Reference and Referencing

Oct., 2024
By Werku E
 Referencing
• “Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging
the sources of information and ideas that we have used
in our assignments and which allows the sources to be
identified”.
• Reference :
– The action of mentioning or alluding to something or,
– The use of a source of information in order to ascertain
something.
• A referencing style
– is a specific format for presenting in text references
(footnotes or endnotes), and bibliography.
– It is a act of referring
 TERMS
• CITATION
– using another persons work in our work and
acknowledging them
• SECONDARY REFERENCING
– when an author refers to another authors work and the
primary source is not available
Eg: According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo (2005) as cited by
Holding et al (2008) most patients given opiates do not
become addicted to such drugs.
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
– there may be many articles which we have referred but not
cited, these can be listed at the end of our assignment in a
bibliography.
– These articles should be listed in alphabetical order or number sequence
 Why to reference ?
• Proves that substantial research has been done
to support our analysis .
• Enables others to follow up on our work .
• Gives credit to other people's work .
• Avoids charges of plagiarism.
• Required to support all significant statements.
• Used to indicate the origin of material &
source for research & further reading.
 Reference
Types of references
– Journal Reference
– Book Reference
– Internet Reference
Reference Elements
– Authors name
– Article title
– Journal name
– Year
– Volume (issue number)
– Page numbers
 Different styles of writing
references
• Harvard style of referencing.
• American Psychological Association style
(APA)
• Vancouver style.
• MLA citation style (modern language
association ).
• The Chicago manual of style .
• Royal society of chemistry style.
 Harvard style
• Author’s name followed by its initials.
• Year of publication.
• Article title with single quotation mark followed by full stop.
• Name of Journal in italic form.
• Volume followed by a comma
• Issue no. in bracket.
• Page no.
• Example
1. Padda, J. (2003) ‘creative writing in coventry'. Journal of writing
studies 3 (2), 44-59.
2. Lennernas, H. (1995) ‘Experimental estimation of the effective
unstirred water layer thickness in the human jejunum & its
importance in oral drug absorption’. Eur. J. pharm sci (3), 247-253
 Vancouver style.
• Author Surname followed by Initials.
• Title of article followed by double quotation.
• Title of journal (abbreviated).
• Date of Publication followed by double quotation.
• Volume Number.
• Issue Number in bracket.
• Page Number.
• Example
– Haas AN, Susin C, Albandar JM, et al. Azithromycin as a adjunctive
treatment of aggressive periodontitis: 12-months randomized clinical trial.
N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug; 35(8):696-704.
– Vancouver Style does not use the full journal name, only the commonly
used abbreviation: “New England Journal of Medicine” is cited as “N Engl
J Med”.
 American Psychological Association
style
• Author’s name followed by its initials.
• Year of publication.
• Article title followed by full stop.
• Name of Journal in italic form
• Volume followed by a comma
• Page no.
Example
– Alibali, M. W., Phillips, K. M., & Fischer, A. D. (2009).
Learning new problem-solving strategies leads to changes
in problem representation. Cognitive Development, 24, 89-
101.
 The Chicago manual of style
• Name of author.
• Article title in double quotation mark.
• Title of journal in italic.
• Volume.
• Year of publication.
• Page no.
Example
– Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s ” Classical
Philology, 104 (2009): 440.
 Vancouver style
• Numbered referencing style
• commonly used in medicine and science
• When we cite someone’s work in our essay, we
use a number to refer the reference
• Our reference list at the end of our document,
will provide full details of the reference and
correspond in sequence to the numbers in the
text
• Using consecutive numbers
Vancouver style citing in the body of our
essay
• If the same reference is cited elsewhere again, the
same number is used for that reference.
• Numbers in-text can be in superscript 1 or can be
displayed in brackets (1)
• Numbers must appear after a full stop or comma,
but before colons and semi-colons
• When citing more than one reference, join
consecutive references with a hyphen (1-5)
• When citing multiple references that are non-
inclusive, separate the references with commas.
(2,5, 8, 10)
 Reference of a journal article
• Name of authors (six et al- if more than six
authors)
• Title of article
• Title of journal (abbreviated)
• Year (month/day not necessary) of publication
• Volume number (and issue/part)
• Page number (no use of unnecessary digits)
 Examples
1. Jain A, Jain S, Rawat S. Emerging fungal infections
among children: A review on its clinical manifestations,
diagnosis, and prevention. J Pharm Bio allied Sci.
2010;2:314–20
– Abbreviate title according to the style used in Medline.
– A list of abbreviations can be found at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=jou rnals
– No punctuation marks are used in the abbreviated journal name –
just spaces.
Example-2
– Rosenthal Ann K. Osteoarthritis: The need for therapeutic
interventions. Current rheumatology reviews. 2012;11(3):24-27
 Vancouver: Book references
• Example-1
• Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical pharmacology.
6thed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical publishers
(p) Ltd; 2008. p.757-765.
– EDITION (FULL STOP ONE SPACE)
– PLACE OF PUBLICATION (COLON ONE SPACE)
– PUBLISHER(SEMI-COLON ONE SPACE)
– YEAR OF PUBLICATION(FULL-STOP ONE SPACE
)
• Example-2
• Zimmer C. A planet of viruses. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press; 2011. p 109.
 Vancouver: Publication info for books

