Unit-III: Images

LAXMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARIGAM

DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
CLASS: D.VOC. 3RD YEAR 2023-24
SEM : 6

Subject: Multimedia tools and Applications

Subject code: 1260204
By: Simu M.Jadav
 UNIT-III: IMAGES
Outline
Importance of Images Graphics in Multimedia.
Vector and Raster Graphics
Regular Graphics vs. Interlaced Graphics
Image Capturing Methods
Scanner
Digital Camera Etc.
Color models
RGB
CYMK
Hue, Saturation and Brightness
Various Attributes of Images
Size
Color
Depth Etc
 UNIT-III: IMAGES
Outline
Various Image File Format
BMP
DIB
CIF
PIC
TIF
Image format conversion
Various effects on images.
Create images using
Photoshop
CorelDraw
Apply various effects
Layers
Channels
Masks
Introduction of Image
Image is Visual Representation of the Something.
• The introduction of the apple Macintosh computer and the Microsoft windows program
changed the way we worked with computers. Using a mouse and a desktop; we click on
icons and drop down menus, drag folder and resize windows.
• We are accustomed to working with graphical images on the screen and, in fact, expect to
see them.
• Graphics such as drawings and photographs are integral to multimedia titles.
• Visualization is an important part of the communications process.
• Graphical images can be used to add emphasis, direct attention, illustrate concepts and
provide a background for the content.
• It is said that a picture is worth of thousand words of text.
 Graphics
• Graphics is a digital representation of non-text information.
• Such as a drawing, chart or Photograph, Pictures, 3D pictures ,Background , Button,
Charts, Flow charts ,Organization charts . It is also called a digital picture or image, and
contains no movement or Animation.
Importance of Images Graphics in Multimedia.
 Image is more important in every day in life .
 It Save Over Time In Selection of Something.
 Use of Graphic:
• Web Designing
• Education
• Business
• Entertainment
• At Home
• Medical and Engineering
• Research
Creation of multimedia images:
• Images obviously play a very important role in multimedia products
• Images may be photograph-like bitmaps, vector-based drawings, or 3D renderings
• The type of still images created depends on the display resolution, and hardware and
software capabilities.
• Access to the right tools and right hardware for image development is important! –
• E.g., graphic designers like to have large, high-resolution monitors or multiple monitors
Images Types of Still Images
• Still images are generated in two ways: –
• Bitmaps (or raster-based) . –
• Vector-drawn graphics.
Vector and raster graphics
 There are two categories of graphics:
1.Draw-type and bitmaps.
2.Draw-type vector graphics,
 Bitmap / raster graphics
• A bitmap is a simple information matrix describing the individual dots that are the
smallest elements of resolution on a computer screen or other display or printing
device.
• In other words, bitmap are made up of pixels in a grid.
• Bitmap images are pixel-based.
• Bitmaps are used for photo-realistic images and for complex drawing requiring fine
detail.
• Bitmap images are resolution dependent.
• The screen is made up of a grid, and each part of the grid is a picture element.
• Color information, called color dept, is recorded for each pixel.
• Depending on the number of colors used, a bitmap file can be relatively small.
Vector and raster graphics Count…
 Bitmaps are best for photo-realistic images or • GIF is normally used for diagrams,
complex drawings requiring fine detail. buttons, etc.,
• That have a small number of colours
• It is also suitable for simple animation
because it supports interlaced images.

 Bitmaps picture and their suitability of use:-

• Use the native Microsoft bmp format as a raw
image that will later be processed. It faster to
process.
• PNG is almost equal to gif except that it
• Use JPEG, for photo sharing on the web didn’t support the animation format.
because of its size and quality.
Vector and raster graphics Count…
 Bitmaps Bitmaps can be inserted by: –
Using clip art galleries.
• Using bitmap software.
• Capturing and editing images.
• Scanning images.
Using Bitmap Software
• The industry standard for bitmap painting and editing programs are:
• Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator.
• Macromedia's Fireworks.
• Corel's Painter.
• CorelDraw.
• Quark Express.
Vector and raster graphics Count…
 Vector graphics
• Vector graphics, represent an image as a geometric shape made up of straight line, ovals
and arcs.
• If a change is made, say, in the size of the circle, the relationship between the circle and the
lines stays the same as the original graphics. Vector graphics is the creation of digital
images through a sequence of commands.
• mathematical Statements that place lines and shapes in a given two-dimensional or three -
dimensional space.
• Vector-based images are mathematically-based.
• Vector-drawn objects are used for lines, boxes, circles, polygons, and other graphic shapes
that can be mathematically expressed in angles, coordinates, and distances.
• Vector-based images are resolution independent.
Vector and raster graphics Count…
 Applications of vector-drawn
• Vector-drawn images : Created from
geometric objects such as lines,
rectangles, ovals, polygons using
mathematical formulas
• Vector-drawn images are used in the
following areas:
• computer-aided design (CAD) programs.
 Example
• Graphic artists designing for the print
media. • RECT 0,0,200,300,RED,BLUE says
• 3-d animation programs. • ―Draw a rectangle starting at 0,0 (upper
left corner of screen) going 200 pixels
• Applications requiring drawing of
horizontally right and 300 pixels
graphic shapes.
downward, with a RED boundary and
 How vector-drawn images work filled with BLUE.‖
• A vector is a line that is described by the
location of location of its two endpoints.
• Vector drawing makes use of cartesian
co-ordinates.
• Cartesian coordinates are numbers that
describe a point in two or three-
dimensional space as the intersection of
x, y, and z axis.
Vector and raster graphics Count…
 Vector graphics
Advantages of draw-type graphics.
• The ability to resize and rotate a graphic without distortion.
• Their smaller file size. Because these graphics are stored as sets of
instructions.
• The file sizes can be significantly smaller than bitmaps.
Disadvantages of draw-type graphics
• The draw-type graphics is that the more complex.
• The file size is larger and the longer they take to appear on the screen.
• They cannot display photorealistic quality.
Difference between bitmap v/s vectors based graphics

