PERA INSTITUTE

By N.Shyam

OZmYmam{edm¶ amÁ¶mÀ¶m gÎmobm AW© Zmhr, hm

Wm°‘g hm°ãO {dMma OZbmoH$mV {^Zë¶m‘wio, amOm {déÕ OZVm
¶m g§Kfm©V, OZVm {dO¶r Pmbr.
• Vgo nmhVm hm KQ>ZmH«$‘ ‘°¾mMmQ>m©À¶m g§Kfm©n-
mgyZM gwê$ Pmbm hmoVm. ‘mÌ, 1641‘ܶo hm g§Kf©
‘amOm {déÕ g§gX’ Agm WoQ> ñdê$nmMm ~Zbm.
B§½b§S>À¶m amOJmXrda n{hbm Mmëg© hm Q>çwS>ad§er¶
amOm Amê$T> hmoV AgVmZm H«$m°ådobÀ¶m (Crom-
well) ZoV¥ËdmImbr ˶mbm àM§S> {damoY Pmbm.
• ~mbd¶mV n{hë¶m Mmëg©bm Amnbm Jwê$ Wm°‘g
(Thomas Hobbes) (B.g.1588 Vo B.g. 1679) hm°ãO ¶mÀ¶mgh namJ§Xm hmoD$Z ’«$mÝg‘ܶo Aml¶
¿¶mdm bmJbm. nwT>o H«$m°ådobMo ~§S> A¶eñdr R>ê$Z
• g‘mO Am{U amÁ¶ ¶m§Mm CX¶ gm‘m{OH$ H$amam- g§gXoZo n{hbm Mmëg© ¶mbm gÝ‘mZmZo B§½b§S>‘ܶo
VyZ Pmbm Ago ‘m§S>Umè¶m H$amadmXr {dMmad§Vm§n¡H$s AmUyZ JmXrda ~gdbo. AWm©VM n{hë¶m
Wm°‘g hm°ãO hm n{hbm {dMmad§V. Mmëg©~amo~a Wm°‘g hm°ãOhr nwÝhm B§½b§S>‘ܶo Ambm.
• ˶mÀ¶m OÝ‘mÀ¶m doir ‘ܶ¶wJrZ n[apñWVr ~Xb- • Wm°‘g hm°ãOMm OÝ‘ 9 E{àb 1588 amoOr
bobr hmoVr. amÁ¶mbm X¡dr eº$sMo A{Yð>mZ AgVo B§½b§S>‘Yrb EH$m ‘ܶ‘ eham‘ܶo Pmbm. d¶mÀ¶m
qH$dm amOm hm na‘oœamMm A§e AgVmo, Aemg- n§Yamì¶m dfu Vmo Am°Šg’$S>© ¶oWrb {dÚmnrR>mÀ¶m
ma»¶m H$ënZm ‘moS>rV {ZKmë¶m hmo˶m. amOgÎmm Jmdr Ambm. VoWo ˶mZo ‘ܶ¶wJrZ VH©$emó Am{U
hr Oar {Za§Hw$e Amho Ago ‘mZbo Jobo Agbo Var [añQ>m°Q>bMo VÎdkmZ ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg Ho$bm.
amÁ¶mMo gmd©^m¡‘Ëd ho OZVoÀ¶m nmqR>ã¶mdaM • B.g. 1608‘ܶo Vmo ¶m {df¶m§Mm nXdrYa
Adb§~yZ AgVo. Pmbm. gVV Cƒ {ejUmda Q>rH$m H$arV am{hbm.
• amÁ¶ X¡dr eº$s qH$dm BÀN>oZo Zìho Va gm‘m{OH$ ‘hm{dÚmb¶o Am{U {dÚmWu hr nwñVH$s {H$S>o
H$amamVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo, hm g‘O Am{U amÁ¶mMm {Z‘m©U H$aʶmMr OmJm AgyZ, ˶mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Umao
Zdm {dMma Omoa Yê$ bmJbm hmoVm. AZw^d{gÕ, {dÚmWu ho kmZr ZgyZ nT>V‘yI© AgVmV.
à¶moJ{gÕ Ago emór¶ g˶ emoYʶmMm à¶ËZ gd© • 1610 ‘Ügo ˶mZo {d붑 H$ìh|S>re, Á¶mbm Ab©
joÌm§V Omo‘mZo gwê$ Pmbm hmoVm. Am°’«$ S>oìhmoZem¶a åhUV AgV, ˶mMm {ejH$
åhUyZ hm°ãOZo H$m‘ nËH$abo. ¶moJm¶moJmZo 1620
Wm°‘g hm°ãOMm ì¶{º$n[aM¶ Am{U gmbr hm°ãOMr àm±pÝgg ~oH$Z ¶m§À¶mer AmoiI
J«§Wg§nXm : Pmbr. ~oH$ZMm ñdr¶-ghmæ¶H$ åhUyZ gw‘mao nmM
• gVamì¶m eVH$mVrb B§½b§S>‘Yrb gdmªV ‘hÎd- df} ËmZo H$m‘ nm{hbo. B.g 1628 ‘ܶo {~«Q>re
mMr KQ>Zm åhUOo 1641 ‘Yrb amOH$s¶ H«$m§Vr g§gXoZo h³H$mMm OmhraZm‘m à{gÕ Ho$bm. 1632
hr hmo¶. ¶m H«$m§Vr‘wio A{Z¶§{ÌV amOgÎmm Am{U ‘ܶo ˶mMr Am{U J°{bbrAmoMr âbm°aoÝg‘ܶo ^oQ>
amOgÎmoMo X¡dr A{Yð>mZ ¶m VÎdm§Zm {damoY Pmbm. Pmbr.
• H«$m°å~obMo ~§S> Pmë¶mZ§Va Wm°‘g hm°ãO B§½b§S>bm
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
 naVbm. AmVm ˶mZo CKS> CKS> Mmëg©Mr, åhUOoM Aem e{º$embr gÎmoMr ñWmnZm Ho$br nm{hOo Or
amOgÎmoMr, ~mOy KoVbr. Amnbo {dMma bmoH$m§Zm à˶oH$ 춺$sÀ¶m g§ajUmMo H$m¶© H$aob.
H$imdoV åhUyZ ˶mZo Foundation of Natural • ˶mH$[aVm ‘mZdmZo Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mamMm ˶mJ H$ê$Z
and Political Principles hm Amnbm n{hbm JǤW
Am{U ñdV…da {Z¶§ÌU àñWm{nV Ho$bo VaM Vmo gwIr
