A

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)

COMPILED BY

EMELIFE KELVIN TOBECHUKWU

U2020/CVE/067

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,

NIGERIA MARITIME UNIVERSITY, OKERENKOKO,

DELTA STATE.
 DECLARATION

This is to declare that this report was written by EMELIFE KELVIN TOBECHUKWU with

matriculation number: U202/CVE/067 and submitted to the department of Civil Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta state.

__________________________________ ______________________________

Student’s signature Date

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to sincerely acknowledge my parents Mr. and Mrs. Emelife who supported and ensured my

SIWES program was a success.

Also, my Industry based supervisor in person of Engr. Azeez Jamiu for the knowledge and

responsibility bestowed upon me in the course of my SIWES as well as other staff in Megamound

Investment Limited (Megamound), thank you very much.

Furthermore, I want to express my profound gratitude to my departmental based supervisor, Head

of Department and Lecturers at Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, for their various roles

played towards ensuring I get the best academic knowledge possible. I say a very big thank you to

all.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1.0: Organogram of Megamound Investment Limited (Megamound). showing the distribution

of duties in the company

Fig 1.1: Superstructure and Substructure in a Building

Fig 1.2: Mat Foundation

Fig 1.3: Isolated Footing

Fig 1.4 Strip Foundation

Fig 1.5 Pile Foundation

Fig 1.6 Caisson Foundation

Fig 1.7: Exposed Pile Head After Excavation

Fig 1.8: Clearing of Broken Pile Rubbles from Trench

Fig 1.9: Pile Cap Cages

Fig 2.0: Pile Cap Formwork

Fig 2.1: Breaking of Pile Heads

Fig 2.2: Blinding Preparation for Pile Cap

Fig 2.3: Pile Form Work Installation

.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION II

ACKNOWLEDGMENT III

LIST OF FIGURES IV

TABLE OF CONENTS V-VII

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT SIWES

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1.3 AIM OF REPORT

1.4 SCOPE OF REPORT

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 COMPANY’S PROFILE

2.1 MEGAMOUND INVESTMENT LIMITED

2.2 ORGANOGRAM
CHAPTER THREE

OVERVIEW OF SUBSTRUCTURES

3.0 INTRODUCTION

3.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPERSTRUCTURES AND SUBSTRUCTURES

3.2 FOUNDATION

3.3 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

3.4 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

3.5 REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATION

3.6 IMPORTANCE OF FOUNDATION

3.7 INTRODUCTION TO PILE CAP

3.8 STAGES OF PILE CAP

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.0 CONCLUSION

4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER ONE

3.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 About SIWES

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill development program

initiated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), in 1973 to bridge the gap between theory and

practice among students of engineering and technology in Institutions of Higher Learning in

Nigeria. It provides for on-the-job practical experience for students as they are exposed to work

methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that may not be available in their

Institutions. At inception in 1974, the Scheme started with 784 Students from 11 Institutions and

104 eligible courses. By 2008, 210,390 Students from 219 Institutions participated in the Scheme

with over 112 eligible courses.

However, the rapid growth and expansion of SIWES, has occurred against the backdrop of

successive economic crises which have affected the smooth operation and administration of the

Scheme. Most industries in Nigeria today, are operating below installed capacity while others are

completely shut down. This has impacted negatively on the Scheme as Institutions of Higher

Learning find it increasingly difficult to secure placement for Students in industries where they

could acquire the much needed practical experience.

The benefits of Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme {SIWES} include:

 It gives opportunity for the student to have knowledge on the practical aspect of his/her chosen

profession.

 It provides opportunity for the student to interact with the people that have more understanding

in that profession such as the junior intermediate and senior professional personnel in the industry.
1.2 Objectives of SIWES

Objectives of SIWES are as follows:

1. To provide opportunities for the students to be involved in the practical aspects of their

disciplines.

2. To prepare students for industrial working environments they are likely to meet after graduation.

3. To expose students to latest developments and technological innovations in their chosen

professions.

4. To merge their acquired classroom basic theoretical knowledge with industrial application and

relevance.

5. To foster/establish entrepreneurial ability/capacity among students.

6. To expose students to life at the labor market.

7. To contribute to the nation manpower development.

8. To give room for an opportunity to learn how to write field report and acquire a good sense of

interaction among people.

9. To promote technological advancement in Nigeria.

10. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation there

by bridging the gap between theory and actual practice.

11. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machineries

that may not be available in educational institutions.

