Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2024, pp. 31~37

ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i1.6038  31

Design of a novel control hysteresis algorithm for photovoltaic

systems for harmonic compensation

Dakka Obulesu, Malladi Lakshmi Swarupa

Department of Electrical and Electronics, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Solar photovoltaic (PV) system design and integration with an existing AC
grid is growing very fast in recent years and used by many of them as they
Received Mar 1, 2023 are pollution-free, structure is limited and maintenance free. From the factors
Revised May 3, 2023 considering, the performance of PV system depends upon the inverter output
Accepted May 24, 2023 voltage tested for linear, non-linear, with harmonic, and without harmonic
loads. Generated due to the nonlinear loads. Better inverter control
techniques are developed to maintain grid power quality. This article
Keywords: discusses the analysis and comparison of pulse width modulation (PWM)
converters with unique and state of the art nonlinear control schemes and
Back propagation algorithm various modulation approaches. The primary objective of this research is
Insulated gate bipolar controlling an active filtering (AF) hysteresis PWM converter with no
transistors sensors. A simple structure with hysteresis current control method total
Modeling harmonic distortion (THD) is lower when compared with the sinusoidal
Pulse width modulation pulse width modulation (SPWM) method. The said claims are supported by
Solar photovoltaic employing computer simulations using MATLAB/Simulink and different
Total harmonic distortion control approaches, such as proportional plus integral and artificial neural
network controllers.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Dakka Obulesu
Department of Electrical and Electronics, CVR College of Engineering
Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad, 501510, India
Email: dakkaobulesh@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
Discussions on analogue component differences, noise-handling ability, ease of connection to other
digital systems, the ability to execute advanced control schemes, the ability to modulate controllers with
commonly used software, and the advanced heartbeat width balance dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) module
pulse width modulation (PWM) are found in the literature [1]–[8]. Numerous studies have discussed digital
current mode approaches for DC-to-DC converters [9]. Some studies have also attempted to reduce
computational time delays by studying dead-beat current regulation [10], [11]. The discovery that the work
ratio needs to be changed only once for every two shift cycles led to the development of an algorithm for
model predictive digital current programming [12]. If this problem can be resolved within a few cycles, the
primary goal can be considered to have been achieved. A proper modulation mechanism will make it possible
to design the control rule to enable it to function with any variable of interest. It also works with valley,
pinnacle, and normal current control methods. These strategies not only consider recurrent prescient control
or non prescient control [13]–[16] but also require accurate sensing of high-speed inductor currents. Here, we
start with a no sensor digital mean current mode control approach in DC-DC choppers, which operate mostly
in the continuous mode for conduction (CCM). The primary objective of the suggested control strategy is to
obtain the best possible results. This is done using the low-pass channel capacity to determine the normal

Journal homepage: http://beei.org

32  ISSN: 2302-9285

inductor current depending on information and yield voltages that change over time and subsequently direct
the inductor current utilizing the current of a voltage controller as a reference.

2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION INVERTER

With the purpose of expanding the latest control methods of voltage-fed converters, DC/AC and
AC/DC source/power-side inverters, also known as PWM converters (i.e., synchronous converters), were
considered gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs) and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) which are primary
components of AC/DC converters, have a similar classification and operation procedure as that of diodes.
IGBTs and GTOs can sum sinusoidal steady-state currents, which are given in addition to a complicated and
conventional method known as PWM. The method also estimates the in-line situations with pulses obtained
from the width modulated method to allow central control of power switches. The new technology for
changing voltage-fed AC/DC rectifiers interconnected for the power electric grid is represented in Figure 1.
The electric power main network for the majority of the diode rectifiers obtained in the technology for the
PWM voltage converter is three-phase (battery energy storage system) [17].

Figure 1. Voltage source of the AC/DC line-side converter

The bridge of the PWM rectifier consists of six fully controlled IGBT transistors coupled to the
supply line through three-phase symmetrical line inductors. It is necessary to decrease and regulate the
voltage drop across a line choke to deliver sinusoidal line currents. In (1) provides a representation of the
pulses of the converter in second order using three-phase (A, B, C) Cartesian coordinates. The states of
electronic switches in terms of binary [1, 0] associated with the three-phase rectifier phases are denoted by
Sa, Sb, and Sc.

