First stage

No. ‫المادة‬ Lecture title Hours

Biology 2
Cell 2
Tissues, bone and cartilages 3
Nervous system (central & peripheral) 4
Nutrition 2
Digestive system (Mouth, Esophagus,
2
Stomach)
1 Human Biology Digestive system (intestine) 1
Excretory system & respiration 3
Human genetics (chromosomes & semi-
3
lethal genes)
Skin 2
Circulatory system 3
Immunity (Inflammation, immunity & the
3
blood , immunity to disease)
Some fundamentals of measurements and
4
calculations.
Interpretation of prescription or medication orders. 4

Principles of Pharmacy The metric system. 4

2
Practice Calculation of doses. 4
Reducing and enlarging formulas. 4
Density, specific gravity and specific volume. 4
Percentage and ratio strength calculation. 6
Review of elementary concept important to
analytical chemistry: Strong and weak electrolytes; 4
important weight and concentration units.
The evaluation of analytical data: Definition of
1
terms.
3 Analytical Chemistry An introduction to gravimetric analysis: Statistical
analysis of data; rejection of data; precipitation 9
methods; gravimetric factor.
The scope of applications of gravimetric analysis:
Inorganic precipitating agents; organic precipitating 4
agents.
 An introduction to volumetric methods of analysis:
Volumetric calculations; acid-base equilibria and 5
pH calculations.
Buffer solutions: Theory of neutralization titrations
3
of simple system.
Theory of neutralization titrations of complex
5
system; Precipitation titrations.
Calculation of pH in complex system; Volumetric
4
methods based on complex system.
Equilibria in oxidation-reduction system; theory of
6
oxidation-reduction titrations.
Spectrophotometric analysis: An introduction to
optical methods of analysis; Methods based on 4
absorption of radiation.
General concept: Information technology (IT);
Computer systems
3
(hardware, software, user); types of computers;
major parts of the computer
Hardware: Hardware; input and output devices;
central processing unit 4
(CPU).
Memory, storage media and performance: Memory;
kind of memory
(RAM, ROM, cache memory, flash memory); data
6
representation in memory; storage devices
(secondary storage); kind of storage devices;
computer performance.
Computer software: Software (system software,
application software);
4 Computer Sciences programming languages; generation of
programming languages (machine language,
assembly language, high level language,
application generators, objective oriented 6
language); compiler and interpreters; operating
systems (O.S ); function and type of O.S; type of
software according to source; (commercial,
shareware, freeware and public domain); interface,
multimedia; system development.
Data Communication and network: Data
communication; work group
computing; type of networks; local area network
(LAN); wide area network (WAN ); WAN Devices 5
(HUB, router, get way, bridge, repeater); networks
topologies; data communication hardware;
protocols.
 The internet: Internet development; using the
internet; internet services;
search engines; electronic mail; general concept of
6
internet; viruses and type of virus; protection from
virus; security system and information security;
data protection act; computer crimes.
Mathematics: General concepts; coordinate and
graph in plane;
inequality; absolute value or magnitude; function 6
and their graphs;
displacement function; slope and equation for lines.
Limits and continuity: Limits; theorem of limits;
limit involving 4
infinity; continuity; continuity conditions.
5 Derivatives: Line tangent and derivatives;
differentiation rules;
6
derivative of trigonometric function; practice
exercises.
Integration: Indefinite integrals; rules for indefinite
integrals; integration
formulas for basic trigonometric function; definite 6
integrals; properties of definite integrals; practice
exercises.
Biostatistics: General concepts of statistics;
statistical methods;
Mathematics and 2
statistical theory; applied statistics; statistical
Biostatistics operations.
Probability concepts: Properties of probability; Set
theory and set
notation (basic notation); counting techniques-
permutations and combinations; calculating the
6
probability of an events; probability distribution of
discrete variable; binomial distribution, Poisson
distribution; continues probability distribution and
normal distribution, review questions and exercises.
The concept of central tendency: Mean of sample
and mean of
6
population; median; mode; measure of central
tendency; review questions and exercises.
Deviations and variation: Deviation; dispersion and
variability; standard
deviation and variance; coefficient of variations;
standard error; correlation analysis.(regression 9
model and sample regression equation); application
of statistic in medical field; review questions and
exercises.
Medical Terminology Basic word roots and common suffixes 1
 More word roots, suffixes and prefixes related to
pharmaceutical sciences (pharmacognosy, clinical 1
pharmacy, pharmaceutics,…etc)
Basic anatomical terms and abnormal conditions 2
The genitals and urinary tract 1
The gastrointestinal tract 1
6 The heart and cardiovascular system 1
Symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, communication
2
qualifiers, and statistics
Growth and development, and body orientation 1
Gynecology, pregnancy, and childbirth 1
The eye and the respiratory tract 1
The nervous system and behavioral disorders 2
Blood and immunity 1
Circulatory system:
Location of vascular system (Heart, Arteries, 1
Veins)
Circulatory system:
Location of lymphatic system (Lymphatic 1
capillary).
Lymphoid tissue:
location of the (Thymus gland, Spleen & Lymph 1
nodes)
Lymphoid nodule (MALT) & Tonsils 1
Nervous system:
1
Central & Peripheral nervous system by location
7 Human Anatomy Respiratory system:
-Conducting portion (Nose, Nasopharynx, Trachea
1
Bronchus & Bronchioles).
-Respiratory portion (Lung)
Digestive system:
-location of different parts of digestive tract (GIT)
(Oral cavity, Mouth, Esophagus & Stomach) 2
-Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum & Anus.

