Working Capital
Working Capital
OF CURRENT
272 PART V: MANAGEMENT
Working Notes: Average raw material in stock is for one month. Average
(0 Annual production is 1,04,000 units and year is consisting material in work-in-progress is for half month. Credit alowe
of 52 weeks. So, the weekly production is 2000 units. by suppliers: one month; credit allowed to debtors :days o
(i) Debtors have been taken at cost of production. month. Average time lag in payment of wages: 10ofthe
average time laggin payment of overheads 30 days. 25%
sales are on cash basis. Cash balance expectedmonth. to be
Illustration 13.4
R1,00,000. Finished goods lie in the warehouse for onem
The cost sheet of POR Ltd. provides the following data : working
You are required to prepare a statement of the units
Cost per unit of 54,000 the
capital needed tofinance alevel of the activitythroughout
Raw material 50 of output. Production is carried on evenly your
Direct Labour 20 year and wages and overheads accrue similarly. State
Overheads (including depreciation of 10) 40 assumptions, if any, clearly.
Total cost 110 Solution :
Profits 20 means
As the annual level of activity is it
Selling price 130 at 54,000 units, units
given 54,000/12
that the monthlyturnover would be = 4,500
Working
Notes
1. : I.
Estimation the
Thefollowing 3. the In
2. Liabilities:
CurrentIL. Can
- liustration
of 13.5
Liabilities
Current
Net Total Working
Capital
Gross Minimum
Inventories Balance
Cash
Current
: working
- Finished cost.ofThematerials Ihe Raw a consist working
dividing Since,
assumption
complete. 50%are wages have finished has cost The Creditors Creditors
Creditors Debtors
Finished Work-in-progress :Raw now
Ihe 20%Credit Time Iime Materials Raw unit,per10 Working Capital OverheadsWages Materials
Selling
price Profit Total
Overheads Labour
Direct Company: been
pany of lag lag materials
degree Overheads
has (4,500
Materials Assets of be
allowed of the and been
valuation Goods 50% estimated capital
the goods for for for (4,500 Working
in
in goods 30 capital
the wages overheadstaken taken been X 50% of :
output receipt payment of information that Overheads
Materials
Wages (4,500
Product monthly
days). ignored which isa 100(4,500 (4,500 of X
xpects completion
stock
are are and requirement
by of ×(4,500 50)/2 X
provided are on at ofonly (4,500 X* X as
suppliers is in in
an full debtors. (4,500 759%) 50) Capital
of process work-in-progress, at 40 (4,500 20)/2 follows
sold of on stock cost average have for X 100) X
has wages paid requirements non-cashitem.
This per *30)/2
to proceedswages an 30 20)/3 X
against
keep sheet been with valuation X CH.
is on by been per The unit 50) Requirement
is average 30) :for
13:
a one and
50% on an by
wages all
an extracted a unitstaken overhead
unit. include this
Cash cash. from average
in 3 1,00.000 ? WORKING
average (assuming time 12,81,250 Amount
month.overheads isrespect of 3,90,000
1,35,0002,25,000 4,50,000 1,12,500 2,25,000
3,37,500 turnover
monthly
in for 30,000 33,750 22,500
lance debtors for has lag th
work-in-progress,
only e
work-in-progress a
one for from been of 15 cost, depreciation
of for at raw depreciation
days;
a 10 50% 12,81,250 ? CAPITAL:
of is
ismonth. all one two the therefore, Amount
2 1½elements months. month taken days, materials 8,91,250
3,90,000
,000. months.weeks. month. records onbut
120 105 40 20 45 the the the of
15 to by ESTIMATION
Solution : ing You year. nextthe The
Material
Raw Production
process FinishedRaw Sales Working
2. Notes
1. : NetCreditors 1.60 Current
54)Liabilities balaánces Current
Assets :
on
You month customers
and tion. Overheads
one
for 20% Wages
Direct Selling Credit llustration
XYZ 13.6 Creditors :CashFinished Stock
Work-in-progre[s
Debtors
Current
Assets: I. Solution : Material Statement Capital arCompany
cash Production
payment
consisting Finished Working e
0X35X1) Work-in-Progress
(5,750X5X1)
Debtors 809% (5,750X25X2)
(5,750X25X1)
(5750X5X1l)
Finished 50%
OH
Wages50% Material Raw Material and Ltd. of
urrent
ASsets
Total areOverheadsThere Sales allowed Raw required
of Price for of (12,000Gogds AND
Statement required cost Production
Goods supplied
Raw requirements
is
accrual capital Wages Materials
introduced is are per goods (12,000X CALCULATION is
Goods basis. in Materials showing
regular by Store in of ofper (12,000
2 poised
on unit wages 4 (C.A & X* to
accrue Creditors Store Overheads
to the weeks. month and 105 X(12,000 prepare
(5,750X3 of
and month. cash
for -C.L) 1 XCompanytheof
(12,000 1 the for
Working
find Production
Overheads following and Debtors 80%) XX*X?