𝑑/𝑑𝑡 (𝑖𝑔𝐴) = 1/𝐿𝑔 [𝑒𝑔𝐴– 𝑅𝑔𝑖𝑔𝐴– 𝑈𝑑𝑐/3(2𝑆𝑎– 𝑆𝑏– 𝑆𝑐)]

𝑑/𝑑𝑡 (𝑖𝑔𝐵) = 1/𝐿𝑔 [𝑒𝑔𝐵– 𝑅𝑔𝑖𝑔𝐵– 𝑈𝑑𝑐/3(−𝑆𝐴 + 2𝑆𝑏– 𝑆𝑐)]

(1)
𝑑/𝑑𝑡 (𝑖𝑔𝑐) = 1/𝐿𝑔 [𝑒𝑔𝑐– 𝑅𝑔𝑖𝑔𝑐– 𝑈𝑑𝑐/3(−𝑆𝐴– 𝑆𝑏 + 2𝑆𝑐)]

𝑑/𝑑𝑡 (𝑈𝑑𝑐) = 1/𝐶𝑑 [𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑔𝐴– 𝑆𝑏𝑖𝑔𝐵– 𝑆𝑐𝑖𝑔𝑐)]

3. APPLICATION OF PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION TO RECTIFIERS

PWM is used in AC/DC converters to alter the voltage and current amplitudes in relation to the
harmonics of PWM three-phase converter input voltages. The harmonic spectrum of the line current should
also be considered in this context. Modulation schemes, in general, are characterized by the linearity
property's wide range, constant switching frequency, and a small effect on the generation of higher harmonics
in line currents [18]. The PWM rectifier can greatly benefit from the use of the DC-link voltage. The DC-link
voltage utilization factor (M) can help generate the input PWM voltage of an AC/DC converter throughout
the entire control operation process [19].

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2024: 31-37
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  33

Figure 2 depicts the interdependence of the rectifier sinusoidal voltage with respect to the
modulation index for the DC-link current in the inner loop and the voltage considered as the reference. The
change in the modulation parameter, i.e., the bandwidth, is commonly differentiated using linear and
nonlinear limits. Whatever form the method outputs from source current variations is due to its nonlinearities
and is unsuitable for most applications due to the DC-AC-DC rectification developing the electrical power
quality [20]-[23]. The output voltage is superimposed on the triangle voltage derived from a simple resistor
capacitor (RC) network linked to both the comparator (with hysteretic effect) and the converter outputs, with
the feedback signal being again supplied back to the hysteretic comparator. This proposed technique has the
advantages of delivering the lowest steady-state error voltage on the output as well as possessing a smooth
dynamic performance for the load; this is because the hysteretic PWM controller is derived from certain
characteristics and has no error amplifier. Current transients in the RC network can be obtained by selecting
appropriate time-constant values [24]-[27].

Figure 2. Range of PWM for the AC/DC line-side converters

4. SIMULATION MODELS, RESULTS, AND ANALYSIS

A 50 kW, 380 V, 50 Hz power supply was linked-through an AC-DC-AC power supply to the load
of a 25 kV, 50 Hz power grid. Two voltage source converters (VSC1 and VSC2), linked through a DC
connection, are powered by this power supply. VSC1 is a rectifier that is linked to a 50 Hz electrical grid.
Besides maintaining a constant unity power factor on the AC grid, it adopts a 680 V DC-link voltage. The
PWM chopping frequency used in the calculation is 1,980 Hz. VSC2 is a 50 Hz inverter attached to a 50 Hz
load. It generates a frequency of 50 Hz and maintains a load voltage (rms voltage) of 380 V rms. The PWM
chopping frequency is estimated to be 2,000 Hz. The electrical circuit is discretized using discrete simulation
at the rate of 2 microseconds. There are 100 microsecond sample periods for both VSC 1 and VSC2 control
systems. From Figures 3-10, both single-phase and three-phase systems are considered, control the
grid-connected simulation model photovoltaic (PV) inverter. For Figure 8(a) shows grid voltage (volts) and
Figure 8(b) shows current (amps) versus time (secs)