Bitmap/Raster Vectors
• Pixel Based • Mathematical based
• More realistic Image • Graphics are not Realistic
• Bigger file Size • Small file size
• No Distortion Problem(Can resize image)
• Suffer from distortion Problem
• Easily Scalable due to its use of
• Not Easily Scalable Mathematics formula
• Difficult to convert to Vector Graphics • Can be converted to bitmap image easily
 3-D Drawing and Rendering
• 3D graphics tools, such as Macromedia Extreme3D, or Form-Z, typically extend vector-
drawn graphics in 3 dimensions (x, y and z) X y Z

• A 3D scene consist of object that in turn contain many small elements, such as blocks,
cylinders, spheres or cones (described in terms of vector graphics)
• The more elements, the finer the object’s resolution and smoothness.
 3-D Drawing and Rendering
• Objects as a whole have properties such as shape, color, texture, shading & location.
• A 3D application lets you model an object’s shape, then render it completely.
 Features of a 3-D Application
 Modeling involves drawing a shape, such • Rendering : produces a final output of a
as a 2D letter, then extruding it or lathing scene and is more compute-intensive.
it into a third dimension.
• extruding : extending its shape along
a defined path
• lathing : rotating a profile of the shape
around a defined axis
• Modeling also deals with lighting,
setting a camera view to project
shadows.

 3-D Animation Tools

• 3-D animation, drawing, and rendering
tools
• include: –
• Ray Dream Designer.
• Caligari True Space 2.
• Specular Infini-D.
• Form*Z.
Regular Graphics vs. Interlaced Graphics
 Regular Graphics:
• Regular graphics, also known as progressive scan or non-interlaced graphics.
• It refer to a method of displaying images or video frames.
• where the entire image is displayed in a single pass, line by line, from top to bottom.
• In regular graphics, each frame of the image or video is displayed progressively, meaning
that all the lines are drawn sequentially from the top of the screen to the bottom.
• This method of display provides a smoother and more stable image, particularly for still
images and slow-moving video content.
• Regular graphics are commonly used in modern digital displays, such as LCD monitors,
computer screens, and digital projectors.
 Interlaced Graphics:
• Interlaced graphics involve displaying images or video frames by alternating between
displaying the odd-numbered lines and even-numbered lines of the image in two separate
passes.
• In interlaced graphics, the first pass draws all the odd-numbered lines (1, 3, 5, etc.),
followed by a second pass that draws all the even-numbered lines (2, 4, 6, etc.).
• This method was originally developed to improve the perceived smoothness of motion in
video content while reducing bandwidth requirements.
• Interlaced graphics were commonly used in older cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions and
some early computer monitors.
• However, interlaced graphics can sometimes result in visual artifacts such as flickering,
jagged edges, and motion blur, particularly in fast-moving or high-resolution content.
Regular Graphics vs. Interlaced Graphics Count..
Capturing and Editing
• Images Capturing and Editing Images
• Capturing and storing images directly from the screen is another way to assemble images for
multimedia.
• The PRINT SCREENPRINT SCREEN button in Windows and OMMAND-CONTROL-
SHIFT-4COMMAND-CONTROL-SHIFT-4 keystroke on the Macintosh copies the screen
image to the clipboard.
Clipboard :
• A temporary memory to store the COPY, CUTCOPY, CUT and PASTEPASTE data
• Images Capturing and Editing Images Image editing programs enable the user to:
• Enhance and make composite images.
• Alter and distort images.
• Add and delete elements.
• Morph (manipulate still images to create animated transformations).
• High Resolution Image : based on dot per inch (dpi) & effect file
Capturing and Editing Count…
 Low resolution photo  High resolution photo
• Any pictures found on the web normally are • A high resolution picture is determined by
low resolution and not suitable for print its number of pixels; more pixels improves
quality. the sharpness of the picture
• A picture that is low-resolution cannot be • This is print quality
made into a high resolution photo .
Capturing and Editing Count…
 Scanning Images  Example of Morphing
• Users can scan images from conventional
sources and make necessary alterations
and manipulations.

