RPM ACADEMY
GORAKHPUR
CO - EDUCATIONAL SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
SESSION 2024-2025
PHYSICS PROJECT FILE
Under the guidance of SUBMITTED BY
MR. SHYAM JI SRIvASTAvA ANANT
KUMAR
RESPECTED SUBJECT TEACHER CLASS - XII
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO VERIFY THAT ANANT
KUMAR OF CLASS – XII
HAS COMPLETED HIS PROJECT
ON TITLED
“Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion”
DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR
2024-25 TOWARDS PARTIAL
FULFILMENT AND THE
REQUIREMENT OF CBSE BOARD
UNDER SUPERVISIONAND
GUIDENCE OF
MR SHYAM JI SIRVASTAVA
EXAMINER'S SIGN TEACHER'S SIGN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to
express special gratitude to my Physics
teacher MR. SHYAM JI SRIVASTAVA as
well as our principal who gave me the
wonderful opportunity to do this history
project on the topic
" Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion".
The opportunity to participate in this
project has helped me improve my research
skills and I am really grateful to them.
I would also like to thank my family and
friends for constantly encouraging me
during this project, which I could not have
completed without their support and
continuous encouragement.
INDEX
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ THEORY
➢ CONSTRUTION
➢ WORKING
➢ USES
➢ BIBLOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
An electric generator is a device
that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. A generator forces
electric current to flow through an
external circuit. The source
of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam
engine, water falling through a
turbine or waterwheel, an internal
combustion engine, a wind turbine,
a hand crank, compressed air, or any
other source of mechanical energy.
Generators provide nearly all of the
power for electric power grids.
THEORY
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by
a current flow through the field coil of the
rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives
excitation through the use of slip rings and
brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact
with the slip rings to provide
the continuous connection between the
field coil and the external excitation circuit.
4. The armature is contained within the
windings of the stator and is connected to
the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete
revolution, one complete cycle of AC
is developed.
6. A generator has many turns of wire
wound into the slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated
by an AC generator is dependent on the field
strength and speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at a
constant speed; therefore, the generated
voltage depends on field excitation, or
strength.
CONSTRUCTION
First make the hollow-ended box. Score the
cardboard strip like so: Fold it like this and
tape it securely. Use the nail to poke a hole
perfectly straight through the center of the
box, going through both sides and all(hole)
three layers of cardboard. Then pull the nail
out and use it to widen all the holes slightly,
so when you put the nail back through, it
will bae bit loose and able to spin. At
this point you should clamp four magnets
around the nail and give it a spin.
This makes sure the box is large enough.
The nail and magnets should spin freely.
The corners of the magnets should NOT
bump the inside of the box as they spin. If
the box is abet too small, start over and
make Ita little bigger. Either that, or try a
thinner nail. Pick the spool ofnumber-30
magnet wire From the kit of spools. This is
the thinnest.
Tape one end of the number-30 magnet wire
to the side of the box, then windfall of the
wire onto the box as shown.
It's OK to cover up the nail hole. Pull the
taped end of the wire out,then tape down
both of the wires so the coil doesn't unwind.
You should have about 10cm of wire left
sticking out. Use sandpaper or the edge of a
knife to scrape the thin plastic coating off
2cm of the wire ends. Remove every bit of
red coating, so the wire ends are coppery.
Spread thewier away from the nail hole and
tape it in place. Stick the nail back through
the holes and make sure it can spin. Take
your four magnets, stick them face to face
in two pairs, Then stick the two pairs inside
the box Andon either side of the nail so they
grab the nail. Push them around until they
are somewhat balanced and even, then spin
the nail and see if they turn freely. If you
wish, you can stick 2cm squares of
cardboard between the magnets to
straighten them, and tape the magnets so
they don't move around on the nail Make
sure that each end of the generator's wires
are totally cleared of red plastic coating. If
there is a bit of plastic left, it can act as an
insulator which turns off your light bulb
circuit. Twist the scraped end of each
generator wire securely around the silver
tip of each wire from the small light bulb.
(If necessary, use a knife to strip more
plastic from the ends of the light bulb
wires.) One generator wire goes to one light
bulb wire, the other generator wire goes to
the other light bulb wire, and the two
twisted wire connections should not touch
together. In the twisted wires, metal must
touch metal with no plastic in-between.
WORKING
The working of the transformer is
explained
All metals contain a movable substance
called "electric charge". Even uncharged
wires are full of charge! After all, the atoms
of the metal are made half of positive
protons and half of negative electrons.
Metals are special because their electrons
don't stay connected to the metal atoms,
instead they fly around inside the metal and
form a type of electric “liquid" inside the
wires. All wires are full of electric fluid.
Modern scientists call this the "electron sea"
or “electron gas." It is not invisible, it
actually gives metals their silvery shine.
The electron gas is like a silvery fluid. When
a circle of wire surrounds a magnetic field,
and the magnetic field then changes, a
circular "pressure" called Voltage appears.
This circular voltage try to force
the movable charges in the wire to rotate
around the circle. In other words, moving
magnets create electric currents in closed
circles of wire. A moving magnet causes a
pumping action. If the circuit is not
complete, if there is a break, then the
pumping force will cause no charge low.
But if the circuit is "complete" or "closed",
then the magnet's pumping action can force
the electrons of the coil to begin flowing.
This is a basic law of physics, and it is used
by all coil/magnet electric generators. When
the circuit is closed and the magnet is
moving, charges in the metal are forced to
flow. The charges of the light bulb's
filament are pushed along. When the
charges within the copperware pass into
the thin light bulb filament, their speed
greatly increases.
USES OF AC GENERATOR
1. aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind
generators ,high speed gas turbine
generators.
2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
drivesystems ,automotive starter
generators.
3. n ac generator, or 'alternator', is used top
roduceac voltages for transmission via the
grid system or, locally, as portable
generators.
4. all of our household appliances runs on
accurate: Refrigerator, washing machines,
oven, lights, fanatic.
EFFICIENCY
Expression for Instantaneous e.m.f.
Produced: Let position of the coil at any
time t. It make angle q with vertical. If w is
uniform angular speed of the coil. Then
q = wt
B be the strength of magnetic field n be the
number of turns in the coil and A area of the
coil then magnetic flux with thecal in this
position is given by:
f = nBA Cos q = nBA Cos wt.
Differentiate w.r.t. time
= nBA (-Sin wt) w
= -nBA w Sin wt
e = - (-nBA w Sin wt)
maximum value of e.m.f. say E0
e = E0 Sin wt.
1) Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio
of theusefulpower output to the
total power input.
2) Because any mechanical process
experiencessomelosses, no AC generators
can be 100 percent efficient.
3) Efficiency of an AC generator can
be calculatedusingEquation.
4) Efficiency =(Output /Input )x 100
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1- NCERT
2-WWW.Wikipedia.com
