CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2024-25
SEITING OF CEMENT
BY
CHAITANYA MEHER
CLASS- XII SCIENCE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Chemistry teacher Mr. Dipak Wanare as well as our school
principal MR. D.K. Ghosal who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
"SETTING OF CEMENT' which also helped me in doing a
lot of research work and I came to know about so many new
things. I am really thankful to them.
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
To study the setting of mixture of
cement with sand time and fly ash with
respect to time and strength.
INTRODUCTION
In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT is a
binder, a substance that sets and hardens
independently, and can bind other materials together.
The word “cement” traces to the Romans, who used the
term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling
modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with
burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and a pulverized
brick additive that were added to the burnt lime to obtain
a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum,
cimentum, cament and cement.
The most important use of cement is the production of
mortar and concrete.
The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to
form a strong building materials that is durable to
the face of normal environment effects.
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON
SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR
Sand obtained from different sources has different
qualities. For examples, sea sand obtained from
sea contains unwanted salts and retards setting of
cement and is not suitable for making mortar.
On the other hand, Pit sand is obtained from pits
in the soil and the River sand obtained from riverbed is
considered excellent for preparing mortar and
concrete.
CONSTRUCTIONOF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
Cement used in construction is characterized as
hydraulic or non-hydraulic Hydraulic cement (e.g.
Portland cement) harden because of hydration
chemical reactions that occur independently of the
mixture's water content; they can harden even
underwater or when constantly exposed to wet
weather. The chemical reaction that results when
the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water soluble. Non-
hydraulic Cements (e.g. Lime and Gypsum
plaster) must be kept dry in order to retain their
strength.
PORTLAND CEMENT
Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate), with
small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to 1450 C in a
kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby a molecule of
carbon dioxide is liberaeed from the calcium carbonate form
calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the other
materials that have been in the mix. The resulting hard substance,
called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum in
a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most
commonly used type of cement (offered referred to as OPC).
Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and non
specialty grout.
The mose common use For Portland cement is in the production
of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of
aggregate (gravel and sand), cement and water.
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF
CEMENT MORTAR
Time has an important role on strength of developed cement
mortar. When a cement mixture in the ratio of 1:3 with water
is allowed dry, the strength of solid mass keeps on
increasing with the time given for setting. It acquires a
nearly full strength in 28 days.
FLY ASH
PROCEDURE
I. Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given in
Observation table.
2.Take each of the given mixtures different beakers
and prepare their pastes by adding minimum amount
of water.
3.Take nine cases of empty match boxes and mark
from 1 to 9.
4.Fill the three cases with the paste of each composition.
5.Spray water from time to time over the paste, so that
they remain moist the time.
6, After three days, take out one slab of each composition
and test their strengths.
7. Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days
after 30 days respectively and test their strengths.
OBSERVATION
S COMPOSITION MINIMUM
OF MIXTURE WEIGHT TO
NO BREAK THE
AND RATIO
. SLAB AFTER
3 7 10
DAYS DAYS DAYS
01. CEMENT:RIVER 18g 20g 30g
SAND
(1:3)
02. CEMENT:RIVER 16g 18g 26g
SAND:FIX ASH
(2:9:1)
03. CEMENT:RIVER 10g 15g 21g
SAND:LIME
(1:3:1)
CONCLUSION
THE STRENGTH OF THE SLAB
INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN THE
SETTING TIME ALLOWED.
