Snowy 2.

0 FID - S18 Hydrology Commercial-in-Confidence

Contents
1 Chapter summary 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Scope and exclusions 2
1.3 Activities undertaken 3
1.4 Meteorology 3
1.5 Hydrology 3
1.6 Future change in climatic conditions in the Snowy Mountains 3

2 Activities undertaken 4

3 Meteorology 5
3.1 Overview 5
3.2 Ambient temperature 5
3.2.1 Tantangara 5
3.2.2 Talbingo 6
3.3 Precipitation 6
3.3.1 Tantangara 6
3.3.2 Talbingo 7

4 Hydrology 8
4.1 Overview 8
4.2 Inflows 8
4.2.1 Tantangara 8
4.2.2 Talbingo 8
4.3 Flood Hydrology 9
5 Future change in climatic conditions in the Snowy Mountains 10
5.1 Introduction 10
5.2 Temperature 11
5.3 Precipitation 13
5.4 Inflow 15
5.5 Fire regime 15
5.6 Climate variability 15

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6 Definitions and abbreviations 16

7 Bibliography 16

Tables
Table 1: Peak Reservoir elevation levels in Tantangara and Talbingo Reservoirs
Table 2: Range of temperature change by 2060-2079
Table 3: 10th and 90th percentile range of temperature change by 2080-2099
Table 4: Range of rainfall change (%) by 2060-2079
Table 5: 10th and 90th percentile range of rainfall change by 2080-2099

Figures
Figure 1: Ambient air temperature at Tantangara Reservoir AWS
Figure 2: Ambient air temperature at Talbingo AWS
Figure 3: Monthly precipitation at Tantangara Reservoir AWS
Figure 4: Monthly precipitation at Talbingo AWS
Figure 5: Monthly inflows at Tantangara Reservoir
Figure 6: Monthly inflows at Talbingo Reservoir
Figure 7: NARCliM change in annual mean temperature by 2060-2079
Figure 8: NARCliM change in temperature extremes by 2060-2079
Figure 9: NARCliM projected changes in mean rainfall by season

1 Chapter summary
This chapter provides a consolidated reference for the weather and
climate-related influences of the Project. Meteorology, hydrology and climate
characteristics drive key considerations for numerous phases of the Project,
including the design, approvals, construction, operations and revenue modelling.
Additional information will be included in the relevant chapters of the report as
required.

1.1 Introduction
Snowy Hydro has hydro-meteorological data dating back to the early
investigation phase prior to construction of the original Snowy Mountains Scheme
(the Scheme). High-quality observations have continued to be recorded through
to the present day as part of Snowy Hydro’s routine operations. Snowy Hydro’s
records have been utilised by the Project to identify weather and climate-related
operating conditions and potential risks.

1.2 Scope and exclusions

The hydro-meteorological information presented is from Snowy Hydro-operated
weather stations and reservoir recordings. Snowy Hydro is fortunate to have two
accurate and long-term weather stations close to the proposed Project
alignment. This information has been utilised in this chapter. However, due to the
changes in elevation across the alignment (approximately 1,000m elevation drop),

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localised climate variability exists and therefore these can only be used as a
guide.
The hydrology section utilises long-term inflow records from Tantangara and
Talbingo reservoirs to plot the monthly average inflows. Peak flood levels are also
estimated using previous dam safety modelling at both Reservoirs.
The change in climatic conditions section reviews relevant climate change
literature and presents a summary of expected regional climate within the
operating life (100 years) of the Facilities based on the current state of scientific
knowledge.

1.3 Activities undertaken

Hydrology, meteorology and Reservoir inflow data has been updated to include
the latest data acquired between the Feasibility Study (December 2017) and FID.
Regulatory and operational water constraint review was undertaken to support
market modelling (see Chapter Five - Market Modelling).
Wind generation vs water inflow and wind vs solar generation correlation analysis
was conducted to assist in understanding future market drivers (see Chapter Five).

1.4 Meteorology
Mean monthly temperatures and precipitation for both Tantangara and Talbingo
have been determined based on data from Snowy Hydro-operated weather
stations and Reservoir recordings. This data has been used to assess design and
construction risks.

1.5 Hydrology
Historical monthly inflows at Tantangara and Talbingo reservoirs and an overview
of the flood hydrology at each of the Reservoirs were determined. The hydrology
information included in this chapter provided the key design flood levels for both
reservoirs that were used in the design of the intake structures, for construction
and long-term operational use. More information can be found in Chapter Twelve -
Facilities.
As required by the NSW Dams Safety Act 2015,1 Snowy Hydro as a dam owner is
required to undertake flood hydrology assessments of their dams in order to
develop and implement a dam emergency plan. Both Tantangara and Talbingo
have recently been assessed.

