JIMMA UNIVERSITY

School of law and governance: CBTP Phase One Problem

Identification Program
Students name ID/No

1.Michael Belete...........................................................................RU0697/16

2. Workinesh Abera .....................................................................RU1527/16

3.Mekdes Yilma............................................................................RR 1266/15

4.Mahlet Maregn............................................................................RR1226/15

5.Derartu Zemecha.........................................................................RU0262/16

6.Kalkidan Ashebir...........................................................................RU1499/16

7.Tamirat Tilahun.............................................................................RU1499/16

8.Shalem Mehamed.........................................................................RU1477/16

Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................................................................3
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background of CBE................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Strategies of CBE....................................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Strategies of CBE.............................................................................................................................6
1.3 Objectives of CBE and CBTP...................................................................................................................7
1.4 General and specific objectives of CBTP Phase one...............................................................................8
1.4.1 General Objectives of CBTP............................................................................................................8
1.4.2 Specific objectives of CBTP.............................................................................................................8
1.5 Background of our study.......................................................................................................................8
1.6 Statement of the problem.....................................................................................................................9
1.7 Questionnaires......................................................................................................................................9
1.7.1 Main Question................................................................................................................................9
1.7.2 Specific Questions.........................................................................................................................10
1.8 objective of our CBTP..........................................................................................................................10
1.8.1 General objective..........................................................................................................................10
1.8.2 Specific objectives.........................................................................................................................10
1.9 significance of the study......................................................................................................................10
1.10 The scope of the study.......................................................................................................................11
1.11 Limitations of the study.....................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Background of HomoTecho, Kersa.......................................................................................................11
2.1 Demographic information of the wereda............................................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................13
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY............................................................................................13
3.1.1 Research Design............................................................................................................................13
3.2 Research Methodology........................................................................................................................13
3.2Data collection procedure....................................................................................................................15
3.2.1 Methods of sampling and determining sample size.....................................................................16
3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis............................................................................................................17

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3.4 Techniques used for our Phase one program......................................................................................18
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................19
4.1 Overall Data of Analysis Data obtained...............................................................................................19
Chapter Five..............................................................................................................................................25
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................25
5.2 Suggestions..........................................................................................................................................25
5.3 Action Plan...........................................................................................................................................26

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Jimma University for preparing and
implementing the CBE program. This unique initiative differentiates Jimma University from
other institutions and provides us with extraordinary practical experience that will importantly
contribute to our future journey. We are also profoundly thankful to the society of Serbo Town,
Homo techo in Kersa Woreda, for their exceptional willingness, consent, and cooperation in
participating in our CPTB phase one-problem identification program. Their extraordinary
assistance has been instrumental to the success of this work. The community's openness,
hospitality, and kindness are truly commendable, and we hold them in the highest regard.
Moreover, we wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to our advisor, Mr.Yonas Merga for
providing the initial orientation and laying the foundation for our understanding of the CBE
course. Although we were unable to receive further guidance during the document preparation
process, possibly due to overlapping responsibilities or time constraints, we deeply appreciate the
efforts he made during the orientation phase. We understand the challenges of balancing multiple
commitments and value his contribution to our learning experience.

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Abstract
In the initial phase of this program, our team engaged with the residents of Serbo Town, located
in Kersa Woreda, to uncover legal challenges affecting the community. Through a combination
of group discussions and individual interviews, community members highlighted several legal
concerns, with divorce emerging as a particularly prevalent issue. In Serbo Town, the
community's concerns regarding divorce encompass not only the frequency of marital
breakdowns but also the adequacy of legal frameworks and support systems in addressing the
aftermath. This report aims to delve into the specific legal challenges related to divorce in Serbo
Town, as identified through our interactions with the community. These document of phrase one
encompasses four chapters.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of CBE

Community Based Education (CBE) is the philosophy of Jimma University through which
training, research and service are integrated. To this end, Jimma University aspires to be the
leading higher education institute in the above three mandate areas. 1 It is a means of achieving
educational relevance to community needs and consists of learning activities that uses the
community extensively as a learning environment.

The training programs at JU integrated CBE in the curricula of all programs. Currently in all
colleges and Institutes at the University, CBE is incorporated in all of the curricula in both the
undergraduate and postgraduate programs to address core academic activities as
teaching/learning, research and to deliver services to the community at large.

Community-based education fosters interdependence and leads toward educational and

community practices that have the potential to impact people on a global scale.

Community Based Education (CBE) is a means of achieving educational relevance to

community needs and consists of learning activates that use the community -oriented education
programmed.