12. To prepare students for the working situation they are to meet after graduation.
1.3 Aim of Report

 To put down in writing the record of the training experience gotten from Julius Berger Nigeria

PLC.

 To demonstrate my development of practical and professional skills through technical

experience and application of theoretical knowledge.

 To describe the practical method of performing professional function to student in tertiary

institution.

 It provides the opportunity of familiarization and exposure to the mode of work and handling of

equipment available in the Civil Engineering Discipline.

 Development of effective report writing skills in preparation for my final year project

1.4 Scope of Report

The objective of this report is to present, in details, the various activities carried out at Megamound

Investment Limited (Megamound) from AUGUST 2024 to DECEMBER 2024. It also explains the

general theoretical background knowledge acquired about the various aspects of Transportation,

Structural and Geotechnical Engineering while undergoing the SIWES program.

It aims at summarizing and presenting the daily practical skills acquired during the training

period. The theoretical skill learned from school served as a foundation.

CHAPTER TWO

4.0 COMPANY’S PROFILE

2.1 Megamound Investment Limited (Megamound) was registered at the Corporate Affairs

Commission in 1992 with Registration No: RC 205724. Since incorporation, the company has

carved a niche for itself particularly in the areas of construction, real estate development,

management, dredging and financial intermediation.

The company has been heavily involved in real estate development and related activities on a

stand-alone basis or as joint venture partner with reputable companies and high net worth

individuals (HNI). Due to this extensive involvement in land acquisition, sand dredging and stock

piling, housing and construction via its residential site and services schemes, it has garnered

exceptional expertise in large portfolio real estate development and facility management. As a by-

product, it has also developed considerable experience in equipment leasing, logistics and financial

intermediation services especially in the area of provision of developer mortgage finance products

to stimulate demand for its real estate products.

The company as at date has proven itself to be one of the leading providers of excellent product

and services in its area of core competence which is real estate development and the allied

industries that include sand dredging, construction activities, facility management, construction

equipment logistics etc. in Nigeria. It has achieved its current lofty heights by staying focused,

disciplined and showing uncommon commitment to its dream in the face of daunting business

challenges associated with doing business in Nigeria.

2.2 Organogram

The chart below shows the organization structure of Megamound Investment Limited

(Megamound). and highlights the administrative lines of control in the firm, the position of the

staff is illustrated in the chart also.

 General Manager
Assistan
t
Managing Director
General
Manage
r
Administration & Finance
Marketing Manager Project Manager
Department
Human
Internet Finance Resourc
Design Construction
Sales Technici Manage e
Team Team
an r Manage
Quantit Assistan r
Publc t H.R
Market Editors Architec y Purchas Account
Relation Project Assistan
ers Team t Surveyo e ant
s Manage t
r
Intern r
Intyern Site
Architec Surveyo
Q.S Enginee
t r
r
Intern Intern
Surveyo Enginee
r r
Site
Worker
s

Fig. 1: Organogram of Megamound Investment Limited (Megamound). showing the distribution of

duties in the company

 CHAPTER THREE

OVERVIEW OF SUBSTRUCTURES

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Building substructure is the lower part of a building which is constructed below the

ground level, its main purpose is the transfer of loads from the superstructure to the

underlying soil. The role of construction substructures cannot be downplayed in the

successful fulfilment of structural purposes as the accuracy in its design cannot be over

emphasized. Structural engineers generate plans and works for the substructure of a building

project also it’s the responsibility of the structural engineers to compute stresses and loads

which are required to be supported by the building under necessary structural considerations.

Substructure categorically includes the foundation footing and plinth beams to the damp

proof course of a building. Highlighted below are some of the key function of the

substructure.

a) The substructure of a building transfers the load of the building to the ground.

b) It provides a level and firm surface for the construction of superstructure.

c) It safeguards the building against the forces of wind, uplift, soil pressure etc.

d) It also prevents unequal or differential settlement and ensures stability of the building against

sliding which may cause cracking.

 Fig 1.1: Superstructure and Substructure in a

Building

The fig 1.1 above gives an illustration of structural classifications into Superstructure

and Substructures. Superstructure is the basic aesthetical components of the structure; it lies

above the foundation or baseline or ground. It serves the purpose of the structure’s intended

use. This section includes columns, beams, slab upward including all finishes, door and

window schedule, flooring, lintels, roofing and parapets.

