Summarizing
Summarizing is the process of condensing a text or spoken content to highlight its most
essential points while omitting unnecessary details. A good summary conveys the core
message in a clear, concise, and coherent manner.
1. Steps to Write a Summary
1. Understand the Text:
o Read or listen to the material carefully.
o Identify the main idea and key points.
2. Highlight Key Points:
o Focus on the main arguments, events, or themes.
o Ignore examples, minor details, or repeated information.
3. Paraphrase:
o Rewrite the information in your own words.
o Avoid copying large chunks of text verbatim unless quoting directly.
4. Keep It Concise:
o Stick to the essential points.
o Remove unnecessary words or descriptions.
5. Use Proper Structure:
o Begin with the main idea.
o Follow with supporting points in logical order.
2. Features of a Good Summary
Brevity: It is much shorter than the original content.
Clarity: It is clear and easy to understand.
Objectivity: Avoid personal opinions or interpretations.
Completeness: Covers all the main points without distorting the meaning.
3. Summary Format
a) For Articles or Essays
Introduction: State the main idea or thesis.
Body: Highlight key arguments or points.
Conclusion: Mention the final thoughts or outcomes briefly.
Example: Original:
The importance of technology in education cannot be overstated. It facilitates learning,
increases accessibility, and enhances engagement among students. Moreover, online
platforms have enabled remote education, making education accessible to people in
remote areas.
Summary:
Technology enhances education by improving accessibility, engagement, and enabling
remote learning.
b) For Stories or Narratives
Beginning: Summarize the setting and main characters.
Middle: Highlight the main events or conflicts.
End: Conclude with the resolution or outcome.
Example: Original:
Once upon a time, a kind woodcutter saved a bird trapped in a net. In gratitude, the bird
brought him magical seeds that turned his barren land into a lush garden. The woodcutter
prospered, but he remained humble and continued helping others.
Summary:
A kind woodcutter saved a bird, which rewarded him with magical seeds that transformed
his life and land.
c) For Research or Reports
Objective: Summarize the purpose of the study.
Methodology: Briefly state how the research was conducted.
Results: Highlight the key findings.
Conclusion: State the implications or conclusions.
Example: Original:
The study aimed to explore the e ects of sleep deprivation on cognitive function. Using a
sample of 50 adults, researchers conducted memory and reaction time tests after 24
hours of no sleep. Results indicated significant declines in both areas, suggesting the
importance of adequate sleep for optimal mental performance.
Summary:
Sleep deprivation negatively a ects memory and reaction time, emphasizing the need for
su icient sleep.
4. Tips for E ective Summarizing
1. Read Actively: Underline or note key points.
2. Avoid Redundancy: Do not repeat points or use unnecessary details.
3. Stay Neutral: Present information objectively, without personal bias.
4. Use Transition Words: Ensure logical flow (e.g., first, next, finally).
