Lawrence Bragg

Sir William Lawrence Bragg (31 March 1890 – 1

Sir
July 1971), known as Lawrence Bragg, was an
Australian-born British physicist and X-ray Lawrence Bragg
CH OBE MC FRS
crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of Bragg's law of
X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination
of crystal structure. He was joint recipient (with his
father, William Henry Bragg) of the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1915, "For their services in the analysis of
crystal structure by means of X-rays";[4] an important
step in the development of X-ray crystallography.[5]

Bragg was knighted in 1941.[4] As of 2024, he is the

youngest ever Nobel laureate in physics, or in any
science category, having received the award at the age
of 25.[6] Bragg was the director of the Cavendish
Laboratory, Cambridge, when the discovery of the
structure of DNA was reported by James D. Watson
and Francis Crick in February 1953.

Bragg in 1915

Biography Born William Lawrence Bragg

31 March 1890
Adelaide, Colony of South
Australia
Early years
Died 1 July 1971 (aged 81)
Bragg was born in Adelaide, South Australia to Sir
Waldringfield, Suffolk,
William Henry Bragg (1862–1942),[7] Elder Professor
England
of Mathematics and Physics at the University of
Adelaide, and Gwendoline (1869–1929), daughter of Education St Peter's College, Adelaide
Sir Charles Todd, government astronomer of South Alma mater University of Adelaide
Australia Trinity College, Cambridge
Known for Bragg's law
In 1900, Bragg was a student at Queen's School, North
Adelaide, followed by five years at St Peter's College, Bragg–Gray cavity theory

Adelaide. He went to the University of Adelaide at the Bubble raft

age of 16 to study mathematics, chemistry and physics, X-ray diffraction
graduating in 1908. In the same year his father X-ray microscopy
accepted the Cavendish chair of physics at the X-ray spectroscopy
University of Leeds, and brought the family to
England. Bragg entered Trinity College, Cambridge in Spouse Alice Hopkinson ​(m. 1921)​

the autumn of 1909 and received a major scholarship Father William Henry Bragg
in mathematics, despite taking the exam while in bed
with pneumonia. After initially excelling in Relatives Charles Todd (grandfather)
mathematics, he transferred to the physics course in the Awards Matteucci Medal (1915)
later years of his studies, and graduated with first class
Barnard Medal for Meritorious
honours in 1911. In 1914 Bragg was elected to a
Service to Science (1915)
Fellowship at Trinity College – a Fellowship at a
Nobel Prize in Physics (1915)
Cambridge college involves the submission and
defence of a thesis.[8][9] FRS (1921)[1]
Hughes Medal (1931)
Among Bragg's other interests was shell collecting; his
Dalton Medal (1942)
personal collection amounted to specimens from some
International membership of
500 species; all personally collected from South
NAS (1945)
Australia. He discovered a new species of cuttlefish –
Sepia braggi, named for him by Joseph Verco.[10] Royal Medal (1946)
Roebling Medal (1948)
Copley Medal (1966)
Career
Scientific career
Fields Physics
X-rays and the Bragg equation
Institutions University of Adelaide
The composition of X-rays was unknown, his father
argued that X-rays are streams of particles, others University of Manchester
argued that they are waves. Max von Laue directed an University of Cambridge
X-ray beam at a crystal in front of a photographic Academic J. J. Thomson
plate; alongside of the spot where the beam struck advisors William Henry Bragg
there were additional spots from deflected rays – hence
Doctoral John Crank
X-rays are waves.[11] In 1912, as a first-year research
students Ronald Wilfred Gurney
student at Cambridge, W. L. Bragg, while strolling by
the river, had the insight that crystals made from Alex Stokes[2]
parallel sheets of atoms would not diffract X-ray Samuel Tolansky
beams that struck their surface at most angles because Evan James Williams[3]
X-rays deflected by collisions with atoms would be out
of phase, cancelling one another out. However, when Other notable William Cochran
the X-ray beam struck at an angle at which the students

distances it passed between atomic sheets in the crystal 5th Cavendish Professor of Physics
equalled the X-ray's wavelength then those deflected In office
would be in phase and produce a spot on a nearby film. 1938–1953
From this insight he wrote the simple Bragg equation
Preceded by J. J. Thomson
that relates the wavelength of the X-ray and the
distance between atomic sheets in a simple crystal to Succeeded by Nevill Francis Mott
the angles at which an impinging X-ray beam would be 3rd Director of National Physical
reflected. Laboratory
In office
His father built an apparatus in which a crystal could 1937–1938
be rotated to precise angles while measuring the energy Preceded by Frank Edward Smith (acting)
of reflections. This enabled father and son to measure
Succeeded by Charles Galton Darwin
the distances between the atomic sheets in a number of
simple crystals. They calculated the spacing of the
atoms from the weight of the crystal and the Avogadro constant, which enabled them to measure the
wavelengths of the X-rays produced by different metallic targets
in the X-ray tubes. W. H. Bragg reported their results at meetings
and in a paper, giving credit to "his son" (unnamed) for the
equation, but not as a co-author, which gave his son "some
heartaches", which he never overcame.[12]