3.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPERSTRUCTURES AND SUBSTRUCTURES

Superstructure Substructure

Part of a building that constructed Portion of a building that constructed

above ground level below ground level

It serves the purpose of building’s It transfers loads received from

intended use superstructure to supporting soil

Superstructure elements include walls, Elements of substructure include

columns, beams, doors and windows, foundation and plinth.

etc.
 3.2 FOUNDATION

Foundation is the part of a building that fixes it into the soil. These structures provide

support for the main structures that appear above the soil level, much like the roots of a tree

support the stem. One of its key functions is to transfer loads from the structure to the

ground; for example, slabs transfer their weight the beams. Beams transfer that load and any

additional loads applied to them to the columns, and finally, columns transfer that load to the

foundations.

It provides the proper support to keep the structure from settling deferentially (which

would tear the building apart) and hopefully from settling at all. Foundations are designed

with various structural and geotechnical considerations, this consideration includes soil

bearing capacity, building load bearing, local weather, foundation types and the least

consideration that’s the cost.

3.3 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN FOUNDATION DESIGN

In any construction project, the foundation is the lowest part of the building structure

that is responsible for safely transferring load from the structure to the soil. There are certain

considerations that needs to be observed while selecting a foundation type or design.

Highlighted below is few factors that are considered in the selection of foundation design.

 Load of Structure

 Soil Bearing Capacity

 Soil Type

3.3.1 Load of Structure

 The first factor considered is loads from building on the foundation. This load is a

combination of dead load and imposed loads on the buildings, other loads could as wind,

earth reaction, snow and rain load etc. are also considered based on location. The quantity of

load is dependent on the type of structure, function of structure, materials to be used in

constructing and number of floors. One interesting note to take into cognizance is the fact

that as the number of floors increases, the dead load and imposed loads also increase. Choice

of material for construction such as reinforced concrete or steel construction also has impacts

on the loading of foundations; reinforced concrete buildings exert more loads on the

foundation compared to steel structures.

3.3.2 SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

The first thing you need to pay attention to is the bearing capacity of the soil on

which the building will rest on. This directly impacts your design specifics, and more about

the structure being designed. Decision can be made to choose shallow or deep foundation

based on the soil bearing pressure. An allowable bearing pressure of at least 100kN/m^2 or

higher is effective for shallow foundations up to 4 stories. However, higher structures can

consider a raft foundation provided that the modulus of sub-grade reaction shall not be

exceeded when calculated.

An important part of soil bearing capacity has to do with the type of soil the structure

loads are transferred to, that’s because all soil types have different load-bearing capability.

Since the type of soil has a major role in the determination of load bearing capacity then the

vital information the soil has to give should be taken to full consideration. Bearing capacity

defines the maximum average contact pressure between the soil and the foundation that’s

unlikely to result in shear failure, by dividing the ultimate soil bearing capacity by a factor of

safety we get the maximum safe bearing capacity. When the foundation causes too much

shearing stress in the soil, it compromises the strength of the soil and its ability to support a
 structure. If the shearing stress of the structure’s design load happens to be above maximum

soil bearing capacity there is a risk in birthing shear failure, which can tear the entire built

structure apart.

The bearing capacity of a certain area can be determined more using a penetrometer. It

is a hand tool that is used in measuring the level of pressure the soil can resist. It’s important

to remember that a penetrometer can generally give you an idea of the soil-bearing capacity.

However, it’s not necessarily as accurate as a more professional but less portable tool. It’s

not 100% foolproof.

3.3.3 Soil Type

It can be deduced that there is a variance in the bearing capacity of various soil types,

stronger and suitable foundation should be selected compared to soil type with high bearing

capacity. In choosing a foundation type one needs to carefully consider the type of soil

which can safely support structural loads without suffering shear failure and intolerable

settlement.

 Clay Soil

Clay soil has great capacity for water retention that is why great expansion and

shrinkage are expected in this type of soil. As a result, foundation structure can suffer from

great settlement and uplift pressure that is why clay soil is not desirable. Applicable codes

such as British standard recommends minimum depth of 1m for foundation and 3m if there

are trees around. Raft/Mat foundation is the best foundation type to be built on clay soil, and

ribs and beams can be incorporated into it to increase its stiffness. If raft foundation is costly,

imposed loads are large, or strong soil layer is not available at shallow depth, then under

reamed pile should be selected.

 In clay soil, it is recommended to collect and drain rainwater, extend foundation to a

depth where moisture fluctuation does not occur, remove weak and shallow soil layer such as

black cotton soil, execute construction during dry season if possible, and distribute structural

loads as uniform as possible. In the case where a shallow firm soil layer cover soft clay soil

layer, it is advisable to use wide reinforced strip foundation. In this manner, the effect of

loads on weak soil layer is reduced. Pile foundations are recommended for high rise

buildings and whenever uplift is expected.