 Example of Morphing
Image Capturing Methods
• Types of Image Capturing Methods:
1. Scanner
2. Digital Camera
1. Scanner:
• Scanners are devices that create digital images from physical documents or images.
• They work by passing a light source over the document or image and detecting the
reflected light with a sensor.
• Scanners come in various types, including flatbed scanners (which have a flat glass surface
for placing documents) and sheet-fed scanners (which automatically feed documents
through the device).
• They are commonly used for digitizing photographs, artwork, documents, and other printed
materials.
Types of Scanner
1. Handheld Scanners:
• It is portable devices that can be moved manually over a document or image to capture a
digital copy. They typically feature a scanning head and sensors enclosed in a handheld unit,
which is moved steadily across the surface of the document or image.
• Best Use: It is use for capturing images of large or bulky items that cannot be easily
transported to a flatbed scanner.
• They are also handy for capturing images in remote locations or in situations where a
traditional scanner is not available.
2. Flatbed Scanners:
• It is the most common type of scanner. They feature a flat, glass surface onto which
documents or images are placed for scanning.
• They work by moving a scanning head beneath the glass while illuminating the document
from below and capturing the reflected light with sensors.
• Best Use: Flatbed scanners are ideal for scanning documents, photographs, artwork, and
other flat items that can be placed on the scanning bed.
3. Sheet-fed Scanners:
• Sheet-fed scanners are designed to automatically feed individual sheets of paper or
documents through the scanner.
• They typically have a feeder mechanism that pulls in documents one by one and scans them
as they pass through the device.
• Best Use : for scanning multiple documents quickly and efficiently, making them ideal for
digitizing large volumes of paper documents, such as in office environments or document
management systems.
Types of Scanner Count…
4. Photo Scanners:
• Description: Photo scanners are specialized scanners designed specifically for scanning
photographs and slides.
• Functionality: They often have higher resolution and color depth capabilities than standard
scanners to capture fine details and colors accurately.
• Best Use Cases: Photo scanners are used by photographers, archivists, and individuals who
need to digitize and preserve old photographs, slides, negatives, and other photographic
materials.
5. 3D Scanners:
• 3D scanners capture three-dimensional models of objects or environments.
• They are used in various multimedia applications, including animation, virtual reality,
archaeology, engineering, and manufacturing.
Image Capturing Methods Count…
2. Digital Camera
• A Digital camera is a similar to a traditional film based camera, but it captures Images
digitally.
• When you take a picture from digital camera the image is recorded by a sensor called a
―charged coupled device ― or CCD,CMOS(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)
• Digital cameras capture images electronically using an image sensor.
• Instead of saving the picture on analog film like traditional cameras.
• Digital cameras Save a Photos in Digital Memory.
• Some Digital camera have built in memory.
 Process of Digital Camera:
• Lite Enter the Camera through a lens,
• And sensor captures the light
• Converting into digital data
• The camera’s Processor the processor then Processes this data to create the find image.
 They come in various forms including:
1. Compact Digital Cameras: Also known as point-and-shoot cameras, these are small,
portable, and easy to use.
2. Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) Cameras: These offer interchangeable lenses and
manual controls, providing greater flexibility and control over image capture.
Image Capturing Methods Count…
3. Mirrorless Cameras: Similar to DSLRs but without the mirror mechanism, making them
smaller and lighter.
4. Smartphone Cameras: Most modern smartphones are equipped with built-in cameras
capable of capturing high-quality images, offering convenience for everyday photography.
3. Webcams:
• Webcams are cameras specifically designed for capturing video or still images for real-time
communication over the internet.
• They are commonly integrated into laptops, computer monitors, or external devices.
4. CCTV Cameras:
• Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras are used for surveillance and security purposes,
capturing video images of specific areas.
• They are commonly used in public spaces, businesses, homes, and government facilities.
5. Action Cameras:
• These are small, rugged cameras designed for capturing action-packed footage in extreme
conditions.
• They are often used in sports, outdoor activities, and adventure filmmaking.
6. Document Cameras:
• Also known as visualizers or digital presenters, these cameras are specifically designed for
capturing documents, books, or 3D objects and displaying them in real-time on a screen or
projector.
Introduction to Color Modes
• The color mode of an image specifies which basic set of colors is used to make up an
image.
• Some common basic sets of colors used to make up full-color images are Red, Green, and
Blue (RGB mode) and Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black (CMYK mode; Black is
represented by the letter K).
• You can specify the color mode in the Image → Mode menu.
• Colors within most color modes are stored in color channels. You can view the channels in
the Channels palette.
 Different ways of representing information about color.
• Models used to specify color in computer terms are:
• RGB model - A 24-bit methodology where color is specified in terms of red, green, and
blue values ranging from 0 to 255.
• HSB and HSL models – Color is specified as an angle from 0 to 360 degrees on a color
wheel.
• Other models include CMYK, CIE, YIQ, YUV, and YCC.
Color models:
1. RGB
2. CYMK
3. Hue, Saturation and Brightness
RGB color mode:
• Red, Green, and Blue are used to make
up the image's color. RGB is often
called "additive color".
• Tonal values range from 0 (black) to
255 (white), for each of the three
colors.
• RGB mode see Figure is used to
display images on-screen because
