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PATHWAYS TO EDUCATIONAL FINANCING IN THE NIGERIA CONTEXT

BY

AKPAM, GABRIEL ODEY

gabrielsuccess20@gamil.com

MBON, USjEN FRIDAY (Ph.D)

mbonusen@yahoo.com

&

ABANA, CLEMENT UNIMKE

unimike2050@gamil.com

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT

FACULTY OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR

CALABAR

ABSTRACT

The research examine pathways to educational financing in Nigerian context and drew out
various ways with which education can be finance outside government funding, which include,
private contribution, corporate social responsibility, alumni association, students loan scheme
and Non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The challenges of funding education in Nigeria
and it was concluded by saying that education should not be left in the hands of government
alone, rather all stakeholders in education should jointly contribute in funding education in
Nigeria.

Keyword: Pathways, Educational Financing in the Nigeria Context

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Introduction teachers employment, procurement,

contracts for infrastructural development.
The importance of education in the
All these issues above had continually
development of any society can never be
affected Nigerian education sector in
overestimated. Economists have confirmed
particular with the issue of funding which
the importance of education to economic
has been on the decline.
growth and development. Education also
provides an avenue to increase productivity, Considering the important role of
reduce poverty and enhance social education in national development and
development. To achieve this, education improvement of the standard of living and
must be sufficiently qualitative to have a wellbeing of individuals there is a need for
meaningful impact on the populace and it is Nigeria government and other stakeholders
also important to state that political interest in education to join hands in funding
plays a vital role in virtually all sector of education sector in Nigeria. This paper
human endeavors such as education, health, therefore, accessed education in the light of
and infrastructure (Nwoko, 2015). Hereby political economy in other climes in
making the political actors key players in relations to Nigeria education system and
the provision of qualitative education. The also to look at pathways to education
central role played by the state in financing in Nigeria. With this, one can
regulation, provision and financing determine whether the education sector in
education in any country reflects the belief Nigeria has been properly financed in order
that education is essential for societal and to serve as a catalyst for national
personal wellbeing. The economic development as enshrined in the National
organization of education depends largely Policy on Education (NPE). In recent years,
on the political will of actors in the political the trend in the world is towards a
system as well as market mechanism, restructuring of school management along
(Ojeleye, 2020). Also, Rent-seeking and the line of decentralization in which quality
patronage politics in the political economy promotion is based on prevention of
of education in Nigeria and how politicians wastage (Rust, 2022).
instead of using education as a piece of
Nigeria is currently witnessing
development have turned around to use
proliferation of schools, at federal, state and
education as a means of settling political
local governments levels, private
patronage especially with regards to

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individuals and organizations are exercising government alone, rather all stakeholders in
their constitutional rights in the education should get involve, it is against
establishment of schools. While the this background that this paper seek to
enrolment into various schools has rapidly determine pathways to educational
increased, the volume of funds provided financing in Nigerian context.
has not expanded to meet the enrolment
Pathways to Educational Financing in
demands. The result is an acute shortage of
the Nigerian Context
staff, funds, physical facilities and
equipment. Other indicators for declining Pathways to educational financing

quality in education are high drop-out rate, refer to the various ways in which

examination malpractices, cultism, government or individuals can obtain

hooliganism, drug abuse, sexual harassment funding for their education. It also refers to

and general lawlessness. The fact that the the various avenues or routes that

various governments of the federation individuals can secure funding for their

cannot adequately fund education implies education. It encompasses the different

that the institutions must look for other options and strategies available for

sources of revenue to finance their financing educational pursuits. These

programmes. To varying degrees, education pathways can include private contribution,

in Nigeria faces the problems of increasing corporate social responsibility, alumni

students’ enrolment, unsuitable patterns of association, students’ loan scheme and

education expenditure, declining quality of Non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

education, unequal access to education, PRIVATE CONTRIBUTION

over-reliance on government for funding,
Private contribution: Private
inflationary trends, politicization of
individuals and organizations can provide
education, mismanagement of the resources
funding for education in Nigeria. This can
of the nation and escalation of cost of
be through donations, endowments, or
educational material, (Offorman, 2019) .
scholarships. Private funding can be helpful
Funding has been a major challenged to
in filling the gaps left by government
Nigerian educational system, scholars in
funding, but it is not always reliable or
different academic fora opined that for
consistent. Offorman (2019) opined that in
proper funding of education in Nigeria it
Nigeria, private funding of education is
should not be left in the hands of