CBE gives the Training professionals who should be responsible to the need and well-being of
the community through working towards the improvement of the having standards of situation of
the community by using a progressive system it build or create the responsible and public aware
professionals towards the need for security of the community. It directs the learning approach
1
Prof., Dr.-Ing Esayas Alemayehu (PhD, P.E.) Director, Community Based Education.

4
towards the community over all affairs. Improving the lives and conditions of the society through
people approach, governmental, non-governmental and private institutions approach.

In Ethiopia, the history of CBE is linked to the history of health professionals’ training.
Systematic and organized effort to introduce and implement CBE was pioneered by Jimma
University. The former JIHS was established in 1983 with the concept of opening a new type of
school whose academic system is built on the philosophy of CBE through a pragmatic
integration of training, research and service.

1.2 Strategies of CBE

The background of CBE is already discussed above. Now we would like to list why we the
students are engaged on this unique and invaluable program or the institution on itself devoted to
prepare this program;

 To change theoretical knowledge into practice,

 To express students to the real world under experienced guidance,

 To give students a sense of social responsibility and accountability,

 To make students active learners than passive knowledge receivers,

 To equip students with practical skills to solve problems.

1.2.1 Strategies of CBE

To implement its core mandate through community-based education (CBE), the university has developed
the following strategies:

 Community Based Training Program (CBTP);

 Development Team Training Program (DTTP);

 Student Research Programs (SRP);

 Team Training Program (TTP).

Jimma University is currently exerting efforts towards improving its strategy of implementing
CBE to contribute in solving community development or felt needs problems. Now let's discuss
to the one of strategies of CBE, which is concerned in our program that is CBTP; deeply root to
its objectives (general and specific).

 Identify community

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  Develop investigation tools

 Gather Data

 Process and analyze data

 Prioritize problems

 Draw action plan

 Carry out intervention

 Evaluation and monitoring

1.3 Objectives of CBE and CBTP

Every subject has its own mission, vision and objectives while involving them in to curriculum.
This is also true with CBE. Now let us see what are general objectives of CBE (Community
Based Education).

Its main objective is to produce professionals; who, can contribute to the livelihood of the society
by involving the community and stakeholders in community development; are socially
accountable and ensure lifelong learning in the community through integrating training, research
and service in the community; are responsive to the felt needs of the community through
development approach.

CBTP is one of the components of CBE, which starts from first year and extended to graduation.
The number of CBTP phases in each program is less by one year (N-1). In each year, the
students are exposed to courses that are prerequisite courses to implement CBTP.

Therefore, the quality and the depth of CBTP is expected to improve in the subsequent phases of
CBTP. As part of CBE, activity students are given orientation before they are assigned to the
community. The orientation focuses on creation of awareness of students with norms and
cultures of the community. The orientation of students is required because the students are
coming from different regions with their own culture and may not be well versed with norms and
cultures of the community.

Colleges are the main drivers of CBTP implementation. There are also resources shared among
colleges. Therefore, proper planning is crucial to implement CBTP and bring benefit to all
stakeholders.

The work plan should be geared to enable students to use locally available resources and utilize
appropriate technology. CBTP is implemented in different phases and the number of CBTP
phases depend on the number of years in a program, which is given by a college. This will be

6
done on the principle of N-1. For example, Colleges like Law, which have Five years
undergraduate programs will run four CBTP phases: CBTP I, CBTP II, CBTP III, and CBTP IV.

1.4 General and specific objectives of CBTP Phase

one
The Community-Based Training Program (CBTP) aims;

 To bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application by engaging
students in real-life community settings.

 To equip students with hands-on experience in identifying and addressing societal

challenges.

CBTP focuses on;

 Fostering problem-solving skills,

 enhancing community engagement, and

 Enabling students to propose practical solutions to issues identified in their respective

fields of study.

1.4.1 General Objectives of CBTP

The Community-Based Training Program (CBTP) at Jimma University is designed to immerse
students in real-world environments, enabling them to identify and analyze community-specific
issues pertinent to their fields of study.

1.4.2 Specific objectives of CBTP

The program specifically aimed at developing data collection tools, to identify the community, to
collect data from the community, to analyze constraints, and to identify prevailing development
problems related to profession.

1.5 Background of our study

In Serbo Woreda, particularly in Marawa Kebele, divorce rates are notably high. This is largely
due to a combination of economic, cultural, and religious factors, which have emerged as the
primary causes of marital dissolution in the area.

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Since the family unit is fundamental to the structure of society, the dissolution of a marriage has
far-reaching effects on the couple, their children, and the community as a whole. Therefore,
when divorce occurs, it is essential that the process is handled fairly and in strict adherence to
legal procedures.