Digestive system:
Glands associated with the digestive tract by 1
location (Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver & Gall
bladder).
 Endocrine system:
-location of the pituitary gland 1
-location of the Adrenal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Islet
of Langerhans & Pineal glands.
Male reproductive system:
2
-location of the testes.
-Excretory genital ducts
-Excretory genital glands (Seminal vesicles,
Prostate & Cowper's glands)

Female reproductive system:

2
-location of ovary, Oviduct, Uterus & Vagina.
Urinary system:
1
-location of the (kidney & nephrone)
- location of the (Ureter, Bladder & Urethra).
Dilution and concentration of pharmaceutical
10
preparations.
Pharmaceutical Isotonic solutions. 6
8 Calculations by Electrolyte solutions (milliequivalents, millimoles
Stoklosa 6
and milliosmoles).
Constituted solutions, I.V admixtures and flow rate
8
calculations.
General concepts: Method of physics and
standards; thermodynamics
system and system properties; conservation of 3
energy principle;
application of thermodynamics; the Zeroth law.
Pressure; temperature and temperature scales
(Celsius, Fahrenheit,
Kelvin); equation of state; ideal gas and real gas;
general law of gases; clauses equation and Vander
6
Waales equation; equilibrium and types of
equilibrium; compressibility factor, coefficient of
9 Medical Physics volume expansion, elastic coefficient (bulk
modulus).
Heat and energy; work and mechanical forms of
work; power; the 1st
3
law of thermodynamics; Boyles and Charles law;
practice exercises.
The 2nd law of thermodynamics; reversible and
irreversible process;
entropy and enthalpy; internal energy; heat capacity
6
and adiabatic process; the relation between
pressure, volume, and temperature in adiabatic
process.
 Fundamental of physics: Kinetic theory of a gas;
electromagnetic waves; 6
Maxwell equations; physical optics.
Radiation: Kirshoffs law; planks law; Stefan-
Boltzman law; Wiens law;
6
Black body and Albedo; Heat transfer (radiation,
convection, conduction).
Production of X-Ray and X-Ray spectra; absorption
of X-Ray; U.V and
3
IR effects; medical and biological effects of
radiation; radiotherapy.
Introduction. 3
Alkanes and methane. 6
Alkenes I and II 5
Alkynes and dienes. 5
10 Organic Chemistry I
Stereochemistry I & II 8
Alcohols and ethers. 8
Alkyl halides. 6
Cycloalkanes. 4
Circulatory system:
Structure of the vascular system (Heart wall, 2
Arteries, Veins & Capillaries)
Circulatory system:
Structure of the lymphatic system (Lymphatic 1
capillary).
Lymphoid tissue:
Structure & function of the (Thymus gland, Spleen 1
& Lymph nodes)
Lymphoid nodule (MALT) & Tonsils 1
Nervous system:
3
Central & Peripheral nervous system
11 Histology
Respiratory system:
-Conducting portion (Nose, Nasopharynx, Trachea
3
Bronchus & Bronchioles).
-Respiratory portion (Lung)
Digestive system:
-Digestive steps.
-General structure of the digestive tract (GIT) 3
(Oral cavity, Mouth, Esophagus & Stomach)
-Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum & Anus.
Digestive system:
Glands associated with the digestive tract (Salivary 1
glands, Pancreas, Liver & Gall bladder0.
 Endocrine system:
-General structure of the pituitary gland 2
-Histophysiologies of the pituitary gland.
Endocrine system:
-General structure of the Adrenal, Thyroid, 2
Parathyroid, Islet of Langerhans & Pineal glands.
Male reproductive system:
-General structure of the testes. 2
-Stages of spermatogenesis.
Male reproductive system:
-Excretory genital ducts-Excretory genital glands 1
(Seminal vesicles, Prostate & Cowper'sglands)
Female reproductive system:
-General structure of ovary, Oviduct, Uterus &
Vagina. 3
-Stages of follicle development.
-Ovulation
Urinary system:
-Structure & Function of the (kidney & nephrone)
-Histology of the nephrone (filtration, absorption & 3
excretion).
- Structure of the (Ureter, Bladder & Urethra).
The skin
2
Thick & Thin skin
 Second stage

‫المادة‬ Lecture title

hours

Aromatic Hydrocarbons (includes benzene, electrophilic aromatic 10

substitution, arenas and their derivatives).
Carboxylic acids: properties and reactions. 5
Organic Chemistry Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids. 7
1
II
Amines I and II. 6
Aldehydes and ketones (include also aldol and Claisen
condensation); Classification, reactions and properties. 12

Phenols. 5
Importance of microbiology, History of microbiology
2

Anatomy of bacteria: Surface appendage, Capsule, Cell wall of

G.+ve & G –ve bacteria, Cytoplasmic membrane. 2

Bacterial physiology: Physical and chemical growth determinate,

growth and growth curves, bacterial reproduction. 2

Genetics: Definition, genetic, element, mutation (spontaneous,

gene 2
transfer, transformation, conjugation, and gene transduction).
Recombinant DNA biotechnology.
2

Sporulation and germination.

2
Medical Microbiology,
Sterilization (chemical + physical Methods).
2

Chemotherapy.
2

Morphology of Bacteria, Staining and Classification.

1

Staphylococci species: Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptococcus

pneumoniae 3

Aerobic Spore-forming bacteria Bacillus species ( B. anthracis, B.

subtilis, B. ceseus). 1

Clostridium perfringens; Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botuliun

3
 Corynebacterium diphtheriae
1

Propionibacterium acnes, Listeria

1

Mycobacterium tuberculosis; M. leprae

1

Chlamyadiae; Actinomycetes
2
Identification & classification of G -ve bacteria
1
Enterobacteriaceae: E. coli; Klebsiella spp.; Cilrobacte , Sertalia,
4

The general and cellular basis of medical physiology. 5

Physiology of nerves and muscles: Nerve cells; excitation 16

and conduction; Properties
of mixed nerves; glia; neurotrophins; Nerve fiber types and
functions; Muscles: Skeletal muscle; smooth muscle; cardiac
muscle. Synaptic transmission: Reflexes; cutaneous, deep
and visceral sensations; alert behavior, sleep and electrical
activity of the brain; control of posture and movement;
higher function of the nervous system; central regulation of
visceral function; the autonomic nervous system.
: Physiology I
Respiration: Respiratory zones; Mechanics of respiration; air 8
volumes; respiratory
muscles; compliance of the lungs and chest wall; surfactants;
differences in ventilation and blood flow in deferent parts of
the lung; Dead space and uneven ventilation; Pulmonary
circulation: Pressure, volume and flow. Gas transport
between the lungs and tissue; Regulation of respiration:
Neural control of breathing;
Respiratory centers; Regulation of respiratory activity:
Chemical factors; non chemical factors; Respiratory
adjustment in health and disease; Effect of exercise;
Hypoxia; Emphysema; Asthma.
 Renal Physiology: Introduction; innervations of the renal 8
vessels; renal clearance;
renal blood flow; glomerular filtration rate (GFR):
Measurements; factor affecting GFR; Filtration fraction;
reabsorption of Na+, Cl – and glucose. Tubuloglomerular
feedback and glomerulotubular balance; water excretion in:
proximal tubules; loop of henle; distal tubules; collecting
ducts; the counter current mechanism; role of urea; water
diuresis and osmotic diuresis; acidification of the urine: H+
secretion; reaction with buffers; ammonia secretion; factors
affecting acid secretion; bicarbonate execration; regulation
of Na+, K+ and Cl – excretion; uremia; acidosis; micturition.

