The repeated questions of the same topic from the provided documents are:
1. Ion Exchange Chromatography:
o Document 1, Q2.2b: "Classify the different types of ion exchange resins.
Give suitable examples for each type."
o Document 2, Q2.5: "Give the principle of ion-exchange chromatography.
Classify ion-exchange resins with suitable examples."
2. Radial Chromatography:
o Document 1, Q2.2a: "Explain the term Radial chromatography with a suitable
diagram.
Give one spraying agent used in paper chromatography."
o Document 2, Q2.3: "With the help of a suitable diagram, explain methodology
involved in Radial Paper chromatography.
Write the name of one paper used in the Paper chromatography."
3. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy:
o Document 1, Q3.3: "Write 2 points of distinction between atomic absorption
spectroscopy and flame photometry.
Explain principle of atomic absorption spectroscopy."
o Document 2, Q2.7: "Draw labelled schematic diagram of an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer and explain the role of each of its components.
Give any two applications of Atomic absorption spectroscopy technique."
4. Detectors in Gas Chromatography:
o Document 1, Q2.3a: "Enlist any 4 detectors used in Gas chromatog
Explain any one detector in detail
Support your answer with a suitable diagram."
o Document 2, Q2.4: "Explain the working of electron capture detectors in gas
chromatography.
Give any one advantage and one disadvantage of this detector."
5. UV-Visible Spectroscopy:
o Document 1, Q3.4: "Enlist the detectors used in UV-visible spectroscopy.
Write a detailed note on any one of them."
o Document 2, Q2.6: "Give the block diagram of a double beam UV-Visible
spectrophotometer.
Write a detailed note on monochromators used in UV-Visible
spectrophotometer."
These questions cover similar topics and concepts across both documents.
2022 2023
10 5 10 5
UNIT 1 1 2 1 3
UNIT 2 1 2 1 1
UNIT 3 1 2 2 2
UNIT 4 1 2 1 2
UNIT 5 2 1 1 1
YEAR: 2022
Q2. Long answer questions:
1.
A. Define quenching. List types of quenching and explain any one in
detail with examples.
B. Write a detailed note on interferences in atomic absorption
spectroscopy.
2.
A. Enlist and discuss various steps involved in separation by Thin Layer
chromatography. Give one point of differentiation between isocratic
and gradient elution.
B. Give an account of column packings which can be used for Gel
chromatography. Discuss applications of Gel chromatography.
3.
A. Enlist the various types of columns used in HPLC. Draw the diagram
of rheodyne injector in 'Load' and 'Inject' position.
B. Mixture of compounds A and B was separated on a 25 cm Normal
phase silica gel Column Chromatogram obtained provided the
following data:
Retention time Peak width at base
(w) (mm)
(mins)
Unretained 1.3
Retained A 11.7 8
Retained B 17.1 10
Answer the following:
I. Calculate the selectivity factor for this separation.
II. Calculate the capacity factor for A
III. Comment on which compound is more polar and why?
Q3. Short answer questions:
1. Explain the term quantum efficiency with reference to fluorescence
spectroscopy. Specific absorbance of Paracetamol at its wavelength
maxima is 723. 1 mL of an injection containing Paracetamol, when diluted
to one litre for an analysis, gave an absorbance of 0.87 at I max when
measured in a 2 cm cell. Calculate the amount of Paracetamol in mg/mL of
the injection.
2. Discuss the basic modes of interaction of molecules with IR radiation.
Enlist various components of a spectrophotometer.
3. With the help of a suitable diagram, explain methodology involved in
Radial Paper chromatography. Write the name of one paper used in the
Paper chromatography.
4. Explain the working of electron capture detectors in gas chromatography.
Give any one advantage and one disadvantage of this detector.
5. Give the principle of ion-exchange chromatography. Classify ion-exchange
resins with suitable examples.
6. Give the block diagram of a double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
Write a detailed note on monochromators used in UV-Visible
spectrophotometer.
7. Draw labelled schematic diagram of an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer and explain the role of each of its components. Give
any two applications of Atomic absorption spectroscopy technique.
8. What is electrophoretic mobility? Discuss in detail factors affecting the
same.
9. Enlist the bulk property detectors employed in HPLC. Discuss any one of
them in detail.
