GEODESY RESEARCH GROUP

FACULTY OF EARTH SCIENCES AND

TECHONOLOGY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BANDUNG

INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL
NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS)
Dr. Ir. Irwan Gumilar*
*Head of Survey and Mapping Laboratory
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology ITB
SURVEY AND MAPPING TECHNOLOGY
GNSS ACTIVITIES
 GPS applications for Surveying and Mapping

Creating a mapping
control point nets

CONTROL POINT SURVEY

Reference points/known reference points

Sought reference point
GPS applications for Surveying and Mapping
MAP making
MEASUREMENT OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY UAV CONTROL POINT

Control Point Measurement

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY

http://geosystembd.com/hydrographic-
survey/
GNSS (GPS) MARKET
The application of GNSS (GPS) technology for Surveying & Mapping in 2015 until
the projection in 2025 is 2.6% -4%. The biggest application is related to
transportation, then followed by LBS
GNSS (GPS) MARKET
According to Globalmarket.com records in 2010, the largest GNSS market by
region is Europe. For South East Asia, it is only around 4.71%
GNSS (GPS) MARKET
In 2016, the largest GNSS market shifted to APAC

Indonesia is part
of APAC (Asia
Pacific), which is a
potential market in
the future.
TREND ON GNSS

MORE ACCURATE FASTER

MORE USER CHEAPER

FRIENDLY
GPS System Introduction
•Navigation Satellite Timing and
Ranging Global Positioning System
(NAVSTAR GPS) is the official name of
GPS technology
•This GPS system is a Satellite-based
Navigation and Positioning system
•The system was built by the DOD
(Department of Defense) of the United
States, in cooperation with the National
PNT Committee
•Construction of the system began in 1973
and was officially launched in 1994
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

GPS is the most widely used

navigation satellite system both in
the world and in Indonesia
 GNSS Timeline

1960: First
1982: First
Transit
GLONASS
satellite 1994: 2001:
satellite was
was launched International GLONASS
launched
GPS Service only has 6
(IGS) forms satellites
1978: First 1983: First 1995: GPS,
GPS satellite Network GPS GLONASS
was launched project, Summit fully
County, Ohio operational

(Heck, 2017)
 GNSS Timeline

2016: 2020: Galileo

2003: First 2011: Galileo and BeiDou
GLONASS-M 2007: First GLONASS
BeiDou declared constellations
satellite was fully initially expected to be
launched satellite was operational
launched (again) operational complete

2005: First 2011: BeiDou 2017: 113 GNSS

Galileo initially satellites in the
satellite was operational sky, multi-GNSS
launched over the Asia- smartphones fit in
Pacific your pocket
Region
(Heck, 2017)
 GNSS Timeline

GPS 31

GLONASS 24

GALILEO 27

BEIDOU 35

QZSS 4

NAVIC 7
(Heck, 2017)
 The Constellations
Name Country Began #now FOC Type
GPS USA 1978 31 30 MEO
GLONASS Russia 1982 24 24 MEO
Galileo European 2005 22 30 MEO
Union
BeiDou China 2007 25 35 MEO
(27),GEO
(5),
IGSO (8)
QZSS Japan 2010 4 4 IGSO
NavIC India 2013 7 7 3 GEO,4
GSO
TOTAL 113 130
(Heck, 2017)
GNSS Signals

(Heck, 2017)
 GNSS Landscape – Changing Environment
System Sat In Sat In Orbit
Operation

GPS 31 32

GLO 24 26

GAL 18 26

BEI 17 38

QZS 4 4

IND 7 8

Total 101 134

(Enderle, 2018)
GNSS Satellite Constellation

GPS GLO

GAL BDS
GNSS Satellite Constellation
Sky Plot of Beidou Satellite
Characterisitics BDS GPS GLONASS GALILEO
GEO=0° IGSO=55°
Orbital Inclination 55° 64.8° 56°
MEO=55°
GEO=35,768
Orbital Altitude
IGSO=35,786 20,180 19,100 23,222
(km)
MEO=21,5278
GEO=24 jam 11 hours 16
Period 11 hours 58 minutes 14 hours 5 minutes
MEO=12 jam minutes
Geodetic Datum CGS2000 WGS-84 PE-90 GTRF