Cardiovascular system: origin and spread of cardiac 8

excitation; the electrocardiogram;
cardiac arrhythmias; electrographic findings in cardiac
diseases; mechanical events of the cardiac cycle; cardiac
output; cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms: Local
regulatory mechanisms; systemic regulation by the nervous
system; systemic regulation by hormones; Coronary
circulation; Hypertension; Heart failure; Angina pectoris.

States of matter, binding forces between molecules, gases, 10

liquids, solid
and crystalline matters; phase equilibria and phase rule;
thermal analysis.
Thermodynamics, first law, thermochemistry, second law, 8
third law,
free energy function and applications.
Solutions of non-electrolytes, properties, ideal and real 7
colligative
properties, molecular weight determination.
Solution of electrolytes, properties, Arrhenius theory of 5
Physical Pharmacy I
dissociation,
theory of strong electrolytes, ionic strength, Debye-Huchle
theory, coefficients for expressing colligative properties.
Ionic equilibria, modern theories of acids, bases and salts, 8
acid-base
equilibria, calculation of pH, acidity constants, the effect of
ionic strength and free energy.
Buffered and isotonic solutions: Buffer equation; buffer 7
capacity;
methods of adjusting tonicity and pH; buffer and biological
system.
Patient-Centered Communication in Pharmacy Practice 2
 Principles and Elements of Interpersonal Communication 2
Communication
Nonverbal type of communication. 2
Skills
Barriers to communication. 2
Listening and empathic responding during communication. 2
Assertiveness. 2
Interviewing and assessment. 2
Helping patients to manage therapeutic regimens. 2
Patient counseling; counseling check list; point-by-point
discussion; 2
counseling scenario.
Medication safety and communication skills. 2
Strategies to meet specific needs. 2
Communicating with children and elderly about
2
medications.
Communication skills and inter-professional collaboration. 2
Electronic communication in healthcare. 2
Ethical behavior when communicating with patients. 2
Heterocyclic system: Classes of heterocyclic systems;
general structures; properties; Occurrence in nature and in 5
medicinal products.
Five-membered ring heterocyclic compounds: pyrrole; furan
and thiophen. 3

Source of pyrrole, furan and thiophen. 2

Organic Electrophilic substitution in pyrrole, furan and thiophen:
ChemistryIII Reactivity and orientation. 5

Six-membered ring heterocyclic compounds: Structure &

reactions of pyridine. 4

Saturated five-membered heterocyclic compounds. 6

Heterocyclic of five & six member rings with two & three
5
heteroatoms.
Introduction. 3

Intestinal protozoa (Amoeba, Balantidium, Giardia, 5

Medical Virology Chilomastix)
and Parasitology Haemoflagellates: Leshmania spp.; Trypanosome spp. 4

Sporozoa: Malarial parasites of human; Toxoplasma. 4

 Helminthes: Classification, Flukes: Hepatic flukes, Blood 10
flukes
(Schistosoma spp).Tap worms: Taenia spp., Echinococcus
(Hydatid cyst).Nematods: Ascaris, Entrobius.
Virology: Introduction, Comparison between viruses and 16
bacteria and
other microbes; Classification of viruses; Replication;
Chemotherapy; Herpes viridae; Orthomyxo viruses;
Paramyxo viruses; Retro viruses; Hepato viruses; Oncogenic
viruses.
Solubility and distribution phenomena, solvent-solute 10
interactions,
solubility of gases in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids,
solubility of non-ionic solids in liquids, distribution of
solutes between immiscible solvents.

Complexation, classification of complexes, methods of 5

analysis,
thermodynamic treatment of stability constants.
Kinetics, rate and orders of reactions, influence of 9
temperature and other
factors on reactions rate, decomposition of medicinal agents
and accelerated stability analysis.
Interfacial phenomena, liquid interfaces, surface free energy, 5
measurement of interfacial tension, spreading coefficient,
Physical PharmacyII surface active agents and wetting phenomena.
by Alfred Martin et a

Colloids, dispersed system and its pharmaceutical 5

application, types of
colloidal systems, kinetic properties, diffusion, zeta
potential, solubilization.
Micrometrics, particle size, methods of determining particle 3
size,
particle shape and surface area, porosity, density.
Rheology, Newtonian systems, thixotropy measurement, 5
negative
thixotropy, determination of thixotropy.
Polymer science, definitions pharmaceutical applications, 3
molecular
weight averages.
 Gastrointestinal function: Digestion and absorption of 10
carbohydrates;
proteins; lipids; absorption of water and electrolytes;
vitamins and minerals; regulation of gastrointestinal
function: Introduction; gastrointestinal hormones; mouth and
esophagus; stomach; exocrine portion of the pancreas; liver
and biliary system; small intestine; colon.
Circulatory body fluid: Introduction; blood; bone marrow; 15
white blood cells; immunity; platelets; red blood cells;
anemia; polycythemia; blood group and Rh factor;
Physiology II
hemostasis: The clotting mechanism / blood coagulation
tests; anti clotting mechanism; the plasma; the lymph;
abnormalities of hemostasis.

