caphpay;

1
 ghlg;nghUs; ml;ltiz

t.vz; jiyg;G tFg;G/gUtk;

1 jhtuq;fs; thOk; cyfk; 6th Term 1
2 md;whl tho;tpy; jhtuq;fs; 6th Term 3
3 tpyq;Ffs; thOk; cyfk; 6th Term 1
4 md;whl tho;tpy; tpyq;Ffs; 7th Term 3
1 tifg;ghl;baypd; mbg;gilfd; 7th Term 2
2 Ez;Zaphpfs; 8th Term 1
3 jhtu cyfk; 8th Term 1
4 tpyq;Fyfk; - caphpfspd; gy;tifik 9th Term 1
1 caphpd; Njhw;wKk; ghpzhkKk; 10th Std
1 kugpay; 10th Std
1 nry; 6th Term 2
2 nry; caphpay; 7th Term 2
3 jpRf;fspd; mikg;G 9th Term 2
4 jhtu cyfk; - jhtu nraypay; 9th Term 1
5 jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; kw;Wk; jhtu nraypay; 10th Std
1 kdpj cWg;G kz;lyq;fs; 6th Term 2
2 caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G epiyfs; 8th Term 1
3 tpyq;Ffspd; ,af;fk; 8th Term 2
4 tpyq;Ffspd; cWg;G kz;lyq;fs; 9th Term 1
1 jhtuq;fspd; flj;Jjy; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; 10th Std
Rw;Nwhl;lk;
2 caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G epiyfs; 10th Std
3 euk;G kz;lyk; 10th Std
4 jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F `hh;Nkhd;fs; 10th Std
1 jhtuq;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; khw;WUf;fs; 7th Term 1
2 jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; 10th Std
1 cly; eyKk;> RfhjhuKk; 6th Term 1
2 cly; eyKk;> RfhjhuKk; 7th Term 1
3 tshpsk; gUtkiljy; 8th Term 2

2
4 Rj;jk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; - caph;tho; czT 9th Term 1
5 Ez;Zaphpfspd; cyfk; 9th Term 3
6 cyfk; eyk; kw;Wk; Neha;fs; 10th Std
7 ,df;fyg;G kw;Wk; caphpj;njhopy;El;gtpay; 10th Std1
8 gaph; ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik 8th Term 3
9 nghUshjhu caphpay; 9th Term 3
1 ekJ Rw;Wr;#oy; 6th Term 3
2 #o;epiy mwptpay; 9th Term 3
3 Rw;Wr;#oy; Nkyhz;ik 10th Std
4 jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; ghJfhg;G 8th Term 3

3
 6 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;
jhtuq;fs; thOk; cyfk;

1. caphpdq;fspd; tho;f;ifKiw> mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;fisg; gw;wp gapYk; ,aw;if

