RULE 14
SUMMONS
Section 1. Clerk to issue summons. — Unless the complaint is on its face dismissible under
Section 1, Rule 9, the court shall, within five (5) calendar days from receipt of the initiatory
pleading and proof of payment of the requisite legal fees, direct the clerk of court to issue the
corresponding summons to the defendants.
Section 2. Contents. — The summons shall be directed to the defendant, signed by the clerk
of court under seal, and contain:
(a) The name of the court and the names of the parties to the action;
(b) When authorized by the court upon ex parte motion, an authorization for the plaintiff to
serve summons to the defendant;
(c) A direction that the defendant answer within the time fixed by these Rules; and
(d) A notice that unless the defendant so answers, plaintiff will take judgment by default and
may be granted the relief applied for.
A copy of the complaint and order for appointment of guardian ad litem, if any, shall be
attached to the original and each copy of the summons.
Section 3. By whom served. — The summons may be served by the sheriff, his deputy, or
other proper court officer, and in case of failure of service of summons by them, the court
may authorize the plaintiff - to serve the summons - together with the sheriff.
In cases where summons is to be served outside the judicial region of the court where the
case is pending, the plaintiff shall be authorized to cause the service of summons.
If the plaintiff is a juridical entity, it shall notify the court, in writing, and name its authorized
representative therein, attaching a board resolution or secretary's certificate thereto, as the
case may be, stating that such representative is duly authorized to serve the summons on
behalf of the plaintiff.
If the plaintiff misrepresents that the defendant was served summons, and it is later proved
that no summons was served, the case shall be dismissed with prejudice, the proceedings
shall be nullified, and the plaintiff shall be meted appropriate sanctions.
If summons is returned without being served on any or all the defendants, the court shall
order the plaintiff to cause the service of summons by other means available under the Rules.
Failure to comply with the order shall cause the dismissal of the initiatory pleading without
prejudice.
Section 4. Validity of summons and issuance of alias summons — Summons shall remain
valid until duly served, unless it is recalled by the court. In case of loss or destruction of
summons, the court may, upon motion, issue an alias summons.
There is failure of service after unsuccessful attempts to personally serve the summons on
the defendant in his address indicated in the complaint. Substituted service should be in the
manner provided under Section 6 of this Rule. (5)
Section 5. Service in person on defendant. — Whenever practicable, the summons shall be
served by handing a copy thereof to the defendant in person and informing the defendant
that he or she is being served, or, if he or she refuses to receive and sign for it, by leaving the
summons within the view and in the presence of the defendant.(6)
Section 6. Substituted service. — If, for justifiable causes, the defendant cannot be served
personally after at least three (3) attempts on two (2) separate dates, service may be effected:
(a) By leaving copies of the summons at the defendant's residence to a person at least
eighteen (18) years of age and of sufficient discretion residing therein;
(b) By leaving copies of the summons at the defendant's office or regular place of business
with some competent person in charge thereof. A competent person includes, but not limited
to, one who customarily receives correspondences for the defendant;
(c) By leaving copies of the summons, if refused entry upon making his or her authority and
purpose known, with any of the officers of the homeowners' association or condominium
corporation, or its chief security officer in charge of the community or the building where the
defendant may be found; and
(d) By sending an electronic mail to the defendant's electronic mail address, if allowed by the
court.
Section 7. Service upon entity without juridical personality. — When persons associated in an
entity without juridical personality are sued under the name by which they are generally or
commonly known, service may be effected upon all the defendants by serving upon any one
of them, or upon the person in charge of the office or place of business maintained in such
name. But such service shall not bind individually any person whose connection with the
entity has, upon due notice, been severed before the action was filed. (8)
Section 8. Service upon prisoners. — When the defendant is a prisoner confined in a jail or
institution, service shall be effected upon him or her by the officer having the management of
such jail or institution who is deemed as a special sheriff for said purpose. The jail warden
shall file a return within five (5) calendar days from service of summons to the defendant. (9)
Section 9. Service consistent with international conventions. — Service may be made
through methods which are consistent with established international conventions to which
the Philippines is a party. (n)
Section 10. Service upon minors and incompetents. — When the defendant is a minor, insane
or otherwise an incompetent person, service of summons shall be made upon him or her
personally and on his or her legal guardian if he or she has one, or if none, upon his or her
guardian ad litem whose appointment shall be applied for by the plaintiff. In the case of a
minor, service shall be made on his or her parent or guardian.
Section 11. Service upon spouses. - When spouses are sued jointly, service of summons
should be made to each spouse individually. (n)
Section 12. Service upon domestic private juridical entity. — When the defendant is a
corporation, partnership or association organized under the laws of the Philippines with a
juridical personality, service may be made on the president, managing partner, general
manager, corporate secretary, treasurer, or in-house counsel of the corporation wherever
they may be found, or in their absence or unavailability, on their secretaries.
If such service cannot be made upon any of the foregoing persons, it shall be made upon the
person who customarily receives the correspondence for the defendant at its principal office.
In case the domestic juridical entity is under receivership or liquidation, service of summons
shall be made on the receiver or liquidator, as the case may be.