Endocrinology: Introduction; energy balance, metabolism 20

and nutrition;
the pituitary gland; the thyroid gland; the gonads:
development and function of the reproductive system; the
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex; hormonal control of
calcium metabolism and the physiology of the bone;
endocrine functions of the pancreas and regulation of
carbohydrate metabolism.
General Introduction: The Scope of Pharmacognosy, 3
definitions and basic principles.
Drugs from natural sources, crud drugs, official and non- 1
official drugs.
Classification of natural products. 2
Plant nomenclature and taxonomy. 2
Production of crude drugs: Cultivation, collection, drying 3
and storage.
Deterioration of crude natural products. 1
Chemistry of natural drug products. 3
Quality control: Evaluation of natural products; 4
Pharmacognosy I
macroscopical evaluation; physical evaluation; chemical
evaluation; biological evaluation; spectroscopical evaluation.
Phytochemical investigation of herbal products: Extraction 4
of the plant material; Separation and isolation of
constituents; characterization of the isolated compounds.
Separation technique: Introduction; Mechanisms of 15
separation and classification based on the type of technique;
paper chromatography; Thin layer chromatography; Ion-
exchange chromatography; Gel filtration chromatography;
Column chromatography; Gas chromatography; HPLC;
Electrophoresis; Affinity chromatography.
Traditional plant medicines as a source of new drugs. 3
Bioassay-guided fractionation
 Tissue culture of medicinal plant: Introduction and history; 4
laboratory of the plant tissue culture; aseptic techniques
Application of the plant tissue culture; environmental and
biological control; plant growth regulators.

Third stage
‫المادة‬ Lecture title
hours

Atomic and molecular structure/ Complexation. 6

Essential and trace ions: Iron, copper, sulfur, iodine. 3
Non essential ions: Fluoride, bromide, lithium, gold, silver and
2
mercury.
Gastrointestinal agents: Acidifying agents. 1
Inorganic Antacids. 2
Pharmaceutical
Protective adsorbents. 1
Chemistry
Topical agents. 2
Dental agents.
1
Radiopharmaceutical preparations. 6
Radio opaque and contrast media. 6
Introduction: General biosynthesis pathways of secondary
metabolites. 2
Carbohydrates.
2
Glycosides: Biosynthesis, physical and chemical properties; cardiac
glycosides; saponin glycosides; anthraquinone glycosides; flavonoid
glycosides; cyanophore lycosides. 5
Pharmacognosy
II
Glycosides: Isothiocyanate glycosides; aldehyde glycosides; alcoholic
glycosides; phenolic glycosides; lactone glycosides; coumarins and 5
chromones.
Resins and resin combination; tannins.
2
Lipids: fixed oils and waxes.
3
 Volatile oils: Introduction; chemistry of volatile oils; biosynthesis of
volatile oils; hydrocarbons as volatile oils; alcohols as volatile oils; 4
aldehydes as volatile oils.
Ketones as volatile oils; Phenols as volatile oils; Oxides as volatile
oils; Ester as volatile oils; Phenolic ethers as volatile oils. 3

Non- medicinal toxic plants.

2
Vitamins and Amino acids.
2
Dispersed systems: their classification; comparisons between 2
different systems.
Solutions and types of solutions. 2

Solubility: Factors affecting solubility; expression of dissolution; 4

dissolution rate versus solubility; preparation of solutions containing
non-volatile materials.
Official solutions; classification of official solutions; preparation and 4
uses.
Aqueous solutions containing aromatic principles; aromatic waters; 4
methods of preparations; stability.
Pharmaceutical Syrups: sugar based syrups; artificial and sorbitol based syrups; 4
Technology I stability of syrups.
Definition and methods of clarification; filter aids in clarification. 3

Preparation of solutions using mixed solvent systems; spirits, and 3

elixirs.
Extraction; maceration and percolation. 3

Tinctures; fluid extracts; extracts of resins and oleoresins. 4

Colloidal dispersions; lyophilic; lyophobic. 6

Coarse dispersion; suspensions. 6

Introduction to the macromolecules biochemistry: Definitions and 2
terms; proteins, enzymes, DNA; Clinical value.

Amino acids: Structures of A.A (table of standard A.A abbreviation 3

and
Biochemistry I side chain); Classification, properties, isomerism.
Amino acids: Chemical reactions, Zwitter ions, titration curve
calculating isoelectric point values. Examples and questions. Non
standards A.A: Structures, existence and clinical value. 3
Peptides: Peptide bond, resonance forms, isomers, physical properties
and chemical reactions. Essential poly peptides in human body, 3
structures, roles and clinical values.
Proteins: Structure and conformations of proteins, Primary structure,
Secondary structure (4 helix, 5 sheet), tertiary structure, quaternary
structure. Classification, synthesis, cellular functions (Enzymes, cell 3
signaling, and ligand transport, structural proteins), protein in
nutrition.
Denaturation of proteins and protein sequencing: Determining A.A 3
composition, N- terminal A.A analysis, C- terminal A.A analysis,
Edman degradation, prediction protein sequence from DNA/ RNA
sequences. Methods of protein study: Protein purification, cellular
localization, proteomics and bioinformatics, structure predication and
simulation.
Carbohydrates: Chemistry and classification, biomedical importance, 3
classification of CHO, Stereochemistry of monosaccharides,
metabolism of CHO; Physiologically important monosaccharides,
glycosides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
Lipids: Introduction, classification of lipids, fatty acids (F.A), 3
nomenclature of F.A, saturated F.A, unsaturated F.A, physical and
physiological properties of F.A, metabolism of lipids. Phospholipids,
lipid peroxidation and antioxidants, separation and identification of
lipids, amphipathic lipids.
Enzymes: Structures and mechanism, nomenclature, classification, 3
mechanisms of catalysis, thermodynamics, specificity, lock and key
model, induced fit model, transition state stabilization, dynamics and
function, allosteric modulation. Biological function, cofactors,
coenzymes, involvement in disease.

Kinetics: General principles, factors effecting enzyme rates (substrate 2

conc., pH, temperature, etc), single-substrate reaction (Michaelis-
Menten kinetics), kinetic constants. Examples of kinetic questions
and solutions.
Enzyme inhibition: Reversible inhibitors, competitive and non 1
competitive inhibition, mixed-type inhibition, Irreversible inhibition.
Inhibition kinetics and binding affinities (ki), questions and solutions.
Control of activity and uses of inactivators; multi-substrate reactions, 1
ternary-complex mechanisms, ping-pong mechanisms, non-
Michaelis- Menten kinetics, pre-steady-state kinetics, chemical
mechanisms.
Nucleic Acid: Chemical structure, nucleic acid components, nucleic 3
acid bases, nucleotides and deoxynucleotides (Properties, base
pairing, sense and antisense, super-coiling, alternative structures,
quadruple structures.
 Biological functions of DNA: Genes and genomes, transcription and 2
translation, replication.
Biochemistry of extracellular and intracellular communication: 3
Plasma
membrane structure and function; Biomedical importance, membrane
proteins associated with lipid bilayer, membranes protein
composition, dynamic structures of membranes, a symmetric
structures of membranes.
Artificial membranes model, the fluid mosaic model, membrane 1
selectivity, physiological functions of plasma membranes.