1.6 Future change in climatic conditions in the Snowy Mountains

Global climate is changing, with notable observed changes in Australia and the Snowy
Mountains over the last century. Changes are expected to continue and will likely
affect future operations of Snowy Hydro.

1
Available at: https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/acts/2015-26.pdf [Accessed November 15, 2017].

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Long-term change in climatic conditions projections for the Project need to be

considered in conjunction with historical observations. In summary, the following
can be inferred from relevant climate change literature and regional climate
projections:
1. Rising temperature - Mean, maximum and minimum air temperature are
projected to rise by an average of ~2ºC (by 2060 - 2079) with an increased
frequency of extreme hot days;
2. Decreasing precipitation - Generally precipitation is projected to decrease
on average, dominated by reduced cool-season precipitation (and snow
cover);
3. Increasing drought - Drought frequency is projected to increase.
4. Decreasing inflows - Long-term inflows and water resources for
generation in the Scheme are likely to decrease on average over the next
century;
5. Increased precipitation event intensity - Precipitation events are
projected to become more intense. More extreme flood events present
increased physical risks to Scheme infrastructure and operations; and
6. Increasing bushfire risk - The bushfire risk in the Snowy Mountains and the
general region of the National Energy Market (NEM) is expected to increase
with the projected warmer and drier climate.
Potential changes in climate over the next century will be considered in the
Project design to ensure infrastructure is resilient to future change. As the
proposed Facilities will be utilising existing water storages of Tantangara
Reservoir for generation and then discharging into Talbingo Reservoir before
pumping the utilised water back to Tantangara, there is no additional water
required. The Facilities’ ability to recycle available water via pumped storage will
be critical during periods of lower inflow and drought. Further information on
water management can be found in Chapter Eleven - Environment, Permits &
Approvals.

2 Activities undertaken
The hydrology, meteorology and reservoir inflow data presented in the Feasibility
stage has been updated to include the most currently available data. As noted
later in this chapter, data collected by Snowy Hydro is of very high quality, and
the latest updates help to strengthen the assumptions throughout the FID report
that are based on this data.
Constraints on the operation of the Scheme and the Project enforced through the
Snowy Water Licence and based on the meteorology, hydrology and change in
climatic conditions assessments in this chapter, were reviewed and refined for
Chapter Five - Market Modelling. These activities were carried out to ensure that
these regulatory and operational constraints were thoroughly understood and
appropriately represented by the models being used to assess the commercial

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aspects of the Project. Their inclusion in the market modelling further strengthens
the robustness of this process.

3 Meteorology

3.1 Overview
The information in this section is from Snowy Hydro-operated automatic weather
stations (AWS):
1. For Tantangara, observations are recorded at the Tantangara weather
station, located at the southern end of the reservoir. This site has
intermittent records as far back as 1969, but good quality continuous
records began in 1993. The site is at a relatively high-elevation location
within the Kosciuszko National Park (KNP) at 1,237 m above sea level; and
2. For Talbingo, conditions near Talbingo Reservoir may be characterised by
observations recorded at the Talbingo weather station. This station (which
has operated since 1993) is located close to the township of Talbingo at the
northern end of the Talbingo Reservoir, at an elevation of 396 m above sea
level and outside the boundary of KNP.

3.2 Ambient temperature

3.2.1 Tantangara

Mean monthly maximum temperatures range from 7.0°C in July to 23.3°C in

January. The highest January temperature on record is 34.4°C and the lowest
temperature on record is -14.9°C. Mean monthly minimum (overnight)
temperatures range from -3.9°C in July to 6.5°C in January.

Figure 1: Ambient air temperature at Tantangara Reservoir AWS

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3.2.2 Talbingo

Mean monthly maximum temperatures range from 12.5°C in July to 30.3°C in

January. The highest January temperature on record is 42.2°C and the lowest on
record is -3.3oC in August. Mean monthly minimum (overnight) temperatures
range from 3.0°C in July to 15.3°C in January.
These temperatures must be adjusted slightly when considering the proposed
Ravine option power station complex. The access site in Lobs Hole Ravine is ~200
m higher than Talbingo, which would translate to about a degree lower
temperatures on average. The Ravine location is at the bottom of a valley which
may result in enhanced cold air drainage overnight, which could bring minimum
temperatures a further degree or so below Talbingo temperatures.

