Understanding the Self

Chapter 1

History is the study of life in society in the past.

 Evidence is the raw material of history teaching and learning

1.1 Etymology of History

“History” comes from the Greek term historia meaning “inquiry”. meaning
“a learning or knowing by inquiry, “to inquire”.

FATHER OF HISTORY

 Herodotus is undoubtedly the “Father of History.”

 Born in Halicarnassus in Ionia in the 5 th century B.C
 Greek writer and geographer credited with being the first
Historian.
 Published “The Histories.
 Herodotus, historical analysis became an indispensable
1.2 Concept of History
 History traditionally refers to the study and interpretation of
theWritten record of past human activity, people, societies, and
civilizations leading up to the present day.
 History includes analysis and interpretation of Historical account
 Act of both investigation and imagination historians use all forms of
evidence to examine, interpret, revisit, and reinterpret the past.
 History is means to understand the past and present
 “queen” or “mother” of the social sciences.

Nature of History

man in time

 deals with a series of events occurs at a given point in time.

 Human history is a process of human development in time

Man in Space

 interaction of man on environment

 History describes about nations and human activities in the
Context of their physical and geographical environment.

Multisided
  Historical Happenings cover all these aspects of life, not limited

Objective record of happenings

 Every precaution is taken to base the data on original Sources and

make them free from subjective interpretation.
 helps in clear Understanding of the past and enables us to take well
informed decisions.

PAST AND HISTORY‘

 “past”, is things that have ever happened

 ‘history’ refers to how someone has tried to reconstruct ‘the past’
 ‘history’ is when a professional historian Writes a book to explain .
 most common ways that historians construct a history Is to present it
in the form of a story, which we call a ‘narrative’. Presents the past in a
chronological way .
 historians don’t simply ‘make up’ the gaps in the past.
 Historian admits that their story is only Their best conclusions about
what is most likely.
 For Dr. Luisa Camagay, an eminent Filipino historian “there is only one
past, but many Histories.”

Chapter 2

THE DIFFERENT HISTORICAL SOURCES AND CRITICISM

WHAT IS A SOURCE

 sources describes an originrecord/ artifacts

HISTORICAL SOURCES

 “Documentary evidences”

Type of Source

 PRIMARY SOURCE

-First-hand accounts from history

- Without any Filters records of events or evidence as they are first described

-Without any interpretation

example. Diaries, original documents e.g. birth certificates, interviews.

 SECONDARY SOURCE

-offer an analysis or restatement of primary sources

-summarize, interpret, reorganize, primary source

Example. Journal article, textbook, editor’s,

 TERTIARY SOURCE

-Based on a collection of primary and secondary sources.

-compile data on particular topic

Example. Abstract, literature review

PRIMARY SOURCES REPOSITORIES

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF THE PHILIPPINES

 established as the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas through the royal

decree of August 12, 1887
 repository of the printed and recorded Cultural heritage

NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE PHILIPPINES

 consist of 432 document categories

NATIONAL HISTORICAL COMMISSION of the Phil.

 mandated to undertake research and publication of Philippine

historical works;

HISTORICAL BIAS

 An Inclination or outlook to present or hold a partial perspective

HISTORICAL CRITICISM

 Known As the Historical-critical method or higher Criticism,

  branch of criticism that Investigates the origins of ancient Texts in
order to understand “the World behind the text”.
 Art Of distinguishing the true from the false concerning facts of the
past.

TYPES OF HISTORICALCRITICISM

INTERNAL CRITICISM

 deals with the analysis of the content of the document

 reliability of the contents of a narrative.
 detect and determine whether the document contains errors or lies.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

 analysis on the form of the documents.