Biochemistry of the endocrine system: Classification of hormones, 3

biomedical importance, the target cell concept and hormone
receptors, biochemistry of hormone signal transduction.

Special topics: Nutrition, digestion, and absorption. Biomedical 3

importance, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, vitamins and minerals; energy balance. Biochemistry of
hemostasis and clot formation.

Introduction. 1

Cell injury and tissue response; Degeneration; Necrosis; Atrophy; 6

Hypertrophy; Metaplasia and Calcification; Inflammation and Repair.

Disorders of electrolytes and water and acid–base balances: Hyper 4

and
Hyponatremia; Hyper and Hypokalemia; Syndrome of inappropriate
secretion of ADH; Diabetes insipidus; Metabolic acidosis and
alkalosis; Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.

Disorders of cardiovascular system: Hyperemia; Congestion and 5

edema;
Pathophysiology Thrombosis; embolism and infarction; Shock; Coronary heart disease
and MI; Rheumatic heart disease; Heart failure; Acute pulmonary
edema; Essential hypertension; Secondary hypertension; Malignant
hypertension; Hypotension; Aneurysm versus varicose veins;
Disorders of respiratory system: Pneumonias; Tuberculosis; 3
Respiratory
distress syndrome; Bronchial asthma; Emphysema and
bronchiectasis; Cystic fibrosis; Pulmonary embolism; Pulmonary
hypertension.
Disorders of the renal system: Nephrotic syndrome; 4
Glomerulonephritis;
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis; Hypertensive glomerular disease;
Pyelonephritis; Drug related nephropathies; Acute renal failure;
Chronic renal failure.
 Disorders of GI and hepatobiliary systems: Peptic ulcer and Zollinger 4
–
Ellison syndrome; Irritable bowel syndrome; Crohn's disease;
Diarrhea; Celiac disease; Viral hepatitis; Primary biliary cirrhosis;
Liver failure; Cholelithiasis.
Disorders of thyroid function: Hypothyroidism.Hyperthyroidism. 2
Graves’s disease.Thyrotoxicosis.

Disorders of adrenal function: Cushing syndrome. Adrenal cortical 2

insufficiency (primary and secondary). Congenital adrenal
hyperplasia. Pheochromocytoma.
Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome; Dyslipoproteinemia. 5

Drug distribution. 4

Acid- base properties. 3

Statistical prediction of pharmacological activity. 3

QSAR models. 2

Molecular modeling (Computer aided drug design). 1

Drug receptor interaction: force involved. 1

Steric features of drugs. 2

Organic
Pharmaceutical Optical isomerism and biological activity. 1
Chemistry I
Calculated conformation. 1
Three- dimensional quantitative structure activity relationships and 1
databases.
Isosterism. 1
Drug-receptor interaction and subsequent events. 1
General pathways of drug metabolism: Sites of drug 22
biotransformation; Role of cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases in
oxidative biotransformation; Oxidative reactions; Reductive
reactions; Hydrolytic reactions; Phase II reactions.
Factors affecting drug metabolism. 2

General introduction to Pharmacology. 2

Pharmacokinetics. 4
pharmacology I
Drug Receptor interaction and Pharmacodynamics. 4
The autonomic nervous system (ANS). 2
 Cholinergic system. 6
Adrenergic system. 6
Principal of antimicrobial therapy. 2
β- lactam and other cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics 4
Protien synthesis inhibitors 4
Quinolones, Folate antagonists, and urinary tract antiseptics. 3
Antimycobacterium drugs 2
Antifungal drugs. 2
Antiprotozoal drugs. 1
Anthelmintic drugs. 2
Antiviral drugs. 1
Emulsions; purpose of emulsification; methods of emulsification; 10
emulsifying agents; HLB system; stability of emulsions.

Lotions; liniments and collodions. 5

Suppositories. 6
Pharmaceutical
Technology II Powdered dosage forms. 10

Semisolid dosage forms. 10

Incompatibilities in pharmaceutical dosage forms. 4

Bioenergetics. 2

Biologic oxidation. 2

The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. 2

Over view of metabolism. 2

Citric acid Cycle. 2

Biochemistry II
Glycolysis. 2

Metabolism of glycogen. 4

Gluconeogenesis. 3

Pentose phosphate pathway and other pathways of hexose 3

metabolism.
Biosynthesis of fatty acids. 3
 Oxidation of fatty acids. 2

Metabolism of acylglycerol and sphingolipids. 2

Lipid transport and storage. 2

Cholesterol synthesis, transport, and excretion. 2

Biosynthesis of the Nutritionally Nonessential Amino Acids. 3

Catabolism of Proteins & of Amino Acid Nitrogen 3

Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids. 2

Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products. 2

Porphyrins & Bile Pigments 2

Alkaloids: Introduction; Physical and chemical properties; pyridine, 5

piperidine alkaloids; tropane alkaloids.
Alkaloids: Quinoline tropan alkaloids; iso-quinoline alkaloids; 5
imidazole alkaloids; indole alkaloids.
Alkaloids: Steroidal alkaloids; lupinane alkaloids; alkaloidal amines; 4
Pharmacognosy III
purine alkaloids.
Antibiotics: Natural sources; biosynthetic pathways, isolation and 6
purification.
.phytotherapy :Introduction , principles,medicinal plants in selected 10
health care systems.Important natural products & phytomecines used
in pharmacy & medicine
Introduction to Pharmacy Ethics (Theoretical considerations). 2
Code of Ethics for Pharmacists. 1
Common Ethical Considerations in Pharmaceutical Care Practice
(Beneficence, Autonomy, Honesty, Informed Consent, 3
Confidentiality, Fidelity ………).
Medical ethics Interprofessional Relations. 2
Making ethical decisions. 1
Ethical issues related to clinical pharmacy research. 1
Ethical problems in the pharmacist’s clinical practice. 1
Preventing misuse of medicines. 1
Case studies in pharmacy ethics. 3
 Fourth stage
‫المادة‬ Lecture title hours