mwptpay; caphpay; MFk;.
2. jhtuq;fspd; ghfq;fs; ,iy> jz;L> Nth;> kyh;fs;
3. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; ,uz;L Kf;fpa ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mit : 1. jz;Lj;njhFg;G
> 2. Nth;jn
; jhFg;G
4. jhtuq;fspd; Nth;njhFg;Gfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit 1. MzpNth;j; njhFg;G > 2. ry;yp
Nth;jn
; jhFg;G
5. Mzp Nth;jn
; jhFg;G ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mzp Nth;j;
njhFg;Gf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L mtiu> kh> Ntk;G
6. ry;yp Nth;j; njhFg;G xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ry;yp Nth;jn
; jhFg;Gf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ney;> Gy;> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;
7. Nthpd; gzpfs;:
 Nth;fs; jhtuj;ij G+kpapy; epiyepWj;Jfpd;wd. kz;iz ,Wf gw;wpf; nfhs;s
cjTfpwJ.
 kz;zpy; cs;s ePiuAk; > fdpkr; rj;Jf;fisAk; cwpQ;rp jhtuj;jpd; gpw
ghfq;fSf;F mDg;Gfpd;wd.
 rpy jhtuq;fs; jhd; jahhpj;j czit jq;fspd; Nkh;fspy; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.
(v.fh) Nful;> gPl;&l;
8. ,uz;L fZf;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Jhuk; fZtpilg; gFjp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. jz;bd; Edpapy; Njhd;Wk; nkhl;L Edpnkhl;L
10. jz;bd; ,iyapy; Nfhzj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; nkhl;L Nfhznkhl;L vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
11. jz;bd; gzpfs;:
 jz;lhdJ > fpisfs;> ,iyfs;> kyh;fs; kw;Wk; fdpfs; Mfpatw;iwj;
jhq;Ffpd;wJ
 Nthpdhy; cwpQ;rg;gl;l ePh; kw;Wk; jdpkq;fs; jz;bd; topahf jhtuj;jpd; kw;w
ghfq;fSf;Fg; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 rpy jhtuq;fs; czitj; Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wd. v.fh fUk;G
 ,iyapdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l czT jz;bd; topahf jhtuj;jpd; kw;w ghfq;fSf;F
flj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
12. jz;L my;yJ fpisAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,iyapd; gFjp ,iyabg; gFjp vdg;gLk;.
13. ,iyabg; gFjpapy; ,uz;L rpwpa gf;fthl;L tshpfs; cs;sd. mjw;F ,iyabr;
nrjpy;fs; vd;W ngah;.
14. ,iyapy; mbg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;zpa Jisfs; ,iyj;Jisfs; vdg;gLfpwJ.

4
15. thoplq;fspd; tiffs;. ,uz;L (1. ePh; thoplk; > 2. epy thoplk;)
16. ePh; thoplj;jpd; tiffs; : ,uz;L (1. ed;dhP ; thoplk; > 2. fly;ePh; thoplk;)
17. ed;dhP ; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; Mfhaj;jhkiu> my;yp> jhkiu
18. ePhj
; j
; htuq;fspd; Nth;fs; tsh;r;rp Fd;wpait
19. G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;ghdJ 71 fly; ePhpdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
20. cyfpy; 29% epy thoplq;fs; cs;sd.
21. G+kpapd; nkhj;j xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy; Rkhh; 40 fly; tho; jhtuq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ. fly;
ePh; thoplj;jpw;F v.fh fly; ghrpfs;> fly; Gw;fs;
22. epy thoplq;fspd; tiffs; %d;W (1.fhLfs; 2. Gy;ntspfs;> 3 ghiytdq;fs;)
23. kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l epythoplq;fs; gz;izfs;> efuq;fs; > khefuq;fs;
24. epy thoplj;jpw;F v.fh ,ug;gh; > kuk; > Njf;Fkuk;> Ntk;G
25. ghiytdj;jpy; Mz;bd; ruhrhp kioasT 25 nr.kPf;Fk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;
26. G+kpapy; Rkhh; 20 rjtPjk; ghiytdq;fs; cs;sd.
27. ghiytdj; jhtuj;jpw;F v.fh rg;ghj;jpf;fs;sp> mNft;> Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio>
gpiuNahgpy;yhk;
28. ghiytd thoplq;fspd; tiffs;: ntg;g twl;rpg; ghiytdq;fs;> kpj ntg;g
ghiytdq;fs;> fly; rhh;e;j ghiytdq;fs;> Fsph; ghiytdq;fs;
29. fhLfspd; tiffs;: ntg;g kz;ly fhLfs;> Fsph; gpuNjr fhLfs;> kiyf; fhLfs;
30. fhLfspy; Mz;L ruhrhp kio msT 25- 200 nr.kP Mf ,Uf;Fk; .
31. xU Fwpg;gpl;l thoplj;jpy; caphpdk; caph; tho;tjw;F mjd; mikg;gpYk;> gz;gpYk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; khw;wq;fs; jftikg;G MFk;.
32. Rw;Wg;Gwf; fhuzpfshy; xU caphpdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; mile;j cWg;Gfs; khw;WUf;fs;
MFk;.
33. nkype;j jz;bd; khw;WU gw;Wf;fk;gp
34. gw;Wf;fk;gpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 ,dpg;G gl;lhzp rpw;wpiyfs; gw;Wfg; fk;gpfshf khwpAs;sd.
 ghfw;fha; Nfhznkhl;L gw;Wf; fk;gpfshf khw;wk; mile;J mitfs; NkNy
VWtjw;F cjTfpd;wd.
35. gpd;Dnfhbf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L rq;Fg; G+ > ky;ypif
36. $h;ik kw;Wk; fbdkhd jz;bd; khw;WU Kl;fs;
37. Kl;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
 mNft; (uapy; fw;whio) ,e;j tiff; fw;whioapy; ,iyapd; Edpg;gFjp kw;Wk;
tpspk;Gfs; Kl;fshf khWghL mile;Js;sJ.
 rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp „ rg;ghj;jpf; fs;spapy; ,iyfs; rpWKl;fshf khwp cs;sd.
 fhfpjg; G+(Nghfd; tpy;ypah) „ jz;by; $h;ikahd Kl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