• Required: City, Abbreviated State, and Publisher

• If multiple cities, name of first city listed only
• Place COMMA between city & state
• Separate state & publisher with colon ( : ); place
semicolon after name of publisher.
• Add year published + PERIOD.
– e.g. Boston, Mass:Ebony;2001.
• Add page numbers to report only one article in a book
• (These rules for punctuation vary widely)
– e.g., Boston, Mass:Ebony;2001. p. 345-378.
 Vancouver style format
• Capitalize initial letter of only proper nouns
• (Santhosh, Omaha) and the first word in the
title (but not first word of sub-title)
• Articles in journals or in edited books:
– Entry requires two titles:
• In book: the book’s title preceded by In:
• + Editor name(s) + , editor. or , editors.
 Vancouver style:
SPONSORED BY INSTITUTION, CORPORATION
OR OTHER ORGANISATION

• World Health Organization. Laboratory

manual for diagnosis of fungal opportunistic
infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Geneva:
World Health Organization;2009. p.4-10 .
 Secondary reference
• Citing a direct quotation
• If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must:
– Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are
usually used for quoting direct speech)
– State the page number
• Simons, Menzies and Matthews (2001) state that the principle
of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and understood by
many practising engineers’ (p.4).
• Eg: According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo (2005) as cited by
Holding et al (2008) most patients given opiates do not
become addicted to such drugs.
 APA style
• More than one work by same author in
same year:
– Research by Durgin (2003b) has yielded new
findings about the role of counseling in treating
childhood obesity.
• Parenthetical citation with 2 or more works:
– (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
• Author with same last name:
– (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
 Direct Quotes: APA style
• Less than 40 words:
– Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of
overweight Americans, many health care providers still
“remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the
health danger to the poor and the young” (p. 5). OR
(Critser, 2003, p. 5).
• More than 40 words:
– Jones's (1998) study found the following:
– Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially
when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty
could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to
purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help.
(p.199)
 Electronic Books: APA style
• Author names, date, title, location, publisher (with
e-reader book type in square brackets if
applicable), and source (URL or DOI).
• Examples:
– Hadler .N. M. (2008). Worried sick: A prescription for
health in an over-treated America [Net Library
version] Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com
– Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in
politics, and at home. New York, NY: Funk &
Wagnalls. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books.
 Journal references: APA style
• Author's name, publication year, journal title written in full, a
comma, volume number issue number in parentheses if
available, comma, and the page range, followed by a period.
• Examples
– Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New
Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
– The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. (1986).
Clinical exercise testing,
– Safety and performance guidelines. Medical Journal of
Australia, 164, 282-4.
 Electronic journals: APA style
• Mates, B. F., & Strommen, L. (1995). Why Ernie can't read: 'Sesame
Street' and literacy. The Reading Teacher, 49(4), 300-306. Retrieved
from http://www.reading.org/general/Publications/Journals/RT.aspx
• Periodical Journals
• Magazines
• Give author's names, publication date, title of article, name of
magazine, volume number, issue number and page number.
• Examples:
– Ives, F., & Lydon, J. (2005, January). Freud's Vienna revisited. Discover,
26(2), 16-17.
– Smith, J. (2009, January 21). Obama inaugurated as President. Time,171,
21-23. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/news/obama_inaugurated.html
 Newspaper: APA style
• Give author's names, publication date, tile of
article, title of publication and page numbers.
• For example:
– Rimer, S. (2003, September 3). A campus fad
that’s being copied: Internet plagiarism seems on
the rise. New York Times, p. B7.
– Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5).Tiffany glass
and other tales from the crypt. The New York
Times, pp. 1, 5. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/
 In-text reference citation
• By
– Parenthetical citation
– Author-date method of citation
• Example 1:
– When the APA style was first conceived eighty years ago,
the main purpose was to develop standards for the
publication of articles in the fields of anthropology and
psychology (American Psychological Association, 2001).
• Example 2:
– According to Fox (2007), the internet has played a
significant role in the increase of plagiarism in academia
today.
In-text reference citation
 I’ve just stolen
other author’s
work!

plagiarizing
“Plagiarizer”
 Plagiarism includes
• Using another writer’s words without proper citation
1. Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation
2. Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without
quotation marks
3. Borrowing the structure of another author’s
phrases/sentences without giving the source
4. Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the
paper