YEAR: 2023
Q2. Long answer questions:
1.
a) Explain Beer Lambert’s law. Give its derivation.
b) Explain the principle for IR spectroscopy. Give any 2 applications of IR
spectroscopy.
2.
a) Explain the term Radial chromatography with a suitable diagram. Give one
spraying agent used in paper chromatography.
b) Classify the different types of ion exchange resins. Give suitable examples for
each type.
3.
a) Enlist any 4 detectors used in Gas chromatography. Explain any one detector
in detail. Support your answer with a suitable diagram.
b) An analyte X when passed through column A of length 12 cm showed a
retention time of 7 minutes with peak width of 0.54 minutes at half the peak
height. The same analyte X when subjected to chromatographic analysis on
column B of length 25 cm, eluted out at a retention time of 12 minutes and
had a peak width of 0.72 minutes at the base. Which column is more efficient
for the separation of analyte X and why?
Q3. Short answer questions:
1. Enlist the methods for multicomponent analysis in UV-visible spectroscopy. If a
12 ug/ml solution of molecule C8H9NO2 gives an absorbance of 0.86 at its λ max
in a 1 cm cell, what is its molar absorptivity?
2. Explain the terms:
A. Fluorescence
B. Phosphorescence
Enlist any 4 factors affecting fluorescence intensity.
3. Write 2 points of distinction between atomic absorption spectroscopy and
flame photometry. Explain principle of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
4. Enlist the detectors used in UV-visible spectroscopy. Write a detailed note on
any one of them.
5. Give the principle of separation of compounds using thin layer
chromatography. Give the detailed account of the methods used for the
detection of separated compounds in thin layer chromatography.
6. Discuss guard column in HPLC. Explain the term Isocratic elution and give one
advantage and one disadvantage of the Isocratic elution.
7. Write a note on paper electrophoresis. Give any 2 applications of paper
electrophoresis.
8. Explain the term headspace analysis. Give its application. Enlist the carrier
gases used in gas chromatography.
9. Write a note on stationary phase and mobile phase employed in affinity
chromatography.
Here’s the streamlined version with combined similar questions grouped under topics:
---
### **1. Beer–Lambert's Law**
- Define and derive the equation for Beer–Lambert's law.
- Add a note on its deviations and limitations.
---
### **2. UV-Visible Spectroscopy**
- Explain the principle, instrumentation, and applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy.
- What are the essential components of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer? Draw a diagrammatic
sketch and explain the functions of each unit.
- Draw and explain a double-beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer with a neat labeled diagram.
- Describe various spectrophotometric titrations with suitable graphs.
- Discuss the concept of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), energies in organic molecules, and
electronic transitions in UV-Visible spectroscopy.
- Explain the working principle of monochromators and any two detectors used in UV spectroscopy.
---
### **3. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy**
- Write a note on the theory and applications of IR spectroscopy.
- Explain the different sampling techniques employed in IR spectroscopy.
- Discuss the principle, theory, and applications of IR spectroscopy.
- Explain the instrumentation of IR spectroscopy with a neat labeled layout.
- Describe the different vibrational modes of polyatomic molecules upon IR absorption.
- Discuss the sources of radiation and detectors used in IR spectroscopy.
- Explain the sample handling techniques used in IR spectroscopy.
---
### **4. Gas Chromatography (GC)**
- Describe the principle, instrumentation, and applications of gas chromatography (GC).
- Draw a neat schematic diagram of a gas chromatograph and explain the types of columns, carrier
gases, and detectors used.
- Discuss the detectors and sample injection techniques used in gas chromatography.
---
### **5. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)**
- Describe the principle, instrumentation, and applications of HPLC.
- Draw a neat schematic diagram of an HPLC setup.
- Explain the roles of pumps and detectors used in HPLC.
- Discuss the different types of pumps and detectors used in HPLC.
---
### **6. Flame Emission Spectroscopy**
- Explain the construction and working of flame emission spectrometry with a neat labeled diagram.
- Discuss the various types of interferences encountered in atomic spectroscopy.
---
### **7. Instrumentation Components**
- Write about monochromators and any two detectors used in UV spectroscopy.
- Discuss the detectors and sample injection techniques used in gas chromatography.