{b{hbm. ¶m J«§WmÛmao amÁ¶mÀ¶m Á¶m h¸$m§Zm bmoH$m§Zr OrdZ àmá H$ê$ eHo$b. Z¡g{J©H$ AdñWoVyZ ~mhoa
AmìhmZ {Xbo hmoVo Vo h¸$ gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMo ‘hÎdmMo nS>ʶmgmR>r ‘mZd hm AmngmV H$ama H$aVmo. Am-
KQ>H$ AgyZ amOm ˶m KQ>H$m§Mm nmbZH$Vm© Amho Ago nUm~m~V BVam§Zr H$go dmJmdo Ago dmQ>Vo Vgo AmnU
^mî¶ Ho$bo. BVam§~amo~a dmJUo ho ݶm¶g§JV AgVo. Aer ì¶dñWm
• B.g.1640À¶m gw‘mamg ˶mZo ˶mMo De Cive {Z‘m©U H$aUmar ¶§ÌUm åhUOo amÁ¶g§ñWm hmo¶.
ho nwñVH$ hñV{bpIV ñdê$nmV à{gÕ Ho$bo. ˶mV • à˶oH$ 춺$s {ZgJ©{Z¶‘mZo dmJV Zmhr, H$maU Vmo
˶mZo Amnë¶m gm‘m{OH$ H$amamÀ¶m g§H$ënZoMr ñdmWu AgVmo. ˶mbm Vgo dmJUo ^mJ nmS>mdo bmJVo.
‘m§S>Ur Ho$br d A{Z¶§{ÌV amOgÎmoMr ^bmdU Ho$br. Ago gm‘϶© {Z‘m©U ìhmdo åhUyZ AZoH$ BÀN>m§À¶m
¶m {bImUmMm à{VHy$b n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z hm°ãObm OmJr EH$m gmd©^m¡‘mMr BÀN>m {Z‘m©U ìhmdr bm-
gw‘mao AH$am df} ¶wamonmV {R>H${R>H$mUr AkmVdmgmV Job. gd© 춺$s¨Zm Amnbo A{YH$ma EH$m 춺$sH$S>o
Kmbdmdr bmJbr. qH$dm ì¶{º$JQ>mH$S>o g‘{n©V H$amdo bmJVrb. Ae-
• na§Vw, ¶m H$mbmdYrMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z hm°ãOZo Amnbo màH$mao Ag§»¶ 춺$s¨Mm {‘iyZ EH$ ‘mZdr g‘mO
amOH$s¶ {dMma ñnï> H$aUmao ‘Leviathan’ hm {Z‘m©U hmoB©b. ¶mg Vmo (Common Wealth) åhUOo
J«§W à{gÕ Ho$bm. ¶m J«§Wm§‘ܶo hm°ãOZo Y‘©{Zanoj ‘amÁ¶’ Ago åhUVmo.
{dMmam§Mr ^y{‘H$m KoVbobr hmoVr. na§Vw, ˶m‘wio • WmoS>Š¶mV ‘mZdr OrdZmbm gwa{jVVm bm^ʶmg-
’«$mÝgMo emgZ Am{U ’«|$M Y‘m}nXoeH$ ¶m§Zr ˶mbm mR>r à˶oH$ 춺$sZo Xþgè¶m 춺$sgmo~V EH$ H$ama
nmI§S>r R>adyZ ˶mÀ¶mda amof Yabm. AIoa B.g. (Contract) Ho$bm Ago hm°ãO åhUVmo. ˶mMm H$ama
1651À¶m eodQ>r Vmo B§½b§S>bm naVbm. ˶mZ§Va ˶mZo hm XoIrb EH$ Zm{dݶnyU© g‘PmoVm Amho. gm‘m{OH$
amOH$s¶ {dMmam§~m~V ‘VàXe©Z Z H$aʶmMm {Zü¶ H$ama H$aVmZm à˶oH$ 춺$s H$mhr AQ>tda Amnbo gd©
Ho$bm. A{YH$ma EH$m {Z{üV 춺$sbm qH$dm ì¶{º$g‘yhmbm
• {~«{Q>e ZmJ[aH$m§Zr 1660‘ܶo Xþgam Mmëg© ¶mbm Xoʶmg V¶ma Amho. ˶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV 춺$s¨Zm ˶m
amOgÎmm ~hmb Ho$br. ¶mMdoir AmnU amOmÀ¶m gmd©^m¡‘mH$Sy>Z g§ajUmMr h‘r {‘imbr.
gmd©^m¡‘ËdmÀ¶m ~mOyMo AmhmoV Ago Xþgè¶m Mmëg©da • gm‘m{OH$ H$amamV ‘‘r ¶m 춺$sbm qH$dm
q~~dyZ hm°ãOZo amOXa~mar ‘mZmMo ñWmZ {‘idbo. ì¶{º$g‘yhmbm ‘mPo gd© A{YH$ma gmon{dʶmg d
• 4 {S>g|~a 1679 amoOr XrK© Am¶wî¶ Cn^moJyZ åhUOo ñd¶§emgZmMm ˶mJ H$aʶmg V¶ma Amho, na§Vw AQ>
d¶mÀ¶m 91 ì¶m dfu Wm°‘g hm°ãO {ZYZ nmdbm. Aer H$s, Vy XoIrb VwPo gd© A{YH$ma ¶mM nÕVr-
Zo ˶mM 춺$sbm qH$dm ì¶{º$- g‘yhmbm Xoʶmg
amÁ¶g§ñWoMr CËnÎmr- gm‘m{OH$ H$ama V¶ma Agbo nm{hOog Am{U ˶mMr gÎmm ‘mݶ Ho$br
nm{hOo.
• hm°ãOZo dU©Z Ho$bobr {ZgJm©dñWm Agø ÌmgX- • ¶m H$amamZo gd© g‘mO EH$m g‘yhmV ~m§Ybm OmVmo
m¶H$, ^¶mZH$, Am{U qMVmJ«ñV ñdê$nmMr g§Kf©‘¶ ˶mbmM Vmo ‘amÁ¶’ g§~moYVmo. ¶mnydu g‘mO d amÁ¶
AdñWm hmoVr. ‘mUgmbm ~wÜXr Agë¶m‘wio ˶mZo XmoÝhr ApñVËdmV ZìhVo. ‘bo{dEWZ’ À¶m H$ama
{ddoH$erb Agm {dMma Ho$bm H$s ¶m ^¶mdh {Z{‘©VrVyZ ˶m§Mo ApñVËd {Z‘m©U Pmbo. VoìhmnmgyZ
AdñWoVyZ ‘wº$ hmoʶmgmR>r Am{U AmË‘g§ajUmW© kmZ, g§ñH¥$Vr, H$bm, ì¶mnma C{X‘ ¶m§Mr gwédmV

