is selected, another web page is requested, retrieved, and rendered by the browser.
4. Hyper text: - Web pages that have hyperlinks to other pages. More generally, any text having non linear links to
other text.
5. Browser: - A software tool used to view web pages, read email, and read news groups, among other things,
Browsers are also called web clients.
6. Multimedia: - Information in the form of graphics, audio, Video, or movies. A multi media document contains a
media element other than just plain text.
7.Hypermedia: - Media with links and navigational tools.
8)Uniform Resource Locator: A string of characters that specify the address of a web page.
9)Surfer: - A person who spends time exploring the World Wide Web.
10) Web Presentation: A collection of associated and hyper linked web pages. Usually, there is an underlying
theme to the pages.

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11) Web Master: - A person who maintains, creates, and manages a web presentation, often for a business,
organization, or university. This person usually “signs” web pages, so that questions and commands can be sent to
them.
12) Web Manager: - Synonym for web master.
13) Website: - An entity on the internet that publishes web pages. A web site typically has a computer
serving web pages, where as a web presentation is the actual web pages themselves.
14) Web server: - A computer that satisfies user requests for web pages.
15) Mirror Site: - A site that contains a duplicate copy of a web presentation from another site. If a web
presentation is extremely popular, other sites may be used to mirror.

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