Seminar Report

on
“SOLAR MOBILE CHARGER”
Dept. of Electrical &Electronics Engineering

Submitted By: - Under the guidance of: -

Name:Mitali Mishra
Er.Dillip kumar khamari
Regd. No: 1001337048
Assistant Professor in EEE
Semester: 7th

Session:2013-14

Vikash College Of Engineering For Women

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Bargarh

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely gratified to Er.Dillip kumar khamari, Asst. Prof. in

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, Vikash college of

engineering for women, Bargarh for his constant supervision, inspiration &

encouragement right from beginning to the completion of my seminar.

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all my classmates and

the entire faculty members and other staff who have rendered their valuable

help directly or indirectly for completion of my seminar.

Student
name-Mitali Mishra
Bargarh Regd. No.-
1001337048

Date: 7thSem, EEE

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 DECLARATION

I, Mitali Mishra bearing Regd. No.1001337048 hereby declare that

the seminar topic entitled “SOLAR MOBILE CHARGER” presented by me is

original and this has not been submitted to anywhere else for the award of

any other degree.

Student name-Mitali Mishra

Regd. No: 1001337048
Semester:7th
Branch:EEE
Session: 2013-14

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mitali Mishra, student of 7th

semester, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department of Vikash

College of engineering for women, Bargarh bearing Regd.No.1001337048

has presented a seminar on the topic entitled “Solar Mobile Charger” for the

partial fulfillment of Bachelor’s of Technology degree in Electrical &

Electronics Engineering under Biju Patnaik University Of Technology

(BPUT).

Further it is certified that the matter presented here has not been

submitted anywhere else for the award of any other degree.

Seminar guide Head of the

Department

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 ABSTRACT

It works on the principle that when light falls on the solar cell, electron -hole pairs are created in the n-
type emitter and in the p-type base.The generated electrons (from the base) and holes (from the
emitter) then diffuse to the junction and are swept away by the electric field, thus producing.
Certain modules are selected and worked out to suitable specifications.
The development of solar charger goes from the fundamental level like soldering lamination and
making the panel etc. The developed charger is planned for 6 Volts with ma capacity at bright sunlight
and step down to 5Volts using regulator.In the report, the detailed experimental characteristics of
mobile charger are noted

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 CONTENT

 Introduction
 Photovoltaic cell
 Principle of PV cell
 Manufacturing of solar cells
 Applications
 Solar mobile charger unit
 Specification of charger
 Design of charger
 Cell in series
 Final work
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION

Solar energy is the energy produced directly by the sun and collected
elsewhere, normally the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process . The
process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation.

Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation that does
reaches the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today

. The radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used
today. The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe
their origins to the sun; they were once living plants and animals whose life was dependent upon the
sun.

Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power. More still can be
provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be examined, as well as the benefits and
drawbacks. In addition, the uses solar energy is currently applied to will be noted.

Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy
generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector simply collects the
radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat
or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy; at
certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. At night or during heavy
cloudcover, for example, the amount of energy produced by the collector will be quite small. The
storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and
release it when the productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is usually added, too, for the
situations when the amount of energy required is greater than both what is being produced and what is
stored in the container

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 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek (photo) means "light", and "voltaic", means
electric ,from the name of the Italian physicist “VOLTA "after whom a unit of electro-motive force, the
volt is named.

The sun is a star made up of hydrogen and helium gas and it radiates an enormous amount of energy
every second .

A photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that convert the energy of light directly into electricity by
photovoltaic effect.

Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic
cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the generation of
electricity from sunlight. Cells can be described as photovoltaic even when the light source is not
necessarily sunlight (lamplight, artificial light, etc.). In such cases the cell is sometimes used as
a photodetector (for example infrared detectors,detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation
near the visible range, or measuring light intensity.

The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes:

The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.

The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.

The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.

In contrast, a solar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either
direct heating or indirect electrical power generation. "Photoelectrolytic cell" (photoelectrochemical
cell), on the other hand, refers either a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by A.E. Becquerel
and modern dye-sensitized solar cells or a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen
using only solar illumination.

Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a
photovoltaic material.

Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline

silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, andcopper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the
increased demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic
arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.
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Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source. By the end of 2011, a total of 71.1 GW had been
installed, sufficient to generate 85 TWh/year.And by end of 2012, the 100 GW installed capacity
milestone was achieved.

Solar photovoltaics is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most important renewable energy
source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may
be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls
of a building (either building-integrated photovoltaics or simply rooftop).

Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of
photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured, and the levelised cost
of electricity (LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list
of geographic regions. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for
solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries.With current
technology, photovoltaics recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in 3 to 4 years. Anticipated
technology would reduce time needed to recoup the energy to 1 to 2 year.

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 PRINCIPLE OF PV CELL

Solar cell works on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Sunlight is composed of photons, or "packets
“of energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different
wavelengths of light. When photons strike a solar cell, they may be reflected or absorbed. When a
photon is absorbed, the energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the cell (which
is actually a semiconductor). With its new found energy, the electron is able to escape from itsnormal
position associated with that atom to become part of the current in an electric

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 MANUFACTURING OF SOLAR CELLS

• Raw Materials: The basic component of a solar cell is pure silicon, which is not pure in its natural
state

• Purifying the silicon

• Making single crystal silicon

• Making silicon wafers i.e. making small small silicon crystal.

• Doping :Doping is used to increase the strength of the material.