Introduction to CNS pharmacology. 2

CNS stimulants. 2
Anxiolytic and Hypnotic drugs. 3
General and Local Anesthetics. 3
Antidepressant drugs. 3
Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs. 3
Opioid analgesics and antagonists. 3
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. 3
Antiepileptic Drugs. 2
Diuretics. 2
Pharmacology II
The treatment of heart failure (HF). 2
Antiarrhythmic drugs. 2
Antianginal Drugs. 2

Antihypertensive drugs. 3
Drugs affecting the blood. 3
Antihyperlipidemic drugs. 2

Gastrointestinal and antiemetic drugs. 2

Drugs acting on the respiratory system. 3

Cholinergic agents, cholinergic receptors and their subtypes. 3

Cholinergic agonists; stereochemistry and structure-activity 5
relationships (SAR); products; cholinesterase inhibitors.
Cholinergic blocking agent; structure-activity relationships (SAR); 5
Solanaceous alkaloid and analogues; synthetic cholinergic
organic pharmaceutical
blocking agents and products; ganglionic blocking agents
chemistry
(neuromuscular blocking agents).
Analgesic agents (SAR of morphine, SAR of meperidine type 5
molecules; SAR of methadone type compounds; N-
methylbezomorphans, antagonist type analgesics in
benzomorphans).
 Analgesic receptors, endogenous opioids; Products; Antitusive 5
agents; Anti-inflammatory analgesics.
Adrenergic agents (Adrenergic neurotransmitters); Adrenergic 8
receptors; Drugs affecting Adrenergic neurotransmission;
Sympathomimetic agents; Adrenergic receptor antagonists.
CNS depressant; Benzodiazepines and related compounds; 7
Barbiturates; CNS depressant with skeletal muscle relaxant
properties; Antipsycotics; Anticonvulsants.
CNS Stimulants 3
Steroidal & nonsteroidal hormones 4
Introduction to community pharmacy. 1
Respiratory problems: Cough, Common cold, allergic rhinitis,
3
Otitis media, Laryngitis & Pharyngitis
G.I.T problemse: Diarrhea, Constipation, Heart burn and
4
indigestion, IBS and Hemorrhoids
Pediatric care practice : Oral thrush, pinworms and head lice 2
Skin conditions: Acne, Scabies, Psoriasis, Hair loss, Fungal
infection, Eczema and Dermatitis , Dandruff, Cold sore, Corns 5
and Callus.
Women’s health care: Cystitis and vaginal thrush, primary
dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual syndrome. 2

Clinical Pharmacy1 CNS related problems: Headache, Insomnia, Motion sickness,

3
Nausea and vomiting
- Eye problems 1
ENT problems 1
Oral hygiene, mouth ulcer 1
Obesity and body weight control. 1
- Pain and musculoskeletal disorders 1
Nicotine replacement therapy ( NRT). 1
Dietary supplements 1
An update in reclassification of OTC drugs ( simvastatin,
2
Tamusotisin & azithromycin).
Medication adherence and errors. 1
Introduction to biopharmaceutics. 2

Biopharmaceutic aspects of products; drug absorption; 6

Biopharmaceutics mechanisms of
absorption; physicochemical factors; dissolution rate; effects of
excipients; type of dosage forms.
 One compartment open model. 2

Multicompartment models. 2

Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption. 2

Bioavailability and bioequivalence. 2

Clearance of drugs from the biological systems. 2

Hepatic elimination of drugs. 2

Protein binding of drugs. 2

Intravenous infusion 2

Multiple dosage regimens. 2

Non-linear pharmacokinetics. 2

Dosage adjustment in renal diseases. 2

General items &ICD10 2

Predisposing factors of infectious diseases 1
Cardiovascular diseases 1
Gastrointestinal diseases 2
Skin diseases 1
-Sexually transmitted diseases 1
Oncogenic diseases 3
Respiratory infections 2
Public Health Familyplaninig include maternal infections,
2
vaccination
-Immunology
General introduction 1
innate &adaptive immunity 2
-antigen characteristics 1
B&Tcells 2
complements 1
Hypersensitivity types 2
 Oncogenic immunity 3
-Auto immune diseases 2
Immune deficiency diseases 1
Hormones of the pituitary and thyroid glands. 3

Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs. 4

Adreno-corticosteroids. 3

The gonadal hormones and inhibitors. 3

Autacoids and autacoid antagonists 3

Pharmacology III Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other anti- 3

inflammatory agents.

Drugs used in erectile dysfunction. 2

Drugs used in osteoporosis. 2

Drugs used in the management of obesity. 2

Cancer Chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs and 5

immunosuppressants.
Organic Pharmaceutical β-Lactam antibiotics (Penicillins); β-Lactamase inhibitors; 9
Chemistry III Cephalosporins and Monobactams.
Aminoglycosides and Chloramphenicol; Tetracylines; Macrolides; 9
Lincomycins and Polypeptides; Antiviral agents (properties of
viruses, viral classification, products).
Sulfonamides (chemistry, nomenclature, mechanism of action, 4
resistance, toxicity, side effects, metabolism, protein binding,
distribution and SAR); products; Sulfones.
Anti-neoplastic agents: Alkylating agents; Antimetabolites; 17
Antibiotics; Plant products; Miscellaneous compounds.
Hormones and related compounds; Future anti-neoplastic agents; 6
Monoclonal antibodies; Gene therapy of cancer.
Introduction to the concept of clinical pharmacy- its activities and
professional responsibilities.( including current state of 1
Clinical Pharmacy II clinical pharmacy in Iraq) .
overview of pharmaceutical care practice (the patient care
1
process).
 Hematologic disorders: Anemia and sickle cell disease. 2
Hypertension. 2
Ischemic heart diseases 2
Heart failure. 2
Peripheral vascular diseases. 1
- Asthma. 2
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ). 1
Diabetes mellitus & Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) . 2
Peptic ulcer disease. 2
Tuberculosis 1
Infective meningitis 1
Respiratory tract infections 2
GIT infections 1
Gout and hyperuricemia 1
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) 2
Osteoporosis and other metabolic bone disease. 1
Infectious Endocarditis 1
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis 1
Urinary tract infection (UTI) 1
Introduction: general consideration; host factor, environmental 3
factors
of toxic effects.
Carcinogenesis. 3

Mutagenesis: 1

Target organs and systemic toxicology; Respiratory system, Liver, 16

General Toxicology Kidney, Skin, Nervous system, cardiovascular system, Blood.

