Part 1:
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
• Use of a parenthetical reference system
in the text of the paper
• Tied to an alphabetical References list
(located at the end of your paper)
• Use author-date system of citation
All in-text parenthetical references
must correspond to a source cited in
the References list. 11
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by One Author (p.207-208)
Reference in the text:
According to Taylor (2000), the personalities of …
In a study of personalities and character (Taylor, 2000) …
References (at the end of your paper)
Taylor, M. M. (2000). Study of personalities and character.
Journal of Psychology, 93 (1), 257-267.
12
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by One Author (Cont.)
Cite by author and year only even when
reference includes month or date:
Reference in the text:
Mak (2006) found workers are happier …
References (at the end of your paper)
Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers.
The Star, p. N6.
13
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by Two authors (p. 208)
• Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.
• Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text
• Use "&" in the parentheses:
Reference in the text:
Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems …
A survey on the problems in … (Serlin & Lapsley, 1985)
References (at the end of your paper)
Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in
psychological research: The good-enough
14
principle. American Psychologist, 40, 73-83.
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
One Work by Multiple authors (3-5 authors) (p.208)
Reference in the text:
Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 did a survey on … (Use as
1st citation in text)
Skinner et al. (1993) found … (Use as subsequent 1st citation per
paragraph thereafter)
Skinner et al. also found … (Omit year from subsequent citations
after 1st citation within a paragraph)
References (at the end of your paper)
Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. (1993).
Small group learning, Psychological Bulletin, 26, 57-63.
15
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Six or More Authors (p. 209)
• For works with 6 or more authors, the 1st citation
& subsequent citations use first author et al. and
year.
• et al means “and others”
Reference in the text:
Wolchik et al. (2000) studied the use of …
(In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the 1st
six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to “et al.”)
References (at the end of your paper)
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth,
Coatsworth, D.,
Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-
theory-
based mother and mother-
mother-child programs for children of divorce.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,
68, 843-
843-856.
16
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Groups as Authors (p. 209-210)
Write down corporate author in full every time
if the abbreviation is NOT common.
e.g., (University of Pittsburg, 1998)
If group author is easily identified by its abbreviation,
you may abbreviate the name in the second and
subsequent citations:
1st citation:
Ministry of Education [MOE], 2001)
Subsequent text citation:
(MOE, 2001)
17
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Works With No Author (p. 210-211)
• Cite the first few words of the reference list entry
• Usually the title of the article or newspaper
• And the year
• Use “ ” and italics
Reference in the text:
Many mentally ill drinkers seek the help from… (“Alcohol and
the risk,” 2006).
References (at the end of your paper)
Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). The
Straits Times, p. 32.
18
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Authors With the Same Surname (p. 211)
• Use initials with the last names if your
reference list includes two or more authors
with the same last name.
Reference in the text:
Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .
Survey by E. Young (1990) proved that …
References (at the end of your paper)
Young, J. (1989). The Purification Plan. New York:
Rodale Books.
Young, E. (1990). Caring for the Vulnerable. London:
19
Jones and Bartlett.
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Personal Communication (p. 214)
Interviews, memos, letters, e-mail, and similar
unpublished person-to-person communications
should be cited as follows:
Reference in the text:
One of Atkinson’s colleagues, who has studied the effect
of the media on children’s eating habits, has contended
that advertisers or snack foods will need to design ads
responsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson,
personal communication, October 20, 2004).
References (at the end of your paper)
Do not include personal communications 20
in your reference list.
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Secondary Sources (p. 247)
• Give the secondary source in the reference list;
• In text, name the original work, and give a citation
for the secondary source.
Reference in the text:
Irene and John’s study (as cited in Tornhill, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller,
1993)
References (at the end of your paper)
Tornhill, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models
of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-
processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-
21
608.
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Quotations (p.117-119) - Short Quotes (< 40 words)
• Directly quote - include the author, year of publication,
and the page number
Reference in the text:
According to Jones (2004), " Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their
first time" (p. 199).
References (at the end of your paper)
Jones, L. (2004). How to research. London: Open
University Press.
22
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Quotations (p.117-119) - Long Quotes (> 40 words)
• Do not use “ “
• Use block form, indent 5 spaces for entire quote
• Use double space
• Use … to indicate omitted words
Reference in the text:
We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:
Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an alternative
to conventional psychopharmacological agents but rather…(p. 8).
References (at the end of your paper)
Obrue, K. (2002). Neurofeedback practice. New York:
23
McGraw-Hill.
Part 2: Formatting Your
Reference List
The Basics
- APA requires a hanging indent for its citations
- Please be sure to use double space citations
- Documents only sources used in research and
preparation
- Alphabetize the works
24
Pay Specific Attention
to
- Consistency in how you apply APA
- Punctuation (period, comma, semi-colon)
- Location and publisher for books
- Volume, issue and page numbers for articles
- Complete and correct information
- Spelling
25
Reference List Order
• Alphabetical by author’s name
• Chronological by same author
• Alphabetical by title
Same author, same year, different title:
Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). Managing information …
Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). Multimedia management …
Same author, different year:
Hewlett, L. S. (2005). Critical thinking about …
Hewlett, L. S. (2006). Doing quantitative research …
Alphabetize the prefix M’, Mc and Mac literally, not as if
they were all spelled Mac. Disregard the apostrophe.
MacArthur, B. A. (2000). Problems and promises…
McAllister, G. J. (2000). Choice and the relative …
26
Reference List
Personal Names (p. 224)
• English Names: Invert all author’s names.
Patrick, Kiger Kiger, P.
• Chinese Names: Enter under surname.
Lim Swee Hong Lim, S. H.
Wendy Wang Pei Lyn Wang, W. P. L.
• Malay Names: Enter first element of the name.
