Unit 2 long question/Answers

Q1. In what ways did the Lucknow Pact address the concerns and demands of both the congress and
Muslim League?

Ans. The Lucknow pact of 1916 was a significance agreement between the Indian National Congress and
the All India Muslim League. The Pact address several concerns and demands of both parties, fostering a
sense of unity and cooperation between Hindus and Muslim League.

Here’s how it address the concern and demands of both the Congress and The Muslim League.

For the Indian National Congress:

1. Unified front for British Rule:
The Lucknow Pact helped in unifying the two major communities Hindus and Muslims.
2. Increased representation:
This Pact was a key demand of the congress to increase representation in the legislative
councils which was a key demand of the Congress.

For the All India Muslim League.

.1 Separate electorate:
The Pact confirmed the continuation of separate electorate for Muslims, ensuring Muslims
could elect their own representative.
2. Representation in Legislative:
The pact guaranteed a specific proportion of seats for Muslims in the legislative councils.
Common Benefits:
Home rule and self –Government:
1. This Pact fulfilled the demand of both the Congress and All India Muslim league for more
Indian control over legislative process was step towards this goal
2. Reduction of British Control:
Despite their internal differences, Both Parties united for common causes aimed to reduce
British dominance and interference in India politic affairs.
3. Foundation for future cooperation:
It showed that Hindu- Muslim unity was possible and that both groups could negotiate at
mutual agreement for the greater good of India.
 Conclusion:
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was a landmark agreement that address Key concerns of both the
Congress and League that helped to bridge communal divides and bolstered the Indian
independence movement and set an example of future cooperation.
Q2. How did the Khilafat movement evolve, and what were its primary goals?
Ans. The Khilafat Movement, which took place in India from1919 to 1924, was significant
political and religious movement initiated by the Indian Muslims .The movement aimed to
protect the Ottoman Khilafat and dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire by the Allied forces
after World War I.
Primary goals:
There were three main demands or objectives of this movement.
1. The Turkish Khilafat should be abolished.
2. Muslim sacred places should not be disrespected.
3. The territories that were under Turkey’s control before the start of the war must not be
taken away from Turkey.
Evolution of the Khilafat Movement:
The movement began as a reaction against allied forces that proposed the division of the
Ottoman Empire and the abolition of the Khilafat.
Indian Muslim leader including Shokat Ali, Mohammad Ali, Maulana Abdul Bari. Hakeem Ajmal
Khan, Dr. Mukhtar Ansari and Barrister Jan Mohammad Junejo were prominent leaders of the
Khilafat movement. They organized rallies and protest to emphasize the Khilafat institution to
the British government.
A delegation, comprising Syed Hayat, Syed Suleman Nadvi and Mohammad Ali Jauhar was sent
to England to highlight the issue .Unfortunately the delegation return failure due to attitude of
the British government that was not favorable towards the Turkish issue.
Gandhi’s Role and the Hindu-Muslim unity:
Gandhi’s a prominent Hindu leader, joined the Khilafat movement and earned respect from the
Muslim community. During this movement Gandhi advised the Muslims to launch the Non-
cooperation movement urging to boycott British goods and courts, resign from government
jobs abstain from attending educational institutions and renounce their titles.
However this movement faced many challenges including repression by the British
government .Gandhi also decide to call of the Khilafat Movement due to Mopla’s rebellion and
chauri chaura incident. The Muslim Turkish Leader Mustafa Kamal Ataturk abolished the
Khilafat in 1924 and established a democratic government that ended the movement.
Q3. In what extent did the congress ministries seek revenge against Muslims and, what were
the consequences of their actions?
Ans.Introduction:
Under the Government act of India act 1935, provincial assembly elections were held in 1937.
Congress formed provincial ministries in 8 out of 11 provinces .However the ,the Muslim
League was unable to establish a ministry in any provinces. Shortly after the formation of
ministries in 8 provinces, the congress started actions against Muslims, as detailed below.
Hoist of the party flag:
When the Congress ministries had been formed in 8 provinces, the congress issued instruction
to government officials to hoist the Congress flags on government buildings.
Bande Matram Anthem:
Bande matram was a song taken from a novel ‘anandamath”that portray negative image of
Muslims and advocated the expulsion of Muslims from Hindustan, the congress declared a
”Bande Matram as the national anthem and in every governmental institutions must start with
its recitation.
Widdia mandir scheme:
It was a new education scheme introduced in provinces. The aim of the scheme was to erase
Muslim culture and intended to convert Muslims into Hinduism and was implemented in all
educational institutions. Students were forced to pay homage to Gandhi’s picture every day
during their school assemblies.
Wardah Scheme:
The main purpose of this scheme was to instill respect in the minds of young students for Hindu
heroes and religious Leaders. The scheme was designed to create the sense that there was only
one nation in India .It was intentionally introduces to convert Muslims into Hinduism.
Attacks on Muslims:
Attacks on Muslims become troubling routine in the provinces under the congress party’s rule.
Muslims were also forced to abandon their religion and allegiance to any party other than the
League.
The Resignations of the Congress Ministries and the day of Deliverance:
In November 1939 Congress ministries gave their resignations from provincial assemblies
because ww2began and British government called upon Indians for their support. Congress
announced it would not cooperate with the government and gave their resignations from
provincial assemblies’ .Quaid’s appealed Muslims to peacefully observe the day of Deliverance
on Dec.1939.
In summary, the period of Congress ministries from 1937 to 1939 was marked by significant
political development in India .Muslims faced biases and marginalization under these ministries
that mobilized the Muslims for the demand of separate state.

