Date:

Page

Catorimetr
Teeuwgy oa body 9ulald lo its hotness
T Coldks Dhot its femp is calld
Thesmal tneiau
Tnexmal Cwagy traaes om hotto body
to colda00body oR ottes Sechon d
a body
to Coldu J Seckion o a body
Thots hexmal ugy beig Asafud
dua to temp diumceY nde
And wHma Eu in framattIS CaRd
Heav
Thus Heat is a fosm Ene9 80 its
8-TOwt i8 Joule
Anoth wt THeat: CalosteCal

tatorietCat a Gwout-s htat *e

to,au3ee tu temp
doH by 1cyom 14.5 c to 155°
LCal:2
 Date:
Page

Ma Specifje Heat Capaity

Speefie teat ap ky-
woundtto Oatrequred to Taisethe
emP SUwt maA 5aSubstanee
et t
CO> Small
t uaat
md T M MaAA
JdT mall alamge in temp.

dome dt
A da= mcar

AQ =mcAT
leal- oR 2 -
asog-k
 Date:

Page:

C : 5 callg-'e
ice

Stseam 4cat/
ex teatseaured tO Taise te
wo to
07 oe soc

Note:
he Speclic Heat Capacity (OR Spe cihe Heat
clopeuda on he PYeRSue Nowui nd
esac h e Suhst ance

a t Capacity
Ontike Speailioua Capacityit is tha propety
body moto Substonce T ig dihed an
Amout d Dhag guied to Yaise th teme
body by Voitu'c6R IR
m

body_eATAQ
-A0---EAT
A0
m:ma othe00
AT y-
C-Speie eat capac city

body
Heat capacitsd
 ST buit o H

Cneally uu asu thu dtali mattu

SlidLaid 4 Gas.
C he
hanewel tomp 0 mattx body dhanges hem
Stalu remainSome uiueveH tal Chagge
AOMfemp Temain a

komevt STuu matM CyeS=

OLateMa Heat t is ta progety 6 Subgtauce
ud dilwed moknt s heat
exhomged by Uit ma mateoith
Sulnouoimgto OMougeits tat,

ANA
m

A = mL

Latrutkoat (L) s olafiud iu to wys

Zatout haat
AiC ion Amowt a baat
exauged by Dowt mass
Substamoe with duwMOUMding for
Sottd Zqud COnveATOM
 Date:

Page:.

A AG tt
ex-toTice wiConAIeuion -Socal
cal
tor 2Kg ice oalw Convostion

A0mt Rxooo9 x80ca

tLatoat oat d UagwnizatiouL=

iqud na Tonveaion.

Substoteothuwtondivg
COnveJTON
o i9-a

log tee t -Io°c ig eonvetts (tnto Steam at 1&60

So
Ha tce attoch
at0e

No

10 SteOum at
lDo
 Date:

Page

Xato lquiualot heat) a ody

oa wuou exouang
weodt wi D duwLOuudiy9 for ceHthiu clouge
iu temp aa abody Udoeo the sdouud
in tomp is calld at equialout
bod body
Altex natively a equivalut o_hadyis
maas o coa whose heat chpadit q u a l
the nedk capacity o a boduy
AT
291
A
Gody Body body
A

A0 C
oatittotiyAT

bodbodAT

dtotoatot eod body-

body
ww
S-I but & wtutnlut-2 -
 Date:

Page:

aovimo tse

iaulatid vesel
eust ttuit haoc
Comnot exenomged
wTth WUAOMUuug

inipleinaple Calorimatry-
3 two oRmore boclies at di temp aU Xed
Din Q Hww.ally iMudalid vedel tnèm noat
wlroand by hottë body (ies 18equal to hat
ObSorbed bycoldi bodly(ies)
Also ially th temp ixtuML Hadua a Constau
Voluu nat is Thekma Eq&uGbyium tmp
5 ali at 3c is ixed with log wot at Ssoc
in a alorimetey tind egtomP
Sol S twai 30C
COww.DW fenap T
30CT<56c
teat ab s0T bod Hea uleaaed

Soxlx(T-30) = loxIxo-T
T 43 33c
 Date:
Page:.

AlteHnativly-

AN+ AN, =0

u(T30) o(L(T-So=0
NOONido

a at doe IS owolu at 6oc awd

oalo 5oc aHe wwixe n a0alorimelh
nd eaeam kemp
So A A A =-
lOxlx(T-30) ISXxIx(T-60) t Sxx(T-50)
1 1350
30
45
5Ao-1ocis uxed Cwith 5og watu at 6oc
LalorimeTen ud0 e a t P Also hnd
inol
Ce at -1o'c 58 Coatin at éoc
ANos5-25cal
A ESxo SXI
AOhIX66
1 e e at oc

toa3
A n Sxx8400

S oalu at oc

BSa caal at oc
S 3o0oo-42s-35+5
 A
AT 25+S 68c
SS
Steam at 200e
Q g ice at Oo iS muxed wit
i an (MSWald uesoell Find ea tmp amd
COmbinatiou wixtue.