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becoming increasingly popular due to a education sector, policies such as, tax
variety of reasons. Private funding of breaks and other incentives. Private funding
education refers to the use of private of education in Nigeria has its advantages
resources, such as personal savings, loans, and disadvantages. On the one hand, it
or donations from individuals or helps to improve the quality of education
organizations, to finance education. by providing better facilities, more
qualified teachers, and access to modern
One of the main reasons for the rise
technology. On the other hand, it widens
in private funding of education in Nigeria is
the gap between the rich and the poor, as
the inadequate funding of public schools by
only those who can afford to pay the high
the government. This has resulted in poor
fees can attend private schools.
infrastructure, low teacher salaries, and
inadequate educational materials in public CORPORATE SOCIAL
schools, which has led to a decline in the RESPONSIBILITY
quality of education. As a result, many
Corporate social responsibility,
parents and guardians have turned to
Companies can provide funding for
private schools as a better alternative.
education through their corporate social
Private schools in Nigeria are often better
responsibility initiatives. This can involve
equipped and offer better quality education,
funding scholarships, building schools, or
but they are also more expensive than
providing educational resources to students
public schools. The cost of private schools
and schools. for example, some banks,
varies widely depending on the location and
telecommunication giant, oil companies,
quality of the school. Private schools are
and multinational corporations provide such
generally attended by children from
funding for education.
wealthier families who can afford the fees.
According to Pooja (2017)
In addition, Ogunode (2019)
corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a
asserted that government's policy of
concept whereby companies integrate social
encouraging private sector investment in
and environmental concerns into their
education has also contributed to the
business operations and interactions with
increase in private funding of education in
stakeholders. One way in which CSR can
Nigeria. The government has implemented
be used to fund education in Nigeria is
policies to attract private investors into the

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through partnerships between private financial support, companies can also

companies and educational institutions. engage their employees in volunteering and
Many private companies in Nigeria have mentoring programs. This can help to build
already engaged in various CSR initiatives, relationships between companies and
such as donations to schools and educational institutions and provide
scholarships for students. However, these students with valuable exposure to the
efforts are often ad hoc and do not have a workplace (Rust, 2022).
sustained impact on the education sector.
Osibanjo (2018) sees it as man’s
To make a lasting impact, companies can
immediate surroundings. Therefore, since
consider creating long-term partnerships
organizations cannot operate in a vacuum,
with schools, universities, and educational
its activities largely depend on the
organizations to support their operations
interaction with environment. Hence,
and improve educational outcomes. One
harmonizing the interests of such
way that companies can support education
organizations and those of the society can
in Nigeria through CSR is by providing
only be achieved through the mechanism of
funding for infrastructure, such as building
corporate social responsibility,
classrooms, libraries, and laboratories.
philanthropic activities and other social or
Companies can also provide financial
community efforts to improve the well-
assistance to students in need, such as
being of the citizens within the
scholarships and bursaries, as well as
environment. Since governments are unable
support for teacher training and
to provide all the needs of the citizens, CSR
professional development.
has taken the centre stage globally. In as
Another approach is for companies much as this scenario plays out differently
to support educational initiatives that align in developed and developing countries, the
with their business objectives. For example, intervention of corporate organizations in
a telecommunications company can support the provision of basic educational needs in
programs that promote digital literacy and developing countries like Nigeria has been
STEM education, while an oil and gas significant. The contribution of CSR to the
company can support programs that education sector is fairly high because
promote environmental education and governments at different levels have
sustainability. In addition to providing consistently failed to implement the United