Figure 3. Grid-connected simulation model PV inverter currently controlled by single-phase hysteresis

Design of a novel control hysteresis algorithm for photovoltaic systems for harmonic … (Dakka Obulesu)
34  ISSN: 2302-9285

Figure 4. Grid-connected simulation model PV inverter currently controlled by three-phase hysteresis

Load Current(A)

Time(seconds)

Figure 5. Load current–3 versus time (secs)

Current Injection (A)

Time(seconds)

Figure 6. Current injection at PV system-1

Figure 7. Current injection PV system–2 versus time (secs)

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2024: 31-37
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  35

(a) (b)

Figure 8. Voltage injection: (a) grid voltage (volts) and (b) current (amps) versus time (secs)

Figure 9. Total harmonic distortion (THD) of the network current in the absence of a PV system

Figure 10. THD of the network current in the presence of a PV system

5. CONCLUSION
This paper discussed how to develop a three-stage grid-connected PV-active filter (AF) framework.
A three-stage AC power system outputs the total dynamic power, current disposal, and responsive power pay.
The PV system is linked by transformer of step-up to the grid utilized and supplying load and the full-bridge
DC/AC inverter. Using the same procedure, a nine-panel solar panel system was designed. In this case, by
considering three-phase system current reference by using SRF method. Both reactive power adjustment and
Design of a novel control hysteresis algorithm for photovoltaic systems for harmonic … (Dakka Obulesu)
36  ISSN: 2302-9285

active power injection were found effective, as was eliminating current harmonics. When two separate loads
with differing THD receive power from the grid, solar panels with an inverter are demonstrated to be very
efficient. Using the AN controller, the PV-AF system can remove harmonics and inject active energy into the
network at low THD currents ranging from 2.96% to 0.34%.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Dr. Dakka Obulesu received his B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Sri Taralabalu Jagadguru Institute of Technology, Karnataka University,
Karnataka, India, in 2000 and his M.Tech in Power Electronics and drives from Dr. M.G.R.
University in 2005. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India, in 2015. He has teaching experience of
nearly 19 years. Currently, he is working as Associate Professor in CVR College of
Engineering, Ibrahimpatnam, India, in the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering. He has published a number of research papers in various national and
international journals and conferences. His areas of interests are neural networks, fuzzy logic,
artificial intelligence, power electronics, MATLAB, and FACTS. He can be contacted at
email: dakkaobulesh@gmail.com.

Dr. Malladi Lakshmi Swarupa is currently a Professor of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, Departmental Research coordinator, and IIC Coordinator at CVR
College of Engineering, Ibrahimpatnam, India. She has published research papers in various
international journals and peer-reviewed conferences. She has guided 18 P.G and 41 U.G
projects. She has completed several projects: UGC minor research project,” load flow
contingency analysis, state estimation and optimal operation”- 2017, Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH)–Technical Education Quality Improvement
Programme (TEQIP III) research project,“energy management system for design of solar
induction cooker in domestic cooking”- 2019, AICTE Training and Learning (ATAL)–Faculty
Development Programme (FDP) graphical system design in engineering education and
research using LabView software during 2018–2019, conducted 10-day National Institute of
Technology Warangal (NITW)-FDP on “applications of power electronics to electric vehicles
and hybrid energy storage systems”, 2022. She has also carried out three Department of
Science and Technology New Generation Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development
Centre (DST NewGen IEDC) projects. She has authored one chapter “practical
implementation of VPP in the real world based on emerging technologies” in the book Virtual
Power Plant Solution for Future Smart Energy Communities, 1st edition, Chemical Rubber
Company (CRC) Press, 2022. She also has a patent published in “a system for energy
management of multiple energy sources”, 2022. She is a Member of IEEE, ISTE, an IRED-
Associate Member (UACEE), The Society of Digital Information and Wireless
Communications (SDIWC). She is also a reviewer for Elsevier materials today: proceedings.
She can be contacted at email: swarupamalladi@gmail.com.

Design of a novel control hysteresis algorithm for photovoltaic systems for harmonic … (Dakka Obulesu)