Among these legal challenges, divorce stands out as one of the most significant and widespread
issues, as indicated by the findings from the community where we conducted this study.
Marriage, though intended to be a lifelong partnership, may end for various reasons, including
cultural traditions, economic hardships, religious beliefs, personal disagreements, or legal
circumstances.

In countries like Ethiopia, characterized by diverse ethnicities, languages, religions, and cultural
practices, such differences can give rise to conflicts at different levels within the community.
These disputes often result in legal issues such as family matters (e.g., divorce), property
management and fair distribution, land and property ownership, inheritance disputes, criminal
activities, contractual disagreements, and other related concerns.

1.6 Statement of the problem

Divorce is a significant and growing social issue in Serbo Town, Kersa Wereda, Homo Techo.
The dissolution of marriages not only disrupts the lives of the individuals involved but also
negatively impacts children, extended families, and the broader community. High rates of
divorce often lead to family disintegration, loss of social cohesion, and psychological and
financial burdens on the affected parties. Despite its prevalence, the underlying causes and
consequences of divorce in this community remain poorly understood and inadequately
addressed by existing legal and social frameworks.

In Serbo Town, several factors contribute to the rise in divorce cases. Economic instability, lack
of effective communication between spouses, cultural conflicts, and evolving societal norms
have all been cited as major causes.

Furthermore, the community's pluralistic legal system—where customary, religious, and state
laws coexist—sometimes exacerbates the problem by creating inconsistent or unclear approaches
to resolving marital disputes. Women, in particular, are often disproportionately affected due to
unequal access to legal resources and societal stigma, leaving them vulnerable to economic
hardship and social marginalization post-divorce.

1.7 Questionnaires
1.7.1 Main Question
 What are frequently observed legal problems on this area?

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 1.7.2 Specific Questions

 Does the problem of divorce observed within the community?

 Is there fairness between spouses in the division of joint property?

 Does divorce affect the livelihood of children substantially after dissolution of marriage?

 Are there instances of unfair treatment in court during divorce proceeding?

1.8 objective of our CBTP

The increasing prevalence of divorce calls for targeted interventions that address its root causes,
legal implications, and societal impacts. This Community-Based Training Program (CBTP) aims
to actively engage with the community to create awareness, foster collaboration, and provide
solutions for family-related challenges, particularly divorce, in kersa wereda.

Divorce is one of the major family-related issues affecting the social fabric of communities,
including Merewa Kebele. It not only disrupts the lives of the individuals directly involved but
also has far-reaching implications for children and the society at large.

1.8.1 General objective

To raise awareness among the society in Merewa Kebele about legal issues, with a particular
focus on family-related matters such as divorce.

1.8.2 Specific objectives

 To investigate, analyze, and provide solutions for legal matters associated with divorce.

 To understand and mitigate the impact of divorce on children and the society as a whole.

 To identify the key factors contributing to divorce within the community.

 To collaborate with the community in promoting awareness of rules and regulations in

Merewa Kebele.

 To address and resolve fundamental societal problems related to family issues,

particularly divorce.

1.9 significance of the study

This study holds significant importance in addressing legal issues, particularly those related to
divorce, by raising awareness within the community. It seeks to bridge the gap between the law
and its practical application, ensuring that individuals in Kersa wereda better understand and
adhere to legal frameworks. By doing so, the study aims to promote peace, security, and a more
harmonious social environment.
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Furthermore, the research is expected to enhance the community’s knowledge about the causes
and consequences of divorce, enabling them to address similar issues more effectively in the
future.

The solutions proposed through this study may also serve as a model for other communities
facing similar challenges, fostering wider societal benefits. Lastly, the findings of this research
will serve as a valuable resource for future researchers, providing input and insights that can
guide further studies on related topics.

1.10 The scope of the study

Our study is conducted in the Oromia Region, Jimma Zone, Serbo Woreda, specifically focusing
on the community in Kersa Kebele. The scope of the research is limited to this particular kebele,
where the societal issues related to divorce are examined in depth. By concentrating on Kersa
Kebele, the study aims to address the unique challenges faced by the community and propose
context-specific solutions.

1.11 Limitations of the study

During the course of this CBTP, several challenges were encountered that affected the research
process. One major limitation was the unwillingness of some individuals to provide accurate and
relevant information regarding the issue of divorce. This reluctance was partly due to the
community’s fatigue with repetitive CBTP activities, which caused a lack of interest and
engagement.