 Determines the authenticity of the source by evaluating factors like
date, place of origin, authorship, and original form of Production

Chapter 3

First Voyage Around the World by Magellan

(Important date, location, event and chronology event)

1. Arrival at the Ladrones Islands (Marianas Islands)

- Date: March 8, 1521

- Location: Ladrones Islands (present-day Marianas Islands)

- Event: Magellan’s fleet reached the Ladrones Islands, which Pigafetta

described as the “Islands of the Thieves.” He noted the inhabitants’ lack of
weapons, their use of sticks with fish bones, and their reputation as thieves.
[4]

2. Arrival at Zamal (Samar)

- Date: March 18, 1521

- Location: Zamal (present-day Samar)

- Event: The fleet reached Zamal, but Magellan chose to land on a nearby
uninhabited island for security. After two days, nine men from the island
approached the fleet, expressing joy and eagerness to meet them. Magellan
welcomed them with food and gifts, and they received fish, palm wine, figs,
coconuts, and rice in return. Pigafetta was fascinated by the palm trees and
their fruits, which he called “cocho.” [4]

3. Discovery of Gold at Humunu Island (Homonhon)

- Date: March 18-25, 1521

- Location: Humunu Island (present-day Homonhon)

- Event: The fleet sailed to Humunu Island, where Pigafetta discovered the
first signs of gold. They named the island and its surrounding islands the
archipelago of St. Lazarus. [4]

4. Encounter with Raia Siagu, King of Mazzava/Mazaua (Limasawa)

- Date: March 25, 1521

- Location: Mazzava/Mazaua (present-day Limasawa)

- Event: Magellan’s fleet encountered two “ballanghai” (balangay) in

Mazzava/Mazaua. The leader, whom Pigafetta called the king of the
ballanghai, sent his men to Magellan’s ship. The Europeans entertained them
with gifts, but Magellan declined the king’s offer of gold and ginger. Instead,
he requested provisions for his ships, emphasizing his friendly intentions.
The king provided food in chinaware, and the two exchanged gifts,
expressing their desire for brotherhood. Magellan boasted about his armored
men, and the king was impressed. [4]

5. Meeting with Raia Calambu, King of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and
Caragua)

- Date: March 28-31, 1521

- Location: Zuluan and Calagan (present-day Butuan and Caragua)

- Event: Magellan met Raia Calambu, the king of Zuluan and Calagan, who
was the brother of Raia Siagu. Pigafetta described Raia Calambu as the most
handsome man he had seen, adorned with silk and gold. He noted the
presence of gold mines and the use of gold in the king’s house and ship. [4]

6. First Mass in the Philippines

- Date: March 31, 1521

- Location: Limasawa

- Event: Magellan ordered a Mass to be held on Easter Sunday. Raia Siagu

and Raia Calambu attended the Mass, and Pigafetta noted their participation
in the ceremony, including kissing the cross and kneeling during the
elevation of the host. After the Mass, Magellan planted a cross with nails and
a crown, explaining that it represented his emperor and would serve as a
sign of peace for future Spaniards. This Mass is considered the first Mass in
the Philippines, and the cross is known as Magellan’s Cross. [4]

7. Arrival at Cebu

- Date: April 7, 1521

- Location: Cebu

- Event: Magellan and his men arrived at the port of Cebu. The king of Cebu
demanded tribute, but Magellan refused, stating that he was a captain of a
king and would not pay tribute to another. Magellan’s interpreter explained
that Magellan’s king was the emperor of a great empire and that friendship
would be more beneficial than enmity. The king consulted his council. [4]

8. Blood Compact between Magellan and the King of Cebu

- Date: April 8, 1521

- Location: Cebu

- Event: Magellan and the king of Cebu, along with other Cebu leaders, met
in an open space. The king offered a bit of his blood and demanded that
Magellan do the same, signifying a pact of friendship and mutual respect.
Magellan agreed, but suggested that the king make the first offering. [4]
 9. Magellan’s Preaching in Cebu

- Date: April 9, 1521

- Location: Cebu

- Event: Magellan spoke to the people of Cebu about peace and God.
Pigafetta reported that the people enjoyed his speech. Magellan inquired
about the succession of the king and learned that his eldest child, a
daughter, would inherit the throne. He also learned about the custom of
children taking control over their parents in old age. Magellan countered this
by emphasizing the importance of children honoring their parents in his faith.
Pigafetta noted that the people were convinced by Magellan’s preaching. [4]

10. Conversion of the King of Cebu to Christianity

- Date: April 14, 1521

- Location: Cebu

- Event: Magellan encouraged the king of Cebu to become a Christian, urging

him to burn idols and worship the cross. The king agreed, and this marked
the beginning of the conversion of the Cebu people to Christianity.

