INGLÉS (3069) – MEDICINA VETERINARIA EXAMEN FINAL - REGULAR
Profs. Sergi – Remondino - Baudino 27-07-2017
MERCK MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
Veterinary/ Digestive System /Congenital and Inherited Anomalies of the Digestive System
Hernias
By Lisa K. Pearson, DVM, MS, PhD, DACT, Clinical Instructor - Comparative Theriogenology, Department of
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University
A true hernia is defined as having a hernia ring, sac, and contents. Hernias of the abdominal wall are common in
all domestic species and include umbilical hernias and inguinal or scrotal hernias. Hernias may be direct
(through a rent in the body wall) or indirect (through an already existing ring, such as the inguinal ring or
umbilical ring). Congenital hernias tend to be indirect, although direct, traumatic hernias may arise during
dystocia or obstetrical manipulations. Umbilical hernias vary in size and may contain only fat or omentum, or
in more severe cases, intestinal loops. In dogs, Weimaraners, Pekingese, Basenjis, and Airedale Terriers are
overrepresented. In many cases, umbilical hernia is seen in dogs with concurrent cryptorchidism. Hereditary
etiology is suspected but not proved. In cattle, the Holstein Friesian breed is overrepresented. Diagnosis in all
animals is by observation of the hernia sac, palpation, ultrasonography, and possibly radiographs. Surgical
closure of the body wall defect is indicated in most cases to reduce risk of future intestinal incarceration.
Inguinal or scrotal hernias are common in pigs, horses (particularly draft breeds and warmbloods), and many
breeds of dogs and are suspected to be hereditary. Inguinal hernias can occur in bitches and may involve the
uterus. Clinical signs vary from nonpainful inguinal or scrotal swelling to acute colic in horses or vomiting in
dogs, particularly if the small intestine is strangulated. In horses, palpation per rectum can diagnose intestinal
loops in the vaginal ring, which can be gently removed to provide relief before transport to a surgical facility.
Any devitalized bowel is resected via midline celiotomy. In stallions, testis-sparing laparoscopic closure of the
inguinal rings has been performed in both standing and recumbent horses with good outcome and subsequent
fertility. In foals and calves, medical management through reduction of the hernia and placement of a figure-
eight bandage has been successful in some cases. Hernias that do not spontaneously resolve early in life should
be surgically corrected to prevent later complications.
Hernias between the abdominal and thoracic cavities that involve the diaphragm are of several types and can be
congenital or acquired (traumatic) in origin. Congenital pleuroperitoneal hernias have been described in small
animals, horses, and calves. In horses, a specific type of hernia, a retrosternal or Morgani hernia, has been
described in which a hernial sac protrudes into the thorax in the left dorsal tendinous portion of the diaphragm.
The sac is characterized by a pleural covering and a peritoneal lining. In described cases, the presenting
complaint was colic, and the diagnosis was made during exploratory celiotomy. Defects can be surgically
repaired using mesh products to reduce risk of recurrence. The hernial sac is usually left in situ. In cases of
direct herniation, clinical signs include dyspnea, exercise intolerance, lethargy, and weight loss. In cattle,
herniation of the reticulum into the thorax has been described, with a right-side diaphragmatic defect. Clinical
signs include anorexia, scant manure, tympani, and decreased or no rumination. Diagnosis is by radiography or
ultrasonography. Peritoneopericardial hernias are defined as an embryologic defect in the failure of fusion of
the septum transversum during diaphragmatic development, allowing communication between the abdominal
cavity and pericardial sac. Weimaraners and domestic long-haired cats were overrepresented in one study.
Clinical signs reflect the contents of the hernia, which may include omentum, liver, gallbladder, or small
intestinal loops, and include cardiac tamponade, dyspnea, tachypnea, exercise intolerance, coughing, vomiting,
and GI obstruction. In many cases, the diagnosis was an incidental finding during imaging or celiotomy for
other reasons. Other congenital defects were found in many cases, including umbilical hernia, cryptorchidism,
cleft palate, portosystemic shunt, and sternal or vertebral abnormalities. Animals with clinical signs were treated
with surgical herniorrhaphy, whereas animals with no clinical signs tended to be closely monitored. Hiatal
hernias occur through the esophageal hiatus and are classified into two types. Type I, the sliding hernia, is the
most common in small animals and is characterized by intermittent displacement of the lower esophageal
sphincter and gastric fundus into the thoracic cavity. Type II is less common and involves only the displacement
of the gastric fundus. Brachycephalic breeds are overrepresented, with a hereditary nature suspected in Shar-
Pei. Clinical signs include dysphagia, regurgitation, vomiting, ptyalism, and esophagitis due to decreased
function of the lower esophageal sphincter. Diagnosis is by radiography or fluoroscopy; however, the
intermittent nature can make diagnosis challenging. Medical treatment of esophagitis is required. Surgical
correction is by combination of hiatal plication, esophagopexy, and left-side gastropexy.