5
NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f(Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. ePhpy; thOk; tpf;Nlhhpah mNkNrhdpf;fh vd;w jhtuj;jp; d; ,iyfs; %d;W kPl;lh; tpl;lk;
tiuapy; tsUk;. ed;F tsh;r;rp mile;j ,iyapd; Nkw;gug;G 45 fpNyh fpuhk; vilNah
my;yJ mjw;F ,izahd xU tiuj; jhq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
2. G+tpd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis ,U tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;. mit G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;>
G+thj; jhtuq;fs; MFk;.
3. G+f;Fk; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L #hpafhe;jp> G+thj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L hpf;rpah
4. tpij mikj;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikapy; jhtuq;fis ,uz;L tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;> mit 1.
MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; s; (%ba tpijj; jhtuq;fs; ) 1. [pk;Ndh];ngh;kf
; s; (jpwe;j tpijj;
jhtuq;fs;)
5. %ba tpijj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L kh> jpwe;j tpijj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
irf];
6. cyfpy; kpf ePskhd ejp iey; ejpahFk; . ,J 6650 fp.kP ePsk; cilaJ.
7. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf ePskhd ejp fq;ifahFk;> ,jd; ePsk; 2> 525 fp.kP MFk;
8. jhkiuapd; ,iyf; fhk;gpy; cs;s fhw;W ,ilntspfs; ePhpy; kpjf;f cjTfpd;wd.
9. 470 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; cUthd epy tho; jhtuq;fs; kh];fh; kw;Wk;
ypth;Nthh;l;];
10. njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s mNkrhd; kiyf; fhLfs; cyfpw;fhd Mf;]p[d; Njitapy;
ghjpiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ
11. kzy; Fd;Wfshy; Md kpfg; nghpa ,e;jpa ghiytdkhd jhh; ghiytdk; ,e;jpa
Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ> ,jd; gFjpfs; uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpYk;> tlNkw;F
,e;jpahtpYk;> gQrhg;gpYk; rpe;J khfhzj;jpYk; kw;Wk; fpof;F ghfp];jhdpYk;
tphpe;Js;sJ.
12. mf;Nlhgh; khjk; Kjy; jpq;fl;fpoik cyf thopl ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
13. tUsk; gUt epiyapy; mjpNtfkhf tsuf; $ba jhtuk; %q;fpy; MFk;.

6Mk; tFg;G %d;whk; gUtk;

md;whl tho;tpy; jhtuq;fs;

1. kdpjh;fSf;Fk;> jhtuq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd njhlh;G kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhug;

gad;ghL Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp gbf;Fk; mwptpay; gphpT nghUshjhuj; jhtutpay;
vdg;gLfpwJ.