monitors use Red, Green, and Blue
light to display color.
• This color mode is used by all monitors
and works by combining specific
amounts of red, green and blue per
pixel to create an image. It is also
commonly used when color-correcting
images.
CMYK color mode:
• Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black are used
to make up the image's color. CMYK is
often called "subtractive color."
• Tonal values range from 0 percent (no
color) to 100 percent (maximum amount of
color) for each of the four colors.
• Four channels: Cyan (C ), magenta (M),
yellow (Y) and black (K)
• Based on light-absorbing quality of ink
printed on paper • In theory, pure colors should produce black,
• CMYK mode is used when printing but printing inks contain impurities, so this
images with Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and combination produces muddy brown
Black inks. • K is needed to produce pure black, hence
• This is the color model used by four-color CMYK is four-color process printing
printing presses and is also the basis for
inkjet printing systems. It is designed for
physical mediums like paper.
Hue, Saturation and Brightness
• Based on the human perception of color, the
HSB model describes three fundamental In common use, hue is identified by the
characteristics of color: name of the color, such as red, orange or
 HSB and HSL Color: green.
• Based on human perception of color, three
fundamental properties of color:
• Hue: angle of 0 -360 degrees
• Saturation: intensity of color (%)
• Brightness / Lightness :relative lightness
or darkness of color (%)
 Hue:
• Changes the color. For example, you can
change a blue sky (and all other blue
objects) from cyan to purple.
• Color reflected from or transmitted
through an object.
• It is measured as a location on the
standard color wheel, expressed as a Hue - color reflected from or transmitted
degree between 0° and 360°. through an object, measured on color
wheel
Hue, Saturation and Brightness Count…
 Saturation:
• Changes the purity of the color. For
example, you can change a blue sky from
gray to highly saturated blue.
• Strength or purity of the color (sometimes
called chroma).
• Saturation represents the amount of gray in
proportion to the hue, measured as a
percentage from 0% (gray) to 100% (fully
saturated).
• On the standard color wheel, saturation
increases from the center to the edge.  Brightness
• Brightness (Luminance):
• Changes the brightness of the color
range.
• Relative lightness or darkness of the
color usually measured as a percentage
from 0% (black) to
• 100% (white).
Image resolution
• The resolution of an image is determined by the number of individually addressable points that
make
• up the image, whether it is the number of pixels that make up a screen image.
• Computer display screens are made up of a grid of thousands of pixels.
• The number of pixels that they can display per inch (dpi) or ppi, gives us the information we
need for
• determining the size or image resolution our bitmap graphics should have.
Various Attributes of Images
 Size
 Color
 Depth Etc
Various attributes of images
 Size:
• The digital size of an image, measured in kilobytes (K), megabytes (MB), or gigabytes
(GB).
• File size is proportional to the pixel dimensions of the image.
• Images with more pixels may produce more detail at a given printed size, but they need
more disk space to store and may be slower to edit and print.
• For instance, a l-by-1-inch, 200 dpi image contains four times as many pixels as a l-by-1-
inch, l00-dpi image and so has four times the file size.
• Image resolution thus becomes a compromise between image quality (capturing all the data
you need) and file size.
• Another factor that affects file size is file format--due to varying compression methods used
by gif, jpeg, and png file formats, file sizes can vary considerably for the same pixel
dimensions.
• Color bit-depth and the number of layers and channels in an image affect file size.
 Color:
• Think of a channel as analogous a plate in the printing process, with a plate applying each
layer of color.
• In addition to these default color channels, channel called alpha channels, can be added to
an image for storing and editing selections as masks
• spot color channels can be added to add spot color plates for printing.
Various attributes of images Count…
 Color:
• An image can have up to 24 channels.
• By default, bitmap-mode, grayscale, duotone, and
• Indexed-color images have one channel.
• Rgb and lab images have three;
• Cmyk images have four.
• You can add color channels to all image types except bitmap mode images.
 Depth:
• Bit depth--also called pixel depth or color depth or only depth-measures how much color
information is available to display or print each pixel in an image.
• Greater bit depth (more bits of information per pixel) means more available colors and
more accurate color representation in the digital image.
For example
• A pixel with a bit depth of 1 has two possible values: black and white.
• A pixel with a bit depth of 8 has 28, or 256, possible values.
• A pixel with a bit depth of 24 has 224, or roughly 16 million, possible values.
• Common values for bit depth range from 1 to 64 bits per pixel.
Various attributes of images Count…
 Depth
• More bits Provide more color depth, hence more photo-realism;
• But require more memory and processing power.
• Here Available binary combinations for Describing a color .
Type of color in Images
1)bit Image(1-channel -monochrom)
• Binary Image.
• Not contain color.Using for line
• Each pixel start ,as sing bit(0,1)
• 0 for Black and 1 for white
• 1 bit 21 value are color.
2)bit color image(2-channel -grayscale)
• Represent using 8 bit. 28
• Using 256 scale.Range from 0 to 256.
• 0 for Black and 256 for White.
3)24 bit color image(3-channals )
• It contains 24 bit per pixel.
• Each pixel is represented by their bytes ; usually supporting CRGB)
• (R-red ,G-green, B-blue)
• 224-16 million 216 color
• 256-Red(8-bit)*256-Green(8-bit)*256-Blue(8-bit)
Various attributes of images Count…
• Monochrome just requires one bit per pixel, • 16 bits per pixel represents 32K distinct
representing black or white. BMP-16KB colors (Most graphic chipsets now
supports the full 65536 colors and the
color green uses the extra one bit) BMP –
234 KB