Q4.What were the basic principles and demands outlined the Lahore resolution?
Ans. The Lahore resolution also known as the Pakistan resolution, was passed on March23,
1940 during the annual session of the All-India Muslim League held in Lahore .It laid down the
the foundation principles of the creation of Pakistan.
The key demands and principles outlined in the resolution were:
Two nation theory:
The resolution called for the creation of independent states, Quaid said that it was untrue to
think that only one nation resided in India. There were two nations: Muslims and Hindus, and
they belong to different civilizations with differing worship styles. Despite living together in
India for centuries, each remained its separate identity and did not mix with other.
Independent states:
The resolution demand for the independent states in the northwestern and eastern zones of
India, where the Muslim were in the majority. These states would be autonomous and
sovereign.
Territorial readjustment:
It emphasized the need for territorial readjustment to separate the Muslim-majority regions
from the rest of India where Muslim could live without the interference from the Hindu-
majority areas.
Safeguarding the Muslim interest:
The resolution highlighted the necessity to safeguard the political, religious cultural, economic,
and social rights and interest of Muslims in India.
Protection of Minorities:
It also stressed that adequate and effective safeguards should be provided for the protection of
minorities within the proposed Muslim-majority regions, ensuring their rights and interest were
preserved.
Conclusion:
However in this resolution the League shift its demand for separate electorates and safeguards
within a united India to demand for the independent sovereign Muslim state .This resolution
paves the way for the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Q5. What were the important clauses of the 3rd June plan 1947 that paved the way for partition
of India?
Ans.Introduction:
The” third June plan “refers to the Mountbatten plan, formally announced on June 1947.This
plan outlined the process for the partition of British India into two dominions: India and
Pakistan. It was proposed by Lord Mountbatten, the last viceroy of India.
The key clauses of the 3rd June plan that paved the way for partition are given below:

1. Legislative assembly votes for Punjab, Bengal:

Provincial legislative assemblies in Punjab and Bengal would vote on whether they want to join
Pakistan or India.

2. Referendum:
A referendum would be held in the North- West Frontier province.

3. Sylhet district in Assam:

A Referendum would be held in the District Sylhet in Assam province to
determine the willingness of the people to join Pakistan or India.
4. Sindh vote for accession:
Sindh assembly would decide whether it wanted to join Pakistan or India.

5. Balochistan’s accession:
Balochistan royal Jirga and Quetta Municipal Corporation would decide their future.

6. Princely states:
The princely state were given the option to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent.

7. Independence Date:
The plan set a timeline for the transfer of power with independence to be granted no later than
August 1947.

8. Government of India act 1935:

The government of India act would be implemented as the interim constitution in India and
Pakistan.
These clauses set as the framework for the swift and somewhat chaotic partition process.
However, The 3rd June plan led to the creation of the sovereign nations of India and Pakistan
based on the religious majorities (Hindus in India and Muslims in Pakistan).

Unit 3 long questions/answers:

Q1.What is the strategic importance of Pakistan’s relation to Afghanistan, central Asia, the
Middle East and East Asia?
Ans.44 and 45.heading SIGNIFICANCE OF PAKISTAN’S LOCATION. From point i.ii,iii,iv and also
CPEC

Q3.Explain reasons for the significance of Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan.