A m Tet Xo.4tx t00

x8P =80
4Cal

x1x lo0 XS40 S40

HOw ut2 Codb at i00 C

uot Ooilabte58+18o=4ot cal

Awou al OMAeMed into Steam

A Ad

5T0
TM teat
 Date:

Page:

eattrgtutve
Tempetuuou

Heat

Betug
pain

Aea
Merhug
Powt
T imu

Potwe AU
AT Ttm pexi
AQ = PAL
AQ =MCAT
PATE wLCA

Stope uatiu tuitwe o-

Ex
ifeahug uuP i8 ox wa thom

SFRawm wt
 Date:

Page:

tuapOYakio Conueaion a quid ito vapou

GLwol he tep Ate the evaporai0n.
Small th hoiliug pow4 more Tapid he
ewaporalhion
apo atian MoHe AA On decuOOAO DTeoAUSLO

Subamation- Dired Conveusion a Solid into Vapou_

Sto
Heat taporaion Heat required to ehouge ouit
aos Sod directy ito
VapouA

ase Diagramm foT acter

Normal / NormA
neti P o i n t

Liauid
fuAiov

CUAVe

Solid Vapoisation Cuve

A
-6 Iiple coint Vapout
SubCmaHon uaA
O.O0 0-01 TOO. O
 * Heat trans{er
odeS d haatt taanaea AAY
Conduction u t s mode ohaat trausfe, mole cules qthe medium a
not being transosted
Reason be ind this modeis intA mole culat Colulision
metal
Yod)
Plam
3t
t is
is common in Soid 4 Liqud but most dominant in Solid.
6) Conuection
n thiS mode hect traua take place along withtawspor taion 6 mol
t is common in quid 4 nas
(i) Free Convecion|natual i ) forced Convection.
Convecho Tn His au extenal aget dad
Reason his isthe
to forcefuliy Tasfomdeede.
deaaty ence ex:-
NDT1
Hot ar blowet.
1+YAT
Kadiation:
Sw i s mode aat trause taRe place by me ans o Electtomagnelic
Wave.

* Conduction 9 CTtdTC
T2c
fwier S law huat Conducthon:-
The Tate oKeat flow , dH
8T Unit 4H watt (w
H dt
du KA dT S-I Uwit oRw/m-

Small amount
de we
mat
cowataudt Known aA (a Tempetatusu Gradiant
hexmal Condu chvity
Imal chauge in lermp.
aro3s Secional aioa
a l T
HAPplicakion fuoiex's a dheat Conduchon
OOnitovm Rod
- KAAT
A
AT
RA TT
CL-0
H dH--KA H KA (T-T)
dt d L
i s Constait. hen,i H (T-T)
9tady State RA)
AH KAAT
At A
Cumert
Anamolous to Ohmsa i.e. Potieutial KAoR
Dixence )
R KA
Cet Resistance mal Resistance
R L TAY
RA

k K 3t is h propetty mateial
t dapeuds on matuial 4qeometr
R
Stedy State:- teat trauste from ighan temp to Lowe+
lon 4
through Conelhction. Atet Some time temp di
Seetion
6 condkictor
d the bodbecome Constout bur not Sam isS
e allud Steady Statt.
Combination_ CoucudoT
D Serie8 Combina
Combinanon Ano eonductor auu daid to be conm
Series i they ate ne

aA 3hown n Te unciok. f conneatid

Equivalo d(enath wise lethu
Ha
h m a l Resistomce

TT
K2qivaleit wimal ConduciuiT
n Steadu State,
e n Series Combination heat euonet hrougn all the Component
ae dame e
TT
R R2
FTom Mexe cwe co find T
T-T R-O
TTR T-T, H,R
Acdd eanO ea
TT (R#R,);(L: H i-4) .