Additionally, as this was our first CBTP initiative, our lack of experience posed a significant
challenge in effectively addressing the issues at hand. Some members of the community doubted
our ability to resolve their problems, which further discouraged them from sharing reliable and
sufficient data.

Finally, language and communication barriers also hindered the smooth collection of information
and interaction with certain groups within the community.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Background of HomoTecho, Kersa

Kersa is a woreda in the Jimma Zone of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is bordered on the
south by Dedo, on the southwest by Seka Chekorsa, on the west by Mana, on the north by
Limmu Kosa, on the northeast by Tiro Afeta, and on the southeast by Omo Nada. Towns and
cities in Kersa include Jimma, the zone's capital, and Serbo.2

2
Wikipedia; geographic information of Kersa, Serbo, Jimma.

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Homo techo Kersa is one of those kebeles that are found in serbo town. It is found at 16-18KM
from Jimma University. It is surrounded by different kebeles. It shares boundary with wayu,
Tikur bulto in the east, with omotticho kebele in the west, with Tikur Abuto kebele in the north
and with Babo kebele in the south. Wayu kebele is urban area.

Its weather condition is woina dega. The range of altitudes estimated about 1789m above mean
seal level. The physical feature of the area includes forestland, swamps, plateau and Plain. The
area is best known for its peaceful co-existence among kebeles by putting differences aside. The
mean livelihood in the wayu kebele is predominantly trade. Moreover, other means are
agriculture, animal husbandry and mixed farming.

The altitude of this woreda ranges from 1740 to 2660 meters above sea level; mountains include
Sume, Gora, Kero, Folla and Jiren. Perennial rivers include the Gilgal Gibe, Karsa, Bulbul,
Melekta and the Birbirsa. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 58.6% is arable or
cultivable (37.5% was under annual crops), 17.3% pasture, 6.0% forest, and the remaining 18.9%
is considered swampy, degraded or otherwise unusable.3

2.1 Demographic information of the wereda

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 165,391, of whom
83,579 were men and 81,812 were women; 5,426 or 3.28% of its population were urban
dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Moslem, with 88.87% of the population reporting
they observed this belief, while 10% of the population said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox
Christianity.4 We can simply list the information that we get from the Keble officers while
conducting this problem identification program there about current demographic information

Total population In number In present (%)

Female population 11,570 49.21%

Male population 11,940 50.79%

Total population 23,510 100%

Table 1. Demographic information of the Kersa.

3
Socio-economic profile of the Djimma (sic) Zone Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 1 August 2006)
4
2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region, Vol. 1 Archived 2011-11-13 at the
Way back Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.5, 3.4 (accessed 13 January 2012).

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CHAPTER THREE

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

The chapter emphasis the research design and methodology used in conducting the study. It is
used to obtain information concerning the status of the phenomena to describe, “What exists”
with respect to variables or condition in the situation. Our CBTP gives meaning to the quality
and standing of facts that are going on. It details the approaches used to collect, analyze, and
interpret data to identify legal problems within the community of Serbo Town, kersa wereda
weyu kebele.

Jimma University uses a variety of research methodologies in its Community Based Education
(CBE) programs, including descriptive, quantitative, and qualitative methods:

 Descriptive method: Used to describe the existing state of CBE courses, such as
assessment and grading.

 Quantitative methods: Used to collect data from students and academic staff through
structured questionnaires.

 Qualitative methods: Used to crosscheck quantitative findings through face-to-face

interviews.

 Survey design: Used to identify factors that helped or hindered student learning on CBE.

3.1.1 Research Design

Through this design, the CBTP seeks to interpret the significance and context of the observed
phenomena, providing a clearer picture of the ongoing challenges and realities in the study
area.

To meet the objectives of the study, our CBTP utilized a combination of qualitative and
quantitative methods. This approach was chosen to gather detailed information about the
current state of the issues under investigation, enabling us to explain and analyze the existing
conditions and variables within the community.

3.2 Research Methodology

Data collection is an ongoing, iterative process that demands real-time monitoring and
adjustments to ensure high quality, reliable results. Surveys, interviews, observations, focus
groups, and forms are common data collection methods. Sampling involves selecting a
representative group from a larger population.5

5
Guide to data, surveycto.com
12
Surveys and Questionnaires: Surveys and questionnaires are tools for gathering information
about a group of individuals, typically by asking them predefined questions. They can be used to
collect quantitative and qualitative data and be administered in various ways, including online,
over the phone, in person (offline), or by mail.6

Interviews: Interviews involve a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the
participant. The interviewer asks open-ended questions to gain detailed information about the
participants thoughts, feelings, experiences, and behaviors.