 Peat Soil

It is considerably porous, easily compressible, and dark brown or black color soil

which is commonly present near wetlands. It undergoes expansion and shrinkage due to

moisture fluctuation, extremely weak in terms or load carrying capacity. So, it should be

either removed strong strata and strip foundation is good option in this case. If the thickness

of peat soil is great and its removal is not economical, then other foundation types should be

selected. For instance, concrete piles extended to the firm soil layer below, pad and beam

foundation took to firm strata blow for small projects, or raft foundation for the case where

firm strata are not available at reasonable depth but there is hard surface crust with 3-4m

thick of suitable bearing capacity.

 Silt

Silty soil, which is smooth to touch, is generally not suitable for foundation structure

because of its expansion which exert pressure against foundation and damage it. The silt

retain moisture and does not drain water easily. Reinforced concrete spread and isolated pad

footings are appropriate if silt or silty clay is stiff and extends to a great depth. The depth of

the foundation should be greater than the zone of erosion and the zone of swelling and

shrinkage.
 Sand and Gravel

Sand and gravel allow water drainage that is why do not cause structural movement.

Moist compaction of soil and sand make good support for foundation structure. Dry compact

gravel, or gravel and sand subsoils are adequate for spread and strip foundations. Generally,

a depth of 700mm is acceptable, as long as the ground has adequate bearing capacity. If

gravel is submerged in water, the bearing capacity is declined by half. That is why it is

important to keep the foundations as high as possible. A shallow, reinforced, wide strip

foundation may be suitable. Sand holds together reasonably well when damp, compacted and

uniform, but trenches may collapse and so sheet piling is often used to retain the ground in

trenches until the concrete is poured. If loose sand is extended for great depth, then it is

recommended to compact it and use spread footing. Alternatively, raft, driven pile, augured

pile, or cast in place pile can be selected without the use of compaction energy.

 Loam

Loam is the best option to support foundation because of its uniformly balanced

characteristics. It maintains water at balanced rate and hence neither shrink or expand to an

extend that damage foundations. Loam is a combination of clay, silt, and sand, and dark in

color and soft; dry; and crumbly to the touch. Isolated footing is the most desired type of

foundation for loam soil. The depth and area of foundation is dependent on bearing capacity,

depth of groundwater table, and depth of load bearing stratum.

 Rock

Generally, rocks such as limestone, bedrock, and sandstone have substantially high

bearing capacities. This makes it suitable for supporting foundations of commercial and

residential buildings.
 3.4 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Given that the land beneath our feet can be comprised of many different types of

soils, stones, sediments and more, geotechnical engineer must be cognizant of how these

variables within the earth impact construction and structural integrity. There are two main

categories of foundations in construction that is the deep and shallow foundation.

3.4.1 Shallow Foundation

A shallow foundation is the type of foundation that is wider than it is deep. It could

also be called spread or open footings. For obvious reasons, shallow foundations are the

more economical of the two types as they don’t require much in a way of digging or boring

into the earth and due to its low cost of operation happens to be the most common. Shallow

foundations are useful when the house isn’t exceedingly heavy and soil can bear a significant

amount of weight at a shallow depth. They are commonly used for smaller construction

projects and when the top layer of soil can adequately handle the distribution of weight.

There are four types of shallow foundations treated below, they are; mat, isolated

footing, combined footing and strip foundation they each have a unique structure and various

use cases.

 Mat Foundation

A mat foundation takes full advantage of the surface area where the building will be

erected, essentially using the basement as the entire load-bearing foundation. Mat

foundations are often used when the soil is loose, weak, and requires the weight to be

distributed evenly. Raft foundation as it is widely called due to how it’s base is submerged in

the soil like the hull of a raft in water is also used when a basement is feasible and the pillars

or columns are spaced close together.

 Fig 1.2 : Mat Foundation

 Isolated Footing

One of the most common types of shallow foundation is the isolated footing, it might

even be what comes to mind when you think of a foundation. Individual or isolated spread

footings are typically square, rectangular, or even a geometric frustum block of concrete that

carries the load of a single column or pillar. The width of individual footings depends on the

weight that will be carried and the bearable capacity of the soil.

A combined footing is very similar to an individual footing, except one base share the

weight of two pillars or columns that are close enough together to warrant a shared

foundation point.
 Fig 1.3: Isolated Footing

 Strip Foundation

A strip, stem wall, or continuous footing is a foundation that runs the entire length of

a load-bearing wall. The strip footing is usually two or three times the width of the wall in

question and is usually built with reinforced concrete. This foundation is typical when the

building’s weight is distributed on load-bearing walls instead of columns, pillars, or beams.