of
in the 105) X a
basis has 105) 2 Working manufacture
out the evenly.Overheads year (12,000 the a
overheads, been X1X45) X*45) statement
5X1) beginning its X Company
Capital working and information: have X 50%
Wages
are and taken
consumption 2
months months 3
69,000
units Capital
credit 20% 10% 50% months
50.00 month 1 2 been
[B. paid include5 showing
Sale 10,80,000 Z of
Requirement Com.(H.), capital of are of of of month at
20,16,000
12,60,000
taken 2,70,000 5,40,000 50,86,000
1,00,000 6,30,000 requirement 1,44,000
Production 15 cycle salesSelling Selling
Selling 12,000
days paid
requirement as is at the
in and allowed Price taken units. 42,76,000 units
12,24,750 D.U., in Price Price cost. 8,10,000
1,61,000
6,03,750 1,43,750 2,87,500 arrears. thedeprecia Wor k 273
14,37514,375
2014] cycle. nextWages For in
to
as
Solution: (d) Additional
(c) information hecompany's Vlustration13.9 heen
2.. 1 showing From () (e) (b (a) Selling
:price Profit Material
Direct
OverheadsLabour Rawdetailed is meofnts The
Suppliers month.
production.
Finished
a spect months.
total ors Work-in-progress Raw
Minimum 1,80,000 estimAssumpt
atednoions
liabilities
current current
Liabilitiesassets
Current: Total Current
Finished balance
Work-in-progress
Debtors Raw Cash Total
Assets : (1,80,000X?
depreciation)
(excluding
Overheads
cost 10) Direct Raw
half-a-monthThere sales.
the showing conmputed
management
(excluding
dep.) Creditors
Overheads
Net Total Direct are
Statement workingabove of materials below units O
working Materials Material is
provided (including
labour Labour a all product the cash :
(R
(75%Goods ofgoods desired on Net
(R facts,time-lag materials elements) : of
36,00,000) X* Statement
(1,80,000 capital in are working of
output cash cost
capital 18,00,000) ( (Total (1/6 of (1,80,000 two remain depreciation Royal working
9,00,000) 63,00,000) (Total Working you the (assume held cash for basis.
in cOst.
of case month's will for
rement cost
requirements. payment are extend the capital
Industries
X
cost
36,00,000) in balance
in t capital
Hence,
X 1/12 X X of
required of approximate
warehouse, above he
1/24 >X + stock,
1/12 X Capital 5)20) Total overheads. 50% of year. to
12) + credit; a investment 3
1/6 24 ofmonth's completion on is 5 mentionedfinance requirement
WORKING :
X Cost wages per The has
to 20,000.
an
50%) Requirement
prepare cash unit)
on toaverage, cost called
an level a
of salescredithalf-a-month's Cost structure
unitperactivity
a average, for debtorhasinnCAPITAL
a
month; stage of beenhas
statenment are and
for activity a
6,13,750
4,50,000 5,25,000
7,87,500
3,00,00020,63,750 6,00,000
1,31,250 Amt.(?) 63,00,000 36,00,000
18,00,0009,00,000
75,000 75,000 20,000 10
50
25% debt in two 40 15 5 20 level tor state-
and of for re ESTIMATION
:
Hi-tech expenses.
complete
excludedNote:
overheads.
Material
Raw Illustration
cost 13.10
expenses.
Solution :
progress Assuming
gross
is Finished
Work-in-progress
Debtors
stage
expected Manufacturing
Material
stagestagestage
Raw expenses
Selling,
The Selling
price
Calculate have been Current
Work-in-progress:StockAssets : 5%
Selling Total Material
cost Labour
Overheads
priceProfit Direct Raw SRCC
Illustration
the 13.11 be Requirement
Note:Working
Capital Cash Debtors Finished
Goods: of
valued Manufacturing
Expenses Raw (2,50030) x Raw
duration Depreciation
(2,500 Manufacturing working of goods Ltd.
included
beenSelling, Balance of the administration in from AND
Ltd. Materials Statement to
(2,500 Material Raw is the respect
Work-in-progress
plans
X be CALCULATION
from valued
at ½X 25%gross sold total
(13,06,2 Material monthly
capital as at
in X
amount of administration
30. 150) 30) (2,500 working
complete follows:
various is to of cost is
thevaluation Expense(2,500 of assell materials a
at and non-cash
as
full 50 (2,500 requirement follows
30,000
following X X X Working sales well
5/95) 1/2 100) stages financial
cost. 25% X capital
working of X [B.Com. with level ashas as
closing 100) of 2 units:
and X wellasworkingitem,
information: Alternatively, 100) Capital of been
respect
requirement, if of expenses
financial next
stock. (H), th2,500
e the labour therefore,
capital assumed
capital
Requirement desired operating year.
