Appendix I

Human Development Index, 2021

HDI Country (HDI) Value HDI Country (HDI) Value

Rank 2021 Rank 2021
Very High Human Development 40 Andorra 0.858
1 Switzerland 0.962 40 Croatia 0.858
2 Norway 0.961 42 Chile 0.855
3 Iceland 0.959 42 Qatar 0.855
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.952 44 San Marino 0.853
5 Australia 0.951 45 Slovakia 0.848
6 Denmark 0.948 46 Hungary 0.846
7 Sweden 0.947 47 Argentina 0.842
8 Ireland 0.945 48 Türkiye 0.838
9 Germany 0.942 49 Montenegro 0.832
10 Netherlands 0.941 50 Kuwait 0.831
11 Finland 0.940 51 Brunei Darussalam 0.829
12 Singapore 0.939 52 Russian Federation 0.822
13 Belgium 0.937 53 Romania 0.821
13 New Zealand 0.937 54 Oman 0.816
15 Canada 0.936 55 Bahamas 0.812
16 Liechtenstein 0.935 56 Kazakhstan 0.811
17 Luxembourg 0.930 57 Trinidad and Tobago 0.810
18 United Kingdom 0.929 58 Costa Rica 0.809
19 Japan 0.925 58 Uruguay 0.809
19 Korea (Republic of) 0.925 60 Belarus 0.808
21 United States 0.921 61 Panama 0.805
22 Israel 0.919 62 Malaysia 0.803
23 Malta 0.918 63 Georgia 0.802
23 Slovenia 0.918 63 Mauritius 0.802
25 Austria 0.916 63 Serbia 0.802
26 United Arab Emirates 0.911 66 Thailand 0.800
27 Spain 0.905 High Human Development
28 France 0.903 67 Albania 0.796
29 Cyprus 0.896 68 Bulgaria 0.795
30 Italy 0.895 68 Grenada 0.795
31 Estonia 0.890 70 Barbados 0.790
32 Czechia 0.889 71 Antigua and Barbuda 0.788
33 Greece 0.887 72 Seychelles 0.785
34 Poland 0.876 73 Sri Lanka 0.782
35 Bahrain 0.875 74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.780
35 Lithuania 0.875 75 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.777
35 Saudi Arabia 0.875 76 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.774
38 Portugal 0.866 77 Ukraine 0.773
39 Latvia 0.863 78 North Macedonia 0.770

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HDI Country (HDI) Value HDI Country (HDI) Value
Rank 2021 Rank 2021
79 China 0.768 121 Iraq 0.686
80 Dominican Republic 0.767 122 Tajikistan 0.685
80 Moldova (Republic of) 0.767 123 Belize 0.683
80 Palau 0.767 123 Morocco 0.683
83 Cuba 0.764 125 El Salvador 0.675
84 Peru 0.762 126 Nicaragua 0.667
85 Armenia 0.759 127 Bhutan 0.666
86 Mexico 0.758 128 Cabo Verde 0.662
87 Brazil 0.754 129 Bangladesh 0.661
88 Colombia 0.752 130 Tuvalu 0.641
89 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.751 131 Marshall Islands 0.639
90 Maldives 0.747 132 India 0.633
91 Algeria 0.745 133 Ghana 0.632
91 Azerbaijan 0.745 134 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.628
91 Tonga 0.745 135 Guatemala 0.627
91 Turkmenistan 0.745 136 Kiribati 0.624
95 Ecuador 0.740 137 Honduras 0.621
96 Mongolia 0.739 138 Sao Tome and Principe 0.618
97 Egypt 0.731 139 Namibia 0.615
97 Tunisia 0.731 140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.607
99 Fiji 0.730 140 Timor-Leste 0.607
99 Suriname 0.730 140 Vanuatu 0.607
101 Uzbekistan 0.727 143 Nepal 0.602
102 Dominica 0.720 144 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.597
102 Jordan 0.720 145 Equatorial Guinea 0.596
104 Libya 0.718 146 Cambodia 0.593
105 Paraguay 0.717 146 Zimbabwe 0.593
106 Palestine, State of 0.715 148 Angola 0.586
106 Saint Lucia 0.715 149 Myanmar 0.585
108 Guyana 0.714 150 Syrian Arab Republic 0.577
109 South Africa 0.713 151 Cameroon 0.576
110 Jamaica 0.709 152 Kenya 0.575
111 Samoa 0.707 153 Congo 0.571
112 Gabon 0.706 154 Zambia 0.565
112 Lebanon 0.706 155 Solomon Islands 0.564
114 Indonesia 0.705 156 Comoros 0.558
115 Viet Nam 0.703 156 Papua New Guinea 0.558
Medium Human Development 158 Mauritania 0.556
116 Philippines 0.699 159 Côte d'Ivoire 0.550
117 Botswana 0.693 Low Human Development
118 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.692 160 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.549
118 Kyrgyzstan 0.692 161 Pakistan 0.544
120 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.691 162 Togo 0.539