GLOSARIO
Dystocia: distocia (parto lento, laborioso y difícil) Manure: abono, estiércol
Omentum: epiplón, omento (Repliegue del peritoneo que cardiac tamponade: compresión cardíaca
une las vísceras entre sí y contiene los vasos y algunos dyspnea: disnea
conductos) tachypnea: taquipnea: respiración rápida, anormal
Loops: lazos cleft palate: paladar hendido, fisura palatina
Cryptorchidism: criptorquidia (Testículo que no se portosystemic shunt: derivación portosistémica
desplazó al saco de piel debajo del pene antes del herniorrhaphy: herniorrafia (cirugía de hernia)
nacimiento.) sphincter: esfínter
Incarceration: encarcelamiento dysphagia: disfagia (dificultad o imposibilidad de tragar)
Celiotomy: celiotomía (procedimiento quirúrgico en el ptyalism: ptialismo (producción excesiva de saliva)
cual se practica una incisión en el abdomen)
ACTIVIDADES DE PRE-LECTURA
1.¿Cuál es la fuente del texto?
2.¿Cuál es el título del texto? Tradúcelo.
3.¿Quién es el autor del texto? ¿Cuáles son sus datos filiatorios?
4.¿Qué indica la línea “Veterinary/ Digestive System /Congenital and Inherited Anomalies of the Digestive
System”?
ACTIVIDADES DE COMPRENSION LECTORA
Responde cada una de las siguientes preguntas de manera completa, clara, y respetando los trazos de coherencia
y cohesión en español.
1. A. Define “hernia”, según el texto.
B. ¿Cómo se clasifican las hernias? ¿Qué características presenta cada tipo?
C. ¿Está comprobado que la hernia umbilical es siempre hereditaria en perros?
2. A. ¿Qué animales pueden presentar una hernia inguinal o escrotal?
B. Nombra los signos que puede presentar un caballo afectado de hernia inguinal.
C. ¿Qué tratamiento ha resultado exitoso en algunos casos de hernia inguinal en potros y terneros?
3. A. ¿Qué animales pueden ser afectados por una hernia pleuro-peritoneal?
B. ¿Qué signos presenta un caballo con hernia directa?
C. ¿Cómo se diagnostica este tipo de hernia en ganado vacuno?
4. A. ¿Qué parte del cuerpo afecta la “hernia de hiato”?
B. ¿Qué características presenta el tipo II de la hernia de Hiato?
C. ¿Que signos clínicos presenta un animal afectado de esta hernia?
D. ¿Cómo se diagnostica?
5. Escribe un párrafo (4-6) donde expliques los temas principales que se desarrollan en el texto
INGLÉS (3069) – MEDICINA VETERINARIA EXAMEN FINAL - LIBRE
Profs. Sergi – Remondino - Baudino 27-07-2017
Lea el siguiente texto y explique con sus propias palabras los temas que se desarrollan en el mismo.
MERCK MANUAL
Veterinary Manual
Veterinary/ Digestive System /Congenital and Inherited Anomalies of the Digestive System
Hernias
By Lisa K. Pearson, DVM, MS, PhD, DACT, Clinical Instructor - Comparative Theriogenology, Department of
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University
A true hernia is defined as having a hernia ring, sac, and contents. Hernias of the abdominal wall are common in
all domestic species and include umbilical hernias and inguinal or scrotal hernias. Hernias may be direct
(through a rent in the body wall) or indirect (through an already existing ring, such as the inguinal ring or
umbilical ring). Congenital hernias tend to be indirect, although direct, traumatic hernias may arise during
dystocia or obstetrical manipulations. Umbilical hernias vary in size and may contain only fat or omentum, or
in more severe cases, intestinal loops. In dogs, Weimaraners, Pekingese, Basenjis, and Airedale Terriers are
overrepresented. In many cases, umbilical hernia is seen in dogs with concurrent cryptorchidism. Hereditary
etiology is suspected but not proved. In cattle, the Holstein Friesian breed is overrepresented. Diagnosis in all
animals is by observation of the hernia sac, palpation, ultrasonography, and possibly radiographs. Surgical
closure of the body wall defect is indicated in most cases to reduce risk of future intestinal incarceration.