Toxic substances: Food additive and contaminants, Pesticides, 15

Metals,
Radiation and radio active materials, plants, Solvents,
Environmental toxicology: Air pollution, water and soil pollutants, 7
Gases (Tear gas, Pepper spray), CO, Cyanide(H2S).

Principles of pharmaceutical processing; mixing; fluid mixing; 7

flow
Industrial Pharmacy I characteristics; mechanisms of mixing; mixing equipments; batch
and continuous mixing; mixer selection; solid mixing theory and
particulate solid variables; forces and mechanisms.
 Milling; pharmaceutical application; size measurement methods; 7
theory
and energy of commenution; types of mills; factors influencing
milling;
selection of mill techniques; specialized drying methods.
Drying: definition; purpose; humidity measurement; theory of 7
drying;
drying of solids, and classification of dryer; specialized drying
methods.
Clarification and filtration: Theory; filter media; filter aids; 7
selection of
drying method; non-sterile and sterile operations; integrity testing;
equipments and systems (commercial and laboratory).
Sterilization; validation of methods; microbial death kinetics; 7
methods
of sterilization (thermal and non-thermal); mechanisms;
evaluation.
Pharmaceutical dosage form design; pre-formulation; preliminary 3
evaluation; bulk characterization; solubility and stability analysis.

Pharmaceutical dosage forms; sterile products; development; 7

formulation; production; processing; quality control.

Fifth stage
Lecture title
‫المادة‬ hours
Basic concept of prodrugs; Covalent bonds (cleavable); Prodrugs of
functional groups; Types of prodrugs. 6

Chemical delivery systems; Polymeric prodrugs; Types and structure

of polymers; Cross-linking reagents. 6
Organic
Pharmaceutical Drug targeting.
4
Chemistry IV
Project.
4
Combinatorial chemistry; Peptides and other linear structures; Drug
like molecules; Support and linker; Solution-phase combinatorial 5
chemistry.
 Detection, purification and analgesics; Encoding combinatorial
libraries;
5
High-throughput screening; Virtual screening; Chemical diversity and
library design.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets; role in therapy; advantages
and
disadvantages; formulation; properties; evaluation; machines used in 10
tableting; quality control; problems; granulation, and methods of
production; excipients, and types of tablets.
Tablet coating; principles; properties; equipments; processing; types
of 4
coating (sugar and film); quality control, and problems.
Capsules: Hard gelatin capsules; materials; production; filling
equipments; formulation; special techniques. 3

Soft gelatin capsules: Manufacturing methods; nature of capsule shell

and content; processing and control; stability. 2

Micro-encapsulation; core and coating materials; stability;

equipments 2
and methodology.
Modified (sustained release) dosage forms; theory and concepts;
Industrial evaluation and testing; formulation. 3
Pharmacy II
Liquids: Formulation; stability and equipments.
3
Suspensions: Theory; formulation and evaluation.
3
Emulsions: Theory and application; types; formulation; equipments
and 3
quality control.
Semisolids: Percutaneouse absorption; formulation; types of bases
(vehicles) preservation; processing and evaluation. 3

Suppositories: Rectal absorption; uses of suppositories; types of

bases; 3
manufacturing processes; problems and evaluation.
Pharmaceutical aerosols: Propellants; containers; formulation; types
and
6
selection of components; stability; manufacturing; quality control and
testing.
Interpretation of Lab. data. 2
Therapeutic I Acute coronary syndrome. 2
Arrhythmias 2
 Thrombosis 2
Dyslipidemia 1
Stroke 2
Shock 2
Liver cirrhosis 2
Viral hepatitis 1
Inflammatory bowel diseases 2
Acute renal failure (ARF) 1
Chronic renal failure (CRF) 2
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis 1
Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) 1
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 1
Acid – base disorders 2
Disorders of fluid and electrolytes 2
Urinary incontinence and pediatric enuresis 1
Epilepsy and status epilepticus 2
multiple sclerosis 1
Parkinson's disease 2
Pain management 2
Headache disorders 1
glucoma 2
Parenteral nutrition 2
Enteral nutrition 2
Pharmacovigilance 2
Disorders of Carbohydrates metabolism, Hyperglycemia & Diabetes
mellitus, Hypoglycemia. 3

Disorders of lipid metabolism.

2
Liver Function Tests.
4
Clinical Chemistry Kidney Function Tests.
4
Diagnostic enzymology.
4
Hypothalamus & pituitary endocrinology, disorders of anterior
pituitary hormones, disorders of adrenal gland, hypopituitrism. 8
 Reproductive system, disorders of gonadal function in males &
females, biochemical assessment during pregnancy. 5

Tumor markers.
4
Drug interaction with laboratory Tests.
2
Disorders of calcium metabolism
3
Acid- Base Disorders.
4
Initial Evaluation and Management of the Poisoned Patient. 3
Including pediatric poisoning and special consideration in the geriatric
patient
Drug Toxicity: Over the counter drugs; caffeine; theophylline; 3
antihistamine and decongestant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs; vitamins.

Prescription Medications: Cardiovascular drugs; beta blockers; ACE 13

inhibitors; Digoxin; Calcium channel blocker; Antiarrhythmic agents;
hypoglycemic drugs; Opiods; CNS depressants; tricyclic
antidepressants; anti-cholinergic phenothiazines; CNS stimulant.
Clinical Toxicology

Drug of Abuse: Opioids; Cocaine; phencyclidine; marijuana; Lysergic acid. 4

Chemical and Environmental Toxins: Hydrocarbones; Household 3

toxins; Antiseptic; Disinfectants; Camphor; moth repellents.