Figure 2: Ambient air temperature at Talbingo AWS

3.3 Precipitation
3.3.1 Tantangara

Tantangara receives average annual total precipitation of ~988 mm, but the
year-to year variability can be large. The heaviest precipitation occurs during the
winter/spring months (June - October). Precipitation regularly falls as snow
during winter, and given the temperature climatology some snowpack should be
expected during the coldest months, although it is unlikely to persist at significant
depth for long periods.

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Figure 3: Monthly precipitation at Tantangara Reservoir AWS

3.3.2 Talbingo

Talbingo receives an annual total precipitation amount of ~980 mm per year, but
again there can be substantial year-to-year variability. The wettest months of the
year are typically late autumn to early spring (May - September). Snowfall at
Talbingo and Ravine would be a relatively rare occurrence (<1 per year at
Talbingo, 1-2 times per year at Ravine), and would not remain on the ground for
any appreciable length of time.

Figure 4: Monthly precipitation at Talbingo AWS

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4 Hydrology

4.1 Overview
Information in this section is derived from inflow measurements taken across the
Snowy Mountains scheme. Inflow statistics for all reservoirs in the Snowy
Mountains Scheme, including Tantangara and Talbingo have been recorded since
investigations for the scheme commenced (1953 for Tantangara and 1948 for
Talbingo). During the investigations and subsequent operations, an inflow record
was also developed between 1905 and the beginning of measured records
based on parametric regressions with nearby gauged catchments. The inflow
record from 1905 to present is considered applicable and robust for all
retrospective hydrological assessments of the Scheme.

4.2 Inflows
4.2.1 Tantangara

Tantangara Reservoir receives 297 GL of inflow per year, but is subject to

substantial year-to-year variability, with annual inflows ranging between 36 GL in
2006/2007 and 714 GL in 1917/1918. The highest inflows typically occur between
July and October as the accumulated winter snow melts and localised
precipitation peaks.

Figure 5: Monthly inflows at Tantangara Reservoir

4.2.2 Talbingo

Talbingo Reservoir receives 330 GL of inflow per year but is subject to substantial
year-to-year variability, with annual inflows ranging between 30 GL in 2006/2007
and 820 GL in 1956/1957. The highest inflows occur between July and October as
the accumulated winter snow melts in the upper parts of the catchment and
localised precipitation peaks. Inflows vary noticeably to the precipitation record at

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Talbingo Dam as a lot of the catchment is at higher elevations and is subject to

different precipitation patterns.

Figure 6: Monthly inflows at Talbingo Reservoir

4.3 Flood Hydrology

As required by the Dams Safety Act 2015, Snowy Hydro as a dam owner is
required to undertake flood hydrology assessments of their dams in order to
develop and implement a dam emergency plan. Both Tantangara and Talbingo
were assessed, in 2015 by Jacobs Australia Ltd (Jacobs), and in 2011 by Sinclair
Knight Merz (now Jacobs) respectively. See the Supporting information for this
chapter.
Table 1 below outlines the peak Reservoir levels determined from the analysis.
The location of both Tantangara and Talbingo intakes have been designed to
withstand a 1% AEP flood without the need of a cofferdam. Further information
can be found in Chapter Twelve - Facilities.

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Event probability - Annual Peak Reservoir elevation [m Australian Height Datum (AHD)]
Exceedance Probability (AEP) Tantangara Reservoir Talbingo Reservoir
20% 1,222.13 543.03
10% 1,224.13 543.12
5% 1,225.63 543.13
2% 1,230.10 545.97
1% 1,230.33 546.11
0.5% 1,230.58 546.44
0.2% 1,230.94 546.97
Dam crest flood (~ 0.001% 1,233.87 550.51
AEP)
Table 1: Peak Reservoir elevation levels in Tantangara and Talbingo Reservoirs

The dam modelling undertaken uses a conditional probability approach which

assumes drawdown is occurring within the Reservoirs before the flood event
commences. The risk profile of Talbingo Reservoir is sensitive to the assumed
average water level within Talbingo, as the capacity of the Talbingo spillway is
constrained. If there is a material long-term change in the operation of Talbingo,
the risk profile will change based on the extent of the average water level change.
In regards to Tantangara, the risk profile is not sensitive to water level, however,
the maintenance requirements are. Increasing the water level for example at
Tantangara, will increase the inspection frequency requirements.
The Facilities will be operated by pumping of water for storage when available
energy supply is greater than system demand, and then generating with this
stored water for short periods when required. It is anticipated this will result in
Tantangara Reservoir generally operating at slightly higher average levels, and
Talbingo Reservoir generally operating at lower or average levels. The post
feasibility analysis will identify improved storage operation protocols to optimise
generation and pumping capability concurrently with spill risks. Dam safety
protocols will be updated as required to the extent that they are impacted by
changed operation of the storages.