KATAAS-TAASANG, KAGALANG -GALANGANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA

ANAK NG BAYAN

English: Supreme and Honorable Association of the Children of the Nation

Spanish: Suprema y Honorable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo

 July 07,1892. Liga Filipina members by the initiation of Andres

Bonifacio met in no. 72 Azcarraga Street, Tondo Manila.

FOUNDERS

1. Deodato Arellano-Supremo (Logia Lusong No 185, “Buan”

2. Ladislao Diwa-Fiscal (Logia Taliba No 165, “Baguio”
3. Teodora Plata-Secretary (Logia Taliba No 165, “Balany”
4. Valentine Diaz-Treasurer (Logia Taliba No 165, “Tupas”
5. Andres Bonifacio-Controller (Logia Taliba No 165 “Sinukuan”
6. Jose Dizon-Founder of Logia Taliba No 165. “Montgomery
where house of KKK born, they organized Supreme and Honorable
Association of the Children of the Nation the they called it "Katipunan"
and as secret movement to advocate reparation from Spain (main
objective: provide equal right)

• Spanish government arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892

 Bonifacio"Ph would only achieve independence trough revolution (big

contradiction w/ what Rizal advocate. (Peaceful matter to separate
from Spain.)

AIMS OF KATIPUNAN

CIVIC-Principle of self-help and the defense of the weak and the poor

POLITICAL-Working for the separation of the Philippines from Spain

MORAL-Cultivate good moral character among its members.

  “Hasik” to spread
 Andres Bonifacio as the upper point addressed (secret) original
members must recruite 2 members.
 KKK society members must undergo a serious of trials to tut their loyal
and love for the county

Katipunan Guvernment

1. Kataastao sang sanggunian / supreme council (Central Government)

2. Sangguniang Bayan / Provincial Council (Prov. Government)
3. Sangguniang Balangay / Popular Council (municipal Gov.

4. Judicial council sangguniang or Hukuman

5.Kalipunan aassembly

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

Or Primer of Katipunan

 written on 1892
 by Emilio Jacinto, known as both the soul and the brain of the
Katipunan.
 His pen name was “Dimas-ilaw.
 Used the alias or revolutionary name “Pingkian” in the
Katipunan”
 Mga Aral ng Katipunan Ng Mga Anak ng Bayan”- supposedly the
title of the document
 Emilio Jacinto died of malaria at the age of 23

Understanding the historical information of KARTILYA NG

KATIPUNAN

 Kartilya ng Katipunan was not only a leading for the members of

the Katipunan ,it embodied moral and nationalistic principle for
ALL FILIPINOS.
 About life philosophy.
 Aimed to teach Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, fine morals,
and to encourage the people to help themselves and defend the
oppressed.

14 RULES OF KATIPUNAN

 PURPOSE-DRIVEN LIFE
 “Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na
kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi makamandang. Damong”
The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a
tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed

 NOT BE SELFISH

“Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi

talagang nasang. Gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.”

To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.

3.BE KIND

“Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa

kapwa at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang
katuiran.”

It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust

one’s conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.

4.EQUALITY

“Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay:

mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda.., ngunit
di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.”

Whether our skin he black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in
knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but superiority by
nature.

5.HONOR MORE THAN HIS PERSONAL INTEREST

“Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang
may hamak na kalooban, inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.”

The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to
honor.

6.BE A MAN OF OUR OWN WORDS

“Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.”

To the honorable man, his word is sacred.

7.IMPORTANCE OF TIME
“Huwag mong sayangin ang panahun: ang yamang nawala’y
mangyayaring. Magbalik, ngunit panahung nagdaan na’y di na muli pang
magdadaan.”

Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost

8.FIGHT FOR WHAT IS RIGHT AND DEFEND THE WEAK

“Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.”

Defend the oppressed and fight the appressor before the law or in the
field.

9.IMPORTANCE OF TRUST AND CONFIDENTIALITY

“Ang taong matalino’y ang may. Pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, matutong

at ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.’

The prudent man Is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets

10.BEING ABLE TO LEAD THE FAMILY.

“Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patugot ng asawa’t

mga anak: kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang pagtutunguhan. Ng
inaakay ay kasamaan din.”