---
### **1. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence**
- Define and distinguish between fluorescence and phosphorescence.
- Explain the phenomenon of fluorescence and phosphorescence, and list the factors affecting
fluorescence.
- Write the requirements of molecules to exhibit fluorescence.
- What is quenching? Enumerate the various factors influencing the quenching effect.
- Discuss the principle of fluorescence using the Jablonski diagram.
- Explain the construction and working of a spectrofluorimeter with a schematic diagram. Why are
the light source and detectors placed perpendicularly?
---
### **2. UV-Visible Spectroscopy**
- Define wavelength, wavenumber, frequency, transmittance, and absorptivity.
- Write the statement and derive the equation for Beer–Lambert's law.
- Explain the effect of solvents (solvatochromic effect) on UV-Visible absorption.
- Discuss the various types of shifts in UV-Visible spectroscopy (bathochromic, hypsochromic,
hyperchromic, and hypochromic effects).
- Explain the UV method for single-component and multi-component analysis.
- Discuss the multiple component analysis of drugs by UV spectroscopy.
---
### **3. Chromatography**
#### **General Principles**
- Define and classify chromatography with suitable examples.
- Discuss the principle, classification, and mechanism of ion exchange chromatography.
- Explain the principle and theory of gel chromatography.
- Discuss the principle, ligands used, and applications of affinity chromatography.
- Discuss the classification of chromatographic methods based on the mechanism of separation.
#### **Techniques**
- Explain the practical steps involved in thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and methods for plate
preparation.
- Describe the development and visualization techniques in paper and TLC chromatography.
- Explain the operational techniques of column chromatography, including packing, elution, and
detection.
- Discuss adsorption and partition chromatography, and their advantages and disadvantages.
#### **Ion Exchange Chromatography**
- Define and classify ion exchange resins, and explain the properties of cationic and anionic resins.
- Discuss the mechanism and factors affecting ion exchange.
---
### **4. Electrophoresis**
- Define electrophoresis and explain its principle.
- Discuss the factors affecting electrophoretic mobility.
- Describe the methodology and applications of paper electrophoresis.
- Explain the operational techniques and applications of gel electrophoresis.
---
### **5. Atomic and Flame Spectroscopy**
- Explain the principle, instrumentation, and applications of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
- Explain the principle, theory, and interferences in atomic spectroscopy.
- Discuss the principle and applications of flame photometry with a labeled diagram.
- Name the burners used in flame photometry and explain any one in detail.
---
### **6. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)**
- Explain the principle, instrumentation, and applications of HPLC.
- Describe the pumps, sample injection techniques, and detectors used in HPLC.
- Write the advantages and applications of HPLC.
---
### **7. Gas Chromatography (GC)**
- Draw a neat schematic diagram of a gas chromatograph (GC).
- Explain the types of columns, carrier gases, and detectors used in GC.
- Explain the principle and working of thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors.
---
### **8. Instrumentation and Detectors**
- Describe the construction and working of detectors used in UV, IR, and HPLC (e.g., photomultiplier
tube, barrier layer cell, bolometer, and Golay cell).
- Explain the principle, construction, and working of detectors in IR spectroscopy.
- Write the principle and applications of nephelometry and turbidometry.
---
### **9. Miscellaneous**
- Discuss the plate theory and rate theory for increasing column efficiency in chromatography.
- Describe the factors affecting the intensity of fluorescence.
- Discuss methods of preparing and activating TLC plates.
- Explain the methodology and operational steps involved in size-exclusion chromatography (gel
chromatography).
- Define zone electrophoresis and describe any one technique in detail.
- Write a note on solvatochromic effects in UV spectroscopy.
Here’s a separation of questions from 2022 and 2023 by topic:
---
### **Quenching**
**(2022 Q2, Long Answer 1A)**
- Define quenching.
- List types of quenching and explain any one in detail with examples.
---
### **Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)**
**(2022 Q2, Long Answer 1B)**
- Write a detailed note on interferences in atomic absorption
spectroscopy.
**(2022 Q3, Short Answer 7)**
- Draw a labelled schematic diagram of an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer and explain the role of each of its components.
- Give any two applications of the atomic absorption spectroscopy
technique.