78 Fundamentals of Human Geography

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HDI Country (HDI) Value HDI Country (HDI) Value
Rank 2021 Rank 2021

163 Haiti 0.535 178 Liberia 0.481

163 Nigeria 0.535 179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.479
165 Rwanda 0.534 180 Afghanistan 0.478
166 Benin 0.525 181 Sierra Leone 0.477
166 Uganda 0.525 182 Guinea 0.465
168 Lesotho 0.514 183 Yemen 0.455
169 Malawi 0.512 184 Burkina Faso 0.449
170 Senegal 0.511 185 Mozambique 0.446
171 Djibouti 0.509 186 Mali 0.428
172 Sudan 0.508 187 Burundi 0.426
173 Madagascar 0.501 188 Central African Republic 0.404
174 Gambia 0.500 189 Niger 0.400
175 Ethiopia 0.498 190 Chad 0.394
176 Eritrea 0.492 191 South Sudan 0.385
177 Guinea-Bissau 0.483
Source : http://hdr.undp.org/as on 12.12.2023

Appendix I 79

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 GLOSSARY

Agriculture Dry Farming Highway

The science and art of cultivating the soil, A method of farming adopted in certain regions Public road connecting distant places. Such
raising crops and rearing livestock. It is of inadequate rainfall and devoid of irrigation a road of national importance is called the
also called farming. facilities by conserving moisture in the soil national highway.
and by raising drought-enduring crops.
Balance of Trade Horticulture
The difference between the total value of a Economic Geography Cultivation of vegetables and fruits; often on
country’s exports and imports. An excess The aspect or branch of geography which small plots, involving higher intensiveness
of export over import makes a favourable deals with the influences of the environment, than in field cultivation.
balance of trade, and the converse an un- both physical and cultural, on the economic
favourable balance. activity of man, bringing out similarities and Imports
differences from place to place in the ways Goods brought into a country from another
Barter people make a living. country.
A direct exchange of excess produce
between two parties to the mutual Environment Industrial Revolution
advantages of both, without the use of Surroundings or the conditions under The change in manufacturing from hand-
tokens, credit or money in the transaction. which a person or things exist and develop operated tools to power-driven machinery
his or its character. It covers both physical began in England during the middle of the
Census and cultural elements. eighteenth century.
Official enumeration of population along with
certain economic and social statistics in a Exports Industry
given territory at some time interval. Goods despatched from one country to Systematic production characterised by
another. division of labour and extensive use of
Chemical Fertilisers machinery.
Substance of natural or artificial origin Extensive Agriculture
containing chemical elements such as Farming in which the amount of capital and Intensive Agriculture
phosphorus, potassium and nitrogem that labour applied to a given area is relatively Farming in which large amounts of capital
are necessary to plan life. They are added small. and labour are applied per unit area of
to the soil for increasing its productivity. land, in order to obtain high yield.
Fazenda
Contour Ploughing A coffee plantation in Brazil. Inter Cropping
Tilling or ploughing hillsides or sloping lands It is a practice of growing two or more crops
along the contour lines, that is, around Foreign Exchange together on the same field in the same
rather than up and down a slope mainly The mechanism or process by which season
with a view to conserving soil and water. payments between any two places
operating under different national currency International Trade
Crop Rotation systems are effected without passing of Trade carried on between nations primarily
Growing of different crops in succession actual money or gold, etc. to exchange their surpluses and make up
on the same field from season to season to their deficits.
maintain soil fertility Freeways
The wide highways on which cross-roads Metropolis
Dairy Farming are avoided by providing overhead links A very large city or agglomeration of
A kind of agriculture in which major where one turns in only one direction to population in a district or a country, and is
emphasis is on breeding and rearing milch ensure smooth and speedy traffic. often the chief centre or seat of some form
cattle. Agriculture crops are raised mainly of activity— administrative, commercial or
to feed these cattle. Harbour industrial. It generally serves a large
An extensive stretch of deep water where hinterland.
Density of Population vessels can anchor securely to obtain
The average number of inhabitants living protection from sea and swell either through Mine
within a specified unit of area, such as a natural features or artificial works. An excavation made in the earth for
sq km. digging out minerals such as coal, iron-ore