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 Pmbr. ˶mVyZ nwT>o ݶm¶ - Aݶm¶ d g˶ Ag˶ bmoH$m§Mo àVrH$ Amho åhUyZ VmoM H$m¶ÚmMm CÒmVm
{dMma CX¶mg Ambo. ‘gmd©^m¡‘‘ gÎmoÀ¶m CX¶mZo AgVmo d AW© XoIrb bmdVmo.
amÁ¶g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Ambr. 5. àOm {dÐmohmg nm¶~§X :
• OZVobm gmd©^m¡‘m{déÕ {dÐmoh H$aʶmMm A{YH$-
* gm‘m{OH$ H$amamMr d¡{eï²>¶o * ma ZgVmo. Vo H$m¶ÚmMo C„§KZ H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.
1. bmoH$g§‘Vr hm H$amamMm AmYma : ñdV…M Vo H$amamer dMZ~Õ Agë¶m‘wio ˶m§À¶mda
• {ZgJm©dñWoVrb Xþ…IX, g§Kf©‘¶ d ApñWa dm- Vmo {Za§Va ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo. H$ama aÔ H$aʶmMm
VmdaU g§nwï>mV AmUyZ {ddoH$m{Y{ð>V em§VVm‘¶ àOog A{YH$ma ZgVmo. H$ama ZmH$maUo åhUOo nyd©dV
Amnë¶m Or{dV {dÎmmMo g§ajU H$aʶmgmR>r bmoH$m§Zr {ZgJm©dñWoV OmʶmgmaIo Amho.
AmnmngmV ñdIwerZo OmUrdnyd©H$ H$ama Ho$bm. 6. n[apñWVrZwê$nVm :
H$amamV ñdV…da gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMr {Z¶§ÌUo bmXÿZ • H$amamMo C{Ôï> A§VJ©V em§VVm Am{U ~mø Am-
KoVbr. ˶mVyZ amÁ¶g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Ambr. ¶mMm H«$‘UmnmgyZ g§ajUmMo Amho. Oa ˶mMo g§ajU hmoV
AW© bmoH$g§‘Vr hm H$amamMm AmYma Amho. Zgob Va àOoda hm H$ama ~§YZH$maH$ amhV Zmhr.
2. H$amamMo gm‘m{OH$ ñdê$n : 7. H$amamMr Xþgar ~mOy ^rVr‘wio amÁ¶{Z{‘©Vr :
• {ZgJm©dñWm hr amÁ¶nyd© d g‘mOnyd© AdñWm • gm‘m{OH$ H$amamMr ì¶már hm°ãOZo eº$sÀ¶m AmY-
Agë¶m‘wio emgH$ d em{gV Agm H$ama hmoʶmMm mamda ñWm{nV amÁ¶mn¶ªV dmT>{dbr Amho.
àýM g§^dV Zmhr. ‘mUgm§Zr {ZgJm©dñWoV Amng- 8. gmd©^m¡‘Ëd :
mV H$ama Ho$bm. ˶mVyZ g‘mO ApñVËdmV Ambm. • gm‘m{OH$ H$amamÛmao - g‘mO d amÁ¶g§ñWm CX¶mg
g‘mOmda {Z¶§ÌU H$aUmar eº$s åhUyZ gmd©^m¡‘mH$S>o Ambr.
A{YH$ma Ambo Agm hm°ãOZo {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm Amho. • ¶m H$amamÛmao gd© 춳VtZr AmË‘narjUm{edm¶ gd©
3. A{YH$mam§Mm ˶mJ d g§ajUmMr h‘r : A{YH$mamMm n[a˶mJ Ho$bm Am{U em§VVm àñ[nrV
• H$amanyd© AdñWoVrb 춺$s ‘O‘ob ˶mbm R>ma H$am, • H$aʶmgmR>r EH$m {d{eï> 춳VrH$S>o qH$dm 춳Vr
eŠ¶ Agob ˶mbm bw~mS>m’ hr {dÜd§gH$ àd¥Îmr g‘whmH$S>o {Z¶§ÌU H$aʶmMo gd©loð> A{YH$ma
hmoVr. OrdZmMr emœVr ZìhVr. gmdaʶmgmR>r ñdÀN>oZo gmon{dbo. ˶mVyZM gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMo ApñVËd
em§VVm d ñdg§ajUmMr h‘r {‘imdr åhUyZ à˶oH$mZo {Z‘m©U Pmbo.
Amnë¶m A{YH$mam§Mm n[a˶mJ Ho$bm, Am{U gm- • hm gmd©^m¡‘, gd©loð>, A{Z¶§ÌrV, gd©ì¶mnr d gd-
d©^m¡‘mH$Sy>Z. ‘mo~Xë¶mV ~mø AmH«$‘UmnmgyZ g§a- mªZm {Z¶§ÌrV H$aUmam AgVmo.
jU d AmË‘ajU àmá Ho$bo.
4. gmd©^m¡‘ H$amamnmgyZ AbJ d A{Z¶§{ÌV : ↓ ↓