T-T2 rom eq ? 6
RAR2 R RtR)

3 ths a e n- condudors in Søtles *en

Rea RR .-+Rn
R R+R2 RA
LkAtLKA
L2
RARA2
LkAKA2
AtKAKA) A L
A A=A KAKA
LLL2 Equivalent Themal Conduckvity
hen R= L+L NS

(
rarallel CombiMation- Ano. 6 Condudor daid to be
in paxalle
ae connedd
they ae connetad Sidecwise as
Shown in$
 Equivaleit Tuumal
Resistance
Te Tc
H
KEquyaleat thuyma
H H+ H Conduchvity

TT TT2 thee au m condutoY Conned,

R Ro Vin paxallelthew

RR 7 Rn
Rea,
Speiol Coa
Sn Steady 8tatt Tom ea 6
R
H
H
HH+HRI
TO HR
H T R T-T,=HR-OD H= )
T-T
R
HR, H-(RH
RtRa
HR= H,R,-
H , +H
T w o SmalleT Tods ave Connedtid as Show
tooc Oc

ca)
90 cal heat floo in amin hsoug he eombinaion in ig (a) t
find h time taken to flouo 0 cal iougthe combinatio hpo in
Su ta () t o cal
Psom fiy Ca) H 00-0 flow in fg
hon tim
20cal 100-o R2
2R H200 a20t=tmin
4min
R 10 H 2o cal
 2003
Point Pi8 maintained at 400e and equal amouit
Ond
OMd walin
evaporate ten ind X.
d iee melts e

ce aa
Catey

oo'c
H= AH=Tu
AT
T
Iee
coix
H= AH TH-TL mLu 00-10o
AT AT lo-x
R
KA
bividee O
AT A
KA R 4oollo- HA
A Lv 30

4o-A) 24X =260-SIC

3

6 0240
9
find wmal Resistamce Spherical 3hell haui
havig inner adlius , .
outeH Tadiuus 2

T7h
Te R qKTT

R 4K
dR= dr
KT) RE -Y
4KT2
R TK4xY)
dr
2
RT (-)L
Tmal Resistamce fouwing inhe radius a) 1oute
b) tindu Soll

L
dR ds
K(RxSA)

T dR d
KRxTA)
R nb-Ina)
R knbla d AM
A

T The mal Re8istamee Shownin

he Tod8ahou in0d 24
-2 ) -2+/

(atb)
Te Jatb)o3a -2t

ol R Jde

ResistoMC
R mx+a)2+1

d RK ) m
dR=d L
Symo
Secion Kay2 Kxm mto)ta Ynlta
Prom h t
tom
Kxa a

(b1a R KTab

Y m at

ab K 7 T= ab
R
toTmation ice ove lake/Pond KO
d
Sice
At time t = t

Siee
K t c e o u d u c u r

ice
2

ice
Rate uat fow, H o l -KAd
d t 2Kie
dmu KA (0-0) iMe takem to owM
*
X ucknes ice
KAS
eeLtAd
dt X
T teAp abave a lake is-1Se T ittwpoO5 o watix is O C.Find
is mthick. omd time
he rate
Te Towt o ice wwn
2.24 md
com-K and
tato to focbth to Im. Calyeu thot Kice
Liee336 K tce loHg (m
t tee dil u aboue e
2Rice
ddt Stee(2
2Kic dt
ime taRem= o(336 xI6) ((1) .

2 (24) (io) =ice

Rat4 gtosth ,
0.45 X1o8ec.

224xIO = 133 xio m S d

ox336xic
o0 5
 **adiatian o Cleotomagnetic oaue,
> Heattrana takes place in foTm
So it does mot tequise my madiwm
fasteat mode hoat tramae
O Pe Vostesy Heat exanamge
Al bodies Tadiat heat (oR adiation) at all temp (T0K). Also
Te at Hadiatid by bodies in duol ounding falts upon the
body
Sw iven tim itival itheat
to
a
e0t Hadiatd by it e n its
absorbed by body is el
Lemp main ame.
d ioat absor bed is realn then aat, Hadi
temp wilt 11 es onol vice veusa atid t
+whem Hadiation MCidt on a body
udout
Re

owmute d
 Q , +Qa +Q E Emmissieye Powe
d þel ewt time pe
Enea
Enexgy
o d powit
Yadiate

aea
R + A+ T na E AU
AUReat radiatd
emi tted a
Reflecive Potwe AAAt
Areq
AA Sun faee
At timu inteHval.

Absorotive Potool OR Coeiut

absorbtion edtoeo

474
14A
tyaanuive
Poweh

for peedt tiauamission, T=o,a0,t=1.