Observations: Observations involve directly observing and recording behavior or other

phenomena as they occur in their natural settings.

Focus Groups: Focus groups are guided discussions among selected individuals to gain
information about their views and experiences.

Forms: Forms are standardized documents with

blank fields for collecting data in a systematic
manner. They are often used in fields like Customer
Relationship Management (CRM) or Electronic
Medical Records (EMR) data entry. Surveys may also be referred to as forms.

From above mentioned method used while data collection we have used the first two methods
those are, surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. First, we prepared questionnaires and directly
organized those prepared questions with our group members data.

Interview Pictures

6
Guide to data, surveycto.com
13
3.2Data collection procedure
A data collection procedure is defined as a systematic method used to gather and report data
consistently, ensuring completeness and measurement system consistency to obtain reliable
estimates of reliability in Computer Science. 7 While collecting data for the first time, Frankly
speaking, it was bit challenging and affected the society and eventually we cannot collect data
from the community, since we were unaware of how to behave and approach to them.

However, this did not continue to the next day. After evaluating the situation happened, in the
next day, we prepared ourselves and appropriately approached the community and peacefully
collected the data needed first by introducing ourselves, then expressing the rationale behind
being among them and explained the questions prepared as well as objectives of CBTP, in order
to assess the challenges towards the law.

One thing, which made us sensitive and dedicated towards our next career, was the community's
openness and dedication to help us conduct the research.

3.2.1 Methods of sampling and determining sample size

Every scientific study needs well-thought-out procedures to yield reliable and pertinent data.
Such outcomes need the use of a sample size estimate that has been scientifically invalidated. 8To
provide reliable results, nearly all-quantitative studies need a sufficient sample size. As a result,
while developing research concepts and proposals, sample size estimation is crucial. If the
sample size is too low, the research outcome may not be reproducible.

A group of individuals from a population is

chosen to estimate the characteristics of the
entire population. This process is known as
sampling. Cheaper costs and quicker data
collection are the two primary benefits of
sampling.8,9 one or more characteristics of
observable subjects that are identified as distinct
persons are measured by each observation. To
gather information about a population, sampling
is frequently employed in social science and

7
Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, Third Edition, 2003.
8
Button KS, Ioannidis JPA, Mokrysz C. Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of
neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosis. 2013; 14(5):365-76.
14
medical research.9 Among sampling techniques we have used Random sampling techniques,
because this method offers a more impartial and precise evaluation of the parameters, especially
in cases when the population is homogenous.10

9
(R8. Fox N, Hunn A, Mathers N. Sampling and sample size calculation The NIHR RDS for the East
Midlands/Yorkshire and the Humber 2007. Available from:
https://www.bdct.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Sampling-and-Sample-Size-Calculatio n.pdf)
10
R11. Rao NSN (1985): Elements of Health Statistics. [Google Scholar].

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Figure 2. Classifications of sampling techniques.11

The above figure clearly classified basic types of sampling techniques, Thus while conducting a
research it's crucial to have adequate knowledge towards each method of sampling in order to
determine sample size

3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis

The success of data analysis depends on selecting the appropriate technique. However, given the
multitude of data analysis methods available, determining which one is best suited for your
business can be challenging.

Data analysis entails the systematic examination, cleaning, transformation, and modeling of data
to extract valuable information, support conclusions, and facilitate decision-making. 12

11
Source from journal of young pharmacist.
12
Pixelplex, 11 Key Data Analysis Methods, Techniques, and Tips on Choosing the Right One, Published: 29 March
2024.
16
 Benefits of Data analysis
Why data analysis is important in this case? The process proves important in interpreting huge
data volumes, thus enabling organizations to base their decisions on statistical evidence and
factual data. Below the picture tends to express various benefits of data analysis, which were also
observed on our program.

Figure 3. Five befits of data analysis13

3.4 Techniques used for our Phase one program

While conducting this phase one CBTP (community based training program), we have used two
fundamental techniques of data analysis. The detailed analysis through two techniques will be
discussed in the subsequent chapter. Now let us discuss these two fundamental techniques as an
introduction. Having deep and adequate knowledge towards each technique, we will proceed to
our program.

Qualitative and quantitative data analyses are two distinct approaches used to analyze and
interpret data in research and other fields. They involve different methods and techniques to
derive insights and draw conclusions from data.14

Here is an overview of each approach:

13
Pixelplex,11 Key Data Analysis Methods, Techniques, and Tips on Choosing the Right One, Published: 29 March
2024.
14
Sofien Kabbar CFA, institutional technical analyst.2024
17
  Qualitative Data Analysis:

Qualitative data analysis is used to examine non-numerical or textual data such as interviews,
observations, open-ended survey responses, and written documents. It involves a systematic and
subjective process of coding, categorizing, and interpreting qualitative data to identify patterns,
themes, and relationships. Researchers typically use techniques like content analysis, thematic
analysis, or grounded theory to analyze qualitative data.