6
2. jhtuq;fspd; nghUshjhu kjpg;G kw;Wk; gad;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis
gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fyhk;.
 czTj;jhtuq;fs;
 eWkzg;nghUs; jhtuq;fs;
 kUe;Jtj; jhtuq;fs;
 ehh; jUk; jhtuq;fs;
 kuf;fl;il jUk; jhtuq;fs;
 myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;
3. czTj; jhtuq;fis fha;fwpfs;> jhdpaq;fs;> gUg;G tiffs; vdg;gphpf;fyhk;
4. czthfg; gad;gLk; jhtug; ghfq;fSf;F rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

Nth; gPl;Ul;> Nful;

,iy fPiu> Kl;ilNfh];> fwpNth;g;gpiy
jz;L fUk;G> cUisf;fpoq;F > fUizf;fpoq;F
kyh;fs; thiog;g+> fhypgpsth;
fdpfs; ney;yp> nfha;ah
jhdpaq;fs; ney;> NfhJik> fk;G> Nfo;tuF> jpid
gUg;G tiffs; nfhz;lf;fliy > gr;irg;gapW> mtiu
eWkzj; jhtuq;fs; Vyf;fha; > kpsF> fwpNtg;gpiy> nte;jak;> ngUQ;rPufk;>Xkk;>
gphpahzp ,iy> rPufk;> kQ;rs; > nfhj;jky;yp tpijfs;> fpuhk;G>
,Q;rp> [hjpf;fha; kw;Wk; ,ytq;fg;gl;il

5. ehh; jhtuq;fs; my;yJ ,aw;if ehh;fspd; gad;fs;:

jhtuk; ehh; gad;ghL

gUj;jp nerT ehh; Jzp nea;a cjTk; ehh;fs;
njd;id fapW ehh; fapW jahhpf;f cjTk; ehh;fs;
,ytk; epug;Gk; ehh; gQ;R nkj;ijfs; jahhpf;f cjTk;
ehh;fs;
6. jhtu ghfq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ehh;fspd; tiffs;:

jhtuk; ehh;tif
gUj;jp tpijfspd; Nkw;Gwj;Jhtp ehh;fs;
Msp> rzy; jz;L my;yJ jz;bio ehh;fs;
fw;whio> md;dhr;rp ,iy ehh;
Njq;fha; chpkl;il ehh;fs;

7
7. jhtuq;fspd; kUe;Jtg; gad;fs;
jhtuk; gad;gLk; ghfk; kUj;Jtg; gad;fs;
ney;yp fdp itl;lkpd; “rp” rj;Jf;Fiwthy; tUk;
];fh;tp Nghd;w Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhf>
Neha; vjph;g;Grf;jpia Nkk;gLj;j
Jsrp ,iy> tpij ,Uky;> rsp> khh;Gr; rsp kw;Wk;
%r;Rf;Foha; mow;rpiaf; Fzg;gLj;j
Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio fijg;gw;Ws;s kykpsf;fpahf> fhaj;ijf; Fzg;gLj;j>
,iyfs; Njhy; vhpr;riyAk; Fly; Gz;izAk;
Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLtJ
Ntk;G kug;gl;il> ,iy fpUkp ehrpdpahf Njhy; Neha;fSf;F
kw;Wk; tpijfs; kUe;jhf
kQ;rs; jiufPo; >jz;L fpUkp ehrpdp> rpwpa fhak;gl;l ,lq;fspy;
njhw;W Vw;glhky; jLf;f

8. tzpfhPjpahfg; gad;gLk; kuf;fl;ilfs; mjd; typik kw;Wk; mlh;jj

; papd; mbg;gilapy;
,uz;L tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk; (1. td;fl;ilfs;> 2. nkd;fl;ilfs;)
9. td;fl;il > nkd;fl;il NtWghLfs;
td;fl;il nkd;fl;il
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Njf;F> gyh vLj;Jf;fhl;L : flk;G>
igd;
MQ;rpNah];ngh;k tif [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; tif jhtuq;fspypUe;J
jhtuq;fpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ ngwg;gLfpwJ
epytho; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; nghJthfg; G+thj; jhtuq;fs;