Mohamad Yazid Idris Mohamad, Y. I.
27
Reference List
Personal Names (Cont.)
Indian Names: Enter first element of the name.
Ganesan a/l Segaran Ganesan, S.
Others
Gustav K. Von Schulthess Schulthess, G. K. Von.
28
Publisher Information
• Give city and state if city is not well known or
ambiguous (US postal code 2-letter)
e.g., Hillsdale, NJ or Cambridge, MA
• spell out other countries
e.g., Oxford, England: Blackwell
● Spell out name of publisher especially
associations, corporations, university presses
• Leave out terms like Publisher, Co, Inc.
• Retain terms like Books, Press 29
More Than One Publisher
Location
•Use the first one, if the book lists more
than one publisher location
New York, London: MacMillan
Cite as New York: MacMillan
30
Book Reference
Single Author (p.
(p. 248)
248)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.
Zautra, A. (2006). Emotions, stress, and health.
New York: Oxford University Press.
31
Book Reference
Single Author (Cont.)
(Cont.)
When the author and publisher are
identical, use the word "Author" as the
name of the publisher.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994).
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
32
Book Reference
Multiple Authors (p.
(p. 240)
240)
When a work has up to (and including) six
authors, cite all authors.
3 authors
Playfair, J. H., Gardner, M., & Bancroft, G. J. (2004).
Infection and immunity. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
6 authors
Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead,
M., Craig, K., Peterson, R. (1967). Nerve cells
and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
33
University Press.
Book Reference
Corporate Author (p.
(p. 248-249)
248-249)
General Format
Corporate Author. (Year). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.
Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006). Managing
personal fund. Toronto: Midwestern.
34
Book Reference
No Author (p.
(p. 249)
249)
Begin with title. Titles of books are italicized.
General Format
Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.
Education Handbook. (2005). London: Longman.
35
Edited Book Reference(p. 249)
General Format
Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.
One editor:
Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Psycholinguistics. Beijing:
Peking University Press.
More than one editor
Grice, H., & Gregory, R. (Eds.). (1968).
Early language development. New
36
York: McGraw-Hill.
Later Edition Book Reference(p. 249)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of book (2nd ed.).
Location: Publisher.
Skinner, E. (2003). Women and the national
experience (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
37
Non-English Book Reference(p. 251)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Original Title.
[Translated Title], Location: Publisher.
Piaget, J., Inhelder, B. (1951). La genese de I’idee de
hasard chez I’enfant [The origin of the idea of
chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires
de France.
38
English Translation of A Book(p. 251)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Book title (Name of
translators).Location: Publisher. (Original
work published 1814)
Laplace, P.S. (1951). A philosophical essay on
probabilities (F.W. Truscott & F. L. Emory,
Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work
published 1814)
39
Book Chapter Reference(p. 252-254)
General Format
Article Author. (Year). Article Title. In
Book Editor(s), Book Title (page numbers).
Location: Publisher.
Blaxter,
Blaxter, L.
L. (1996).
(1996). Thinking
Thinking about
about research.
research. In
In R.
R.
A.
A. Lillian
Lillian &
& J.
J. F.
F. Rebecca (Eds.), How
Rebecca (Eds.), How to
to research
research
(pp.
(pp. 19-25).
19-25). Buckingham:
Buckingham: Open
Open University
University Press.
Press.
40
Journal Article Reference(p. 240)
One
One Author
Author
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,
Vol(no), pages.
McGill, K. (2006). Reading the valley: performance
as a rhetoric of dimension, Text and
Performance Quarterly, 26(4), 389-404.
41
Journal Article Reference(p. 240)
Two
Two Authors
Authors
List all authors with & preceding last
author.
Racette, A., & Bard, C. (2006). Making non-
fluent aphasics speak. Journal of Logic and
Computation, 18, 27-45.
42
Journal Article Reference
(p. 240-241)
More Than Six Authors
After 6th author name, use et al.
Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J. Y., Kwok,
O. M., Haine, R. A., et al. (2003). Classroom
Interaction in Science: Teacher questioning and
feedback to students' responses. International
Journal of Science Education, 63, 57-60.
43
Magazine Article Reference
(p. 241-242)
General Format
Author, A. (Year, Month day). Title of article.
Title of Magazine, volume if given,
page-numbers.
Reppel, F. G. (2003, February 13). Conflict
and cognitive control. Natural Science,
33, 969-970.
44
Proceedings of Meeting & Symposia
(p. 259-260))
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Article Title. Proceedings Title.
Location: Publisher. Volume, Pages.
Cynx, J., William, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992).
Hemispheric differences in avian song
discrimination. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. London: MacMillan. 89,
1372-1375.
45
Unpublished Thesis Reference
(p. 260-262)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of thesis. Unpublished
level thesis. University, Place.
Kondo, T. (1991). The making of a corporate
elite adult targeted comic magazines of
Japan. Unpublished master’s thesis. McGill
University, Canada.
46
Newspaper Article Reference
(p. 242-243)
General Format
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title
of Newspaper, pages.
Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the
priority watch list for pirated movies,
music. New Straits Times, p. 6.
47
Web Page Reference
Electronic Copy of a Journal
Article Retrieved from Database (p. 279)
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, Vol (no), pages. Retrieved
Month Day, Year, from source.
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H.,
Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of
early supervisory experience in supervisor
performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,
443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from
PsycARTICLES database.
Web Page Reference
Article in an Internet-only Journal (p. 272)
Article does not appear in print journal
or magazine
General Format
Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title,
vol (no), pages. Retrieved Month Day,Year, from
source
Pelling, N. (2002, May 5). The use of technology in career
counseling. Journal of Technology in Counseling, 2(2).
Retrieved December 16, 2004, from
http://jtc.colstate.edu/vol2_2/pelling.htm
49
