EUROPE - Europe is a region of “immense economic, social and cultural diversity.

Different ways to diversify (north x south, Celtic x protestant x orthodox). Tens of different
languages and dialects. It is the expression of centuries of history and civilizations. Megacities – 2 ways – north Italy, Switzerland, south Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, UK and
east Spain and France, northwest Italy. DEMAND FOR TOURISM – macro demographic trends: late marriages, high rate of divorces, shrinking of middle class, job flexibility,
immigration, from 3S to 3L, diverse lifestyles. Tourism market: decreased from 72% to 52%, predominantly intra-European, number of international tourists nonetheless increased
to 616 million. Traditional north-south flow(summer and coastal tourism), Mediterranean – 0,7% of worlds sea area but 20% of worlds international tourist arrivals, new
destinations (Eastern Europe and rest of the world). 893 mil.people, 609 mil.overnight stays, 1/3 international arrivals from Western Eu, ¼ from Southern, motivation – 20%
business, 65% leisure, 15%VFR. Tourism economics global travel forecasts(in and outbound), forecasts are consistent with Oxford economics. Despite relatively weak economic
conditions, Euairlines RPK growth has remained steadfast with growth over the past 4months averaging 5%. ASIA AND PACIFIC – cultural features – the biggest continent in the
world(60% of the worlds population), the birthplace of civilization(yellow river, Mekong, gangs), Xenophon, Herodotus, Alexander the great, marco polo, vacso da Gama. Despite
the attractions of beaches and spectacular mountain scenery, the tourist appeal of Asia is to a large extent cultural. Different ways to diversify(náboženství), tens of different
languages and dialects, it is the expression of centuries of history and civilization, diversity as and tourist attraction. Cities – increasing urbanization, high density, megacities,
pollution. TOP10-tokyo,seoul,Osaka,manila,Mumbai,delhi, Jakarta. Demand for tourism – 25%worlds market share of international tourists (NA-12,5,SEA-9,2, EA-2,0, Oceania-
1,3).Highest year growth rate worldwide(6,5%), receipts 30% of worlds international receipts. 53 leisure, 12 MICE, 23VFR. 61 by plane. Traditional EU/US/JPN flow, honeymooners
in pacific, in asia and the pacific, international tourist arrivals are forecast to increase by 331 mil.to reach 535 million by 2030(4,9per year)making it the region with the highest
absolute gain in arrivals. TRENDS-as the economies of Asian countries develop, so does the demand for tourism. Mostly concentrated in key
countries(China,Japan,India,Thailand).Forecasts for outbound tourism: India and China. MICE tourism steadily increasing. Varied tourist visa policies. Environmental tourist
bubbles(Maldives,Bali). TOURISM FACTORS-infrastructure and logistic(motorways,ports,TGV,airports), internal mobility, the socio-economic system(high and medium HDI, few
low HDI), natural/cultural heritage, key tourist services(20%accommodation in Asia and Pacific), dedicated tourist services(well supplied but not everywhere), tourism
demand(steadily increasing),Destination governance(direct funding for tourism growth),Dmarketing strag.(national/regional tourism boards), Dcompetitiveness(very high, but for
few countires),Dimage(very strong in key countries).AFRICA – the 2nd biggest continent in the world(60% of the world’s population),the birth place of civilization(Nile), important
civilization(Egypt,Carthage, Axumites),repercussions of mercantile colonization(1450-1970).The continents tourism potential is largely untapped. Nevertheless, there are a number
of positive factors-increasing interest in African cultures, economic growth in key African countries (S.Africa,Nigeria,Angola),pursuit of free market economic policies,
infrastructural development, internal stability. Located at the crossroads of trade routes (from the Silk Road to oil pipelines), the birthplace of civil (Tigris and the
Euphrates).Cultural/religion tensions hinder the potentialities of this region, there are however significant tourism-led developments in the region-heritage (Petra in
Jordan),Religious tourism(pilgrimages to Mecca,Jerusalem and Bethelm),Luxury tourism(Dubai,Abu Dhabi, Qatar).CITIES-increasing urbanization, slums vs luxury, megacities,
environmental issues. TOURISM DEMAND,Af- – 57mil.of international tourism arrivals in 2016, smallest ITR,sub-Saharan Africa 15/16 change:+10,5%, mostly clustered in
5countries(Morocco,Egypt,Tunisia,SouthAfrica,Zimbabwe).Emerging destinations(Mozambique),Island resorts, Safari vs. Hunting, Impact of the Arab Spring in the Maghreb.