10. xU rpy MQ;rpNah];ngh;k; jhtuq;fs; nkd;fl;ilfis jUfpd;wd

11. myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fSf;F vLj;Jfhl;L ky;yp> Nuh[h> nrt;te;jp > fhh;Nd\d;> n[h;guh
12. tPLfs;> Njhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; G+q;fhf;fis moFgLj;j gad;gLk; jhtuq;fs; nrk;gUj;jp >
ee;jahtl;il > FNuhl;ld;]; > Ky;iy> mykhd;lh> fhfpjg; G+ > ruf;nfhd;iw > ke;jhiu >
bNyhdpf;]; kuk;
13. gl;Lg;GOf;fs; ky;nghp ,iyia czthf vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
14. jhtuq;fspd; may; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;iff;F tpyq;Ffs;> G+r;rpfs;> gwitfs; (`k;kpq;
gwit(Xrdpr;rpl;L)> NjdPf;fs; gq;F kpf mtrpakhFk;).
15. flypy; gtsg;ghiwfspy; thOk; ghrpfSk; jhtuq;fSk; ngUk;ghd;ikahd kPd;fSf;F
czthf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

8
 16. tspkz;ly iel;u[id kz;zPy; epiy epWj;jp kz;tsj;ij mjpfhpj;J tptrhaj;jpw;F
cjTtJ ePyg; gr;irg; ghrp> #NlhNkhdh];ghf;Bhpah
17. mlh;jj
; pahf tsUk; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Nth;fs; kz; mhpg;igj; jLf;fpd;wd.
18. caphp vhpnghUSf;F tsh;f;fg;gLk; jhtuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L fhl;lhkzf;F
19. jhtu fopTfspypUe;J kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. v.fh rh;f;fiu Miy fopTfs;
20. ,aw;if nefpopfs; caphpdr; rpijtpw;F cs;shff;$bait
21. jhtu tsh;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpakhd rj;J iel;u[d;
22. ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhdpfs; cUthf;fpa A+hpah Ntg;g vz;nza; G+rg;gl;l A+hpah

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. cyf czT jpdk; mf;Nlhgh; 16

2. If;fpa ehLfs; mitapd; czT kw;Wk; Ntshz; epWtd mikg;G xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; xU
fUg;nghUis ikakhff; nfhz;L cyf czTj; jpdj;jpidf; nfhz;lhLfpwJ.
3. cyfstpy; fdpfs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> m];]hk; > xbrh gPfhh; cj;jpugpuNjrk;> jphpGuh kw;Wk;
Nkfhyah Mfpa VO khepyq;fspy; rzy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ.
5. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kl;Lk; ,e;jpa rzy; cw;gj;jpy; 50 tpOf;fhl;il cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.
6. kuf;fl;ilfspypUe;J nky;ypajhfr; rPtp vLf;fg;gLfpd;w kuj;jfLfis chpa tifapy;
xd;wpd; Nknyhd;W mLf;fLf;fhf xl;b cUthf;fg;gLtNj xl;Lg;gyif (Ply wood)
MFk;. ,J xUtiff; $l;L kug;gyif (Composite Wood ) MFk;.
7. %l;L > Klf;Fthjk; vd;gJ midj;J tajpdUf;Fk; %l;L kw;Wk; Koq;fhy; ghjpg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk; xU NehahFk;. ,e;j Neha;f;fhd kUe;jpid ghyf;fPiuapypUe;J jw;NghJ
tpQ;Qhdpfs; ehNdh cUthf;fj;jpd; (Nano Formulation) %yk; cUthf;fpAs;sdh;.
6 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;
tpyq;Ffs; thOk; cyfk;