• The anti-reflective coating :It is a type of opticlal coating applied to the surface of lenses. It improves
efficiency.

• Encapsulating the cell

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 APPLICATION

• For low-power portable electronics, like calculators or small fans, a photovoltaic array may be a
reasonable energy source rather than a battery.

• In other situations, such as solar battery chargers, watches, and flashlights, the photovoltaic array is
used to generate electricity.
• Solar chargers can charge lead acid or Ni-Cd battery bank up to 48 V and hundreds of ampere-hours
(up to 400 Ah) capacity.
• For such type of solar chargers, generally intelligent charge controllers are used. A series of solar
cell array plates are installed separately on roof top and can be connected to battery bank. Such
arrangement can also be used in addition to mains supply chargers for energy saving during day
times.

• Most portable chargers can obtain energy from the sun only. Portable knob's are also sold. Some,
including the Kinesis K3, can work either way. Examples of solar chargers in popular use include:

• Small portable models designed to charge a range of different mobile phones, cell phones, iPods or
other portable audio equipment.

• Fold out models designed to sit on the dashboard of an automobile and plug into the cigar lighter, to
keep the battery topped up whilst not in use.

• Torches, often combined with a secondary means of charging, such as a kinetic charging system.

• Public solar chargers permanently installed in public places, such as parks, squares and streets, which
passersby can use for free.

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 SOLAR MOBILE CHARGER UNIT

 Portable Solar Mobile Charger for mobile phone can be charged with Sun light and electrical
power. It stores power from the sun and charge mobile phone,iPod,etc.
 Solar cell phone chargers use solar panels to charge cell phone batteries. They are an alternative
to conventional electrical cell phone chargers and in some cases can be plugged into an electrical
outlet.
 There are also public solar chargers for mobile phones which can be installed permanently in
public places such as streets, park and squares.
 The model which is according to European Commission proclaimed as the first in the world is
the Strawberry Tree, public solar charger invented by Strawberry energy Company. This solar
station won the first place at "EU Sustainable energy week (EUSEW) 2011" in the Consuming
category.
 Some models of cell phones have a built in solar charger and are commercially available for
GSM cellphone models.
 Solar cell phone chargers come in different shapes and configurations including folding and
rotating types.

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 SPECIFICATIONS OF CHARGER

 Uses high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon

 Solar panel: 5.5V/1000mA
 Output voltage: 5.5V
 Output current: 300-550mA

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 DESIGN OF CHARGER

• A multicrystallinesolar cell is taken and its cut into 12 parts.

• By taking tabbing wire and applying flux, paste is done .

• This is done from top of one cell to bottom of the other cell. They are connected in series. The above
process is continued for remaining cells.

• A wire comes from positive side of cell and another wire comes from the negative side.

• The whole arrangement is then placed on top of an acrylic sheet,teflon.

• On top these panels EVA is placed and are attached with feviquick

• These wires are connected to the terminals of a regulator.

• Using multimeter we verify the voltage is brought down to 5 V.
• Regular terminals are further connected to multipincable.
• The pin is then connected to mobile to charge it

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CELL IN SERIES

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FINAL WORK

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 SPECIFICATIONS OF BATTERY

For Samsung

• Make: Samsung

• Model: GT-B5310

• Voltage : Max-5V

Min-3.7V

• Capacity: 930ma/hr

For Nokia

• Type : RH-105

• Make : Nokia

• Model : 1208

• Voltage : Max-5V

Min-3.7V

• Capacity: 1020ma/hr

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 ADVANTAGES

 Solar energy is a renewable energy sources.

We get solar energy directly from resources i.e. from sun. The solar charger power source
comes from the solar energy which is an reliable alternative.
 Solar energy comes in free of charge.
The energy from the sun is free. The source of energy is practically

free because we get sunlight directly from sun.

 Solar cells panel on the solar charger does not require much maintenance.
As, the solar cells panel is very reliable as it can last longer than other

Source of energy.

 The solar charger also does emit zero pollution and is very environmental friendly which helps in
reducing global warming and greenhouse effect.
 . It also helps reduces cost such as electric bills as the solar charger source of energy is free.
 The solar charger also operate quietly and this does not contribute to noise pollution.

DISADVANTAGES

 Solar charger need light to work.

 The efficiency of the photo-voltaic panels has increased greatly over the last decade or so, reaching
the point where they do not need direct sunlight to work but will now create a satisfactory current
even under overcast conditions. But it is still something we should be aware of depending where in
the world we are based.
 Charging a device by solar charger is much slower than the main charger.
 This is due to the current generated by the solar panels being a lot less than what you would find at
home

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 CONCLUSION

• To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up to all of us to use energy wisely.

• We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It's also up to those who will create the new
energy technologies of the future.

• All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the greenhouse effect and
global warming, air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest and more
development in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power and hydrogen

• In solar mobile charger ripples will not be there as we use DC power directly to charge the mobile.
• Battery life is more as high voltages are not developed.

• Versatility of Solar mobile charger is high.

• Life of the battery will be high as we use solar mobile charger.

• Adaptability is high.

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 REFERENCES

SOLARSEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY VISIT

HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/SOLAR_CELL

􀁠ENCYCLOBEAMIA.SOLARBOTICS.NET/ARTICLE..
.
􀁠WWW.SOLARBUZZ.COM/GOING-SOLAR􀁠

WWW.SOLARSERVER.COM/KNOWLEDGE

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