DEMAND,MidEast – 55,6 mil.int.tour.arrivals in 2016, fast growth over recent years, driven by risk levels of disposable income within the region, issues with political instability,
tourism appeal tied to sports and mega events. TOURISM FACTORS- infrastructure and logistic(handful of airport hubs and ports),internal mobility(very limited),the socio-
economic system(WH natural and cultural sites),Key tourism services(5%accom.i Africa and MidE), dedicated tourism services(only in few tourism-oriented countries), tourism
demand(increasing yet subject to triggering events),DesGovernance(fading for tourism growth through NGO),Dmarketstrateg(national tourism
boards),Dcompetitivenes(low),Dimage(strong in key countries).AMERICA – Cultural features-North A.is the 3rd biggest continent(8%of the World’s population in2016), South A. is
the 4th biggest(5,7%). The new world-home to important civilizations (Maya,Aztecs,Inca),repercussion of imperial colonization(1492-1820s).The establishment of societies
championing the freedom of individuals “has favoured“ an innovator approach to leisure activities and tourism, especially in visitor management, marketing, merchandising. Big
cities are key in the boost of tourism in this region, particularly in the North A. – diversity/multiculturalism as an asset/tourism attraction, strong culture influence from the USA,
sport events(both in South and North A.). CITIES – urban development tied to colonization and industrialization, luxury vs. Ghettos, megacities, environmental issues. TOURISM
DEMAND – 199mil.international arrivals, more than 2/3 is only 4 countries(USA,Can,Mex,Brasil),cruise tourism, island resorts(Antigua,Barbuda), nature
tourism(Yukon,Yellonstone), Hallmark sports and mega event. TOURISM FACTORS – infrastructure and logistic(motorways,airports,ports around the metropolitan areas), Internal
mobility(strong in most countries,but not everywhere),The socio-economic system(very high and HDI,few mediums), Natural/cultural heritage(WH and cultural sites), Key tourism
services(17%accomm.in the Americas),Dedicated tourism services(conferences facilities in main cities),Tourism demand(increasing yet at a lower rate than other
regions),Destination governance(oriented towards tourism growth),D marketing str(national and regional tourism boards),Dcompetitivness(high),Dimage(strong WEF
rankings).PUSH AND PULL FACTORS – tourism demand is the total number of persons who travel or wish to travel, to use tourist facilities and services at places away from their
places of work and residence.It is also a relationship between individuals motivations to travel and their ability to do so. 3 types of tourism demand – 1.Effective demand(the
actual number of people participating in tourism,e.g.international tourist arrivals to the UK),2.Suppressed demand – the people who are unable to travel due to economic, political
and/or socio-cultural circumstances(demand perspective e.g.US tourist unable to go to North Korea,supply perspective, e.g.lack of bed units in the South Pole), 3.no
demand(people who have no desire to travel(eg.staycationers). Current and future direction in tourism demand research-market research and demographic, geographies of
leisure and tourism, spatial tracking and geometrics, sustainable consumption. FACTORS SHAPING TD-1.Direct influences from stakeholders-consumer knowledge, service by tour
operatos,2.Exogenous factors from context-political instability/safety, accessibility.(both pulling and pushing prospective tour.destination demand).Key elements of
tour.consumption from the TD perspective are – the anticipation/imagery in the mind of the tourist, the tourists, the experience/consumption of places, the memory of the
experience. TRENDS IN TD – history(spatiality of leisure,call for more concepts and data to understand demand).The origins-the grand tour,the affirmation-tourism as mass
phenomenon(religious t.,sea and spa,attendance to mega-events,sky t.,sports t.,adventure t.,cruise t.,seaside t..Post WW2-war/memory t.,mass holiday t.,themed
parks,MICE).1980s-now – cultural,fashion,nature,eco,food,pro-poor,sex,...destination choice:domestic,intrregional travel, long haul. Increased competition within countries.