Should there be a refusal on the part of the persons above-mentioned to receive summons
despite at least three (3) attempts on two (2) separate dates, service may be made
electronically, if allowed by the court, as provided under Section 6 of this rule. (11)
Section 13. Duty of counsel of record. — Where the summons is improperly served and a
lawyer makes a special appearance on behalf of the defendant to, among others, question the
validity of service of summons, the counsel shall be deputized by the court to serve
summons on his client. (n)
Section 14. Service upon foreign private juridical entities. — When the defendant is a foreign
private juridical entity which has transacted or is doing business in the Philippines, as
defined by law, service may be made on its resident agent designated in accordance with the
law for that purpose, or, if there be no such agent, on the government official designated by
law to that effect, or on any of its officers, agents, directors or trustees within the Philippines.
If the foreign private juridical entity is not registered in the Philippines, or has no resident
agent but has transacted or is doing business in it, as defined by law, such service may, with
leave of court, be effected outside of the Philippines through any of the following means:
(a) By personal service coursed through the appropriate court in the foreign country with the
assistance of the department of foreign affairs;
(b) By publication once in a newspaper of general circulation in the country where the
defendant may be found and by serving a copy of the summons and the court order by
registered mail at the last known address of the defendant;
(c) By facsimile;
(d) By electronic means with the prescribed proof of service; or
(e) By such other means as the court, in its discretion, may direct. (12)
Section 15. Service upon public corporations. — When the defendant is the Republic of the
Philippines, service may be effected on the Solicitor General; in case of a province, city or
municipality, or like public corporations, service may be effected on its executive head, or on
such other officer or officers as the law or the court may direct. (13)
Section 16. Service upon defendant whose identity or whereabouts are unknown. — In any
action where the defendant is designated as an unknown owner, or the like, or whenever his
or her whereabouts are unknown and cannot be ascertained by diligent inquiry, within ninety
(90) calendar days from the commencement of the action, service may, by leave of court, be
effected upon him or her by publication in a newspaper of general circulation and in such
places and for such time as the court may order.
Any order granting such leave shall specify a reasonable time, which shall not be less than
sixty (60) calendar days after notice, within which the defendant must answer. (14)
Section 17. Extraterritorial service. — When the defendant does not reside and is not found in
the Philippines, and the action affects the personal status of the plaintiff or relates to, or the
subject of which is, property within the Philippines, in which the defendant has or claims a
lien or interest, actual or contingent, or in which the relief demanded consists, wholly or in
part, in excluding the defendant from any interest therein, or the property of the defendant
has been attached within the Philippines, service may, by leave of court, be effected out of
the Philippines by personal service as under Section 6; or as provided for in international
conventions to which the Philippines is a party; or by publication in a newspaper of general
circulation in such places and for such time as the court may order, in which case a copy of
the summons and order of the court shall be sent by registered mail to the last known
address of the defendant, or in any other manner the court may deem sufficient. Any order
granting such leave shall specify a reasonable time, which shall not be less than sixty (60)
calendar days after notice, within which the defendant must answer. (15)
Section 18. Residents temporarily out of the Philippines. — When any action is commenced
against a defendant who ordinarily resides within the Philippines, but who is temporarily out
of it, service may, by leave of court, be also effected out of the Philippines, as under the
preceding Section. (16)
Section 19. Leave of court. — Any application to the court under this Rule for leave to effect
service in any manner for which leave of court is necessary shall be made by motion in
writing, supported by affidavit of the plaintiff or some person on his behalf, setting forth the
grounds for the application. (17)
Section 20. Return. — Within thirty (30) calendar days from issuance of summons by the clerk
of court and receipt thereof, the sheriff or process server, or person authorized by the court,
shall complete its service. Within five (5) calendar days from service of summons, the server
shall file with the court and serve a copy of the return to the plaintiff's counsel, personally, by
registered mail, or by electronic means authorized by the Rules.
Should substituted service have been effected, the return shall state:
(1) The impossibility of prompt personal service within a period of thirty (30) calendar days
from issue and receipt of summons;
(2) The date and time of the three (3) attempts on at least (2) two separate dates to cause
personal service and the details of the inquiries made to locate the defendant residing
thereat; and
(3) The name of the person at least eighteen (18) years of age and of sufficient discretion
residing thereat; name of competent person in charge of the defendant's office or regular
place of business, or name of the officer of the homeowners' association or condominium
corporation or its chief security officer in charge of the community or building where the
defendant may be found. (4)
Section 21. Proof of service. — The proof of service of a summons shall be made in writing
by the server and shall set forth the manner, place, and date of service; shall specify any
papers which have been served with the process and the name of the person who received
the same; and shall be sworn to when made by a person other than a sheriff or his or her
deputy.
If summons was served by electronic mail, a printout of said e-mail, with a copy of the
summons as served, and the affidavit of the person mailing, shall constitute as proof of
service. (18)
Section 22. Proof of service by publication. — If the service has been made by publication,
service may be proved by the affidavit of the publisher, editor, business or advertising
manager, to which affidavit a copy of the publication shall be attached and by an affidavit
showing the deposit of a copy of the summons and order for publication in the post office,
postage prepaid, directed to the defendant by registered mail to his or her last known
address. (19)
Section 23. Voluntary appearance. — The defendant's voluntary appearance in the action
shall be equivalent to service of summons. The inclusion in a motion to dismiss of other
grounds aside from lack of jurisdiction over the person of the defendant shall be deemed a
voluntary appearance. (20)