5 Future change in climatic conditions in the Snowy Mountains

5.1 Introduction
Global climate is changing, with notable observed changes in Australia and the
Snowy Mountains over the last century. Changes are expected to continue and
will likely affect future operations of Snowy Hydro. It is therefore important to
incorporate consideration of change in climatic conditions in long-term planning
of Snowy Hydro infrastructure and business operations to reduce risk and build
resilience to likely, yet uncertain future changes.

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This section summarises relevant climate change literature and regional climate
projections and presents a summary of expected regional climate within the
operating life (100 years) of the Project based on the current state of scientific
knowledge. Climate projections presented here focus on the NSW and ACT
Regional Climate Modelling (NARCliM) Project which uses a ‘business-as-usual’
high emission scenario to which emissions are currently most closely tracking.2
More moderate emission scenarios and climate projections are available that
consider various greenhouse gas reduction and global mitigation measures
through the next century. The high emission climate projections are used to
demonstrate the climate risk to which Snowy Hydro is exposed.

5.2 Temperature
Temperature projections are a highly robust output from climate models with
very high agreement between different climate models. The NARCliM
temperature projections for 2060-2079 in Figure 7 and Figure 8 show that
widespread warming is expected with an increase in warm extremes and a
decrease in cold extremes. These results are consistent with observed trends
and climate modelling by other climate modelling projects.
Based on the NARCliM 10 km grid cell near Tantangara (and throughout the
region), mean temperature is projected to rise by ~2.1ºC by 2060 - 2079 while
average maximum temperature rises by ~2.3ºC and average minimum
temperature rises by ~2.0ºC. The spread in the NARCliM climate models is
generally between 1.5 and 3ºC (Table 2). For later in the century (~2090),
CSIRO/BoM climate projections show mean warming across the Murray Basin to
be 2.7 - 4.5ºC under a high emissions scenario.3 Mean summer maximum
temperatures are up to 5.1ºC warmer than the 1986 - 2005 average (Table 3).

The projected changes in temperature extremes are sensitive to local

climatological factors such as site location and elevation. In the Talbingo area, the
number of hot days >35ºC in NARCliM are projected to increase by more than 12.9
days per year by 2060 - 2079, however, at the typically cooler higher elevation
areas around Tantangara, the increase in hot days >35ºC is projected to be 0.4
days per year. By 2060 - 2079 the number of cold nights (min temperature < 2ºC)
is projected to reduce by ~47 days per year around Tantangara and ~43 days per
year around Talbingo. Frost days are projected to decrease while extended
periods of extreme heat (heatwaves) are projected to increase in frequency,
length and intensity.

2
(NSW Government Environment & Heritage).
3
(Timbal 2015).

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Figure 7: NARCliM change in annual mean temperature by 2060-20794

Figure 8: NARCliM change in temperature extremes by 2060-20795

4
NARCliiM Change in annual mean daily maximum and minimum temperature by 2060-2079 compared to 1990-2009
baseline.
5
NARCliM change in temperature extremes number of days >35ºC (top) and number of cold nights <2ºC (bottom) by
2060-2079 compared to 1990-2009 baseline.

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Annual Summer Autumn Winter Spring

Mean 1.6 - 2.5 1.9 - 3.0 1.5 - 2.6 1.1 - 2.0 1.8 - 2.8
temperature
Max 1.8 - 2.6 1.8 - 3.0 1.6 - 2.4 0.9 - 2.0 2.0 - 3.2
temperature
Min 1.4 - 2.6 1.8 - 3.2 1.3 - 3.0 1.1 - 2.2 1.5 - 2.5
temperature
Table 2: Range of temperature change by 2060-20796

Annual Summer Autumn Winter Spring

Mean 2.7 - 4.5 2.7 - 5.4 2.8 - 4.7 2.6 - 3.8 2.9 - 4.8
temperature
Max 2.9 - 5.0 2.9 - 5.1 2.7 - 4.9 2.8 - 4.5 3.1 - 5.8
temperature
Min 2.8 - 4.2 2.8 - 5.0 2.9 - 4.6 2.3 - 3.6 2.7 - 4.2
temperature
Table 3: 10th and 90th percentile range of temperature change by 2080-20997