Higher consumer expectations. Growing consumer confidence, Multiplicity nature of tourists experience. Duration: more frequent shorter holiday, online booking increasing,
expenditure: higher but more price sensitive, accomm:higher quality expectations. TOURISM is a global industry with,inter(national)forms of recreation and leisure for domestic
and international visitors.HOW DOES IT WORK-economic(price elasticity, socio-econ.characteristics of demand, time budget)Geography(tourists and the meanings to the space
they consume,t.gaze,mobility and barriers,political safety,accessibility)Psychology(motivation,behaviour).UNDERSTANDING-3approaches-1.economic a.(number of visitors,means
of transport.,length of stay,type of accom.,spending)2.Geographical a.(volume of travellers,spatial spread,use of products/services),3.-psychological a.(vie demand from the
perspectives of motivation and behaviour.Maslows hierarchy of needs-pre-conditions(homo economucus, rationality,time and budget),limitations(needs may occur
simultaneously,does not take into account emotional purchases).VANHOVE Determinatnts of TD-economic factors and comparative pricing, demographic f.,geographic f.,socio-
cultural attributes of tourism,mobility, government,media communication,information and comm..techlnology,internat.political developments and terrorists
attacks,envirn.concerns and demand for sustainable forsm of tourism.INFLUENCES ON TOUR.LEISURE,RECREATION – 1.personal(age,skills,genger,
status,...)2.Socail/circumstantial(income, occupation,friends and groups,environ.f.,time available)3.opportunity f.(facilities,awereness,transport,marketing,
organization).BARRIERS TO RECREATION,LEISURE,Tour.-Intervening b.-(ParisxLnd,3x5days?),Antecedent b.(unexpected circum,time budget),Economic distance,cultural
d.,seasonality, gender, volatility of TD,quality of service, cost of tour.service.HIGH AND LOW TRAVEL PROPENCITY-high(education,more awareness,more income,privete
vehicle,better travel facilitation,good exchange rate,shorter travel distance,low travel cost,young age)LOW(education,low awareness,low income,no ownershop of vehicle,poor
travel facilitation,...).VOLATILITY IN TD-the volatility in td data can be influenced by the effects on new shocks such as the economic crisis,natural disasters,war. PRICE AND TD –
influences-competitors(italyxspain),relative exchange rates between generating and receiving countries,time/season(hoghxlow season),demographic factors(families with kids vs
DINKS),changing consumer values, changing lifestyles.PUSH and PULL Factors – push – factors which encourage individuals to move away from their home setting through
tourism, Pull – those attributes of a different place which attracts or pull them towards it. PnPFac INFLUENCING A TD – push – economic context,social c., demographics in
destination,technological divide,political climeta.Pull – ease of access,availability of attractions,cultural attractions,availabity of services, affordability,peace and stability, positive
market image.CROMPTINS PnPf in TD – push – escape,self-discovery,rest,prestige,challenge,adventure,excitement,family, health.Pull – scenic beauty,historical areas,cultural
attract.and events,sporting events,beaches,parks,shopping. PUSH F.in INTERNATIONAL T. – escape and seeking were 2primary motives associated with pleasure
travellers.Common push f.-escape,novelty,social interaction,prestige. PULL- related to the features,attractions,attributes of the destination.Motives associated with pull factors
may be different for each visitor. COOPERS Factors-lifestyle f – income level,level of urbanisation, employment,personal mobility,ethinicity,gender.Lifecycle f.-