Botanicals and plants-derived toxins: Herbal preparation; Toxic 4

plants;
Poisonous mushrooms.
Project. (1
‫جميع الفروع‬ hours )
,
Course overview & basic principle of pharmacoeconomics 2
Cost analysis 6
Cost effectiveness analyses (CEA). 2
1st mid-term examination. 2
Pharmacoeconomy
Cost utility analyses (CUA). 2
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) 2
Critical assessment of economic evaluation 4
2nd mid-term examination. 2
 Drug-focused versus disease-focused frame work for
conducting 2
pharmacoeconomic analyses.
Introduction to epidemiology. 2
Project presentation. 2
Project presentation. 2
Review of basic pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic
2
(PD)
Clinical PK equations and calculations 3
Clinical PK in special population and cases 3
Clinical PK/PD for Aminoglycosides 2
Clinical PK/PD for Vancomycin 2
Clinical PK/PD for Digoxin 2
Therapeutic Drug Clinical PK/PD for Phenytoin 3
Monitoring Clinical PK/PD for other Anticonvulsants (e.g., Carbamazepine,
3
Valproic Acid, Phenobarbitone/Primidone, Ethosuxsimide
Clinical PK/PD for Theophylline 2
Clinical PK/PD for Immunossprasants (e.g., Cyclosporine,
2
Tacrolimus
Clinical PK/PD for other Cardiovascular agents (e.g., Lidocaine,
2
Procainamide/N-Acetyl Procainamide
Clinical PK/PD of other drugs (e.g., Lithium), Anticancer agents,
4
and Anticoagulats
Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Internal Medicine: Clinical observation
of
10
cases; evaluation of the case sheets; case presentation; discussion and
evaluation.
Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Surgery wards: Clinical observation of
cases; evaluation of the case sheets; case presentation; discussion and 5
Hospital Training evaluation.
Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Gynecology and Obstetrics Ward:
Clinical observation of cases; evaluation of the case sheets; case 5
presentation; discussion and evaluation.
Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Pediatric Ward: Neurology ,
10
Cardiology , GIT , Birth defects , Sepesis , Meningitis
Thyroid and parathyroid disorders 2
Contraception 1
Endometriosis 1
Therapeutic II
Menstruation related disorders 1
Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) 2
Cancer treatment and chemotherapy 2
 Leukemias 2
Lymphomas and Multiple myeloma 2
Breast and prostate cancers 2
Adverse effects of chemotherapy 1
Human immunodeficiency viruse 2
Adrenal gland disorders 1
Pituitary gland disorders 1
Alzheimer's disease 1
Schizophrenia 2
Depressive disorders 2
Anxiety disorders 1
Sleep disorders 1
Bipolar disorders 2
colorectal cancer 1
Diagnostic test basics, collecting &transporting specimens, 4
venipuncture, urine specimen, stool specimen.

Biochemical tests: Fasting blood glucose, Post-prandial glucose, Oral 4

glucose tolerance test.

Blood urea, Blood creatinine, Creatinine clearance, Uric acid. 4

Cholesterol, Lipoproteins, triglycerides. 4

Blood proteins, Bilirubin. 4

Calcium, Inorganic phosphate, Serum chloride 4

Clinical Laboratory
Training Alkaline phosphatase, Acid phosphatase, Alanine amiotransferase, 4
Aspartate aminotransferase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Creatine
phosphokinase.
Serological tests: VDRL, ASO- Titer, Hepatitis tests. 4

C-reactive protein test, Rheumatic factor test, Rosebengal test, 4

Typhoid
fever test( Widal test), Pregnancy Test.
General urine examination, urine specimen collection. 4

Hematological tests: RBC count, Hb, PCV, RBC indices, WBC 4

count,
Platelets count.
 Blood typing, Coombs test, Bleeding time, ESR. 4

Microbiological tests: culture and sensitivity tests, Staining methods 4

Culture media, Enriched culture media for general use 4

Tests for identification of bacteria, Disk diffusion tests of sensitivity 4

to
antibiotics, Choice of drugs for disk test, bacterial disease and their
laboratory diagnosis.
Biotechnology - introduction 1
Formulation of biotechnology product (biopharmaceutical 4
consideration) Microbial consideration- sterility-pyrogen viral
decontamination Excipients of parentral products - solubility
enhancer-anti adsorption agents buffer components-preservatives –
osmotic agents
pharmaceutical
biotechnology Route of administration Parentral route Oral route Alternative 5
routes ( nasal-pulmonary-rectal-buccal transdermal )
Pharmacokinetic of peptides and proteins Introduction Elimination 5
of proteins (proteolysis-excretion-metabolism )

Pharmaceutical consideration: The need for the dosage form. 1

General consideration for the dosage form. 3
Pre-formulation; physical description, microscopic examination. 2
Melting point; phase rule; particle size; polymorphism; solubility. 2
Permeability; pH; partition coefficient; pka; stability; kinetics; shelf 2
life.
Rate reaction; enhancing stability. 2
Dosage form Formulation consideration: Excipients; definition and types; 2
Design appearance; palatability; flavoring.
Sweetening; coloring pharmaceuticals; preservatives; sterilization; 2
preservatives selection.
Biopharmaceutical considerations: Principle of drug absorption; 4
dissolution of the drugs.
Bioavailability and bioequivalancy; FDA requirements. 3
Assessment of bioavailability; bioequivalence among drug products. 3
Pharmacokinetic principles: Half life; clearance; dosage regimen 4
considerations.
UV / visible spectroscopy; Sample handling and instrumentation; 6
Advanced Pharmaceutical Characteristic absorption of organic compounds; Rules for
Analyses calculation of lambda max and application; Application of
UV/visible; spectroscopy; Problems and solutions.
Infra Red spectroscopy (theory and H-bonding effect; Sampling 14
techniques and interpretation of spectra; Characteristic group
frequencies of organic compounds; Application of IR spectroscopy;
Problems and solutions.
H1 –Nucleomagnetic Resonance (NMR) and C13-NMR spectroscopy; 12
Introduction, the nature of NMR absorption, chemical shifts and
factors affecting them, information obtained from NMR spectra, more
complex spin-spin splitting patterns, application of H1-NMR
spectroscopy;
C13-NMR spectroscopy: introduction and characteristics, DEPT C13-
NMR spectroscopy.
Mass spectroscopy: Introduction and interpreting Mass spectra; 11
interpreting Mass spectra fragmentation patterns, Mass behavior of
some common functional groups.

elemental microanalysis CHNSO 2