Time System UTC (NTSC) UTC (USNO) UTC (SU) Galileo system time
Keplerian orbital Keplerian orbital
Satellite position,
Satellite Position elements and their elements and their
Data Orbital speed and
and Speed perturbation perturbation
acceleration
parameters parameters
B1=1561.198 L1=1575.42 E1=1575.42
Carrier Wave G1=1602 G2=1246
B2=1207.14 L2=1227.60 E6=1278.75
(Mhz) G3=1204.704
B3=1268.52 L5=1176.45 E5=1191.795
 Challenges og GNSS Constelation

• Complexity of GNSS observation processing is increasing

• Real-time High Accuracy Services supporting PPP will come

• New Thinking - New concepts and algorithms will need to be developed in

order to be able to scope with the new user requirements

• The capability for performing POD for GNSS satellites, based on multi-freq.,
multi-const. GNSS observations will play a key role in the future
• Multi-Constellation, Multi-Frequency GNSS will be a globally available
infrastructure, how to use it is up to us

(Enderle, 2018)
•
 GPS System Introduction
SEGMENT SYSTEM GPS
SATELLITE
. 21 + 3 satellites
. orbital period: 12 hours USER
. altitude: 20200 km
• Observing GPS signal
• Calculate position and speed
• Get information about time
• Estimation of other parameters

CONTROL SYSTEM
. Time synchronization
. Orbital prediction
. Data injection
. Satellite health monitor

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1994

 GPS Modernization Program

Increasing System Capabilities 0 Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit

Block IIA/IIR Block IIR-M, IIF Block III
Basic GPS IIR(M): IIA/IIR capabilities plus Block IIIA:
• Std Service (16-24m SEP) • 2nd civil signal (L2C) • Increased anti-jam power
– Single frequency (L1) • M-Code (L1M & L2M) • Increased security
– Coarse acquisition • Increased accuracy
(C/A) code navigation • Navigation surety
IIF: IIR-M capability plus • Backward compatibility
• Precise Service (16m SEP) • 3rd civil signal (L5) • Assured availability
– Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y) • Anti-jam flex power • Controlled integrity
• System survivability
– Y-Code navigation
• 4th civil signal (L1C)

Source: US National Space Based Coordination Office (www.pnt.gov) Ref : Miller (2006) at www.gps.gov
 GPS Control System Segment (1)
The GPS control segment has responsibility for maintaining
the GPS satellites and their proper functioning.

THIS FUNCTION INCLUDES :

• Maintaining the satellites in their proper orbital positions (station keeping).
In this case the control segment updates each satellite’s clock, ephemeris,
almanac, and other indicators in the navigation message once per day or as
needed.
• Monitoring satellite subsystem health and status.
• Monitoring the satellite solar arrays, battery power levels, and propellant
levels used for maneuvers and activates spare satellites
(if available).
• Resolving satellite anomalies and controlling AS (Anti Spoofing)
• Determining and maintaining GPS time system.
Ref. : [Kaplan, 1996] Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1998
 GPS Control System Segment (2)

Ref. : www.gps.gov Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014

 GPS Control System Stations
Specifically, the GPS control system segment consists of:
• Ground Antenna Stations (GAS),
• Monitor Stations (MS),
• Prelaunch Compatibility Station (PCS), dan
• Master Control Station (MCS).

GAS : 3 stations (Ascension, Diego Garcia, dan Kwajalein)

MS : 5 stations (3 stasion GCS ditambah
Colorado Springs dan Hawaii)
PCS : Cape Caneveral (also as a backup for GAS)
MCS : Colorado Springs.