• hm°ãOMm gm‘m{OH$ H$ama amOm d àOm ¶mV Pm- gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMm g§X^© ˶m hm°ãO ¶m§Mm gdm}ÀM emgH$ hm
bobm H$ama Zmhr. à˶oH$mZo à˶oH$mer H$ama H$ê$Z 춳Vr/춳Vr g‘yhmer Amho. {Za§Hy$e AgyZ ˶m§À¶m Amkm
åhUOo H$m¶Xm AgVmo.
n[aUm‘V… gmd©^m¡‘mMr {Z¶§ÌU eº$s ‘mݶ Ho$br.
Om gm‘mOrH$ H$amamÀ¶m AQ>r- à˶oH$ H$m¶© ˶m§Mo ݶm¶ g§J‘
˶mnydu gmd©^m¡‘ hm ApñVËdmVM ZìhVm. ˶m‘wio
Zygma H$ama H$aUmè¶m gd© AgVo. gmd©^m¡‘ gÎmm {ZI§S> d
gmd©^m¡‘ hm H$amamMm nj hmoV Zmhr. ˶m‘wio ˶mda 춳VtZm em§VVmnyU© OrdZ A{d^mÁ¶ AgVo. hm°ãO {‘l
H$moUVoM ~§YZ ZgVo. ì¶VrV H$aVm ¶oB©b Ago H$m¶© emgH$mMm {damoY H$aVmo.
• gmd©^m¡‘Ëdmda ~§YZ Q>mH$Uo åhUOo ˶mMo ApñVËd H$aʶmMm gd©loð> A{YH$mar
ZmH$maʶmgmaIo Amho. H$amamZwgma gmd©^m¡‘mbm Agob.
A{Z¶§{ÌV A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV. gmd©^m¡‘ hm • B§½b§S>‘ܶo J«h¶yÕ ^S>H$dʶmMo ‘y»¶ H$maU - gm-
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
 d©^m¡‘Ëd, amOm, C‘amdg^m, gm‘mݶmÀ¶m g^mJ«hmV • gd© àH$maÀ¶m ^mfU, boIZ, A{^춳Vrda {Z~ªY
{d^³V AgVo. Aem YmaUm hmoVr. Kmbmdo. AݶWm Aem§VVm {Z‘m©U hmoB©b.
• àOoÀ¶m g§nÎmrda gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMm A{YH$ma AgVmo.
gmd©^m¡‘Ëd àOoda A{Z©~§Y amOm gmd©^m¡‘ Amho ˶m‘yio amOm‘yio ImOJr g§nÎmrMo g§ajU hmoVo. ˶m‘yio
A{YH$ma àmßV AmhoV. ˶mMo AmXoe d¡Y d ݶm¶ nyU©
g§nÎmr
AgVmV.
• {Z¶§ÌU H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
ho A{YH$ma {ZgJm©dñWoVyZ amOmÀ¶m [^Vr{edm¶ ˶m-
gyQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoʶmgmR>r d Mo nmbZ hmoUma d nmbZ Z • àOoMo ^m§S>U-V§Q>o gmoS>dUo AݶWm Aem§VVm.
em§VVogmR>r ñdg§‘VrZo {Xbo Pmë¶mg nyd©dV pñWVr hm°ãObm • gmd©^m¡‘Ëd dmT>dUmè¶m gd© gmYZm§da {Z¶§ÌU
Agë¶m‘yio bmoH$m§Odi {Z‘m©U dmQ>Vo. R>odmdo.
hmoB©b Aer [^Vr AmXoe nmb- • g¡{ZH$s gm‘϶m©da amÁ¶mMo gm‘϶© Adby§~Z
ZmMm EH$M A{YH$ma {eëbH$ • gmd©^m¡‘ gd© A{YH$mam§Mm ‘ybñÌmoV.
amhVmo. • gd© H$m¶© / A{YH$ma H$moUmH$S>ohr gmondVm ¶oV
‘mUgm§À¶m Anàd¥Îmrbm Amim amÁ¶ CËnÎmrÀ¶m X¡dr {gÕm§Vmbm Zmhr.
Kmbʶmg eãX (H$ama) H$‘r Vmo {damoY H$aVmo Am{U amÁ¶
nS>VmV. ‘mZdr ñdmW© àd¥ÎmrMo Amho.
• A. gmd©^m¡‘ + {Z¶§ÌU = AamOH$ ({ZgJm©dñWm)
˶mgmR>r {Za§Hy$e e³Vr Agmdr amÁ¶ gmܶmH$S>o KoD$Z OmUmao
• ~. gmd©^m¡‘ - {Z¶§ÌU = gm‘mOrH$ H$amamVrb
bmJVo. Vr åhUOo gmd©^m¡‘Ëd EH$ gmYZ Amho. gd©loR>Ëd amOì¶dñWm (bo{dEWZ) åhUOoM
Amho. hm°ãOMo gmd©^m¡‘Ëd ({Za§Hy$e gÎmoMo g‘W©Z
H$aUmam)