Work on sound ranging

Bragg was commissioned early in World War I in the Royal Horse
Artillery as a second lieutenant of the Leicestershire battery.[13] In
1915 he was seconded to the Royal Engineers to develop a method
to localise enemy artillery from the boom of their firing.[14][15] On
2 September 1915 his brother was killed during the Gallipoli
Campaign.[16] Shortly afterwards, he and his father were awarded
the Nobel Prize in Physics. He was 25 years old and remains the
youngest science laureate. The problem with sound ranging was Portrait of William Lawrence Bragg
that the heavy guns boomed at too low a frequency to be detected taken when he was around 40 years
by a microphone. After months of frustrating failure he and his old.
group devised a hot wire air wave detector that solved the
problem. In this work he was aided by Charles Galton Darwin,
William Sansome Tucker, Harold Roper Robinson, Edward Andrade[17] and Henry Harold Hemming.
British sound ranging was very effective; there was a unit in every British Army and their system was
adopted by the Americans when they entered the war. For his work during the war he was awarded the
Military Cross[18] and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire.[19] He was also Mentioned in
Despatches on 16 June 1916, 4 January 1917 and 7 July 1919.[20][21][22]

Hot wire sound ranging was used in World War II during which he served as a civilian adviser.[23]

Between the wars, from 1919 to 1937, he worked at the Victoria University of Manchester as Langworthy
Professor of Physics. He became the director of the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington in
1937.[24]

After World War II, Bragg returned to Cambridge, splitting the Cavendish Laboratory into research
groups. He believed that "the ideal research unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants".

University of Manchester (1919–1937)

When demobilised he returned to crystallography at Cambridge. They had agreed that father would study
organic crystals, son would investigate inorganic compounds.[1][4] In 1919 when Ernest Rutherford, a
long-time family friend, moved to Cambridge, Lawrence Bragg replaced him as Langworthy Professor of
Physics at the Victoria University of Manchester. He recruited an excellent faculty, including former
sound rangers, but he believed that his knowledge of physics was weak and he had no classroom
experience. The students, many veterans, were critical and rowdy. He was deeply shaken but with family
support he pulled himself together and prevailed. He and R. W. James measured the absolute energy of
reflected X-rays, which validated a formula derived by C. G. Darwin before the war.[25] Now they could
determine the number of electrons in the reflecting targets, and they were able to decipher the structures
of more complicated crystals like silicates. It was still difficult: requiring repeated guessing and retrying.
In the late 1920s they eased the analysis by using Fourier transforms on the data.
In 1930, he became deeply disturbed while weighing a job offer from Imperial College, London. His
family rallied around and he recovered his balance while they spent 1931 in Munich, where he did
research.

National Physical Laboratory (1937–1938)

He became director of the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington in 1937,[24] bringing some co-
workers along. However, administration and committees took much of his time away from the
workbench.

University of Cambridge (1938–1954)

Rutherford died and the search committee named Lawrence Bragg as next in the line of the Cavendish
Professors who direct the Cavendish Laboratory. The Laboratory had an eminent history in atomic
physics and some members were wary of a crystallographer, which Bragg surmounted by even-handed
administration. He worked on improving the interpretation of diffraction patterns. In the small
crystallography group was a refugee research student without a mentor: Max Perutz. He showed Bragg
X-ray diffraction data from haemoglobin, which suggested that the structure of giant biological molecules
might be deciphered. Bragg appointed Perutz as his research assistant and within a few months obtained
additional support with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The work was suspended during the
Second World War when Perutz was interned as an enemy alien and then worked in military research.

During the war the Cavendish offered a shortened graduate course which emphasised the electronics
needed for radar. Bragg worked on the structure of metals and consulted on sonar and sound ranging, for
which the Tucker microphone was still used. Bragg was knighted and became Sir Lawrence in 1941.
After his father died in 1942, Bragg served for six months as Scientific Liaison Officer to Canada. He
also organised periodic conferences on X-ray analysis, which was widely used in military research.

