1Q. Explain about Software define network?

Software−defined Networking in the Internet of Things (IoT) presents a formidable

architecture that enhances the adaptability and flexibility of networks. By seamlessly
abstracting multiple network layers, SDN revolutionizes network control, empowering
enterprises and service providers to swiftly adapt to evolving business demands. This
cutting−edge approach seeks to optimize network management and empower organizations
with the agility needed to thrive in an ever−changing digital landscape.
Different Verities of Software Defined Networking
Discover the diverse realms of Software−Defined Networking (SDN) within the realm of IoT,
each presenting its unique advantages:
• Open SDN: Experience the power of open protocols as they orchestrate and govern
both virtual and physical devices, seamlessly directing the flow of data packets.
• API SDN: Unleash the potential of programming interfaces, known as southbound
APIs, to regulate the intricate exchange of data between devices, ensuring efficient
data flow management.
• Overlay Model SDN: Embark on a virtual networking journey that transcends
physical limitations. Overlay Model SDN constructs a virtual network layer above
existing hardware infrastructure, encompassing data tunnels and channels to data
centers. This innovative model skillfully allocates bandwidth within each channel and
effectively assigns devices to their designated channels.
• Hybrid Model SDN: Embrace the best of both worlds with the Hybrid Model SDN.
By seamlessly blending the realms of SDN and traditional networking, this versatile
approach enables the optimal selection of protocols for various traffic types. Harness
the power of Hybrid SDN as a phased implementation strategy for a smooth transition
into the world of SDN.
2Q. Explain about Raspberry with neat digarm or explain about board components of
Raspberry pi and hardware specifications ?
Raspberry Pi is a small single-board computer (SBC). It is a credit card-sized computer that can be
plugged into a monitor. It acts as a minicomputer by connecting the keyboard, mouse, and display.
Raspberry Pi has an ARM processor and 512MB of RAM. The architecture of Raspberry Pi is
discussed in this article.
The following diagram shows the architecture of Raspberry Pi:
Raspberry Pi mainly consists of the following blocks:
• Processor: Raspberry Pi uses Broadcom BCM2835 system on chip which is an ARM
processor and Video core Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). It is the heart of the Raspberry Pi
which controls the operations of all the connected devices and handles all the required
computations.
• HDMI: High Definition Multimedia Interface is used for transmitting video or digital audio
data to a computer monitor or to digital TV. This HDMI port helps Raspberry Pi to connect its
signals to any digital device such as a monitor digital TV or display through an HDMI cable.
• GPIO ports: General Purpose Input Output ports are available on Raspberry Pi which allows
the user to interface various I/P devices.
• Audio output: An audio connector is available for connecting audio output devices such as
headphones and speakers.
• USB ports: This is a common port available for various peripherals such as a mouse,
keyboard, or any other I/P device. With the help of a USB port, the system can be expanded
by connecting more peripherals.
• SD card: The SD card slot is available on Raspberry Pi. An SD card with an operating
system installed is required for booting the device.
• Ethernet: The ethernet connector allows access to the wired network, it is available only on
the model B of Raspberry Pi.
• Power supply: A micro USB power connector is available onto which a 5V power supply can
be connected.
• Camera module: Camera Serial Interface (CSI) connects the Broadcom processor to the Pi
camera.
• Display: Display Serial Interface (DSI) is used for connecting LCD to Raspberry Pi using 15
15-pin ribbon cables. DSI provides a high-resolution display interface that is specifically used
for sending video data.
Hardware Specifications
• Processor: A 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A processor
• RAM: 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, or 8 GB of RAM
• Wireless: 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz IEEE 802.11ac wireless, Bluetooth 5.0, BLE
• Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet
• Ports: USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 ports
• Display: Micro-HDMI ports for up to 4K resolution
• Camera: 2-lane MIPI CSI camera port
• Operating system: Raspbian, a Linux-based operating system built specifically for Raspberry
Pi
1. Which one of the following is a microcomputer? [ ]

A)Arduino B)Raspberry pi C)Both a and b D)None of the

above

2. Which SDN characteristic allows for easier troubleshooting and monitoring of network activities? [ ]

A) Network abstraction B) Quality of C) Traffic engineering D) Centralized

Service management

3. How much RAM does raspberry pi 4 model B have? [ ]

A) 10GB B) 8GB C) 4GB D) 1GB

4. ________ pins are the EEPROM pins on raspberry pi 3 model B [ ]