5.3 Precipitation
Precipitation is more difficult to predict in global climate models due to the highly
variable and dynamic processes that drive precipitation patterns. As such,
uncertainty remains on the impact of change in climatic conditions on water
resources in the Snowy Mountains. Notwithstanding this uncertainty, the general
consensus is that cool-season (winter-spring) rainfall is expected to decrease
whereas warm-season (autumn-summer) rainfall is projected by the majority of
models to remain unchanged or increase across southern Australia and NSW
(Figure 9; Table 4).
NARCliM modelling suggests that mean annual precipitation in the Snowy
Mountains region may decline by up to -9% by 2060 - 2079, dominated by
winter-spring decline (-15 - 20%). For later in the century (~2090), CSIRO/BoM
climate projections show that Murray Darling Basin cool-season precipitation
changes span -48 to +6% (Table 8).
Despite the decline in precipitation, more extreme rainfall events are expected.
As temperatures rise, the atmosphere is able to hold more water, increasing the
possibility of extreme rainfall and flash flooding.8 CSIRO/BoM climate projections
show that the magnitude of maximum daily rainfall could increase by up to ~30%
by 2080 - 2099.

6
In the individual 12 NARCliM climate models across NSW.
7
(Timbal 2015) In CSIRO/BoM climate projections for the Murray Basin.
8
(Bao et al. 2017).

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Figure 9: NARCliM projected changes in mean rainfall by season9

Annual Summer Autumn Winter Spring

Rainfall NSW -7.6 to +20.3 -4.0 to +34.8 -6.9 to +53.8 -24.7 to +23.5 -17.9 to +14.4
Rainfall -7.6 to +16.1 -7.3 to +28.4 -4.5 to +68.5 -17.7 to +16.3 -18.6 to -7.5
Murray
Murrumbidge
e
Rainfall SE -6.4 to +9.9 -7.8 to +32.7 -6.4 to +44.6 -20.4 to +11.2 -20.4 to -11.2
Tablelands
Table 4: Range of rainfall change (%) by 2060-207910

Annual Summer Autumn Winter Spring

Rainfall -27 to +9 -13 to +27 -29 to +26 -38 to +4 -48 to +6

11
Table 5: 10th and 90th percentile range of rainfall change by 2080-2099

The ratio of precipitation falling as snow or rain will change in a warming climate
with less precipitation falling as snow. With continued warming, there is very high

9
Compared to the baseline period (1990–2009).
10
In the individual 12 NARCliM climate models across NSW and two regional clusters.
11
In CSIRO/BoM climate projections for the Murray Basin.

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confidence that snowfall, snow depth and the snow covered area will further
decrease, particularly evident at low elevation areas.

NARCliM climate projections for snow in the Australian Alps are not yet available
(research currently ongoing as at FID). In CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology
climate modelling,12 years without snowfall (100% decline) at elevations similar to
Cabramurra (1,419 m) start to be observed by 2030 in some climate models. At
higher elevations (1,923 m), the reduction of snowfall is about 50 - 80% by 2090
(depending on greenhouse gas emission scenarios).

5.4 Inflow
There is reasonable consensus for a reduction in average runoff in southeast
Australia due to reduced precipitation, increased evapotranspiration and
decreased soil moisture in a warmer climate.13 Most of the rainfall and runoff in
the southern half of the southeast Australia region (including the Snowy
Mountains) occurs in the cool-season, and almost all climate models indicate less
winter-spring rainfall in the future.
Research by the South Eastern Australian Climate Initiative (SEACI)14,15 used 15
global climate models to simulate future rainfall and runoff for catchments in the
Murray-Darling Basin region. Table 6 below shows the projected changes in
rainfall and runoff specifically for the Snowy Mountains Scheme under 1°C (~2030)
and 2°C (~2060) of global warming. Overall, an increase in extremes is shown with
significantly drier dry periods (5-10th percentile), slightly wetter wet periods (90 -
95th percentile) with an overall drying on average (median).