Reflection a0, t0

absorbtion, T0, Q = l t o
for
ud Telekive poweiS
3 tTamamissiom Pouoe od a Suxfaee, is
4/3 he its absor btive poloen. is ?
t++ a =i

a 2 eo pie Juo aAz/a

# Emissivi
tb8oute essivity OR Emissiuity
uuit aea pe wit time corespondna
It duiued
i3 as aat Hadialud bex
to oit temp oixnce T T SuAonding ANS

8IUuit W-
Relative ¬missttivity
Emissive powe a body nd a emissive powe
3+1S Hatio d u
D
abla ck temp
boduat the amu temp
 3ve Poioela body itis oitleso
emissive Pooe o a black booj
and black body ( teady
7Comparison b blw
a
a body (grey body)
8tat e at uwal Situaion

BlacR B0du NoTwal ey Body

Heat inddet Qt Q absorbtive powe

Qa QQa
Heat absoTbed
Heat Tadiaid

OATA-
AAT
(a/ATea)
QiAT suiti
i.e
for black
body e = e

absorHve poloe.

Kirchoff's kaw
t stat that Haio aemissive pooe amd absorbtive pouw all
bodies at a givem tep is &ami aMd equals to emidsive pob
O M black bodi at that temp. temp
At a ivem temp emiiue pouwe al black
body has a unique valu.
3bodies A,8,C, D Od a black body ae o t Seiue temp
EA ee Ee
ac oAD tblack bod
=

body
blackbo
We c a Coneludu om his laud, Gicod absorbes ase aood
Omd bad obsorbos ane bad enüttua. emto

OStefau'
Heat 3 LauoT ui ted po out a
radiaid pe ou
to A ut time by blacK
is diety p*opor tional
bndy
Dody Poo its ab8olute
femp. ,Heat a d h a i d
P.0.Hme o a Two wtallic Sphal at S1Sae made
Cup Saume madtericl dhawe gt ideutical

du A black bod
body
black
Suifale iish. Both Sphue aehaatd
to Samu hig temp amd placecl in dam Yo0
dt nawiug ow temp but both ae hemally
XT4 othe Findyinitid
wauhtid rom Cach the rato
S,1 Sa.
du Tate o cooling
dt AT Gsiye-m ams,
6 Stefow's Cowtat so1-dT
6eA (T-
mC
for a mov mad bodu bod ( T
(du 6e AT 6eAa (-T3)
dt ms
A ms2
ms, A2
Kate Colivg TAO
aRT(ms2
xT 3ms.
-body3 temp
(-AT
dt
A T (- dT
Y3
Swwwomdiug dt ms,- 3 m82
utface
Jemp
Area
TTs o
met Rate oeat Hadiaton =6eAT aA TS 3 3
du-
dt
6eAT-T); Le-a (3 1=33

ea (T-T')
Newton's Xaw 5 Cooling
eA (T-T) bodys Jeumpdratun
dt. T u0MAmdia

Rate deoea temp

ie Rate Cooig
du- 6e AT- 6aAT a
dt
mcdT eATT
dt
)6eA f(T.a)-T me
dT beA
mc

eAT(
mc

6eA
mC T AT-11 as AT To USi
approximation
Bion omial
YO

( seAT3) AT A
mc

b
dt
AT a tve eO nAtadt

- dT bT-To) mC
dt
dTb
dt
(T-To) o(T-T) = bt

-dT
T-To
bdt
T-ToJ
T A 3
CT-To) T-T)est
(T-T.]e-bt
(
ToR Tt) =To+
T dTolt bT-To
T CCoog uwe
pf Aboue e Can be

T mooi fied a.
SUMoua

femp
AT
SuMondius
temp
ATT-T
TawgT+
Q.A body cool3 4o C to 6oc 3 min .Find t tim taKen bu body
to Cools som 6oe to 5ot. ven that tep Suowdiug 'is 4oc

So T 40 Tt Go
6o
T 50

At Swin At3ctw A

* Spedtral Envigy Distribution Cuve Blach Body Radiotion

E
ooo TTa T diHeredt
TTT resuene.
V3>V>N
Am,m e Omd mted-
|Hadiato
IT2
Cwawelegth aud
T
e wni ttec adiation
T
Am,AmAm, V2 Va

ti) Am T ) tAmT
4he Speclal enrgy
Ata Paticulas temp atea enclosed b
temp the
eutve 3hotos the Spedtal emissive poLoe e body

Auea Ed T
Ste fam's -Boltzmam coatat
Axea
=

5.64 xio8 W-m.K4

*Wein's Displacement lauw

=

All bo oies Tadiated at ad temp and in Hadiations all wavelegth

exist Am is the wawelength COTYesponcing to
44 at a temp T',
wucn Hadiation
contributes max" intemaity hen wein'8
bis placemedt cau States that
T body temp in kelvin
Am T b A +ve constat called Weans Cowstaut
Univetsal
Constaut
b 289 xto m-.