Strip foundations are commonly used to build masonry walls, but can also be used

effectively when building on gravel or tightly packed sand.

 Fig 1.4 Strip Foundation

3.4.2 Deep Foundation

Deep foundations are required when building on sand and other soil that would not be

able to absorb or withstand the load of the structure, instead of a wide and shallow type of

foundation the footings would need to be established deep under the ground or even under

water where contact with stronger layers of the earth can be established. Bridges, dams and

piers for example, must lay underwater while retaining structural integrity, this is where deep

foundations become essential to the construction of large structures.

Deep foundations are more commonly used for larger structures, but can be used for

homes built over water, on steep cliffs, beach, or other unique locations. Deep foundations

are built just as the name suggests, deep into the earth. Its main examples are pile and

caisson also

 Pile Foundation

The most common among the deep foundation category is the pile foundation. Piles

are driven deep into the earth to either reach a layer of solid bedrock or use surface are

friction to maintain load bearing structural integrity. There are two types of pile foundations:

end-bearing and friction piles. Both consist of boring large, sturdy columns deep into the

ground. Sometimes, the soil we build on will never bear enough weight for the project size

being built, even with dirt compactors and shallow foundations. Instead, we must bypass this

layer of soft soil and get to the substrata of bedrock beneath to distribute the load. End-

bearing piles are driven as deep into the ground as necessary for the end to make contact

with the rock layer within the earth. This allows the load to be passed through the piling and

into the rock, creating a safe distribution of load.

 Friction piles take a different approach to the contending layer of soft soil it is used

where there is no reasonable bearing stratum and they rely on resistance from skin of pile

against the soil instead of boring down to the layer of rock, the principle behind friction piles

is an exchange of forces with soil surrounding the column, taking full advantage of the

surface area of the column. The amount of weight a friction pile can sustain is directly

proportional to its length. Every pile has a zone of influence and must be spaced consistently

to ensure even distribution and absorption of weight. Piles can be made out of wood,

concrete, or H-shaped steel. Piles can either be prefabricated and driven into the ground or

cast in situ (cast in place on the job site).

 Caisson Foundations

A Caisson foundation is most often used in the construction of bridges, pier, or other

structure over water, but it can also be used to support freeway overpasses, hillside homes,

and more. Caissons can be prefabricated, floated to the drilling site, and placed in a dredged

pit. Caissons can also be built on-site with a mesh grid of rebar filled with concrete. To build

a caisson foundation the loose land is dug with an auger until bedrock is reached. While

digging, a hollow steel casing can be implanted to prevent the sand or soil from caving in on

the progress. The reinforcing mesh rebar is then centered within the casing and concrete is

poured starting at the bottom and filling up the casing, forcing the remaining groundwater

out the top. Once the concrete has adequately filled, the casing can be removed.
 Fig 1.5 Pile Foundation Fig 1.6 Caisson Foundation

3.5 Requirements of a good foundation

The design and the construction of a well-performing foundation must possess some

basic requirements:

 Based on the soil and area it is recommended to have a deeper foundation so that it can guard

any form of damage or distress. These are mainly caused due to the problem of shrinkage

and swelling because of temperature changes.

 The design and the construction of the foundation is done such that it can sustain as well as

transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the soil. This transfer has to be carried out

without resulting in any form of settlement that can result in any form of stability issues for

the structure.

 Differential settlements can be avoided by having a rigid base for the foundation. These

issues are more pronounced in areas where the superimposed loads are not uniform in nature.

3.6 Importance of foundation

 Every aspect of construction is of its importance, but the foundation of any

construction is undeniably the most serious and important aspect. Of what importance is a

glorious aesthetics that didn’t serve its due service time? the main purpose of the foundation

is to hold the structure firm to the earth surface. The outcome of a poorly prepared or

constructed foundation is outrageously dangerous both to lives and property. With high-rise

buildings nearly touching the sky these days, it has become all the more important to have

strong and effective foundations. The following are the importance of foundations to

edifices.

 It anchors the structure deeply into the ground, increasing its stability and preventing

overloading.

 Foundations distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid

overloading the underlying soil (possibly causing unequal settlement).

 To provide a level surface for construction.

 Foundations provide the structure's stability from the ground.

 They prevent lateral movements of the supported structure (in some cases).