On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children,
and if the guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go
there.

11.RESPECT AND DON’T OBJECTIFY WOMEN

“Ang babai ay huwag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kun
di isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan;
gamitan mo. Nag boong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhatan at nagiwi sa iyong kasanggulan”

12.DON’T DO UNTO OTHERS WHAT YOU DON’T WANT DONE UNTO YOU

“Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong

gagawin sa asawa, anak at kapatid ng iba.”

What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and
sisters, that do not unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy
neighbor.
 13.HAVING THE RIGHT CHARACTER AND GOOD VALUES

“Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at

puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios, wala sa mataas na
kalagayan sa balat ng lupa: wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking
gubat at walang nababatid kun di ang sariling wika, yaon may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri, yaon di
nagpapaapi’t di nakikiapi yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong
lumingap sa bayang tinubuan”

14.SENSE OF HOPEFULNESS FOR THE MOTHERLAND

“Paglagalap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng

mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkapuluan, at sabugan ng
matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkakalahit magkakapatid
na ligayang walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga
tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan.”

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

 The Kartilya ng Katipunan was written in order to maintain the

standard of what it is being a Katipunero.
 Katipuneros, they saw themselves as intellectual and moral
revolutionaries
 It detail not only the vision of the Katipunan, but the vision for a
democratic and morally sound Filipino nation.

THE CUSTOMS OF TAGALOG BY FR. JUAN DE PLASENCIA

 AUTHOR Father Juan de Plasencia was not a Filipino native but a

Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order
 Born on early 16th century in Spain

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

LAS CUSTOMBRES DE LOS INDIOS

TAGALOG DE FILIPINAS

 Exoticized description of Tagalog natives

 written on the year 1589 during the Spanish colonial period
 to describe native Filipino’s culture or customs.
 tackles about everyday living of the ancient Filipinos, their social
status, customs, traditions and beliefs of the Tagalog
  provided the first form of Civil Code used by local governors to
administer justice.
 Contains extensive information. Regarding the reconstructing the
political and socio- cultural history of the tagalog region.

GOVERNMENT

CABEZA DE BARANGAY

 basic political unit of Tagalog society

 composed of about 30 to 100 family

DATU

 Leader
 Heads of families and elders of the community

SOCIAL CLASS

1.THE MAGINOO

 the privileged and the noble class

 The four social classes in the Philippines pre-colonial were ruled by the
Maginoo
2.TIMAWA
 They are “freemen”
 have quite a lot of rightsonly taxpayers in the barangay

3.MAHARLIKA

 Warrior class
 highly respected and revered
4. Alipin
 ALIPINGALIPING SAGIGILID-lived in the master’s house, could
marry only with his permission, and could be bought or sold.
 ALIPING NAMAMAHAY- were slaves who lived in their own houses
apart from their debtor.

MARRIAGE PRACTICE

The native wedding was a three-day extravaganza, filled with folk rituals that
included the following

1. Blessing of rice grains

2. The drawing of blood
3. And the symbolic binding of the couple by cord.
 RELIGIOUS PRACTICE

• SIMABAHAN- temple, place of

Adoration
• PANDOT – worship ( nagaanidos)

• BATHALA – highest ranking god

-creator of all things

• BABAYLAN -

• ANIMISM- the believe that human beings have souls

SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS

• Aswang, dwende, kapre, tikbalang, patyanak/tiyanak.

• magical power of amulet and charms such as anting- anting, kulam and
gayuma or love potion

SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS

 CATOLONAN- healer, priestess, seer, guardian of folk knowledge, and

performer of rites. The honorable one (Plasencia 1589)
 MANGAGAUAY- or witches, who deceived by pretending to heal the sick
 MANYISALAT- had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that
they would abandon and despise their own wives,
 MANCOCOLAM- emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each
month.
 HOCLOBAN- which is another kind of witch, of greater efficacy than the
mangagauay. they killed whom they chose.
 MAGTATANGAL- its purpose was to show himself at night to many
persons, in the morning, returned it to his body
 MANGAGAYOMA- They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones,
and wood, which would infuse the heart with love.
 PANGATAHOJAN- was a soothsayer, and predicted the future