• 8 bits per pixel allows 256 distinct colors

BMP – 119KB
• 24 bits per pixel allows millions of colors
• 32 bits per pixel – trillion of colors BMP
– 350KB
Sources of Graphic Images
 Clip art, stock photographs and fine arts:
• Some program com with clip art and stock photographs,
• But these are often limited or of poor quality.
• A leader in digital stock images, provides more than 50,000 photographs that can be
purchased on CD.
 Video images:
• Pictures from video sources such as vcrs, video discs and video camera can be transferred
to a computer using video capture card.
 Still images:
• Digital cameras can be used to capture images in a digital form are useful in generating
graphics.
• You can take picture as you would with any still camera. Then the camera is connected to a
computer and the images are transferred from the camera to the computer.
 Scanner images:
• Using scanner you can scan pictures from a book, magazine etc.
• You can adjust color, brightness, contrast. You can crop, zoom and rotate image.
 Screen capture program:
• Whatever graphics appear on screen can be captured in both mac and windows computers.
Various Image File Format
1. BMP format:
• Image file extension : .bmp
• BMP: bitmap file
• Develop by: Microsoft

• A bitmap file (BMP) contains an exact pixel by pixel mapping of an image.Which can then
be reconstruct the by rendering application on the display surface on an output device.
• It has large file size. It can’t be compressed.
• 24 –bit per pixel.
• It image is resized quality of image drops drastically.
• Usually present in 8 bit color images (grascal)
• Used to store bitmap digital Image.
• Bmp files are microsoft windows bitmap files. BMP file can be us a backgrounds for the
window desktop.
• BMP files are uncompressed and therefore large and lossless.
• The advantage is their simple structure and wide acceptance in Windows programs.
Various Image File Format
1.BMP format
 Features:
• Uncompressed file format
• Preserves all image data.
• It has a simple structure
• It is widely supported by windows.
 Limitations:
• Large file sizes compared to compressed formats.
• Limited support for transparency or metadata.
• Less efficient for web use due to large file sizes.
2. DIB format
• DIB (Device-Independent Bitmap or Display Independent image ) image file format, also
known as BMP (bitmap image file).
• Image file extension : .dib
• It is a raster graphics format commonly associated with microsoft windows.
• This independency serves the purpose of opening the file on multiple platforms such as
microsoft windows and mac. CorelDraw adobe illustrator
• It’s represent a bitmap image .
• Support both compressed and uncompressed images.
Various Image File Format Count…
 Color Depth:
• 1 bit to 24-bit color
• Is a raster /bitmap Image file
• DIB are binary file & Have Complex file format similar to bitmap
 Features:
• Uncompressed Format
• Device Independence
• Simple Structure
• Supports Multiple Color Depths
• Supports Metadata
 Limitations:
• Large File Sizes
• Limited Compression Options
• Limited Features
• Compatibility Issues
Various Image File Format Count…
3.CIF (Common Image Format)
• Image file Extension is:.cif
• Used in video compression application
• It is commonly associated with video than still images.
• It is used in the context of video coding, especially in the mpeg(moving picture expert
group).
 Features:
• CIF could potentially support compression to reduce file size. While maintaining image
quality. The type of compression (lossy or lossless)
• It could support various color depths.
• Allowing for a range of colors to be represented in the image.
• CIF could include metadata such as exif data,.
• CIF could support transparency or alpha channels, allowing for the creation of images with
transparent areas.
 Limitations:
• Limited software and platform support.Making it less versatile for sharing and distribution.
• More flexibility in terms of features like layers,vector graphics, or animation.
• Depending on its design goals, cif might lack some of these advanced features.
• I is use lossy compression,
• CIF images might have larger file sizes compared to more efficient formats like webp or
heif.
Various Image File Format Count…
4. PIC (Pixel Image Compression )
• Developed for Compressing Pixel data
• Utilize pixel –level compression Technique.
• It is not used widely.
 Features:
 Associated with various graphics applications like PC Paint.
 Can store both vector and bitmap images.
 May support various color depths and compression methods.
 Limitations:
• Specific characteristics can vary depending on the software used to create the PIC file.
• Limited compatibility and standardization compared to widely-used formats like JPEG or
PNG.
5. TIF/TIFF (Tagged Image File Format):
• File Extension is:.tif
• Recommended especially for text and black and white images.
• This file can be opened by many graphics Programs.
• Following for very high quality image but also longer file size.
• TIFF is a popular for high color depth images.
Various Image File Format Count…
5. TIF/TIFF (Tagged Image File Format):
• The TIFF format is a flexible format that normally saves 8 bits or 16 bits per color (red,
green, blue) for 24-bit and 48-bit totals.
• TIFF format supports CMYK, RGB, Lab, Indexed Color and Grayscale images with alpha
• channels and Bitmap mode images without alpha channels.
• TIFFS can be lossy and lossless.
• TIFF remains widely accepted as a photograph file standard in the printing business.
Features:
• Versatile image format used in professional environments.
• Supports both lossy and lossless compression methods.
• Multiple layers, various color spaces, and metadata support.
Limitations:
• Large file sizes, especially for uncompressed or losslessly compressed images.
• May not be as widely supported in web environments compared to formats like JPEG or
PNG for online use.
Raster Based Formats:
This file format fall into two categories:
 Lossy image formats (e.g., JPEG)
Have smaller file sizes but do not store a perfect copy of the image. They are best suited to
photographs and other images where perfect accuracy is not important. They are also
commonly used on the web to save bandwidth.
 Lossless image formats (e.g., PNG, BMP, and TIFF) store an exact pixel-by-pixel
representation
• Of the image, but require more space. They are more suitable for things like logos. One of
the best of these formats is PNG, which is Vector Magic's recommended bitmap format for
logos. It is widely supported and has very good compression.
1) .GIF:
• GIF stands for Graphics Interchange Format.
• GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is limited to an 8-bit palette or 256 colors.
• The GIF format is one of the most commonly used graphic file formats especially on the
• Internet.
• The GIF format supports animation and is still widely used to provide image animation
• effects.
• The compression algorithm used by GIF is called the LZW (Lempel-Zev-Welch), which
designed to minimize file size and electronic transfer time.
Raster Based Formats Count…
2).JPG/JPEG:
• JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.
• JPEG format, which supports 8-bit grayscale images and 24-bit color images.
• JPEG is the most used format for storing and transmitting photographs online.
• Maximum color range of this file format is 16.7 million.
• JPEG applies lossy compression to images, which can result in a significant reduction of
the file size.
3) .PNG:
• PNG stands for Portable Network Graphics.
• PNG is a newer format, free alternative for .gif/jpg.
• The PNG file format supports 8 bit palette images and 24 bit true color (16 million colors)
or
• 48 bit true color with and without alpha channel.
• PNG format is used for lossless compression and for display of images on the web.
• PNG images have transparency when saved, however it is not possible to have an
animation in the file like GIF.
4) .BMP:
• BMP stands for Windows bitmap.
• BMP file format handles graphics files within the Microsoft Windows OS.
• BMP files are uncompressed and therefore large and lossless.
• The advantage is their simple structure and wide acceptance in Windows programs.
Raster Based Formats Count…
5) TIFF:
• TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format.
• TIFF is a popular for high color depth images.
• The TIFF format is a flexible format that normally saves 8 bits or 16 bits per color (red,
green, blue) for 24-bit and 48-bit totals.
• TIFF format supports CMYK, RGB, Lab, Indexed Color and Grayscale images with alpha
• channels and Bitmap mode images without alpha channels.
• TIFFS can be lossy and lossless.
• TIFF remains widely accepted as a photograph file standard in the printing business.
6) .PSD:
• PSD stands for Photoshop Document.
• PSD is photoshop's own format, which can store your document in multiple layers.
• A PSD file stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop.
• These include layers with masks, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors,
clipping
• paths, and duotone settings.
Vector Based Formats:
1) .AI:
• Al stands for Adobe Illustrator.
• Industry standard used by developers of vector graphics.
• Used to create, save and archive original art work.
2) .CDR:
• CDR is the CorelDRAW native format.
• The *.CDR files contain vector images. The CDR file format is a proprietary vector file
format used by CorelDRAW and also by other Corel applications.
3) .EPS:
• EPS stands for Encapsulated PostScript.
• It is the standard interchange format in the print industry.
4) .PDF:
• PDF stands for Portable Document Format.
• Adobe's PDF format is very widely used as a general purpose platform-independent
• document format.
Vector Based Formats Count…:
5) .SVG:
• SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics.
• Inkscape and recent versions of Adobe Illustrator and CorelDRAW have good support for
• reading and writing SVG.
6) .DXF:
• DXF stands for Drawing eXchange Format.
• DXF is a file extension for a graphic image format typically used with AutoCAD
(Computer
• Assisted Drafting) software.
Image format conversion
• Image format conversion involves transforming an image from one file format to another.
 Using Software:
• Image Editing Software:
• Programs like Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, or Adobe Lightroom offer options to open
images in one format and save them in another format.
• Batch Conversion Tools: Some software tools specialize in batch conversion of images,
allowing you to convert multiple images simultaneously.
• Examples include XnConvert, IrfanView, or ImageMagick.
 Online Converters:
• CloudConvert: It is an online conversion service that supports a wide range of image
formats. You can upload your image, select the desired output format, and download the
converted file.
• It is another online conversion tool that supports image format conversion. It's easy to use
and offers options for converting multiple images at once.
Conversion of Graphics Format
• Most of the popular graphics-image editing program allow saving an image from one
format to other format.
• Example: photoshop
• To save image in different format we use file->save as command,
• When save as dialog appears we must choose file format in which we want to save.
• After specifying file name and choosing file format one more dialog box appears.
• Where we have to specify different options for chosen file format then we have to click on
ok.
Image format conversion
 Conversion of Graphics Format
Steps:
1. Choose a conversion tool.
Photoshop, onlineconvet and etc…
2. Select the image file.
3. Choose the output format
Like,JPEG,GIF,BMP,and etc..
4. Adjust settings (Optional)
5. Initiate conversion
Either save or convert button
6. Save the converted image
7. Verify the converted Image