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and precious stones. A mine usually practised mainly for subsistence, the Shifting Agriculture
denotes underground working except in modern ranches present an example of A method of farming in which a patch of
open-pit mines. commercial pastoralism. ground is cultivated for a period of few
years until the soil is partly exhausted or
Mineral Plantation Agriculture overrun by weeds, and after which the
A substance that is found in the earth’s crust, A large-scale one-crop farming resembling land is left to natural vegetation while
and which generally has a definite factory production. It is usually cultivation is carried on elsewhere. In due
chemical composition unlike most rocks. characterised by large estate, huge capital course, the original patch of land is
investment, and modern and scientific cultivated again when the natural growth
Mineral Fuel techniques of cultivation and trade. has restored fertility.
Non-metallic minerals such as coal and
petroleum which are used as fuel. Port Subsistence Agriculture
The commercial part of a harbour Farming in which its produce is mainly
Mineral Oil containing facilities for embarking and consumed in the farmer’s household unlike
A mixture of hydrocarbons in solid, disembarking passengers, loading and commercial agriculture whose products
gaseous or liquid form found in the earth. It unloading, and some facilities for the storage enter into trade on a very large scale.
is commonly known as petroleum. It became of cargo.
a commercial product only in 1859. Transhumance
Primary Activity A seasonal movement of herdsmen with
Mineral Ore Activities concerned with collecting or their livestock and from and to the
Metals in their raw state as extracted from making available materials, provided by mountains or between the regions of
the earth. nature, for example, agriculture, fishing, differing climates.
forestry, hunting or mining.
Mining Transport
An economic activity concerned with the Quarry The action of carrying persons and goods
extraction of commercially valuable minerals An open-air excavation from which stone from one place to another.
from the bowels of the earth. is obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.
Truck Farming
Mixed Farming Ranches Growing of vegetables around the urban
A type of farming in which cultivation of crops Large stock farms, usually fenced in, where centres to meet the daily demand of the
and raising of livestock go hand in hand. animals are bred and reared on a people is known as truck farming. It is
Both these activities play an important part commercial scale. They are found governed by the distance a truck can cover
in the economy. especially in the United States. overnight between the farm and the market.

Natural Resources Rotation of Crops Urbanisation

Wealth supplied by nature-mineral A systematic succession of different crops A general movement of people from small
deposits, soil fertility, timber, fuel, water, on a given piece of land carried out in rural or agricultural communities or villages
potential water-power, fish and wild life, etc. order to avoid exhaustion of the soil. to larger towns engaged in varied activities
such as government, trade, transport and
Nomadism Secondary Activity manufacture. It also indicates the
A way of life of the people who are required Activities which transform the material concentration of an increasing proportion
to shift their dwellings frequently from place provided by primary activities into of total population in towns and cities.
to place in search of pastures for their commodities more directly useful to man.
animals— the mainstay of their economy.
Sedentary Agriculture
Open-cast Mine Farming practised more or less
A place where soil and its outward cover permanently on the same piece of land,
are first removed and a mineral or ore is the same as settled agriculture.
extracted by quarrying. In a way, it is a
quarry on a large scale. This method of Shaft Mine
mining is known as open-cast mining. An underground excavation made deep
into the earth for digging minerals like coal,
Pastoralism precious stones and iron. Such mines
An economy that solely depends upon contain vertical and inclined shafts and
animals. Whereas nomadic pastoralism is horizontal tunnels at various levels.

Glossary 81

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NOTES

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