gmd©^m¡‘Ëd {dMmamVrb ‘yÔo - hm°ãOMo ‘mZdr ñd^mdm~ÔbMo {dMma -

• amOmZo H$amamMm ^§J Ho$bm Var OZVobm H$amamMm ^§J • hm°ãOZo ‘mZdr ñd^mdmMo dU©Z gd©àW‘ S>r H$mnm}
H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr. H$maU OZVoZo ñdB©ÀN>oZo AmnmngmV aoQ> ¶m J«§WmV Z§Va ‘bo{dEWZ’ J«§WmV Ho$bobo Amho.
H$ama Ho$bm Amho. ‘gmd©^m¡‘‘ hm H$amamMm njH$ma • ˶m§Zr ‘mZgemó Am{U ^m¡{VH$emómÀ¶m AmYmamda
Zmhr. ‘mZdr ñd^mdmMo {dûcofU Ho$bobo Amho.
• amOm njnmVr H$ê$ eHo$b na§Vy Aݶm¶ H$ê$ eH$V • hm°ãOÀ¶m amÁ¶{df¶H$ {dMmam§Mr B‘maV ‘mZdr
Zmhr. H$maU Vmo H$amamZo ~m§Ybm Jobm Zmhr. ñd^mdmg§~§Yr {dMmam§da AmYmabobr Amho.
• àOoH$Sy>Z H$moUmbmhr Amkm^§J hmoVm H$m‘m Z¶o. • [añQ>m°Q>b hm ‘mZdmbm gm‘m{OH$ àmUr ‘mZVmo Va
• Aëng§»¶m§H$m§Zm H$ama ZmH$maʶmMm n¶m©¶ XoV hm°ãO ‘mZdmbm Agm‘m{OH$ àmUr ‘mZyZ [añQ>m°Q>bÀ¶m
Zmhr. Amåhr gmd©^m¡‘mMr {ZdS> Ho$bobr Zmhr. Ago {damoYr {dMma àñVwV H$aVmo.
H$moUrhr åhUy eH$V Zmhr. H$maU ˶m§Zr ~hÿ‘VmZo • hm°ãOÀ¶m ‘Vo, à˶oH$ {dMma hm ~mø nXmWmªÀ¶m
ñdrH$ma Ho$bob AgVmo. AݶWm Z¡gJuH$ pñWVr‘yio JVrÛmao kmZ|{жm§da nS>Umè¶m à^mdmMm n[aUm‘
gmd©^m¡‘ Amdí¶H$. AgVmo.
• gmd©^m¡‘mMm CÔoe AamOH$ g§n{dUo d em§VVm • dñVy§À¶m J{VerbVoVyZ g§doXZerb ‘mZdr ‘ZmV
àñWmnrV H$aʶmMm AgVmo. ˶mgmR>r gmd©^m¡‘mbm {dMma CËnÞ hmoVmV.
• H$mhr H$m¶© H$amdr bmJVmV. • ¶m {dMmamVyZ XmoZ nañna{damoYr XmoZ ‘yb^yV àd¥Îmr
{Z‘m©U hmoD$Z ‘mZdmg H$m¶©àd¥Îm H$aVmV. ˶mVrb
EH$ àd¥Îmr åhUOo AmH$f©U Am{U Xþgar {dH$f©U