Qualitative analysis aims to understand the context, meanings, and interpretations of the data,
providing in-depth insights and rich descriptions. It often involves subjective judgments and
relies on the researcher's expertise and interpretation of the data. Qualitative analysis is
commonly used in social sciences, humanities, and other fields where understanding human
behavior, attitudes, and experiences are essential.15

 Quantitative Data Analysis:

Involves the manipulation, calculation, and statistical analysis of numerical data collected
through surveys, experiments, or structured observations. It focuses on objective and measurable
data, allowing for statistical analysis and hypothesis testing. Quantitative analysis typically
involves descriptive statistics (e.g., means, frequencies) and inferential statistics (e.g.,
correlation, regression, hypothesis testing).

Researchers use statistical software tools to process and analyze large datasets efficiently. The
aim of quantitative analysis is to uncover relationships, patterns, and trends in the data, providing
empirical evidence and generalizable findings.

Quantitative analysis is widely used in fields like economics, psychology, medical research, and
natural sciences, where numerical data and statistical modeling are crucial for making objective
conclusions.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Overall Data of Analysis Data obtained

In the previous chapters, we have tried to discuss many topics, starting from background of CBE
to its four strategies, from specific to general objectives of CBTP as well as different techniques
of data collection and data analysis. Now in the final chapter we will analyze data collected
through two methods of data analysis (quantitative and qualitative). The frequently faced and
selected problem on our CBTP Phase one will also deeply be discussed and finally
questionnaires are attached in the final paper of the document.

15
quota.com, answer by Sofien Kabbar CFA, institutional technical analyst.2024.
18
Before conducting the research first, we were taking orientation. While attending the orientation
each of we were curious to know about the course CBTP. The CBE (Community-Based
Education) orientation was led by four supervisors including Habtamu Negese (LLB, MPM),
was a crucial session designed to create awareness and provide guidance on the course, which
was new to us.

During the orientation, Mr. Habtamu expertly introduced the objectives, methodology, and
expectations of the course, ensuring we had a clear understanding of its purpose and relevance.
His approach not only clarified the new concepts but also motivated us to engage actively and
make the most of the learning experience. This orientation served as a solid foundation for our
journey into CBE, equipping us with the necessary insights to navigate the course effectively.

Frankly speaking, we were asking many questions since the course was new and frustrating for
us, as it was supposed to be conducted outside the institution. As is was told for us we were
expected to identify problems based on our previous knowledge of law and to solve those
frequently faced problems in the subsequent years after having adequate knowledge towards the
issues.

Thus, after preparing questions for data collection and having relevant and reliable data we have
identified the most sighted problem in the society, which is specifically divorce. Why we
selected this problem? Moreover, why it should be discussed as a big deal we will discuss it
latter.

In popular parlance, divorce or devolution of marriage has many negative implications and
impacts in the society and even in a particular country as a whole. From people that we
communicated, most of them considered divorce as a big deal, which should be alleviated as
much as possible.

The following tables include various questionnaires with their analysis.

Question No1 Respondent frequency total percent total Total %both sex

Does the problem Yes No yes no yes No

of divorce
observed within
Male 29 23 52 55.7 44.3 100 48.4 51.6
the community?
Female 30 15 45 37.7 62.3 100

Table 4.1 Questionnaire one analysis

As we can observe from above table most people believed that there is frequent problem of
divorce observed within the community. From 52 people asked this question 29 Male positively
19
responded that divorce is frequently observed in the society. Although 23 male responded
negatively not because there is no divorce. Some dissolutions can be resolved through ADR
(Alternative dispute resolution method on that area, and believed that it should not be considered
as a big deal. However, as it is mentioned on the above table from 45 females asked 30 described
there is high prevalent problem of divorce, which has a greater impact on the society. The
government should also take effective measurement towards these legal challenges. Having
observing this, our team tried to know what are the main causes of divorce on that area.

The main problems of divorce on that area according to the community asked are the following

 Financial problem: Inability to afford things needed at home while living together

 Lack of maturity: Most of girls conclude marriage before attaining Majority.

 Falling out of love: It includes emotional disconnection, loss of shared goals and
resentment and neglect.