•
Image compression
• Image compression is the minimizing the size in by it’s of a graphics file without degrading
the quality of the image to an unacceptable level.
• The reduction in file size allows more images to be stored in a given amount of disk or
memory space.
• Also reduces the time required for images to be sent over the internet or download from web
pages.
• Two most common compressed graphics image formats are the JPEG and GIF.
Image format conversion
1. Lossy Compression:
• Reduce the file size to large extend. Quality of the image also degraded but reep the
appearance of the image as intact as possible while Making the Simplification.
• We have to compromise with the quality of image.
• It restores the large file to it’s original from without loss of some data which can be
considered as not –noticeable.
• It is commonly used for compressing photographic images.
 Examples:
• JPEG: Widely used for compressing photographic images on the web, in digital
photography, and in various other applications.
• WebP: Developed by Google, WebP supports both lossy and lossless compression and
is designed to provide superior compression compared to JPEG.
2. Lossless Compression:
• It is reduce file size without sacrificing image quality.
• It is preferred when maintaining the original image quality is crucial, such as when
compressing graphics, logos, text, or images with sharp edges.
• Examples :
• PNG : Widely used for images on the web that require transparency or where lossless
compression is desired.
• GIF : Often used for simple animations, icons, and images with a limited color palette.
• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format): Commonly used in professional environments for
storing high-quality images and graphics.
Various effects on images.
1. Color Adjustments:
• Brightness/Contrast: Adjusts the overall brightness and contrast The Image lighter to
darker.
• Hue/Saturation: Changes the hue, saturation, and lightness of the colors in the image.
• Color Balance: Adjusts the balance of colors. Typically by altering the levels of red, green, and
blue. Shifting the overall color tone or adjusting the balance between different color Channels.
2. Filters:
• Blur: Out of focus effect
• Sharpen: Enhances the edges and details in the image.
• Noise Reduction: Reduces the visible noise or graininess in the image.
• Motion Blur: Creates the appearance of motion by blurring the image in a specific
direction.
3. Artistic Effects:
• Sepia: Gives the image a warm, vintage look by tinting it with sepia tones.
• Black and White: Converts the image to grayscale.
• Oil Painting: Converts the image into a digital oil painting by applying brushstroke-like
effects.
Various effects on images Count…
4. Distortion/ Transformations
• Warp/Twirl
• Rotate and flip: Changing the orientation, Horizontally and vertically
• Fish-eye: Simulates the effect of a fish-eye lens by distorting the image to appear
curved.
• Polar Coordinates: Converts the image from rectangular to polar coordinates,
creating a circular distortion effect.
5. Text and Overlays:
• Pattern Fill: Fills the image with a repeating pattern or texture.
• Watermarking: Adding semi Transparent logo or text to protect the images
copyright.
• Text Overlay: Applies a texture layer over the image to add depth and visual interest.
• Stickers or Graphic : Adding decorative elements.
6. Composite Effects:
• Layer Blending: Combines multiple images or layers using different blending modes
to create unique effects.
• Masking: Hides or reveals parts of the image based on a masking layer, allowing for
selective adjustments or effects.
Various effects on images Count…
7. Collage and Mantages:
• Collage : Multiple images in to single Composition
• Double Exposure: Overlaying two Images color
8. Gradient and color Mapping
• Gradian map: Applying color gradient to replace the existing color in an image
• Duotone: Use two colors to create a monotone image with stylish look
 Create images using CorelDRAW
• CorelDRAW is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Alludo (formerly Corel
Corporation).
• It is also the name of the Corel graphics suite, which includes the bitmap-image editor Corel
Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs (see below).
• It can serve as a digital painting platform, desktop publishing suite, and is commonly used for
production art in signmaking, vinyl and laser cutting and engraving, print-on-demand and other
industry processes.
• Reduced-feature Standard and Essentials versions are also offered
 Step-by-step guide:
1. Open CorelDRAW: Launch the CorelDRAW software on your computer.
2. Create a New Document: Go to File > New to create a new document. Set the dimensions
and other parameters according to your requirements.
3. Choose Your Tools: CorelDRAW offers various tools for drawing and designing. Some of
the basic tools you might use include the Pen tool, Shape tool, Text tool, and the Freehand
tool.
4. Draw Shapes: Use the Shape tool to draw basic shapes like rectangles, circles, ellipses,
etc. You can also use the Pen tool for more complex shapes and curves.
5. Add Color: Select the objects you've drawn and apply colors to them using the Fill tool.
You can choose from solid colors, gradients, or patterns.
Create images using CorelDRAW
6. Add Text: Use the Text tool to add text to your design. You can customize the font,
size, color, and other text properties.
7. Arrange Objects: Arrange the objects on your canvas by bringing them to the front or
sending them to the back. You can also group objects together for easier manipulation.
8. Add Effects: CorelDRAW offers various effects like drop shadows, transparency, and
blurs. Experiment with these effects to enhance your design.
9. Save Your Work: Once you're satisfied with your design, save your work by going to
File > Save or File > Export.
10. Export Your Design: If you want to use your design in other software or share it
online, you can expo rt it in different file formats like JPEG, PNG, or PDF.
 Create images using
Create images using: Photoshop
Feature of Photoshop
• Use Photoshop to color correct and sharpen scans. It Give ability to make great looking