After the war Bragg led in the formation of the International Union of Crystallography and was elected its
first president. He reorganised the Cavendish into units to reflect his conviction that "the ideal research
unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants, helped by one or more first-class instrument
mechanics and a workshop in which the general run of apparatus can be constructed."[26] Senior members
of staff now had offices, telephones, and secretarial support. The scope of the department was enlarged
with a new unit on radio astronomy. Bragg's own work focused on the structure of metals, using both X-
rays and the electron microscope. In 1947 he persuaded the Medical Research Council (MRC) to support
what he described as the "gallant attempt"[27] to determine protein structure as the Laboratory of
Molecular Biology, initially consisting of Perutz, John Kendrew and two assistants. Bragg worked with
them and by 1960 they had resolved the structure of myoglobin to the atomic level.[28] After this Bragg
was less involved; their analysis of haemoglobin was easier after they incorporated two mercury atoms as
markers in each molecule. The first monumental triumph of the MRC was decoding the structure of DNA
by James Watson and Francis Crick. Bragg announced the discovery at a Solvay conference on proteins
in Belgium on 8 April 1953, though it went unreported by the press. He then gave a talk at Guy's Hospital
Medical School in London on Thursday, 14 May 1953, which resulted in an article by Ritchie Calder in
the News Chronicle of London on Friday, 15 May 1953, entitled "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of
Life". Bragg nominated Crick, Watson and Maurice Wilkins for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine; Wilkins' share recognised the contribution of X-ray crystallographers at King's College
London.[29] Among them was Rosalind Franklin, whose "photograph 51" showed that DNA was a double
helix, not the triple helix that Linus Pauling had proposed. Franklin died before the prize (which only
goes to living people) was awarded.

The Royal Institution (1954–1971)

In 1953 the Braggs moved into the elegant flat for the Resident Professor in the Royal Institution in
London, the position his father had occupied when he died. In 1934 and 1961 Lawrence had delivered the
Royal Institution Christmas Lecture and since 1938 he had been Professor of Natural Philosophy in the
Institution, delivering an annual lecture. His father's successors had weakened the Institution, so Bragg
had to rebuild it. He bolstered finances by enlisting corporate sponsors, the traditional Friday Evening
Discourses were followed by a dinner party for the speaker and carefully selected possible patrons, more
than 120 of them each year. "Two of these Discourses in 1965 gave him particular pleasure. On 7 May,
Lady Bragg, who had been a member of the Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce (1951–55) and
was Chairman of the National Marriage Guidance Council, lectured on 'Changing patterns in marriage
and divorce'; and on 15 November, Bragg listened with evident pride to the Discourse on 'Oscillations
and noise in jet engines' given by his engineer-son Stephen, who was then Chief Scientist at Rolls-Royce
Ltd and later became Vice-Chancellor of Brunel University."[30] He also introduced a programme of
highly regarded Schools' Lectures, enlivened by the elaborate demonstrations that were a hallmark of the
Institution. He gave three of these lectures on "electricity".[31]

He continued research in the Institution by recruiting a small group to work in the Davy-Faraday
Laboratory in the basement and in the adjoining house, supported by grants he obtained. A visitor to the
laboratory succeeded in inserting heavy metals into the enzyme lysozyme; the structure of its crystal was
solved in 1965 at the Royal Institution by D. C. Phillips and his coworkers, with the computations on the
9,040 reflections performed on the digital computer at the University of London, which greatly facilitated
the work.[32] Two of the illustrations of the positioning of amino acids in the chain were drawn by Bragg.
Unlike myoglobin, in which nearly 80 per cent of the amino-acid residues are in the alpha-helix
conformation, in lysozyme the alpha-helix content is only about 40 per cent of the amino-acid residues
found in four main stretches. Other stretches are of the 310 helix, a conformation that they had proposed
earlier.[33] In this conformation, every third peptide is hydrogen-bonded back to the first peptide, thus
forming a ring containing ten atoms. They had the complete structure of an enzyme in time for Bragg's
75th birthday. He became Professor Emeritus in 1966.

X-ray analysis of protein structure flourished in subsequent years, determining the structures of scores of
proteins in laboratories around the world. Twenty eight Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work using
X-ray analysis. The disadvantage of the method is that it must be done on crystals, which precludes
seeing changes in shape when enzymes bind substrates and the like. This problem was solved by the
development of another line Bragg had initiated, using modified electron microscopes to image single
frozen molecules: cryo-electron microscopy.[34]

In his long association with the Royal Institution he was:

Professor of Natural Philosophy, 1938–1953

Fullerian Professor of Chemistry, 1954–1966
Superintendent of the House, 1954–1966
Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory, 1954–1966
Director of the Royal Institution, 1965–1966
 Emeritus Professor, 1966–1971

Personal life
In 1921 he married Alice Hopkinson (1899–1989), a cousin of a Cecil Hopkinson (1891–1917) who
shared rooms with Bragg, and was one of his closest friends whilst they were both studying at
Cambridge.[35][36] Cecil was the son of John Hopkinson who was Alice's uncle.