childhood,teenagerhood,young,married,divorced,adult,old age. CULTURAL DIVERSITIES – international tourism demand – inbound t. By mode of transport-55%air,39 road,2 rail,4
water. Purpose of visit – 53leisure,rekre,holidays,27VFR,13business,7not specified.Outbound generating countries-china,usa,ger,uk,fran,can,kor,ital,austral,honkkong.Response
from the tourism industry – the industry needs to be prepared for rapidly changing circumstances.Sophisticated,demanding and culturally diverse tourist targets call for increased
professionality in the tourism industry.Tourism targets are more savvy and awere of available tourism products and suppliers. IT revolution and visitor experience
design.CULTURAL DIFF IN TOURISM – 1.Quantifying cultural dif. – the most widely accepted means to quantify dominant national culture values.5dimensions(individualism-
collectivism,uncertainty-avoidance,power distance,masculity-femininity,long –term orientation).2.Application to tourism-evaluation of travel service,sports tourism
marketing,behaviour in different culture contexts,perceprtion of travel risk,perception of travel safety,luxury shopping.CD AMONG NATIONAL GROUPS – 1.high individualism –
factors:individualism,independence,self-actualization,freedom,autonomy,privacy(USA,AUS,UK,CAN,).2.-high collectivisms-dependence,shared goals,cooperation,decisions
influenced by groups(Guatemal,Ecuadorians,Panamanians,).3.-High uncertainty levels-conflict avoidance,anxiety in unstructured
situations,unpredictability(Greeks,portug,guatam,belg,). 4. Low un.l – flexibility, accept and cope with uncertainties,tolerate ambiguity,take more riks(sing,jamaj,dan,swed).5.high
power-distance index – accepts the unequal distribution of power in relationship and institutions(Svk,Malay,Panam,Filip.)6.low power-d.index – challenges the unequal
distribution of power in relationships and institutitons(rak,Israel,Danish,nz).7.Higly masculine cultures-gender roles are differentiated and unequal,prevailing
materialism,selfisheness(svk,jap,hung,rakous).8.-highly feminine cultures – more gender equality,focus is on quality of life,welfare of others(swed,norw,dutch,Danish)9.High LTO
index – value of long-term commitments,respect for the past and tradition, persistence,social stability of the national culture(chin,jap,viet,SK).10-LOW LTO index – no longterm
commitments,tradition is secondary,national culture is not relevant(cz,fillip,can, uk).NATIONAL CULTURE AND TRAVEL PATTERNS – tourism behaviour and travel patterns are
culture specific.As important as social status/identity.Cultural traits of nat.groups influence-selections of destinat.,tourist behaviour at the destination,awareness of services
provided.Lifestle and activities – Japanese prefer short,allin holiday,Europeans long holidays,Chinese travel in groups,Americans prefer socialising with other nationals,arabs are
more leisure oriented,western cultures shopping and rekre,asiand c. Shopping and social activity,high individ.culture choose culturally similar destinations,high collectivistic
dissimilar. NATIONAL CULTURES AND TRAVEL PATTERNS-THE INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE – marketing is important(wine tour.in Croatia),understand when tourists make decision on
holiday(it do easter),understand why t.make decisions on holiday(active sports among Australia),who to target,push and pull factors,who and what ingluences their
choice(tripadvisor).STEREOTYPES-a set idea that people have about what someone or something is like,especially an idea that is wrong. CONVERFENCE vs DIVERGENCE –
conv.cultures – convergence represents a cultural shift as consumers are encouraged to seek out new information an make connections among dispersed media cintent.