reproductions of not-so-great looking photographs.
• After the photo is adjusted (or created) it is then imported into PageMaker or
QuarkXPress.
• Photoshop 7.0 delivers new and enhanced tools to help you accomplish your creative best.
• Sophisticated painting effects and patterns to turn your ideas into images that stand out.
• provides new controls and security settings for superior images, precise output, and
worry-free file sharing.
• Work more efficiently.
• Move files freely between Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator- layers, masks, transparency,
and compound shapes are preserved.
• Maintain rollovers and animation information when you import Photoshop files into
illustrator, and export illustrator HTML tables with CSS layers to Photoshop.
• It also allows to design and slice web page and then bring the sliced file directly into
GoLive.
 Feature of Photoshop
• Use the GoLive Smart Objects feature to generate variable designs automatically from
Photoshop templates.
• We can also drag and drop layered Photoshop files into a LiveMotion composition and
quickly converts them into animation-ready independent objects, groups, or sequences.
• Photoshop blending modes, layer masks, and effects are preserved, and the Photoshop
artwork stays editable as you animate and code.
• Include transparency information in PDF files saved out of Photoshop,add password
protection to secure your Photoshop PDF files,
• Use the Include Vector Data option to preserve text and vector graphics as resolution-
independent objects.
• Its comprehensive toolset with new capabilities. that help you meet every creative
challenge, master every production demand, and handle any image-editing task efficiently.
• With its comprehensive set of retouching, painting, drawing, and Web tools, Photoshop
helps you complete any image-editing task efficiently.
• Features like the History palette and editable layer effects, you can experiment freely
without sacrificing efficiency.
 About Photoshop
• Photoshop is the leading professional image-editing program, released by Adobe.
• Adobe Photoshop is a graphics editor that is one of the most popular programs for image
manipulation.
• Photoshop is Easy to use, but full of high-quality features, Photoshop is the best choice for
any image manipulation job.
 The Photoshop Interface
• When you start the Photoshop, then it will display below screen.
• After that you can see that there are 3 horizontal bars (Application Bar, Menu Bar, and
Options Bar) and 3 vertical "bars" (Tools Panel, Image Window, Docked Panels).
• First thing to know is that you cannot modify, move or resize using the upper 3 horizontal
bars. It can be done using 3 vertical bars.
• The menu bar consists of nine menus: File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, View,
Window, and Help.
• The toolbox contains many of the tools you will be working with in Photoshop. This
contains tools for working with images in Photoshop.
The Photoshop Interface
 What is the uses of Photoshop?
• It is use for photograph manipulation.
• It is use for Painting and drawing.
• It is use for Graphic design, illustration and page layout.
• It is use for Typography.
• It is use for Animation cells and gif animations.
• It is use for Web images.
Setting up a new Photoshop document
• To create a new document in photoshop, Do the following below steps:
 Setting up a new Photoshop document
• In the name box, type "FirstBanner". In the Image Size area, set the Width, Height and
Resolution as follows: Width=1200 Height=768 Resolution=72 dpi.
• In the Contents area, select White. Then click OK. Our new document opens with its name in
the Title Bar.
• To save your file, under the File Menu, Drag down to Save As.
• The name is "FirstBanner" by default because this is the title you typed in when you made
the new document. Then Click OK.
Saving a new document
• Select Save as option from File menu.
• Then choose the format 'Phtoshop (*.PSD, *PDD)' from the dropdown menu.
• Type any name that you wish for the file name and then click 'OK'.
• When saving as a Photoshop format, you may see the option to 'Maximize Compatibility.'
If you see this option, say yes. This will allow older versions of Photoshop to open your
file.
Save file as .jpeg
• Select Save as option from File menu.
• Then choose JPEG from the format dropdown.
• Type any name that you wish for the file name and hit 'OK‘
• You will see a JPEG Options window pop up, allowing you to choose how much quality
you wish for this image. Somewhere between 8 and 10 is a good choice.
Working with Photoshop Palletes
• Palettes contain functions that help you monitor and modify images. By default, palettes are
stacked together in groups.
• When you first open Photoshop, the palettes are stacked along the right of your screen in
palette groups.
• By default, there are five palettes. These five palettes are shown in the figure below.
• The first group contains the Navigator, Info and Options palettes. Next are the Color
Swatches and Brushes palettes.
• Below that are the History and Actions Palettes. Finally, you have the Layers, Channels and
Paths palletes.
 The Photoshop Toolbox
• The toolbox contains the main tools for
working on images. Click any tool to
select and use it.
• A small arrow next to a tool in the toolbox
indicates that the tool also has additional
options available.
• In Photoshop, click and hold your mouse
on a tool to see its options.
• For example, if you click and hold on the
select tool, you'll see select options such
as elliptical selection, single row selection
etc.
• The options bar is used to choose settings
for each tool (e.g., opacity, fade
distance, blending mode).
• Options on the bar change depending on
which tool is currently chosen, and your
choices will remain in effect until you
change them.
 Tool bar Options
• When you select a tool, additional options appear in the Tool Options bar The example
below shows the tool options bar when the rectangular marquee tool is active.
• File Edit Image Layer Select Filter Analysis View Window Help Elemente.
Apply various effects