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Nations Educational and Scientific and politically and economically. That is why at
Cultural Organization, UNESCO’s graduation ceremonies one hears the Vice-
recommendation that member-countries Chancellors pronounce these words, while
should allocate a minimum of 26 percent of awarding degrees to their institutions’
their annual expenditure to education graduates, “you have been found worthy in
(Pooja, 2017). While other countries are character and learning…” In education
aggressively improving on their educational parlance, it means that the individual has
system and repositioning their economies acquired adequate and appropriate
through effective policies to be able to knowledge, skills and attitudes and values,
effectively compete in the increasingly known as cognitive, psychomotor and
knowledge-driven global economy, Nigeria affective behaviours to be able to function
is regrettably moving backward through optimally as a citizen. These behaviours are
inadequate funding of the sector. The the focus of training individuals in
situation is aggravated by incessant strike institutions of learning. The planned and
actions on the part of Academic Staff systematic training given in an institution of
Union of Universities (ASUU), Nigerian learning is formal education. In an informal
Union of Teachers (NUT) among other education, there is no plan and the training
education professional groups. In is haphazard and incidental (Offorman,
recognition of the potential of CSR in 2019). Education is the process through
gaining competitive advantage, contributing which individuals are made functional
to development and in brand building, members of their society (Ocho, 2015). It is
many corporate brands have channeled a process through which people acquire
considerable efforts towards the knowledge and realize their potentialities
development of education in their and use them for self- actualization, to be
respective host communities and useful to themselves and the entire society.
incorporated education into their respective It is a means of preserving, transmitting and
CSR budgets. improving the culture of the society. In
every society, education connotes
Education is the process of
acquisition of something good. The
providing information to an inexperienced
National Policy on Education (2014), cited
person to help him/her develop physically,
in Santas (2016) defines education as the
mentally, socially, emotionally, spiritually,
process that helps to develop the whole

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man, physically, mentally, morally, raising consumer awareness about a

politically, socially and technologically to particular issue; and • Fulfilling a company
enable individuals discover their potentials mission or mandate so that students,
towards achieving self-goal and schools and the general public can benefit
contributing to national development. from the experience and expertise that
Education, therefore, empowers an corporations bring to the table, particularly
individual to acquire adequate and if the groups work together to ensure the
appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes right needs are being met on both ends.
and values, known as cognitive, Organisations looking to support public
psychomotor and affective behaviours to be school education, for instance, must
able to function optimally as citizens. consider the many demands that schools
and educators face daily- time constraints,
The Nexus between Corporate
tight budgets, technology access,
Social Responsibility and Education
standardized testing and explicit curriculum
According to Praveena (2015), in today’s
standards, as well as, the unique places
society, public education faces many
where outside help is needed. Organisations
challenges of standardized testing, strained
have now resorted to a committed policy
budgets, teacher retention and qualitative
for the implementation of Corporate Social
education. These demands have given way
Responsibility (CSR) activities associated
to new opportunities for businesses to
with the school education. The awareness
render various educational supports in a
of the importance of education and literacy
win- win situation to the benefit of
is commonly seen among governments and
everyone. They opined that companies get
international organisations, who are
involved in education for a number of
primary holders of this responsibility.
strategic reasons, including building a
Almost all national governments have the
positive reputation and goodwill among
Ministry of Education which is responsible
consumers, employees and other stake
for integrating national resources to
holders due to the following reasons: •
promote education for the good of the
Developing brand recognition, whether to
public.
increase consumer loyalty, boost sales, or
establish the company as an industry leader; It is pertinent to note here that CSR
• Building a more educated workforce; practices for the education sector are

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increasingly gaining popularity among developed countries and developing

specific industries include the promotion of countries, as well as, between genders.
computer illiteracy, establishment of gender
Pooja (2017) underscored some
equity by targeting girls from economically
strategies that corporate organisations can
disadvantaged families for quality
attend their CSR in the educational sector.
education, provision of toilets and
According to him, mere involvement from
maintenance of a clean and hygienic school
a financial perspective to strengthen the
environment, customisation of programmes
education system in underprivileged areas
designed to provide educational support to
is not enough. For instance, a corporate
children with disabilities, provision of
fund in setting up of a school in a village is
nourishment to students, psychological
not translating itself automatically into a
support to underprivileged students by
CSR product; unless teachers are recruited,
providing motivational talks on leadership
adequate infrastructure is provided and
development, personality development,
literacy improves. Setting up a special
establishment of training institute for
purpose vehicle, a corporate foundation,
teachers, libraries for rural school education
instead to explore alternative social sector
of slum children and night schools for
agenda can offer better opportunities for
uneducated adults for empowerment of
product and process innovations. Working
illiterate public in surrounding villages or
in education sector requires specific skills
rural areas (Pooja, 2017). Besides
and knowledge. Companies can share their
government departments, multiple NGOs
most valuable resources by involving their
(non‐governmental organisations) are
top management to provide the operational
dedicated to the improvement of education,
know-how in such projects. Community
particularly across countries’ boarders. One
volunteering, thus, can be one of the most
of such examples, perhaps one of the most
sincere forms of CSR whereby companies
globally influential ones, is the UNESCO
can encourage their employee through
(United Nations Educational, Scientific and
internal communications to actively
Cultural Organisation), which aims to
participate in their initiatives and contribute
empower the future generation by
their skills. This will help inculcate
improving the presence and quality of
corporate philanthropy. At the same time,
education. The UNESCO takes a clear
students, schools and the general public
position to gap the imbalance between