 Serves as anchor to the structure against natural forces including earthquakes, floods, frost

heaves, tornadoes and wind.

 3.7 INTRODUCTION TO PILE CAP

Following the concluded casting of the set out piles the next phase of the foundation is

the pile cap, Pile caps create a stable foundation and offer a larger area for the distribution of

the building load onto the piles. They act in a similar way to piled raft foundations, where a

concrete slab rests on soil which may be susceptible to movement, above a group of piles is

to create a pile cap that’ll distribute the building loads.

3.8 STAGES OF PILE CAP

 Take levels: The height level of the access road to the site is a factor in determining

the final height of damp proof course from the natural ground level of the site so as to

prevent rom the access road to the site this is to determine the DPC level of your building

and whether or not to break pile heads or excavate to a certain depth.

o Take level height of the road, transfer to site by marking read value on benchmark without

altering instrument height. After relating both heights a decision is finally reached as to the

height of the final D.P.C was designed to be 1.2m above natural ground level.

o Example; the value gotten show that the access road is either at a lower or higher level with

the site

Point at the road = 175cm

Point on site = 105cm

The difference = 60cm

This difference shows that the access road is lower and the site ground

level higher by 38.6cm.

According to the structural drawings the site will be excavated to about 1.2m for the pile

caps and beams and 2.6m at the lift area (shaft) to create depth level for the entire foundation

to the DPC level/Ground floor.

 Fig 1.7: Exposed Pile Head After Excavation

Fig 1.8: Clearing of

Broken Pile Rubbles from Trench

  Reinforcement Bending and Form work Preparation: The cage reinforcement for

pile caps are fabricated by iron benders represented in the structural drawing pile cap

bending schedule, the carpenters helps to make the form work. While this is on gong the pile

will be prepared by cutting the pile heads which is the excess part of the pile gotten after

digging to the level needed or required to get to the DPC level.

Fig 1.9: Pile Cap Cages

Fig 2.0: Pile Cap Formwork

 The pile head is broken using either a jack hammer or air compressor machine the pile

head reinforcement is cut using a welder grinding machine after preparing and clearing a pile

trench where the form work and reinforcement bars for the ground beam and pile cap will be

placed. Before the form works and cages are placed, a pure concrete mix is used as blinder to

protect the reinforcement surface from having direct contact with the soil in order to prevent

reinforcement corrosion. Placement of concrete biscuit used to set the cages in a straight and

aligned position to avoid excess errors. R.T.K, G.P.S was used to ensure accuracy of the pile

cap positioning which can’t be fully obtained from the pile cap layout. This in relation to the

ground beam and starter column orientation

Fig 2.1: Breaking of Pile Heads

Fig 2.2: Blinding Preparation for Pile Cap

Fig 2.3: Pile Form Work Installation

 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.0 CONCLUSION

This report has attempted to give a detailed, yet concise overview of my twenty four

weeks industrial training period. The practical experience gained has helped improve my

knowledge on Piling in many ways. For example, I am now able to identify, locate different

sizes of pile in accordance to the pile layout to a reasonable extent, to use the level and total

station surveying instrument, the scheme has also helped attain confidence in my self and

works to an impressive level.

In conclusion, the importance of theoretic knowledge operating hand in hand with

practical knowledge cannot be side as it has been very helpful in basic understanding and

assimilations, It makes the course of study more real, thereby preparing students for the

outside world and also teaches them how to contribute in the development of the nation and

the economy. The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S.) program really

added values acquired. This helps students prepare their minds for the future when everyone

would be a full employee. Finally, the program is an excellent idea and gives those who fully

carried out an Industrial experience.

4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

Truly this scheme can be described as an eye-opener for students in general. Based

on the

knowledge and experience I acquired in the industrial attachment the following

recommendations are made with the aim of improving the scheme and upholding its

objectives;
  The search for an internship position in a well-recognized establishment still

remains

a huge problem for aspiring interns. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) should look

into this and encourage industries to participate in training and equipping students

with relevant skills and knowledge.

 The employers should endeavor to provide medical care for students within the

limits of the employers‟ condition of service during attachment.

 Tertiary educational institutions all over the country should make serious efforts to

secure quality industrial training placements for SIWES participants in their

respective fields.

 While in school, students should be well exposed to the use of CAD software.

Generally, modern-day engineering has adopted the use of computer software for

quite a large number of functions. So therefore, it will be rather unfortunate if

students

are lagging behind in the use of software in their respective fields.

 The department of civil and environmental engineering should act as link between

students and organizations