Gilgit-Baltistan, a region located in the northern part of Pakistan, holds significant strategic,
economic, and cultural importance.
1. Strategic importance: Gilgit Baltistan is a region which is located in the northern Mountains.
Borders China, Afghanistan, and India, making it a strategically critical area for Pakistan. It serve
as a gateway to the Karakoram Mountain.
2. China Pakistan Economic Corridor. (CPEC):
The region is a vital part of CPEC that aims to connect Gwadar Port in Pakistan to Xinjiang in
China. This project is significance for regional connectivity and economic growth.
3. Natural Resources:
Gilgit-Baltistan is rich in minerals gemstones, and hydropower potentials that boost the local
and national economy.
4. Tourism:
Home to some of the world’s highest peaks, including K2, and numerous glaciers, Gilgit
Baltistan attracts mountaineers and tourist, contributing to the local economy.
5. Historical sites:
Gilgit Baltistan host several historical sites, including ancient Buddhist rock carving and fort.
6. Environmental Importance:
The region has some of the largest glaciers which are crucial for the water supply in
Pakistan. These glaciers feed into the Indus River, vital for agricultural and drinking water.

Gilgit Baltistan’s combination of strategic location, natural resources, cultural heritage, and
Environmental significance makes it pivotal region for Pakistan
and the borders of South Asian region.
Q4.How do Pakistan and China strengthen their relationship through their geographical
location?

Ans.Pakiistan and China strengthen their relationship through their geographical location in
several key ways:
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
CPEC is a massive infrastructure project that includes Highways, railways and pipelines. It links
China’s Xinjiang province with Pakistan’s Gwadar port, providing china with direct access to the
Arabian Sea, and facilitating trade and energy routes.
Military Cooperation:
The geographical contiguity facilitates joint military exercises and cooperation. The Karakoram
Highway, which connects the two countries through the Karakoram mountain range, is avital
route for military logistic and Movement.
Cultural and Educational Exchange:
Geographical closeness fosters people –to people connections through educational exchanges.
Tourism and cultural cooperation’s which further solidifies bilateral ties.
Regional stability:
Their geographical closeness allows them to coordinate policies and strategies over regional
security, with regards to Afghanistan and the influence of other major powers in South
Asia .Their geographical closeness allows them to coordinate policies and strategies more
effectively.
Energy security:
The geographical closeness allows for the construction of energy pipelines from the Middle East
to china through Pakistan. This provides to China short supply roots and reducing its reliance
on longer and riskier maritime routes.
Economic Interdependence:
Proximity reduces transportation costs and time for goods traded between the two countries
boosting economic interdependence.
Overall, the geographical proximity between Pakistan and China plays a fundamental role in
strengthening their economic, strategic, and military partnership fostering a robust bilateral
relationship.

Q.5.What are the factors that make Lahore an important city of Pakistan?
Ans.Lahore, the capital city of the Punjab is city of cultural, historical and economic center. Here
are the some significance of the city as under.
Mughal architecture:
Many historical buildings are located in this city such as the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort,
Shalimar Garden and several other Mughal –era monuments.
Cultural importance:
Lahore is known as the cultural heart of Pakistan with vibrant arts and music and literacy scene.
Festival and Events:
The city celebrated numerous cultural festivals, including Basant and various music and theater
performance.
Economic Role:
Commercial center: Lahore is a major commercial and financial hub in Pakistan, contributing
significantly to the national economy. It is also a major commercial and industrial center for
manufacturing, particularly in the textile, food processing, and engineering. Sectors.
Industrial growth:
 The city has diverse industrial base, including manufacturing, information technology, and
service
Tourist Attractions:
Lahore attracts tourists from around the world, eager to explore its historical sites delightful
foods and bustling bazars.
Culinary delights:
The city is famous for its traditional Pakistani dishes and street foods.
Educational Hub:
Some most prestigious institutions are situated in this city, Such as the University of Punjab,
Lahore University of Management Sciences (Lums).and King Edward Medical University.
Political Influence:
As the capital of Punjab, Lahore plays crucial role in the politics of Pakistan. It has been the
birthplace and stronghold of various political movements and parties.
Strategic Locations:
As it located near the India Pakistan border serves as critical point of trade and diplomatic
relations between the two countries.
In summary Lahore is the center of food and culture .It is also the hub of education,
archeological sites, fashion and commerce and trades and it is strategically important, sharing
the border with India.

Short Question/Answer unit 3

Q1.Describe the geographical location of Pakistan.
Ans.Pakiistan is located in South Asia with a land area of 790,096 km2.It is 1,600 km long from
north to south and 855 km wide from east to west. It is located between the latitude of 24
degree N and 37 N and extends from longitudes61 E to &77 degree Pakistan shares its
international border with India to the East. China lies to the North east. The western border
with Afghanistan is established along the 2,611 km long Durand line. In the Southwest, Pakistan
shares border with the Islamic republic of Iran.