They had four children, the engineer Stephen Lawrence (1923–2014), David William (1926–2005),
Margaret Alice (1931–2022) (who married the diplomat Mark Heath), and Patience Mary (1935–2020)
(who married David, the son of Sir George Thomson the Nobel prize winning physicist[37]). Alice was on
the staff at Withington Girls' School until Bragg was appointed director of the National Physical
Laboratory in 1937.[24] She was active in a number of public bodies and served as Mayor of Cambridge
from 1945 to 1946.

Bragg's hobbies included drawing – family letters were illustrated with lively sketches – painting,
literature and a lifelong interest in gardening.[38] When he moved to London, he missed having a garden
and so worked as a part-time gardener, unrecognised by his employer, until a guest at the house expressed
surprise at seeing him there.[39] He died at a hospital near his home at Waldringfield, Ipswich, Suffolk.
He was buried in Trinity College, Cambridge; his son David is buried in the Parish of the Ascension
Burial Ground in Cambridge, his grave is within a few paces of that of Bragg's close friend, Rudolph
Cecil Hopkinson, who incurred a severe head wound in the 1914–19 war and died a few months after
being invalided back to the UK.[37]

In August 2013, Bragg's relative, the broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, presented a BBC Radio 4 programme
("Bragg on the Braggs") on the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics winners.[40][41]

Honours and awards

Bragg was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1921[1]
– "a qualification that makes other ones irrelevant".[42] He was
knighted by King George VI in the 1941 New Year Honours,[43]
and received both the Copley Medal and the Royal Medal of the
Royal Society. Although Graeme Hunter, in his book on Bragg
Light is a Messenger, argued that he was more a crystallographer
than a physicist, Bragg's lifelong activity showed otherwise—he
was more of a physicist than anything else. Thus, from 1939 to
1943, he served as President of the Institute of Physics, London.[8]
In the 1967 New Year Honours he was appointed Member of the
Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II.[44]
Bragg Family Blue Plaque Leeds
Since 1967 the Institute of Physics has awarded the Lawrence
Bragg Medal and Prize. Additionally since 1992, the Australian
Institute of Physics has awarded the Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics[45] to commemorate
Lawrence Bragg (in front on the medal) and his father, William Bragg, for the best PhD thesis by a
student at an Australian university.
 Nobel Prize (1915)
Matteucci Medal (1915)
Hughes Medal (1931)
Royal Medal (1946)
Guthrie Lecture (1952)
Copley Medal (1966)
The Electoral district of Bragg, in the South Australian House of Assembly, was created in 1970, and was
named after both William and Lawrence Bragg.

See also
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
Tactical artillery terms from World War I
Tube Alloys

References
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the Wayback Machine

Further reading
Hunter, Graeme (2004). Light Is A Messenger, the Life and Science of William Lawrence
Bragg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852921-X.
Finch, John (2008). A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor. Medical Research Council. ISBN 978-1-
84046-940-0. (This book is about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.)
Ridley, Matt (2006). Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code. Eminent Lives.
HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-082333-X.
Jenkin, John (2008). William and Lawrence Bragg, Father and Son: The Most Extraordinary
Collaboration in Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links
Media related to William Lawrence Bragg at Wikimedia Commons
First press stories on DNA (https://web.archive.org/web/20060618160456/http://www.packer
34.freeserve.co.uk/selectedTATAwebsites.htm)
 Nobelprize.org – The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915 (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/phy
sics/laureates/1915/index.html)
Lawrence Bragg (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/21) on Nobelprize.org including the
Nobel Lecture, September 6, 1922 The Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
A collection (http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/people/bra
gg.html) of digitised materials related to Bragg's and Linus Pauling's structural chemistry
research.
Key Participants: Sir William Lawrence Bragg (http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/paulin
g/dna/people/bragg.html) – Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History
NOVA Episode on Photograph 51 (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/)
Oral History interview transcript with William Lawrence Bragg on 20 June 1969, American
Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives (https://www.aip.org/history-programs/ni
els-bohr-library/oral-histories/28531)
Bragg, Lawrence (Sir) (1890–1971) (http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-458785) National Library of
Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for William Lawrence Bragg
The Nature of Things: Oil, Soap and Detergent (http://richannel.org/the-nature-of-things--oil-
soap-and-detergent), Ri Channel video, November 1959
The Nature of Things: Atoms and Molecules (http://www.richannel.org/the-nature-of-things--
atoms-and-molecules), Ri Channel video, October 1959
The Nature of Things: Solids, Liquids and Gases (http://www.richannel.org/the-nature-of-thin
gs--solids-liquids-and-gases), Ri Channel video, November 1959
Portraits of Lawrence Bragg (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=
mp19002) at the National Portrait Gallery, London

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