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will benefit from the experience and maintenance. It is, therefore, suggested that
expertise that corporations bring to the every student in the school should be
table. encouraged to join the alumni association
after graduation. Alumni should be taught,
from day one, that their financial and moral
contributions are important. They should be

Alumni Association taught to be committed and enthusiastic

long before they are ready to join the
Alumni form a vital link between
association (Rust, 2022).
the educational institutions and the global
community in which it operates. Institutions The main objectives of an alumni

look to their local and international alumni association is to create a desire among ex-
for advice, advocacy and support, and students to identify themselves with their

remain responsive to the needs of their university; to generate and sustain interest

alumni to keep the line of communication and participation in the affairs of their alma

open. In some countries, many alumni mater; to contribute to the developments of

associations provide subsidized legal the university; and to promote the

services for their members, as well as free university's name and reputation (Rust,

library services, and offer information 2022). Governments are making substantial

about their occupations and career. cuts in public spending, and its contribution
Furthermore, alumni associations: (1) offer to university education declined by 9%
services and activities which meet the need from 2000 to 2012 while the burden on

of alumni members; (2) provide a forum for students increased by 7% during the same

alumni to become involve in policy making period (PWC, 2015). This is one of the

and education issues within tile institution; factors that has caused public education

(3) raise funds to support educational institutions to re-evaluate their relationships

programmes, thus, enhancing their with stakeholders to remain globally

institution’s status and maintaining the competitive (Pérez, 2016). Other factors

continuing value of the qualification; and that drive universities to be more

(4) contribute towards recurrent costs, competitive are increasing competition due

particularly for educated inputs, library to globalization and an awareness of

acquisitions, equipment and building international rankings.

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University education in Nigeria is Education for a Changing World' by the

currently experiencing a serious financial International Commission on Financing
crisis. This is apparent because budgetary Global Education Opportunity states that
allocation for the Nigerian educational for creating the learning generation, there is
sector has declined. The federal the need of about $3 trillion annual
government has not met the 26% education spending in low- and middle-
recommended by UNESCO. The situation income countries by 2030 compared to the
has been aggravated largely due to the current level of $1.2 trillion (United
economic recession that the nation is facing Nations, 2016) due to the rapid expansion
and more so with the increasing of enrolment in education.
competition of education with other sectors
Alumni are seen as the most
for public monies (Ekpoh & Okpa, 2017).
important assets of a university. They are
Nigerian universities are in serious
important assets as the university is
financial crises because there is a
represented in the real world by the Alumni
continuous decline in government funding
(Jones, 2018). Historically, Alumni
of universities amidst the increased cost of
networks were created from regional
administering education. Still, the impact
groups brought together for fundraising
seems to either differ from one institution
purposes. Over time, these networks
to another depending on the proprietor of
developed both in their importance because
the institution, either federal or state.
the university gained benefits from these
According to Ogunode, (2019), the networks for the development of the
challenges confronting Nigerian university and thus created an enormous
universities apart from funding includes outreach potential for current students in
lack of a sound strategic plan, ineffective their career paths.
teaching learning activities, poor
According to Cunnigham (2022),
leadership, poor research activities, poor
Alumni donations are consistently the
international outlook, inadequate
highest- ranking charitable support source
infrastructural facilities, poor reputation,
for higher education. In the United
academic corruption and fraud, challenges
Kingdom and the United States of America,
of modern laboratories, poor international
a large percentage of budgets are derived
ranking. The report on 'Investing in
not from state funding or tuitions but

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fundraising, especially from Alumni. his/her behavior towards the institution

Because of a steady reduction in higher (Francioni, 2021).
education funding from state and local
STUDENTS LOAN SCHEME
governments, public and private higher
institutions should depend evermore Owan, Bassey & Ekpe (2020)

seriously on financial donations from their believed that Students can take out loans to

Alumni as a source of budget enhancement finance their education. However, student