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 hmo¶. ¶m qMVonm¶r A{YH$m{YH$ eº$s àmá H$aʶmMm
• AmH$f©UmVyZ BÀN>m (Appetite) Am{U {dH$f©UmVyZ à¶ËZ H$aVmo.
K¥Um (Aversion) {Z‘m©U hmoVo. ‘Zwî¶mÀ¶m à˶oH$ • ¶m à¶ËZmVyZ g§Kf© {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. d¡^d {‘i{dʶm-
• BÀN>oV ñdmW© {Z{hV AgVmo. Mr BÀN>mXoIrb 춺$sbm g§Kfm©bm V¶ma H$aVo.
• AmH$f©U H$aUmè¶m dñVy ‘mZd ng§V H$aVmo Va Amnë¶mbm à{gÕr dm d¡^d {‘imdo hr à˶oH$mMr
{dH$f©U H$aUmè¶m dñVw§Zm Zmng§V H$aVmo. Mm§Jbr Am§V[aH$ B©ÀN>m AgVo.
dm dmB©Q> hr dñVy ZgVo Va ‘mZdr ^mdZm AgVo. • ‘mZdr OrdZmV gVV g§Kf© gwê$ AgVmo. ¶m g§K-
‘mZdmÀ¶m gd© H¥$Vr ñdmW© ^mdZoZo ào[aV AgVmV. fm©‘wio ‘mZdmbm Amnë¶m gwa{jVVoMr Zoh‘r H$mir
• gm‘m{OH$ dm BVam§er ì¶dhma H$aVmZm ‘mZd Zoh‘rM AgVo.
ñdmWm©bm àmYmݶ XoVmo. ‘Zwî¶ Amnbm ñdmW© gmܶ • g§Kf©‘¶ n[apñWVrV 춺$s ^¶ Am{U ‘¥Ë¶yÀ¶m
hmoUma Agob Va Xþgè¶mbm ghH$m¶© H$aʶmg V¶ma N>m¶oV dmdaV AgVo.
hmoVmo. • hm°ãOZo ‘mZdr ñd^mdm{df¶r A˶§V {ZamemOZH$
• ‘mZdm‘mZdmVrb ghH$m¶© ho ñdmW© ¶m ^mdZoda {dMma ‘m§S>bo AmhoV. ‘Zwî¶ hm ñdmWu, Xþï>, ¶wÕ{à¶
AmYmabobo AgVo. hm°ãOÀ¶m ‘Vo, Z¡g{J©H$Ñï²>¶m gd© Am{U {^Ìm àmUr Amho.
‘mUgo g‘mZ AgVmV. H$moUr A{YH$ gm‘϶©g§nÞ • ‘Zwî¶mÀ¶m gd© H¥$Vr‘mJo ^rVr d ñdmW© hr àoaUmeº$s
dmQ>Vmo Va H$moUr A{YH$ ~w{ÕdmZ dmQ>Vmo. åhUOo åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aVo. hm°ãO ‘mZdmMr VwbZm àmʶmer
Z¡g{J©H$Ñï²>¶m gd© 춺$s g‘~b AgVmV. H$aVmo. ‘mZdmÀ¶m gd© H¥$Vr‘mJo AmH$f©U Am{U
• ¶m ‘mZdr g‘VoVyZ g‘mZ Amem-AmH$m§jm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr {dH$f©U ¶m XmoZ ‘ybàd¥Îmr H$maUr^yV AgVmV.
hmoVo. ¶m g‘mZ AmH$m§jm gmܶ H$aʶmgmR>r ‘mUgo
• nañnam§Mo eÌy ~ZVmV. EH$‘oH$m§Mm Zme H$aʶmMm hm°ãO ‘mZdr ñd^mdm~Ôb nwT>rb {dYmZo
à¶ËZ H$aVmV. H$aVmo. -
• WmoS>Š¶mV Ago gm§JVm ¶oB©b H$s, g‘mZ ¶mo½¶- 1. ‘Zwî¶ hm ñd^mdV… ñdmWu, Ah§H$mar,
Vo‘wio à˶oH$ ‘mZd Xþgè¶mMm à{VñnYu ~ZVmo. EH$ AmË‘H|${ÐV àmUr Amho.
dñVw àmá H$aʶmgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aUmè¶m XmoZ 춺$s 2. ‘Zwî¶mÀ¶m BÀN>m AZV AgVmV.
nañnam§Mo eÌy ~ZVmV. 3. ‘Zwî¶mV ^rVrMr ^mdZm AgVo.
• EH$‘oH$m§da {dœmg 춺$ Z H$aVm g§Kf© H$aʶmg 4. ‘Zwî¶ Amnë¶m AmË‘g§ajUm~Ôb gVV qM{VV
{gÕ hmoVmV.‘mZdr ñd^mdmV gÒþUmMr CËnÎmrXoIrb AgVmo.
ñdmW© gmYʶmgmR>r hmoV AgVo. ‘mZdr OrdZmV 5. ‘Zwî¶ gmV˶mZo e{º$embr ~ZʶmMm à¶mg
g§Kf© hmoʶmMr hm°ãO VrZ à‘wI H$maUo gm§JVmo - H$aV AgVmo.
• 1. ñnYm© 6. ‘Zwî¶ Amnbm ñdmW© gmYʶmgmR>r Am{U A{YH$
• 2. nañnam§~Ôb A{dœmg e{º$embr ~ZʶmgmR>r gVV g§Kf©aV amhVmo.
• 3. d¡^d dm H$sVu 7. H$moUVrhr dñVy Mm§Jbr dm dmB©Q> ZgVo. ˶m
• ‘mZd ñnYm© hr Amnë¶m {hVmgmR>r H$aV AgVmo. dñVyÀ¶m ‘mZdr earamda nS>Umè¶m à^mdmdê$Z
XmoZ 춺$s EH$ dñVy {‘i{dʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVmV ~amdmB©Q>nUm R>aVmo.
Voìhm ñnYm© AQ>i AgVo Aem ñnY}VyZ g§Kf© {Z‘m©U • hm°ãO ¶m§Zr ‘mZdr ñd^mdmVrb {d{dY ^mdZm§-
hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bobo Amho. ‘mZdr ñd^mdmV XmoZ
• nañna A{dœmgm‘wio ‘mZdmbm Amnë¶m gwa{jVVoMr ‘ybàd¥Îmr AgVmV.
qMVm AgVo qH$dm Xþgè¶m~Ôb ^rVr {Z‘m©U hmoVo. • ˶mVrb EH$ åhUOo gwI dm BÀN>m Xþgar åhUOo Xþ…I

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 dm A{ZÀN>m hmo¶. • ‘mZd Zoh‘rM gwa{jVVoÀ¶m ^mdZoMm {dMma H$aV
• d¡^d, B©î¶m©, Ûof, X¶m, Z‘«Vm B˶mXr ^mdZm ¶m AgVmo. gwa{jVVm {‘i{dʶmgmR>r Amnë¶m Z¡g{J©H$
XmoZ ‘ybàd¥Îmtda AmYmaboë¶m AgVmV. ‘mZdr dV©Z h¸$m§Mm ˶mJ H$aʶmg V¶ma hmoVmo.
‘mZdr ñd^mdmV ‘ybàd¥Îmtda AmYmabobo AgVo. • g§Kf©‘¶ dmVmdaUmV gdmªMr gwa{jVVm YmoŠ¶mV
• ‘mZdr OrdZmV XmoZ ‘ybàd¥Îmt‘wio AmZ§X-Xþ…I, Ambobr AgVo. AmË‘g§ajUmÀ¶m CÔoemZo 춺$s
Amem-{Zamem, amJ-ào‘ B˶mXr ‘mZdmÀ¶m Amnë¶m Z¡g{J©H$ h¸$m§Mm ˶mJ H$ê$Z g‘mO Am{U
^mdZmË‘H$ àd¥ÎmrXe©{dUmè¶m OmoS>çm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr amÁ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aVmo.
hmoVo. ‘Zwî¶ H$moUVr H¥$Vr dm àg§Jm§Zm gm‘mao OmVmZm • OmoÝgÀ¶m ‘Vo, hm°ãO ¶m§Zr ‘mZdr ñd^mdm~Ôb
XmoZ ‘ybàd¥ÎmtÀ¶m AmYmamda gmYH$~mYH$ {dMma A˶§V A§{Va§{OV dm XmofnyU© dU©Z H$ê$Z ‘mZdmbm
H$aVmo. XþJw©Um§Mm nwVim R>a{dbm Amho.
• Amnë¶m BÀN>m-AmH$m§jm§Mr nyVu hmoD$ eH$Umè¶m
H¥$VrMr {ZdS> H$aVmo. ‘Zwî¶ Amnë¶m H¥$VrÀ¶m emgZàUmbrMo dJuH$aU -
‘mܶ‘mVyZ gwIdm AmZ§X {‘i{dʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVmo gmd©^m¡‘ gÎmm Hw$R>o AgVo ˶mdê$Z emgZmMo àH$ma :
Va Xþ…I Q>miʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVmo. 1. EH$ 춳Vr‘ܶo amOV§Ì
• ‘mZdmÀ¶m gd© H¥$Vr‘mJo earaemó dm OrdemómVrb 2. H$mhr 춳Vr Hw$brZV§Ì
EH$ {Z¶‘ H$m¶©aV AgVmo Vmo åhUOo gwa{jVVm dm 3. gd© bmoH$m§‘ܶo àOmV§Ì
AmË‘g§ajU hmo¶. 4. {‘lrV / ‘¶m©XrV emgZ ‘mݶZmhr
• AmË‘g§ajUmÀ¶m hoVyZo 춺$s Zoh‘rM g§Kf©aV amh-
Vmo. A{YH$m{YH$ eº$s àmá H$aʶmMm {Za§Va à¶ËZ Hw$brZ V§Ìo, àOmV§Ìm‘ܶo
H$aV AgVmo. ~b Am{U gÎmmàmárMr AmH$m§jm • ñdmW©, g§Kf©, ^«ï´>mMma