Introduction
• Photo effects let you quickly create different looks for your images. In the Effects panel,
choose one of the subcategories, such as Faded Photo, Panels, Monotone Color, Textures,
or Vintage Photo.
• Frame
• Apply a variety of effects to the edges of a selected layer, or to a portion of a layer. A
frame also creates a drop zone where you can add or change the contents easily.
• Image Effects
• Apply effects to a copy of a selected layer. Adding the Blizzard effect to an image
makes it look like snow is falling. The Neon Glow effect turns the image into a
dramatic neon picture. You can use Image effects, such as Oil Pastel or Soft Focus, to
soften colors or blur an image. You can also combine Image effects, but you may be
prompted to flatten layers first.
• Textures
• Apply texture layers to an image. You can add texture to a new, blank image as a
background, or add a texture to an existing image. By arranging layers, and working
with opacity and other layer tools, you can create interesting and attractive images.
 Apply an effect Example:Artistic effects
Artistic effects
• In one click, transform your photos with effects inspired by famous works of art or popular art
styles. Choose from amazing Artistic effects that you can apply to all or part of your photo,
and easily adjust the results for exactly the look you want. You can use artistic effects in Quick
and Advanced modes.

• If you wish to apply an Artistic effect to your photo, do the following:

• Select Open to add a photo of your choice in either Quick mode or Advanced mode.
• Select Effects and Artistic in the right panel to choose from various artistic effects.
• Select any Artistic effect of your choice to apply it to your photo.
• Choose the desired Artistic effect to apply to your photo.
• Do the following:
• Define Intensity.
• Retain the original colors of the photo by selecting Keep original photo colors.
• You can choose to remove the artistic effect from the subject and/or background of the
photo.
• To recompose the photo or parts of the photo, select Advanced. You can use the Brush in
Tool Options to mask parts of the photo you want to recompose. You can also define Size
and Threshold.
• Select File > Save As to save the photo, or select Share to share it on social platforms.
Apply an effect Example:Artistic effects
Apply various effects
Getting Started Start Photoshop
• Create a New File (File New)
• Open a File (File Open)
• Save a File (File Save or Save As) Default file format is .psd
• Photoshop’s native raw format, similar to .tiff
• Preserves layers Typical image formats: .jpg, .gif, .png
• Flattened image
Using Tools :
• Use tools to perform actions
• ScreenTip appears on mouse-over to show description
• Name/function and shortcut key (+ Shift)
• Options bar displays current settings for currently- selected tool
 Apply various effects Count…
Using Layers
• A section within an image that can be manipulated independently Use layers
to control individual elements
• Isolate effects
• Layers are ordered
• Using layer you have to perform following operations Create a New Layer:
1. Layer Ordering:
2. Rename Layers:
3. Layer Visibility:
4. Layer Opacity:
5. Layer Blend Modes:
6. Group Layers:
7. Adjustment Layers:
8. Layer Masks:
9. Rasterizing and Smart Objects:
Types of layers
• Its contain Image information which is independent of the other layers in a document.
• Is used to organize our work into distinct levels that can be individual units.
• With layer, draw edit past and reposition elements on one layer without distrubing the
others.
1. Normal Layers:
• These are standard layers where you can place and edit your image elements, such as
text, shapes, or imported images.
• You can adjust opacity, blending modes, and layer styles for normal layers.
2. Background Layer:
• This is a special type of layer that is automatically created when you open a new
document in Photoshop.
• The Background layer is typically locked and fills the bottom of the layer stack, serving
as the base for your composition.
• You can convert the Background layer into a normal layer by double-clicking on it and
renaming it.
3. Adjustment Layers:
• It’s allow you to apply non-destructive adjustments to your image without permanently
changing the pixel values.
• Examples of adjustment layers include Brightness/Contrast, Levels, Curves,
Hue/Saturation, and more.
• Adjustment layers affect all the layers beneath them in the layer stack, but you can limit
their effect using layer masks.
Types of layers
4. Fill Layers:
• Fill layers allow you to add solid colors, gradients, or patterns to your composition.
• You can create a fill layer by going to the "Layer" menu, selecting "New Fill Layer," and
choosing the type of fill you want to add.
5. Shape Layers:
• Shape layers are created when you draw shapes using the shape tools (rectangle, ellipse,
polygon, etc.) in Photoshop.
• Shape layers are vector-based and can be edited using the shape tools or the Path
Selection and Direct Selection tools.
6. Text Layers:
• Text layers are created when you add text to your composition using the Text tool.
• Text layers contain editable text that can be modified using the Type tool or by double-
clicking on the text layer thumbnail.
7.Layer Masks:
• Layer masks allow you to selectively hide or reveal parts of a layer without permanently
erasing them.
• You can add a layer mask to any layer by clicking on the "Add Layer Mask" icon at the
bottom of the Layers panel.
8. Duplicate layers:
• Oriented duplicate ting another layer
Channel
• Modifies a color channel and masks color adjustments not easily done with other color
adjustment tools .
• The channel mixer adjustment options modify a targeted (output) color channel using a mix of
the existing (source) color channels in the images.
• Color channels are grayscale images representing the tonal values of the color components in
an images(RGB or CMYK).
• You use the channel mixer, you are adding or subtracting grayscale data from a source channel
to targeted channel.
• This option are available on Adjustments panel.
1.RGB Channels:
• The three primary channels (Red, Green, Blue) contain color information for the image.
2.Alpha Channel:
• The alpha channel stores transparency information for an image.
• It determines which parts of the image are fully opaque, partially transparent, or
completely transparent. The alpha channel is crucial for creating and preserving
transparency when compositing images.
3.Additional Channels:
• In addition to the RGB and alpha channels, Photoshop allows users to create and work with
additional channels.
• These channels can store various types of information, such as selections, masks, or spot
color data.
• They provide flexibility for advanced image editing and manipulation.
Masking on Image
• Masking is a technique used in image editing to selectively hide or reveal parts of an
image.
• It allowing for precise adjustments or compositions without permanently changing the
original image data.
• It involves creating a mask—a grayscale image that controls the transparency of pixels in
the image or its layers.
• There are different type of masking:
1. Layer Mask
2. Clipping mask
3. Paste into mask
4. Vector mask
 Masking on Image
1. Layer Masks:
• Bitmap images with varying resolutions known as layer masks can be modified using
painting or selection tools.
• Layer masks are the most common type of masks in Photoshop. They are associated with
individual layers and are used to control the visibility of the content within those layers.
White reveals and black conceals, making it easy to apply gradual adjustments or complex
effects.
 Masking on Image
2.Clipping mask
• This technique allows an editor to get transparency of any layer via using another specific
later in photo masking.
• This method uses a particular layer to typically determine the transparency or visibility of
another layer.
 Masking on Image
3. Paste into mask
• Photoshop, "Paste Into Mask" refers to a technique used to paste content into a layer mask.
• A layer mask in Photoshop is a grayscale image that controls the visibility of the layer to
which it is attached.
• White areas of the mask reveal the corresponding parts of the layer, while black areas conceal
them.
• Gray areas partially reveal the layer based on their brightness.
 Masking on Image
4. Vector mask
• Vector masks use paths to determine which parts of a layer are visible. They are particularly
useful when you need precise and smooth edges, such as when creating sharp selections.
• Vector masks" hide certain area of layers they belongs to. Due to vector nature such masks
have sharp clear edges and can be resized without loss of quality.
• PSE naturally supports this kind of masks for shape layers. Elements+ extends this feature to
all the other layer types.
How to make a vector mask from a shape:
Use the Custom Shape, Oval, or any other vector drawing
tool to create a shape layer in front of any "maskable"
layer*. On the screenshot 1, the "Shape 1" is ready for
masking the "Layer 1".

*You can't mask the Background layer. Also, make sure

the target layer hasn't an existing vector mask yet. If it
has a raster (ordinary) mask, the two masks may co-exist.
Open the "Masks" dialog and apply the "Vector Mask for
Backward Layer From This Shape" command. On the
screenshot 2, you can see the result of the "backward
masking".
If necessary, adjust the mask size and position, or invert
it as explained here
ASSIGNMENT-3
1. Explain RGB Color Model.
2. Explain any one image capturing method in detail.
3. Explain various Image file formats.
4. Write a short note on Morphing.
5. How can you apply various effects on images using layers,
channels and Masks?

Submission date: 29/03/2024

Thank you…