(Terry & Macy, 2017). loans in Nigeria have been limited and
difficult to obtain, making it challenging for
Tertiary institutions need to identify
many students to access higher education.
the factors influencing Alumni's intentions
In Nigeria, students’ loans can be a means
to invest in the university that is their Alma
of funding education for students who do
mater, especially in terms of financial
not have the financial resources to pay for
support Aikins, (2019), Alumni giving is
their education. The Nigerian government,
hinged on students' social experience,
through the Central Bank of Nigeria
academic experience, Alumni relations
(CBN), has set up a Students Loan Scheme
practices, and labour market orientation.
(SLS) to provide loans to Nigerian students
According to Cunningham (2022), Alumni
who are pursuing undergraduate,
donation can be motivated by factors such
postgraduate, and vocational/technical
as characteristics of the giver, readiness to
education. Halidu (2015) to access the SLS,
give, ability to give, willingness to give,
students must meet certain eligibility
and view about how well an institution
criteria, including being a Nigerian citizen,
deserves a donation. Good academic
being enrolled in a public tertiary
performance, a conducive environment,
institution, having a guarantor, and
academic performance, diversity of student
demonstrating academic excellence. The
support services, investments, and extra-
loan amount is determined based on the
curriculum activities positively affects a
cost of tuition, accommodation, and other
tertiary institution's reputation. Personal
related expenses.
learning and student experience an alumnus
has while studying in a university can lay In any country, student aid policy is

the foundations for the future relationship designed to achieve a number of different

with the university and positively influence objectives, though these are not always

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explicit. In the case of student loan In some countries such aid is called
programs, the objectives are often clearly a "repayable scholarship", rather than a
spelled out, when the scheme is first loan, and in some countries, the repayment
established, but subsequent changes may obligation involves a commitment to work
give greater or less emphasis to particular in a particular occupation (teaching) or in a
aims. A further problem is that the language particular region, rather than repayment in
of student aid programs is not always clear, monetary terms. This type of financial
and different words are used to describe assistance may be called a bonded
similar programs in different countries, scholarship, or a pre- salary (contrats de
while the word "loan" or "scholarship" is preembauche in France), but in the context
certainly not always used in the same way of developing countries they have been
(Hawk 2022). The main purpose of student called "service-loans" (Ciller 2015). Ekpo
loans, or educational credit, is to provide & Okpa (2017) Student loans, or
access for students to capital funds, to educational credit, like other forms of
enable them to finance all, or part of, the financial aid for students which may be
costs of their education, by borrowing, called grants, scholarships, bursaries,
while they are studying, and to repay this, awards, fellowships, or may consist of
at a later date. The terms "student loans" or subsidised work opportunities, as in the
"educational credit" refer to a system of College-Work-Study Program in the USA,
financial aid for students which entails a are primarily intended to provide students
repayment obligation, on the part of the with financial assistance towards the costs
student, but this obligation may take of tuition or maintenance. However, the
different forms. In most cases the debt must fundamental difference between loans and
be repaid, either with or without interest, in grants is that students must repay the loan,
a given period of time, and the loan and so contribute directly to the cost of
therefore resembles a mortgage. In some their education, out of their subsequent
cases the length of time of repayment may earnings. Thus, a loan scheme involves less
be varied, and the installments may not be financial burden for the government, and
of equal size. Alternatively a student may ultimately the taxpayer, than a system of
undertake to repay the debt by means of a grants or scholarships.
fixed proportion of his or her future salary,
an "income-contingent loan"(Halidu, 2022).

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In some cases a student loan of basic education system. Education at the