A) GPIO0 B) GPIO1 C) GPIO3 D) Both a and b

5. What is the standard form of MOSI pin? [ ]

A) Master Input Slave B) Memory Input C) Master Out Slave D) None of the
Output Slave Output In above

6. What are the parameters that are default values? [ ]

A) Stop bit and Flow B) Speed and C) Speed and Parity D) Port_Name
Control Port_Names and Bits
7. What is the UART value for LilyPad Arduino simple board? [ ]

A) 0 B) 1 C) 4 D) 2

8. Which SDN characteristic allows for the separation of control and data planes to enable centralized [ ]
network management?

A) Programmability B) Abstraction C)Centralization D) Decoupling

9. How much RAM does Arduino have? [ ]

A) 512 Mb – 4Gb RAM B) 2 Kb – 8Kb C) 2 Kb – 25Kb SRAM D) 312 Mb – 4Gb

SRAM RAM

10. In which pin hardware pulse width modulation will not be available? [ ]

A) GPIO12,13 B) GPIO18,19 C) Both a and b D) None of the

above

11 Which SOC is used in raspberry pi model A+? Broadcom BCM2835

12 Which protocol allows SDN controllers to communicate with network devices and orchestrate traffic
flows based on policies? OpenFlow

13 What is the standard form of SPI pin? Serial Peripheral Interface

14 Media centers, robotics, home automation are the some of the applications of raspberry pi 3
model
15 What are the distributions are supported by raspberry Pi? Raspberry Pi OS, Ubuntu, RISC OS
16 Which port is used to plug into monitor or modern television? HDMI port

17 A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called Sketch

18 In which cases IOT gateway will appear? When connecting devices to the cloud, data processing,
and protocol translation

19 The Arduino has Digital and analog output and input ports

20 What are the capabilities of raspberry pi? Web server hosting, IoT projects, media playback,
programming

21 Which raspberry pi model has an Ethernet port? [ ]

A) Model A+ B)Model B+ C)Both a and b D)None of the
above

22 Which of the following is a common application of IoT technology? [ ]

A) Automated email B) Text C) Smart D)Voiceactivated

systems messaging homes shopping

23 How many GPIO pins does raspberry pi have? [ ]

A) 40 B) 25 C) 12 D) 7

24 What is the primary goal of Software-Defined Networking (SDN)? [ ]

A) To centralize B) To C) To limit D) To increase
network decentralize network network latency
management network control scalability

25 Which layer of the OSI model does SDN primarily focus on? [ ]

A) Application layer B) Network layer C) Data link layer D) Physical layer

26 What are the sensors used in Agriculture? [ ]

A) Electromagnetic B) Airflow C) Acoustic D) All of the

Sensors and sensors Sensor above

27 Which one of the following is a microcontroller? [ ]

A) Arduino B) Raspberry pi C)Both a and b D)None of the

above

28 Which technology enables SDN to separate the forwarding plane from the control plane in [ ]
network devices?
 A) Overlay networks B) MPLS C) OpenFlow D) Virtualization

A)Bus Topology B)Ring Topology C)Star D)AnyTopology

Topology

30 Which of the following is false about the IoT components? [

. ]
A) A light sensor B) A C) A push D) A keyboard is
(photoresistor) is an microphone is a button is a a digital sensor
analog sensor digital sensor digital sensor

31 Which category could be used by citizens to contribute to a smart city Crowdsourcing

32 Which programming language is commonly used for Raspberry Pi projects? Python

33 Which SDN architecture integrates traditional networking technologies with SDN principles? Hybrid SDN

34 What is the standard form of SPI pin in Raspberry pi Serial Peripheral Interface.
35 Application of Arduino robots are Line following, obstacle avoidance, automation?

36 Which protocol is commonly used for communication between SDN controllers and switches in an OpenFlow-
based SDN environment? OpenFlow

37 The I2C pin on the raspberry pi board has SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line) connections.

38 IoT promotes the creation of IoT terminal industry Ecosystem.

39 Arduino boards having double pins that provide interfacing for Shields and sensors

40 Which organization developed the OpenFlow protocol widely used in SDN environments? Open Networking
Foundation (ONF)