(example:EPCOT World Showcase).Diver.cultures – media transform the field of mass mediation because they offer new resources and new disciplines for the construction of
imaged selves and maged worlds.(example: Beamish open air museum).Converging – culture is changing and converging(it revolution,globalization,Hollywood,consumers are
more similar,interconnection between people)Diverging-societies still have unique set of national values,characteristics,lifestyle across continens. THE TOURIST GAZE – the tourist
experience involves a particular way of seeing,visiting places to reinstate stereotypes(fishnchip UK,flamencoSP,Oktoberfest).Visiting to reinstate a collective belied(kissing in Eiffel
t.,landscaping at greek ruins).TOURISM SUPPLY- it is the overarching concept to explain how resources and services are delivered to the source of demand. Supply – těch 12
věcí(mobility ap.).Economic approach – what,how, when,where,to produce,forecast of the demand,extent of profit. Geographic approach – where are the resources?what is their
quality/capacity?how many people will use it,what are the travel costs?LINKING DEMAND AND SUPPLY – demand(characteristics,motivation,consumer behaviour,feedbask) -
>bridging component(transportation,travel intermediaries,marketing interm.) ->supply (attractions,amenities,facilities,infrastructure).REKRE AND LEISURE SUPPLY – the extent to
which supply fulfils needs and wants associated with leisure within a space-time setting.1.-peculiarities of supply in leisure(goods and serivse may be place-specific and determine
the prevailing form of leisure).2.-characteritics (locations,demand use patterns,demand/supply interaction at place).CLASSIFICATION of rekre and leisure supply – from bio-
physical to manm-made resources,from rural to urban resources, from public to private. 1.very high capability(very high annual use of one or more intensive activies,Niagara
falls),2.High c.-stonehende,3.-moderately – Fuentes del algar,4.-moderate c.-zante, 5.moderately low c.-GBR, 6.low c.-Galapagos, 7.very low c.-Greenland...1.Undeveloped
resources(untouched vegetation,land,water – desert island)2.Private rekre r.(privately-owned r.,Mompesson House),3.Commercialized prived rekre.r. –(pusposed-built,privately-
owned,Hersey Park)4.Publicly owned(nat.gallery),5.Cultural r.(either public or privare(Opera de Paris),6.Professional r.-administrative n management(tourism Aust). TOURISM IN
LDCs –criteria (1971-2015,amended every 3years),ecology – share of population in low elevated costal zones,victims of natural disasters. Tourism represent 7%of total exports of
goods and services in LDCs,29milinternational arrivals,average annual growth +14%.PROS – tourism steadily increasing worldwide,low capital investments,generates quick
income,social benefits,culture pride,fosters SMEs,employs women and young people.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT-development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Principles – holistic perpective(development and sustainability are global challenges),Futurity(towards
long-term futures),Equity(inter and intra generational fairness and equilty.Objecitves – environmental sustainability (conservation and effective resource management),Economic
s.(continuous development and prosperity),Social s.(human rights,self-determination and equal opportunity).ECOTOURISM – responsible travel to natural areas that conservs the
environment and impoves the well-being of local people.Principles-minimize impact,built envr.and cultural awareness and respect,provide +experience for both visitors and
hosts,provide direct final benefits for conservation,provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people,raise sensitivity to host coutries political,env. And social climate.
It is their underdevelopment or lack of modernization which makes there env.attractive to tourists from the developed wordl.Strongly encouradged by int.bodies like
UNWTO.Dilemas-marketing,luxury ecolodges in natural protected area,green economy as greenwash,niche tourism.PRO-POOR T.-principles – priority is on povery alleviation,PPT
businesses must be competitive and successful,PPTB should put the local community in their vision,consider all potential impact of tourism on the livelihood of local
communities,impact of tourism on poverty alleviation should be effectively monitored.Tindustry can potentially contribute to poverty alleviation:Most of the sector in LDCs and
developing countries is informal,tourist expenditure for local handcrafts,job creation,reduction of gender inequalities.Strategies-education and training opportunities for the
poor,expand access to mocro-finance,recognize and support organization of poor producers,infrastr..development in poor areas,avoid allin international forsm of tourism