 Incompatibility: Partners discover insurmountable differences (e.g., religion, finances, or

parenting styles). Different life goal, if one partner desires a lifestyle or career path the
other does not support, it can lead to eventual separation.

If we say these all now, let us proceed to the next question prepared and response given.

If divorce in the community is prevalent, then what next? To deeply investigate the problem and
effectively work towards the problem, it is crucial to have enough information about the specific
problems or challenges faced by each party in the process of divorce. In popular parlance, during
divorce, there probably be property partition and children. These led as to the next question,
since it is fundamental.

Question No. 2 Respondent frequency total percent total Total % both sex

Is there fairness Yes No yes no yes No

between spouses
in the division of
Male 32 21 52 59.6 40.4 100 73.1 26.8
joint property?
Female 40 5 45 88.8 11.1 100

Table 4.2: Questionnaire 2

20
Without prejudice agreements entered in to by the spouses, common property shall be divided
equally between spouses.16 This revised family code may not be applicable in this community.
However, equality should be taken into everywhere.

Women have equal rights with men in marriage. 17 From the fact observed from the society there
is bias at a time of property partition. Especially, excluding women from equal partition of
property. The boy will often is heard than that of girls. He may have notability in the society and
can simply organize fabricated proof, and then the property will be his own excluding the women
from equal partition of property even child custody. These are datas gathered while interviews.

An increasing number of children across the world experience family instability due to
divorce/separation and the consequences of non‐marital childbearing/cohabitation.18 .

Research has documented that parental divorce/separation is associated with an increased risk for
child and adolescent adjustment problems, including academic difficulties (e.g., lower grades
and school dropout), disruptive behaviors (e.g., conduct and substance use problems), and
depressed mood.19

Child well-being is ensured by protecting child rights and respecting their best interests. Parents
play crucial roles in protecting child wellbeing. On the other hand, anything against family
dissolution, like divorce, has detrimental impacts on child wellbeing. (Jimma University Open
access Institutional Repository).

parental divorce has various negative impacts on children, which manifest in school dropout,
poor academic performance or achievement, neglect, exposure to abuse, exploitation, child
trafficking, rape, stigma, criminal or deviant behavior, early marriage, sexually transmitted
disease, particularly in women, and loss of means of livelihood. Moreover, divorce makes the
relationship between their parents, relatives, peers, and friends worse.

Above-mentioned effect of divorce on children are prevalent in our country as a whole to

evaluate this issue on this area (Homo Techno), we asked the following question as follows:

Question No. 3 Respondent frequency total percent total Total % both sex

Does divorce Yes No yes No yes No

affect the

16
Revised family code, Article 90, 2002
17
FDRE constitution, Article 35(2).
18
Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development. Family database.
http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database.htm.)
19
Dohoon L, McLanahan S. Am Sociol Rev 2015; 80:738‐63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google
Scholar).
21
 livelihood of Male 50 2 52 96. 3.9 100 92.7 7.3
children 1
substantially after
Female 40 5 45 88. 11. 100
dissolution of
8 1
marriage?

Table 4.3: Questionnaire 3

In Ethiopia, marriage is a legally binding institution entered into with the free and full consent of
the spouses. The Ethiopian Family Code ensures equal rights for both partners during the
marriage, including its dissolution.20

The Ethiopian court system has shown inconsistencies in handling defacto divorce cases. For
example, lower courts might deny divorce based on long-term separation, while higher courts
could reverse such decisions, emphasizing the need to fulfill specific legal requirements under
the Family Code.

The Ethiopian Family Code requires that any divorce and its terms be approved by the court. 21
This legal oversight ensures fair distribution of property and protection of both parties’ rights,
including those of any children involved.

The Ethiopian court system has shown inconsistencies in handling defacto divorce cases. For
example, lower courts might deny divorce based on long-term separation, while higher courts
could reverse such decisions, emphasizing the need to fulfill specific legal requirements under
the Family Code.

Real-life Example: A couple separated for 38 years was initially denied divorce by the first
instance court, which believed their personal and financial ties were long severed. However, the
high court reversed this decision, highlighting that legal grounds for divorce were not met
according to Article 75 of the Family Code.22

Having mentioning this all let us back to our program (CBTP) in Homo Techo. The above-
mentioned challenges on divorce court trial are also observed on this area. The next table can
prove this.