1,25,000 2,50,000 Amt.()
However, 37,500 18,750 D.U., to units,
requiremnent Debtorsexpenses The and
manufacturing provided it
cash
2013 andestimate Z(Per
Unit) overheads to has
Unit)
(Per Z month1/2 months 2 expected
400 340 120 13,06,250 2,68,750 month 1month 1 cycle 200 100 be
60 60160 Debtors 1,62,500
can have13,75,00068,750 3,75,000 5,00,000
Amt.(?) balance
Adapted] work-in 20 30 275
50% been
by
for also not the is
nversion u Is cle.crual. astration Current
13.12 Liabilities
Net TotalCreditors Liabllities Total
Debtors
CurrentCurrent
:Assets Labour
50% and Raw
FinishedWork-in-progress Balance
Stock CashCurrent
Assets : tion : nth. he of s.
Ltd. C
ere Wages
erheadsOverheads Material
Direct Production
RawSellingCredit process
CreditinventoryProduction
Materials
Raw
inventory
Finished
Goods data t120Creditors
4)
XCreditors may weeks.52
Cted in n. allowed tors
are
Work-in-process in Working year hand One Time
e is Materials ofStatement
required thMaterial
a of (2,000Goods Raw
assume level is
costs accrue
regular Price given
allowed ABC for fo(2,000
r and fourth tw o
beginning Overheads Material ofand lag by
Capital OverheadsWages X
(2,000 (2.000
of Ltd. X 75%X athat months, in
equivalent is
evenly. per to the of
160
tointroduced
(2,000
by
time production theat ofsuppliers
find production Debtors (CA X X pavment
unit year is X 340 340 (2,000 160 (2.000 Working production the
of
involves Creditors: as - (2,000X 4) period bank
out
manufacturing Wages CL) X X X X sales Time
under: 8) 4) X 2) X is
working to 60 180 l60
in X amounts is of lag one
50%. 14) X X Capital of is expected are
use the are on :50% each250 : : : : 2) 4) four overhead monthin
of paidsales 20% 10% months 2
consumption
months 2 69,000
units X
carried made
(B.Com. capital beginning
full
3 month l months 3 weeks to payment
in of of months t6,40,000 Requirement
process of 3,60,000 Amount on
l,04,000 to on and
unit tcycle,
he sellingsellingselling be
expenses
requirement
(H.), is
evenly cash credit
of next
of of
D.U, production wages equivalent 50, 000 wages
and raw month price price price 24,20,000
67,10,000 12,80,000 91.30,000 27.20,000
40,80,000 10,00,000 12,80,000 Amount
units basis.
9,60,000 1,80,000 50,000
through allowed
is
2010] other mate tor : is
and and one 12
of of to a
25%ofsales may be assumed against cash and cash in (i) the working capital limits likely to be
expected to be 225,000. by bankers. approved
handis
Estimated for next year :
Assumethat productioniis carried on evenly
wages and overheadlaccrue through-
Annual sales Z14,40,000
outtheyearrand similarly. Cost of production 12,00,000
Assumealso 4 weeks a month.
Raw Materials purchases 7,05,000
(Answer:Working Capital requirement for a weekly Monthly expenditure 25,000
sales of 8,000 unitsiis 4,60,000. The overhead cost per Anticipated Opening Stock of raw
nit is 1.50(Le.(16,000-4,000)-+-8,000) and cost of materials : 1,40,000
goods soldlis 85% of selling price.] Anticipated Closing Stock of raw
materials : 1,25,000
IS4 M/s POR and Co. have approached their bankers for
their working capital requirement,who has agreed to Inventory norms :
Raw Material 2 months
sanction the same by retaining the margins as under: 15 days
Raw Materials 20%
Work-in-progress
Finished Goods 1month
Stock-in-process 309%
Finished goods 25% The firm enjoys a credit of 15 days on its purchases and
allows one month credit on its supplier. On sales
orders the company has received an advance of
Debtors 10%
From the following projections for next year you are ?15,000. State your assumptions, if any.
required to work out : [Answer: Working capital ? 3,50,625, Loan to be
approved at 3,32,750.]
() the working capital required by the company;
and