supply,recognize the importance of the inromal sector.PPT pilots in Southern Africa. URBAN TOURISM- 1of the oldest forms of tourism and main features of contemporary urban
mobility.Fantasy city.Can restructure urban economy and increase urban liveability. Cities are home to key social,cultural,physical and aesthetic features that attract tourist. UT is
an extremely important,worlidwide form of tourism.Tourists visit citiest for many pusposes, tour.make an intensive use of many urban facilities,tour.industry needs the
varied,flexible and accessible tourism products that cities provides.PERSPECTIVES – 1.Recreational Business District –as an area characterized by a distinctive array of
pedestrian,touris-oriented retail facilities.2.Tourism BD as concentrations of visitor-oriented attractions and services located in cojuction with urban central business district
function. 3.Tourist D.-as cluster or tourist-oriented amenities around key attractions.4.Urban T.Bublle as an inner-city area with purpose-built spaces for recreation,leisure and
tourism.UT Precincts – a distinctive geographic area within a larger urb.area,characterised by a concentration of tourist-related land uses,activities and visitation, with fairly
definable boundaries. A space where capital defines the nature, form and extent of consumption experiences Defined by private and public capitals. 3BROAD INSIGHTS –
1.Supply-side -approach, particularly the facilities for tourists in the city,2. Demand-size- approach including motivations, perceptions and behaviour.3.urban tourism policy, the
governance and interests of urban tourism stakeholders.FEATURES OF TOUR.CITIES - BUSINESS AND CONFERENCE DISTRICTS-One of the main types of urban tourism
development,Good for local hotel industry and seasonality, MICE tourism average spending is higher,High potential, yet very competitive market.CULTURAL D.-Arts as a boost in
the relaunch of downtown areas,Commodification of urban space in the long-run,.ETHNIC D.-A more ‘organic’ development,Proliferation of misleading stereotypes,Retail
gentrification.FLAGSHIP PROJECT-A way to establish/rebrand urban identity,Millennium Commission and Heritage Lottery.HISTORIC D.-Tourism can be crucial in revitalization of
run-down old parts of town(Alfama),Lack of heritage distinctiveness in urban heritage projects worldwide,. PURPOSE-BUILT LEISURE SPACES-Cluster of retail, bars and restaurants
as part of area-based initiatives.SPORTS AND HALLMARK EVENTS-Areas developed to accommodate the needs of key sport events(LOH,ZOH).WATERFRONTS-Refurbishment of
port/logistic areas,Very expensive projects.TOKYO,JAPAN-About 51% of international tourists arriving to Japan stayed in Tokyo,11.2 million international visitors in 2016, 514.3
million domestic arrivals in 2016,2020LOH. NYC - 12.7 million international visitors in 2016,47.8 million domestic visitors in 2016. COASTAL TOURISM- those recreational activities
that involve travel away from one’s place of residence and which have as their host or focus the marine environment. CHALLENGES-physical landscape-linear high rise
development,uncountrolled urbanisation around the coastal destination,displacement of local businesses to accommodate foreign owned businesses,product reorganisation
fiasco,exposure to power structures and political processes,high seasonality,lack of adequate skills and expertise in the industry,global economic and political trends,the strong
env.pressure->coastal erosion and climate change,lack of data to design and manage a policy for the development of tourism,limited acces to the fundings. SYMPTOMS OF
RESORT DECLINE-reduction on visitation and receipt from tourism,poorly maintained infrastructure,a high turnover of tourism business,a negative place image. EXTERNAL
THREATS-competition from alternative destinations and ctivities home and abroad.INTERNAL PROBLEMS-the unchecked depletion of the tourism resource base in space and
overtime.STRUCTURAL CHANGES-economis restricting anf cultural changes. MATURE DESTINATIONS-Spain and coastal mass tourism resorts:development.85%of tourism demand
are concentrated in the coast,building density>50%within 1km from the Mediterranean coastline->Malaga,private-driven development,land sales and second home
properties,1970s-late1980s sprawl of low-rated accom.,particularly in the Costa Brava,concentration of hospitality development->Murcia,1970s-80s-3Ss international package
tourism to destinations like Lloret de Mar.Building of new hotels and holiday residents goes despite maturation, diversification of classic 3Ss with – golf tourism (spending-up
4xhogher),Nautical t.(strong economic multiplier),Theme parks(reduces seasonality).