‘mZdmbm gX¡d g§Kf©aV dmVmdaUmV R>odVo. • emgZH$V} Amnë¶m ~m§YdmMo {hV nmhVmV.

• ‘Zwî¶mVrb Ah§H$ma Am{U ñdmWm©À¶m ApñVËdm‘wio • OZVoH$S>o Xþb©j

‘mZdmV e{º$g§M¶mMr àd¥Îmr ~ZV OmVo. amOV§Ì / amOoemhr

• ¶m àd¥Îmr ‘mZdmbm Ah§H$mar, bmo^r Am{U BVam§Mm • àOoÀ¶m {hVmH$S>o bj H$maU amOmMo d¡^d àOoMm
à{VñnYu ~Z{dVo. na§Vw, g§Kf© hm ‘mZdr A§V:àoaUm d¡^dmda Adby§~Z AgVo.
Am{U gwa{jVVoer {dg§JV Agë¶m‘wio ‘Zwî¶ em§V- • {ZU©¶ bdH$a / erK« hmoVmV.
Vm Am{U gwì¶dñWoMm emoY KoV AgVmo.
• hm°ãOZo ‘mZdr ñd^mdmÀ¶m XmoZ ~mOy ñnï> Ho$ë¶m d¡km{ZH$ ^m¡VrH$dmX -
AmhoV. ˶mVrb àW‘ ~mOy hr g§Kf© Am{U ¶wÕ hm°ãO :
H$aʶmg àoaUm XoVo Va Xþgar ~mOy gwa{jVVobm ‘hÎd • ~wÕrdmXr, Cn¶y³VdmXr, ì¶dhmadmXr {dMmad§V.
XoUmar Amho. ñnYm©, nañnam§~Ôb A{dœmg Am{U • hm°ãOMm H$mi ¶yamonmVrb à~moYZ MidirMm H$mi
d¡^dmÀ¶m A{^bmfo‘wio ‘mZd gVV g§Kf©aV amhVmo. • ‘mZdr OrdZ gwI, g‘¥Õ, amOH$s¶ OrdZ ¶m§À¶mda
hm g§Kf© O§Jbr àmʶmBVH$m H«y$a d amZQ>r ñdê$nmMm MM}Mm H$mi
AgVmo. • ¶m gd© AZy^dmdê$Z ‘bo{dEWZ’ Mr {Z‘uVr Ho$br.
• ‘Zwî¶ hm EH$bH$m|S>m, ñdmWu, {^Ìm, A{dœmgy, ¶m J§«Wm‘yio B§½b§S>‘ܶo AZy^d{Zð> VËdkmZmMm nm¶m
newVwë¶ d Xþï> àd¥ÎmrMm Amho. na§Vw gwI-Xþ…ImÀ¶m KmVbm.
^mdZogmo~V ‘mZdmV gwa{jVVoMr ^mdZmXoIrb • {dMmam§da d¡km{ZH$ ‘mZdVmdmXmMm à^md Amho.
AgVo. VËdkmZmV :
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
 • d¡km{ZH$ V϶o AgVmo. VgoM ‘aon¶ªV {H«$¶merb amhVmo.
• d¡km{ZH$ dñVypñWVr • ‘mUgm§Mr H¥$Vr d {dMma ¶§ÌdV gd¶rZo hmoV
• ‘mZgemñÌ AgVmV. ~mhe Jmoï>r hr ¶§ÌdV nÕVrZo.
• ^m¡VrH$dmX ¶m§Zm ñWmZ {Xbo • VmËdrH$ {dMmam§Mm ^y{‘Vr d JUrVr nÕVrZo {dMma
hmoUo Amdí¶H$.
^m¡VrH$ {Z¶‘m§à‘mUo : • {Zìdi Vm{H©$H$ AZy‘mZ Cn¶moJmMo Zmhr. dñVy§À¶m
• ‘mZdr ì¶dhmaXoIrb {Z¶‘~Õ H$aVm ¶oVmV. JVr‘mZdoVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m n[apñWVrVyZ ‘mZdVmV
• ‘Zyî¶ ~wÕrdmZ, ñdmWu, ñdV:gmR>r H$m¶© H$aUmam • g§doXZm {Z‘mU© hmoVmo.
àmUr • d¡km{ZH$ ^m¡VrH$dmXmÀ¶m AmYmamda ‘mZdr ñd^m-
MmMo {díbofU gm‘mm{OH$ emñÌm‘ܶo d¡km{ZH$
• hm°ãOda ¶m~m~Vrb S>oH$m°Q>© ¶m§À¶m {dMmam§Mm à^md nÕVrMm dmna àW‘M hm°ãO ¶m§ZrM Ho$bm.
S>oH$m°Q>© hm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm àUoVm hmoVm. Vmo ^m¡VrH$ • ˶m‘yioM ¶m§À¶m J«§WmV H$moR>ohr - Y‘©J«§W Am{U
• {dkmZmà‘mUo gm‘m{OH$ {dkmZmgmR>r EH$ {ZpíMV AܶmpË‘H$Vobm H$moR>ohr ñWmZ Zmhr.
nÕVrgmR>r à¶ËZaV hmoVm.
• hm°ãO JVrg§~§Yr {gÕm§Vmbm Amnë¶m VËdkmZmMm 춳VrdmXr {dMma -
AmYmaq~Xÿ ‘mmZVmV. à˶oH$ KQ>ZoMm ‘mJo ‘JVr’ • hm°ãO hm {Za§Hy$e amOoemhrMm g‘W©H$ hmoVm. na§Vy
VËd. AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§À¶m ‘Vo, ‘A{Z¶§ÌrV gmd©^m¡‘Ëd-
• JVr VËdmdê$Z Z¡gJuH$ à{H«$¶oMm CbJS> hmoVmo. mMm {gX²m§V hm 춺$sdmXmg nyaH$ Amho.
• amOH$s¶ VËdkmZmV hm°ãObm H$m¶‘ ‘{Za§Hy$ed-
hm°ãOMm VËdkmZmMo VrZ ^mJ : mXr ‘mZbo Jobo na§Vy Vmo gdm©YrH$ 춳VrdmXr hmoVm.
1. ‘mZdr eara VËdkmZMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ ‘춳Vr Amho g‘mO’ Zmhr .