program may simply be intended to primary level is considered as a social
overcome financial barriers to access, and service that must be provided to citizens at
imperfections in the capital market which affordable rate (Angela, 2020). Children as
make it difficult for students or their future leaders are the focus of development
parents to obtain loans from commercial programmes of all progressive and forward
banks, because of the riskiness of the looking governments. As pointed out by
investment, the long period of the loan, or Palmer (2017), the benefits of education in
shortages of capital. An example of this enhancing productivity is more glaring
kind of program is the recent introduction when there exist a dynamic and supportive
of PLUS loans in the USA. The acronym environment around education. Although
stands for Parents' Loans for Undergraduate the development of primary education is the
Study, though PLUS loans are also responsibility of government, Non-
available for postgraduate students. Under Government Organizations (NGOs) play
this program commercial banks provide vital supportive role in complimenting
loans to students who do not qualify for government efforts. This is inevitable in
subsidized loans under Federal or State developing countries where resources
government loan programs. In most available to government are inadequate to
countries, however, student loan programs take care of delivery of social services.
are not simply intended to overcome capital Badu & Parker (2021) in a study conducted
market imperfections, but to provide loans in Ghana, observed that, the World Bank's
on favourable terms, usually involving. a assessment of its role in improving
subsidy. The purpose of the subsidy may be educational access and quality in Nigeria
to encourage higher education enrolment on through its support (working through
manpower grounds, or to increase equality NGOs) in 2005 and 2015 reforms was
of opportunity, on equity grounds (Anila, generally positive. It concluded that its
2016). contributions have led to “reversing the
deterioration of the educational system in
THE ROLE NGOs IN FINANCING
some parts of the country.
EDUCATION IN NIGERIA
In Nigeria the situation pictures
The success of higher education in
various scenarios. For example Jumare
any nation depends on the efficient nature

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(2019) observed that NGOs in Nigeria that will help develop the education
concentrated most of their activities on sector as well as setting up these
education through functional education for ideas as models. For example model
adults, both men and women. They have schools are built where quality is
been particularly working on secondary projected for all to see.
school drop outs. Unfortunately roles of
3. Facilitating Communication:
NGOs are not defined in most African
NGOs are seen as a bridging gap
countries. In the same vain NGOs in
between government and the
Nigeria have no assigned role that is backed
primary school system. This is so in
up by law, thus NGOs working in the
that NGOs communicate
education sector are guided by the general
government policies better to
rules guiding operations of an NGO.
schools and also communicate
These roles as elaborated by Togbolo challenges of schools back to the
(2022) includes the following: government.

1. Development and Operation of

Infrastructure: Infrastructure
4. Technical Assistance and
provision is a major gap in
Training: NGOs provide assistance
educational development in Nigeria.
to fill the gap in technical matters.
It is very clear that government
For example they employ teachers
alone cannot shoulder this
and send them to schools where
responsibility. Thus development
they don't have enough. Also they
partners (NGOs) come in to help.
help in training and retraining of
Infrastructures provided range from
teachers. 5. Research Monitoring
building class room blocks, to
and Evaluation: NGOs works are
provision of electronic materials and
centered mainly on ensuring that a
among others.
programmes action plan or
2. Supporting Innovation, government policies are followed up
Demonstration and Pilot Projects: to achieve its desired objectives.
NGOs are saddled with the This also ensures the judicious use
responsibility of bringing up ideas of funds. 6. Advocacy for and with

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the Poor: this forms the bulk of the wastages and leakages there by overriding
work for most NGOs. This has to do macroeconomic conditions that have
with advocacy on equity and access determined the fate of the sector and where
to education for all especially at the the economy is not growing at a reasonable
basic education level. high and sustainable rate, it will not have
the resources to fund a largely – social
5 Research Monitoring and
service sector such as education in Nigeria
Evaluation: NGOs are centered
with a high population growth rate,
mainly on ensuring that a
lackluster growth rate of the GDP would
programmes action plan or
imply severe resource constraints, which
government policies are followed up
could lead to the poor resourcing of social
to achieve it desired objectives.
sector such as education (Debie,2019).
They also ensure the judicious use
of funds. CONCLUSION

6 Advocacy for and with the poor: In conclusion, while the government
This forms the bulk of the work for is the primary source of funding for
most NGOs. This has to do with education in Nigeria, the amount allocated
advocacy on equity and access to is often inadequate to meet the needs of the
education for all especially at the sector. The government needs to prioritize
basic education levels education and increase funding to ensure
that every Nigerian has access to quality
CHALLENGES OF FUNDING
education. The financial constraints in the
EDUCATION IN NIGERIA
country have negatively impacted
The challenges of Nigeria education. Government alone may not be
education sector in general and its funding able to fund education effectively and
in particular could be traced to policy and efficiently due to the economic situation in
strategy instability and inconsistency, Nigeria. To sustain education in the
inefficient management, lack of country, all stakeholders must be involved,
coordination among government, the parents and guardians, the society in
inadequate statistical data, political general, the private sector and non-
instability, lack of political commitment, governmental agencies.
corruption, politicization of education,

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