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1997

 GPS Control System Segment (3)

Ref: www.gps.gov Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015

 GPS Control System Segment (4)
Working Mechanism of GPS Control System Segment

All Codes and Phases

Observations
Uploading
(S-band)

Monitor ……. Monitor ……. Monitor One of Ground

Station Station Station Antenna Stations

Ephemeris, Clock Data

Master Control Station
Control Parameters
• Data Processing
• Satellites Control
• System Operations

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2007

Diego Garcia Station (MS + GAS)

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1997

GPS Satellite Segment
 GPS Receivers (1)
• satellite position
• distance to satellite
• time information
• satellite health
• other information

Mapping type

Geodetic type

Navigation type 4
(hand-held)

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003

 GPS Receivers (2)

Basic Components of GPS Receivers

Data Logger,
Antenna and Signal Navigation External
Pre-amplifier Processor Solution Communication

Precision User
Power Supply
Oscillator Communication

Referensi : Seeber (2003)

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004

 GPS User Segment
Military

Positioning Navigation

Civil
Receiver
GPS
1-7 million

Single Frequency

Geodetic

Timing
Dual Frequency

150-350 million
GPS User Segment
Navigation type receiver

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1996

GPS User Segment
Mapping type receiver

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1996

GPS User Segment
Geodetic type receiver

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1996

GPS User Segment
 Why is GPS (GNSS) interesting?

• Can provide information about the position, speed, and three-dimensional

acceleration, as well as time information, quickly, anytime and anywhere
in the world in all weather with relatively high accuracy.
• The information can be determined under static or kinematic conditions.
• Suitable for all types of platforms (cars, trains, ships, satellites, etc.).
• Available to everyone for free (no system usage fee is charged).
• The principle of using GPS for determining the information mentioned
above is relatively easy and does not take a lot of energy.
• More and more people are using GPS for various purposes.

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004

 Why is GPS (GNSS) interesting?
• Provides position and velocity referencing to the global datum (WGS
1984)
• Positioning does not require visibility between points
• GPS usage is relatively unaffected by topographic conditions between
point
• GPS data collectors (surveyors) cannot 'manipulate' observational data
• GPS receivers tend to be smaller in size, cheaper to price, and higher
levels of reliability.
• Software for processing GPS data is getting more and more
sophisticated
• More and more people are using GPS for various purposes

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004

Why is GPS (GNSS) interesting?
Why is GPS (GNSS) interesting?
 GPS System Limitations

• GPS cannot be used in places where signals from the satellites

cannot reach the GPS receiver, such as indoors, in tunnels, or
underwater.

• By default, GPS can only provide the ellipsoid height and not the
orthometric height which is commonly used in everyday life.

• For kinematic positioning that demands high accuracy and reliable

system integrity, such as for aircraft landing systems, even though
GPS can serve it in terms of accuracy, in terms of system integrity,
GPS needs to be strengthened with several external systems and
and improvement on reliable integrity methods
GPS System Limitations
 GPS System Limitations
• GPS is a relatively new technology, so relatively few human
resources who understand GPS and its application methods.

• Surveys using GPS have different characteristics and

requirements from terrestrial survey methods such as polygons,
triangulation, and trilateration.

• In a GPS survey, GPS satellites, which can be analogized to control

points on a terrestrial survey, are not visible to the surveyor. This
can psychologically lead to an attitude of carelessness in the
surveyor.

• Using GPS seems "very easy". This can sometimes lead to

situations where the information provided by the GPS is being
used incorrectly by the user.
 GPS (GNSS) Applications
Exploration -Seismic Survey control points
- Survey Line and Vintage Seismic
- Well Positioning
- Coordinate Datum Unification
- Determination of Concession Limits
Exploitation - Prospect area mapping
- Measurement of land acquisition parcels
- Access Road Mapping
- Staking out the drilling point
- etc
Monitoring & -Ass-Built Making
Management Asset - 2D & 3D Asset Mapping
- Inspection Measurement
- Deformation monitoring measurement
- etc
FINISH