Q.1. What are Lichens?

Ans. Lichens are symbiotic i.e., mutually useful associations, between algae and fungi.

The algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont, which

are autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively.

Q.2. What is Respiratory Quotient?

Ans. Respiratory Quotient (R.Q) is defined as the ratio of volume of Co₂ evolved to that of

volume of 0₂ consumed.

R.Q =vol.of CO₂ evolved

vol.of CO₂ consumed

R.Q is measured by Ganong's Respirometer.

For, carbohydrate; R.Q = 1.

For, protein; R.Q = 0.9.

For fats: R.Q = 0.7.

For organic acids; R.Q = 1.

For anaerobic Respiration; R.Q = co

d3. What is Kranz anatomy?

Ans. It is a characteristic property of C4-leaves. (C4-plant leaves)

Kranz means wreath. (circular arrangement of flowers).

In kranz Anatomy, vescular bundals is surrounded by several layer of bundle

sheath cells which inturn is surrounded by concentric mesophyll cells.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

Q.1. Define Inflorescence and types

Ans. Inflorescence: The arrangement and distribution of flowers on a peduncle is called

inflorescence is called inflorescence. The axis of inflorescence is termed peduncle. The

flattened peduncle is called receptacle.

 Racemose inflorescence Cymose inflorescence

1. 1. The main axis is short. Its

The main axis is elongated, growth is limited and ends in
its growth is unlimited and a flower.
does not end in a flower.

2. The flowers are arranged in 2. The flowers are arranged in

an acropetal order youngest a basipetal order- the oldest
near the apex and oldest at flowers are near the apex
the base. and youngest at the base.

Q.2. Discuss Taxonomic Hierarchy?

Ans. "Taxonomic hierarchy is the process of arranging various organisms into successive

levels of the biological classification either in a decreasing or an increasing cider from

kingdom to species and vice versa."

Each of this level of the hierarchy is called the taxonomic category or rank.

In this system of classification, kingdom is always ranked the highest followed by division,

class, order, family, genus, and species.

Taxonomic Hierarchy Examples

Kingdom Homo
Phylum Sapiens
Class Animalia
Order Chordata
Family Mammalia
Genus Primates
Species Hominidae
Q.3. Difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Cyclic photophosphorylation Non-cyclin photophosphorylation

Only photosystem I is involved. Both photosystem I and II are involved

P700 is the active reaction centre. P680 is the active reaction centre.
Electrons travel in a cyclic manner. Electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner.
Electrons revert to Photosystem 1 Electrons from Photosystem I are accepted by
NADP.
ATP molecules are produced. Both NADPH and ATP molecules are produced.
Water is not required Photolysis of water is present.
NADPH is not synthesized NADPH is synthesized.
Oxygen is not evolved as the by-product. This process is predominant in all green plants.

Q.4. Discuss the properties of Euglenoids?

Ans. i. They are generally present in fresh water.

ii. Cell wall is absent but a protenious layer called pelicile is present.

iii. They have 2 flagella, one is long and another is short.

iv. Euglenoids are photosynthetic in presence of sunlight. They also act as non-

photosynthetic when deprived form sunlight.

v. Their pigments are identical to that of higher plants.

vi. e.g, Euglena.

Q.5. Brief classification of kingdom fungi?

Ans. On the basis of

Morphology of Mycelium.

Mode of spore formation.

Fruiting body.
 Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiopnycetes Deuteromycetes

Mycelium Aseptate + septate + Septate + Septate +

unbranched branched branched branched
Multinucleate uninucleate Uninucleate Uninucleate

Sexual Zoospores + Conidia Absent Conidia

spore Aplanaspores ↓ ↓
↓ Exogenously Exogenously
Endogenously produced produced
produced

Spores Sexual Oospores Ascospores Basidiospores Absent

Fruiting body Sporangilium Ascocarp Basidiocarp Absent

Virus:

1. Viruses are non-cellular, characterised by having insert crystline structure.

2. Structure of virus.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

Q.1. .Discuss the role of P.G.R in agriculture

Ans. Plant growth Regulators like Auxin, Gibberlins, Cytokinins etc helps in the growth and development
of plants in

>Role of Auxin (P.G.R) Agriculture:-

Auxin produces rooting in stem cutting.

Auxin produces parthenocarpy in tomatoes.

Auxin prevents early fruit and leaf fall.

2-4-D is used as weedicide for Dicotyledons.

Auxin produces Apical dominance.

>Role of Gibberlins (P.G.R) in agriculture:

Gibberlins help in seed germination because of hydrolysing enzymes.

Gibberlins help in elongation and shape improvement of fruits like Apple.

It enhances the sugarcane yield by increasing the longer of stem.

Gibberlins causes Bolting (elongation of internodes length in genetically dwarf

plants)

It delays ripening /senescence.

> Role of Cytokinins (P.G.R) in agriculture:

It promotes all division.

It helps in the formation of new leaves, chloroplast and adventations shoot.

It delays senescence.

Its widel used in Tea – plantation becuz it overcomes apical dominance.

Q.2. Discuss calvin cycle (C3cycle)?

Ans. Calvin cycle is universal processing all photosynthetic plants and is responsible for

formation of glucose.

It occurs in mesophyll .

The first stable product of calvin cycle is 3- carbon compounds hence called C3 cycle.

C3 Cycle was first found in chlorella with the help of radioactive technique.

Steps of Calvin cycle:

1. Carboxylation.

2. Reduction.

3. Regeneration of RUBP (Ribulose bishosphate).

1. Carboxylation:

Carboxylation is the fixation of CO₂ into a stable organic intermediate.

Carboxylation is the most crucial step of the Calvin cycle where CO₂ is utilized

for the carboxylation of RUBP. The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme RuBP

carboxylase which results in the formation of two molecules of 3-PGA.

CO₂ + RUBP(5c){ Rubisco/ Mg 2 →}2{3PGA}(3C).

Rubisco has more affinity towards CO₂ than oxygen.

Rubisco is most abundant protein.

2. Reduction:

It is a series of reaction that leads to the formation of glucose.

An intermediate 3c- compound called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed.

This steps involves utilization of

i.2ATP for phosphorylation.

ii. 2NADPH for reduction for CO₂ molecules.

3. Regeneration of RUBP: Requires 1ATP for phosphorylation to form RUBP.

Calvin cycle has to take place 6-times or the formation of 1 Glucose.