5.5 Fire regime

The Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) can be used to quantify fire weather. The
FFDI combines observations of temperature, humidity and wind speed with an
estimate of the fuel state. Severe fire weather occurs when the FFDI exceeds 50.
South-east Australia has observed a statistically significant increase in FFDI since
the 1970s with extension of the fire season further into spring and autumn. This
trend is expected to continue in the future with a projected increase in average
fire weather as well as severe fire weather days in summer and spring across
south-east Australia. NARCliM modelling suggests that the Snowy Mountains
region could expect 0-1 additional severe fire weather days per year (i.e. FFDI >
50) by 2060-2079.

5.6 Climate variability

Southeast Australia, including the Snowy Mountains, experiences significant
seasonal and annual climate variability which is expected to continue in a

12
(CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology 2015).
13
ibid.
14
The South Eastern Australian Climate Initiative http://www.seaci.org/.
15
(Chiew et al. 2011).

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changing climate. Various competing and interacting drivers influence climate in

the Snowy Mountains.
The most dominant and well-known of these drivers is the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO), a tropical Pacific Ocean mode which strongly modulates
south-eastern Australian rainfall on interannual time scales. The Indian Ocean
Dipole (IOD) is a related mode which also strongly controls rainfall amounts in the
region, and tends to act in consonance with ENSO. Both ENSO and the IOD are
linked to periods of drought and flood in the Snowy Mountains. Recent research
suggests that El Niño and positive IOD (dry) events are likely to increase in
intensity and frequency, and may become more frequent, with little change to
the frequency of extreme La Nina (wet) events.16
The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is another mode which influences weather in
south-eastern Australia. This mode is linked to the strength of the subtropical
ridge and modulates the latitude of the 'storm track,' and thereby the frequency
with which rainfall bearing weather systems arrive. Over the last 50 years a
positive trend in the SAM, (i.e. a southward retreat of the storm track) has resulted
in reduced winter rainfall. Climate models suggest that both the positive trend in
SAM and a reduction in cool-season precipitation are expected to continue in the
future.17

6 Definitions and abbreviations

ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation

FFDI Forest Fire Danger Index
IOD Indian Ocean Dipole
KNP Kosciuszko National Park
MJA Marsden Jacob Associates
NEM National Energy Market
RES Ratings Evaluation Service
SAM Southern Annular Mode
SEACI South Eastern Australian Climate Initiative

7 Bibliography
1. Bao J, Sherwood SC, Alexander LV, Evans JP. Future increases in extreme
precipitation exceed observed scaling rates. Nat Clim Chang. 2017 Jan
9;7:128.
2. Cai W, Wang G, Gan B, Wu L, Santoso A, Lin X, et al. Stabilised frequency of
extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole under 1.5 °C warming. Nat Commun.
2018 Apr 12;9(1):1419.
3. Chiew FHS, Young WJ, Cai W, Teng J. Current drought and future
hydroclimate projections in southeast Australia and implications for water
resources management. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess. 2011;25:601–12.
4. CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology. Climate Change in Australia Information
16
(Cai et al. 2018); (Wang et al. 2017).
17
(CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology 2015).

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for Australia’s Natural Resource Management Regions: Technical Report

[Internet]. CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology, Australia; 2015. Available
from:
https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/media/ccia/2.1.6/cms_pag
e_media/168/CCIA_2015_NRM_TechnicalReport_WEB.pdf
5. NSW Government Environment & Heritage. About NARCliM [Internet].
Available from:
http://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/Climate-projections-for-N
SW/About-NARCliM
6. Post DA, Chiew FHS, Teng J, Wang B, Marvanek S. Projected changes in
climate and runoff for south-eastern Australia under 1 °C and 2 °C of global
warming. A SEACI Phase 2 special report [Internet]. Australia: CSIRO; 2012 p.
48. Available from:
http://www.seaci.org/publications/documents/SEACI-2Reports/SEACI2_
Projections_Report.pdf
7. Timbal B et al. Murray Basin cluster report, Climate Change in Australia
Projections for Australia’s Natural Resource Management Regions: Cluster
Report [Internet]. CSIRO; 2015 p. 60. Available from:
https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/media/ccia/2.1.6/cms_pag
e_media/172/14-00140_MURRAY%20BASIN_NRM%20Report_DRAFT.pdf
8. Wang G, Cai W, Gan B, Wu L, Santoso A, Lin X, et al. Continued increase of
extreme El Niño frequency long after 1.5 °C warming stabilization. Nat Clim
Chang. 2017 Jul 24;7:568.
9. Dams Safety Act 2015 [Internet]. 2015 p. 37. Available from:
https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/acts/2015-26.pdf

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