**(2023 Q3, Short Answer 3)**
- Write two points of distinction between atomic absorption spectroscopy
and flame photometry.
- Explain the principle of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
---
### **Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)**
**(2022 Q2, Long Answer 2A)**
- Enlist and discuss various steps involved in separation by thin layer
chromatography.
- Give one point of differentiation between isocratic and gradient elution.
**(2023 Q3, Short Answer 5)**
- Give the principle of separation of compounds using thin layer
chromatography.
- Give a detailed account of the methods used for the detection of
separated compounds in thin layer chromatography.
---
### **Gel Chromatography**
**(2022 Q2, Long Answer 2B)**
- Give an account of column packings that can be used for gel
chromatography.
- Discuss applications of gel chromatography.
---
### **HPLC Columns and Components**
**(2022 Q2, Long Answer 3A)**
- Enlist the various types of columns used in HPLC.
- Draw the diagram of a Rheodyne injector in 'Load' and 'Inject' positions.
**(2022 Q3, Short Answer 6)**
- Discuss the guard column in HPLC.
- Explain the term "isocratic elution" and give one advantage and one
disadvantage of isocratic elution.
---
### **Selectivity and Capacity Factor**
**(2022 Q2, Long Answer 3B)**
- Given data, calculate:
1. Selectivity factor for separation.
2. Capacity factor for A.
3. Comment on which compound is more polar and why.
---
### **Fluorescence and Related Calculations**
**(2022 Q3, Short Answer 1)**
- Explain the term quantum efficiency with reference to fluorescence
spectroscopy.
- Calculate the amount of Paracetamol in mg/mL of the injection given
specific absorbance and other data.
**(2023 Q3, Short Answer 2)**
- Explain the terms:
1. Fluorescence
2. Phosphorescence
- Enlist any four factors affecting fluorescence intensity.
---
### **Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)**
**(2022 Q3, Short Answer 2)**
- Discuss the basic modes of interaction of molecules with IR radiation.
- Enlist various components of a spectrophotometer.
**(2023 Q2, Long Answer 1B)**
- Explain the principle for IR spectroscopy.
- Give any two applications of IR spectroscopy.
---
### **Radial Chromatography**
**(2022 Q3, Short Answer 3)**
- Explain the methodology involved in radial paper chromatography with a
suitable diagram.
- Write the name of one paper used in paper chromatography.
**(2023 Q2, Long Answer 2A)**
- Explain radial chromatography with a suitable diagram.
- Give one spraying agent used in paper chromatography.
---
### **Gas Chromatography**
**(2022 Q3, Short Answer 4)**
- Explain the working of electron capture detectors in gas
chromatography.
- Give one advantage and one disadvantage of this detector.
**(2023 Q2, Long Answer 3A)**
- Enlist four detectors used in gas chromatography.
- Explain any one detector in detail with a suitable diagram.
**(2023 Q3, Short Answer 8)**
- Explain the term "headspace analysis."
- Give its application.
- Enlist the carrier gases used in gas chromatography.
---
### **Ion Exchange Chromatography**
**(2022 Q3, Short Answer 5)**
- Give the principle of ion-exchange chromatography.
- Classify ion-exchange resins with suitable examples.
**(2023 Q2, Long Answer 2B)**
- Classify different types of ion-exchange resins with suitable examples.
---
### **UV-Visible Spectroscopy**
**(2022 Q3, Short Answer 6)**
- Provide a block diagram of a double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer.
- Write a detailed note on monochromators used in UV-visible
spectrophotometers.
**(2023 Q3, Short Answer 4)**
- Enlist detectors used in UV-visible spectroscopy.
- Write a detailed note on any one of them.
---
### **Beer Lambert’s Law**
**(2023 Q2, Long Answer 1A)**
- Explain Beer Lambert’s law.
- Provide its derivation.
---
### **Paper Electrophoresis**
**(2023 Q3, Short Answer 7)**
- Write a note on paper electrophoresis.
- Give any two applications of paper electrophoresis.
---
### **Affinity Chromatography**
**(2023 Q3, Short Answer 9)**
- Write a note on stationary and mobile phases employed in affinity
chromatography.
---
Let me know if you need detailed answers to any specific questions!