Question No. 4 Respondent frequency total percent total Total % both sex

Are there instances Yes No yes no yes No

20
Be Careful Of Defacto Divorces without Legalizing the Divorce in Court Posted on October 13, 2015 by Fikadu
Asfaw
21
Ethiopian Revised Family Code Article 117
22
lawguru.com
22
 of unfair treatment
in court during
Male 21 31 52 40.3 59.7 100 54.6 45.3
divorce proceeding.
Female 32 13 45 68.8 31.1 100

Table 4.4: Questionnaire 4

It is observable from the above-mentioned table that this court trial challenges mentioned before the table
are also true on this area. The community's in Homo Techo also suggested what should be done as
follows:

 Increasing Awareness: Through different menses of communication the society you be address

 Legal Amendments: Amending certain legal provisions to explicitly address the pecuniary
independence of suppose in long-term separation.

 Support system: Establishing support system for supposes.

Question No. 5 Respondent frequency total percent total Total % both sex

Are you familiar Yes No yes no yes No

with the laws that
specify the
Male 30 22 52 57.6 42.4 100 45.3 54.6
grounds and
procedures for the Female 14 31 45 31.1 68.9 100
dissolution of
marriage?

Table 4.5 Questionnaire 5

In Serbo Town, the community's concerns regarding divorce encompass not only the frequency
of marital breakdowns but also the adequacy of legal frameworks and support systems in
addressing the aftermath. Issues such as equitable distribution of property, child custody
arrangements, and access to legal representation are among the challenges faced by individuals
undergoing divorce.

From the above-mentioned table we can observe that problems are existing in some situations
but not overall. It is better to have an adequate awareness towards court proceedings and
procedures. These kinds of challenges can be solved through effective mechanisms by courts.

23
Chapter Five
Based on the data collected and analyzed from the respondents in the community, it is clear that
divorce is a significant issue that is deeply affecting both individuals and the wider society. The
survey results demonstrate that a large proportion of both male and female respondents consider
divorce a prevalent problem in their community, with significant consequences for children,
families, and society as a whole.

The major concerns raised by the community revolve around the legal and social implications of
divorce, particularly with respect to property rights, child custody, and the financial stability of
children post-divorce. A common theme is the unequal treatment of women, particularly in the
division of property, which often leaves them at a disadvantage. This issue is compounded by
societal norms that prioritize male interests and can lead to fabricated evidence or biased legal
decisions, which ultimately affect women's rights and the well-being of children.

Furthermore, the negative effects of divorce on children, including poor academic performance,
mental health issues, and potential involvement in criminal behavior, are also alarming. The
survey indicates that a large percentage of respondents believe divorce has a substantial impact
on the livelihoods and well-being of children, which underscores the urgent need for better
support systems and legal protections.

5.1 Conclusion
This phase one CBTP program was an initiation for us. First, we took orientation from our
honorable supervisors within insightful introduction of this first phase program. In this phase, we
know that we are expected to identify problems then look for solutions in the next years. We
believe that our document clearly and adequately depicted the initial phase of this program.
While preparing this document, we have tried to use proper citation rules to clear our work from
plagiarism.

5.2 Suggestions
 Awareness creation: There should be great awareness campaigns within the community.

 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): This mechanism should be encouraged.

 Community Based Initiatives: Can play an important role in supporting individuals.

 Strengthening Legal Frameworks: This includes implementing laws that ensure women's
right to property division and child custody.

 Support System for Families Affected: Particularly focusing on emotional and financial
stability of children.

24
5.3 Action Plan
Number Objectives Actions to Expected Targeted Time
be taken outcome population frame

1 To create Conduct The Society of Day one

awareness meetings community Homo of
and will gain Techo, CPTB
discussing awarenesses Kersa phase
with the about divorce kebele Two
community, and it's effects
using
various
methods to
engage
them

2 To create Attending The kebele Workers of Day

awareness public administration serbo town, two of
meetings in will be able to Kersa CBTP
the kebele provide kebele, with phase 2
and rise adequate the direct
awareness awareness to involvement
through the society. in the
discussions community.
with the
community.

3 To promote Organizing Active Community Day

community interactive participation members of three of
participation works hops from the Homo CBTP
and community in Techo, kersa phase 2
feedback solving family
seasons related issues.

25
Questionnaires
1. What are frequently observed legal problems on this area?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________

2. Does the problem of divorce observed within the community?

Yes [ ] No. [ ]

______________________________________________________________________________
_______

3. Is there fairness between spouses in the division of joint property?

Yes [ ]. No [ ]

______________________________________________________________________________
_______

4. Does divorce affect the livelihood of children substantially after dissolution of marriage?

Yes [ ]. No [ ]

______________________________________________________________________________
________

5. Are there instances of unfair treatment in court during divorce proceeding?

Yes [ ] No. [ ]

_____________________________________________________________________________________
________

26