}
2. ‘mZdmMo eara {dkmZ d ¶m gdmª À ¶m ‘w i mer JVrMm 춳Vr hm ñdV§Ì KQ>H$ Amho. amÁ¶ hr ~mø e³VtZm
‘mZgemó {Z¶‘ H$m¶©aV Amho. Ago
g‘mZ {hVmgmR>r EH$ gyÌmV ~m§YVo.
3. amÁ¶ Am{U g‘mO ‘mZVmV.

‘mZdr B§{жm§Zm hmoUmao - kmZ ^mdZm {dMma } JVrÀ¶m

}
1. 춳Vr gyajrVVm H$amamÛmao {Za§Hy$e gm-
nÕVr AmhoV d©^m¡‘ËdmMr {Z‘uVr
2. em§VVm
3. g§ñH¥$Vr {dH$mgmg- Ho$br.
‘mUgm§Mo EH$‘oH$m§er hmoUmè¶m dV©ZmVyZ gm‘mOrH$ dV©ZyH$
mR>r
OÝ‘mbm Ambr.
• {dewÕ àmH¥$VrH$ {dkmZÀ¶m AmYmamda amOH$maUmIo
AmË‘g§ajUmMm A{YH$ma gmd©^m¡‘ gÎmoMr {Z‘uVr 춳VrZo
ñnï>rH$aU H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ. 춳VrH$S>o R>odyZ gmd©^m¡‘ Ho$br Amho.
‘mZdr ñd^mdmMo ‘yb^yV kmZ {‘idʶmgmR>r - gÎmoda Aà˶j {Z¶§ÌUmMm gmd©^m¡‘Ëd A‘¶m©X Agbo Var
• JVrÀ¶m {Z¶‘m§da AmYmarO ‘mZgemñÌ ‘mJ© CnbãY H$ê$Z ˶m§Zr AmXoe XoVmZm 춳VrMm {dMma
• AmË‘mdbmoH$Z ‘mܶ‘mVyZ V϶g§H$bZ 춳VrdmXmMm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z H$aUo Amdí¶H$ ‘mZbo.
VQ>ñWVm, ‘y붑y³VVm Am{U Z¡gJuH$ {Z¶VËddmXr {Xbm.
hr ˶m§À¶m ^m¡VrH$dmXmMr d¡{eîQ>ço hmoVr. • - H$amamVyZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo gmd©^m¡‘Ëd hm 춳Vr
• ‘Zyî¶V VËdV: EH$ eara AgyZ ¶§Ìmà‘mUo JVrg‘mZ ñdmV§Í¶mMm {damoY ZgyZ 춳Vr ñdmV§Í¶mMm g§ajH$

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

 Amho.
• A{Z¶§ÌrV amÁ¶gÎmo gmo~V 춳VrdmXmMo g‘W©Z Ho$-
bo.
• 16ì¶m eVH$mV 춳VrdmXmMo ‘hÎd dmT>bo ˶m‘yio
춳VrdmXmbm ZmH$mê$Z amOoemhr pñWa H$aUo e³¶
Zmhr.
• åhUyZ ˶m§Zr ‘{Za§Hy$e amOoemhr Am{U 춳VrdmX’
¶m§Mm g‘Ýd¶ {Z‘m©U Ho$bm.
• 춳VrÀ¶m OrdZajUmÀ¶m nyVugmR>r g‘Pm¡Vm ‘YyZ
amÁ¶mMm CX¶ 춳VrÀ¶m OrdZ OJʶmMm A{Y-
H$mamMo g‘W©Z Ho$bo.
• amÁ¶mMr ‘moR>r Cn¶y³VVm åhUOo - AamOH$Vm Zï>
H$ê$Z 춳Vr OrdZmMo ajU H$aUo. ¶m§Mo 춳VrM-
mXr {dMma Cn¶moJrVmdmXmer {ZJS>rV amÁ¶mbm
춳VrÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶ {gÕrMo EH$ gmYZ ‘mZVmV.

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932

By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932
By N.Shyam PERA INSTITUTE M.: 9004611932