1. ghiytdq;fs; > fhLfs;> khiyfs; Vhpfs; kw;Wk; MWfs; > tay;ntspfs; Mfpa
gy;NtWg;gl;l #o;epiy kz;lyq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ caphpdq;fspd; gy;tifj;jd;ik
2. tpyq;Ffspd; rpy tho;tplq;fSf;fhd v.fh

ePhpy; thOk; tpyq;F kPd; > ez;L

epyj;jpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffs; ahid> Gyp> xl;lfk;
ePh; kw;Wk; epyj;jpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffs; Jtis
ghiytdj;jpy; thOk; tpyq;Ffs; Xl;lfk;

9
 Fsph; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; tpyq;Ffs; JUtf; fubfs;> ngd;Fapd;

3. xU nry; caphpdq;fs; vd;git ntWk; fz;fshy; ghh;f;f Kbahj Ez;Nzhf;fpahy;

kl;LNk ghh;f;ff; $ba kpfr;rpwpa caphpdq;fs; MFk;.
4. nry;fs; mbg;gilapy; caphpdq;fspd; tiffs;

xU nry; caphp ghukPrpak;> ghf;Bhpah > A+f;spdh

xU nry; jhtuk; fpshkpNlhNkhd]; (ghrp)
kpfg;nghpa xU nry; ghrp Mrpl;lhGNyhpah
xU nry; G+Q;ir <];l;
xU nry; tpyq;F mkPgh(GNuhl;NlhNrhth)
gynry; caphpfs; n[y;yp kPd>; kz;GO> ej;ij> kPd;>jtis> ghk;G> Gwh> Gyp
> Fuq;F kw;Wk; kdpjd;

5. ePiu Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gad;gLk; xU nry; ghrp fpshkpNlhNkhd];.

6. xU nry; A+f;Nfhpahl;LfSf;F vLj;jf;fhl;L <];l; > fpshkpNlhNkhd];> mkPgh
7. mkPgh ePhpypUe;J czit tpOq;Ffpd;wd.
8. mkPgh gw;wpa rpy jfty;fs;
nrhpkhdk; czTf;Fkpo; %yk;
fopTePf;fk; RUq;Fk; Ez; Fkpo;fs; %yk;
Rthrpj;jy; vspa guty; Kiw (clypy; Nkw;gug;gpd; topahf)
,lg;ngah;r;rp Nghypf;fhy;fs;

9. caphpdk; kw;wk; mtw;wpd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp cWg;Gfs;

tpyq;Ffs; mirTf;F gad;gLk; cWg;Gfs;

mkPgh Nghypf;fhy;fs;
ghukPrpak; FW,io(rpypah)
A+f;spdh Firapio(m) ePspio (gpshn[y;yph)
kz;GO cly; rPl;lh
el;rj;jpu kPd; Foha;f; fhy;fs;
kPdf
; s; JLg;Gfs;
gwitfs; ,wf;iffs;
ntsthy; ngl;lh[pak;

10. jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l thopj;jpy; tho;tjw;FNfw;gj; jq;fs; clypy;

ngw;Ws;s rpwg;G mikg;Gfs; jftikg;Gfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd

10
 11. kPdpd; Rthr cWg;G nrTs;fs;
12. gy;ypfs; Ch;td tifiar; rhh;e;jit.
13. gy;ypfs; ngUk;ghYk; ntg;g kz;ly gFjpfspy; thof;$bait.
14. gy;ypfs; EiuaPuy;fs; %yk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd.
15. ,U fhy;fspy; xLk; NghJ gy;ypapd; thyhdJ mjd; KO cly; vilia jhq;Fk;
tifapy; gpd;Nehf;fp( m) Nky;Nehf;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
16. rpy gy;ypfSf;F (laNdhrhh;) fhy;fspy; tpuypilr;rt;Tfs; cs;sd.
17. gwitfSf;F tha;f;F gjpyhf myFfs; cs;sd.
18. gwitfs; EiuaPuy;fs; %yk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd.
19. gwitapd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs; ,wf;iffshf khWghL mile;Js;sJ.
20. cs;sPlw;w my;yJ ntw;wplj;jpdhy; Md ,yFthd vYk;Gfisg; ngw;wpUg;gJ gwitfs;
21. gwitapd; thy; gwf;Fk; jpiriaf; fl;LgLj;j cjTfpwJ.
22. gwitfs; gwj;jypd; NghJ Vw;gLk; mOj;jj;jpidj jhq;Ftjw;F typik kpf;f khh;Gj;
jirapidg; ngw;Ws;sd.
23. xNu rkaj;jpy; ,Ufz;fs; %yk; ,U ntt;NtW nghUl;fis gwitfshy; fhzKbAk;
,jw;F ,Utpop ghh;it vd;W ngah;
24. gy ehl;fSf;F ePh; mUe;jhky; caph; thOk; tpyq;F xl;lfk;.
25. Xl;lfk; jpkpy; gfjpapy; nfhOg;ig Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wd.
26. “ghiytdf; fg;gy;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ xl;lfk;
27. Xl;lfq;fspd; ePz;l fz; ,ikfs; kw;Wk; Njhy; mjd; fz; kw;Wk; fhJfis
GOjpg;Gaypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.
28. ghJfhg;gpw;fhd jbkdhd Njhy;> ntz;ikahd cNuhkq;fis ngw;Ws;s tpyq;F
JUtf;fub
29. ePe;Jtjw;fhd JLg;Gfs;. elg;gjw;fhd ,uz;L fhy;fis ngw;Ws;s tpyq;F ngd;Fapd;.
30. jkpo;ehl;bd; khepy tpyq;F ePyfphp tiuahL

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f(Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f > njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. rpq;fg;G+hpy; cs;s [Puhq; gwitfs; G+q;fhtpy;> ngd;Ftpd; gwitfs; gdpf;fl;bfs; epuk;gpa

xU nghpa fz;zhb $z;Lfspy; ntg;gepiy my;yJ mjw;Fk; Fiwthd
ntg;gepiyapy; guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. xU tpyq;F gUtkhWghl;bd; fhuzkhf xhplj;jpypUe;J NtW xU ,lj;jpw;F nry;tJ
“tyir Nghjy; ” vdg;gLk;.
3. Ntle;jhq;fy;> Nfhbaf;fiu> kw;wk; $e;jd; Fsk; Mfpa ,lq;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk;
gwitfs; ruzyhaq;fs; MFk;.
4. gy gwitfs; ntspehLfshd irgPhpah kw;wk; u\;ahtpypUe;J Ntle;jhq;fy; tUfpd;wd.

11
5. rpy tpyq;Ffs; mjpfg;gbahd Fspiu jtph;f;f > midj;J nray;ghLfisAk; epWj;jptpl;L
cwf;fj;jpy; <LgLfpd;wd. ,e;epiyf;F Fsph;fhy cwf;fk; vd;W ngah; v.fh Mik.
6. mNj rkak; rpy tpyq;Ffs; mjpfg;gbahd ntg;gj;ij jtph;f;f midj;J
nray;ghLfisAk; epWj;jptpl;L cwf;fj;jpy; <LgLfpd;wd ,e;epiyf;F Nfhilfhy
cwf;fk; vd;W ngah; v.fh ej;ij
7. vg;nghOJk; fq;fhU vyp ePh; mUe;Jtjpy;iy . mJ cz;Zk; cztpy; ,Ue;J clYf;F
Njitahd ePiu cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpwJ.
8. ekJ khepy tpyq;fhd ePyfhp tiuahL kiyfspd; kPJ cs;ss ghiwfspd; ,Lf;Ffspy;
kpf vspjhf Eioj;J cly; rkepiyAld; Vwp jhtu tiffis cz;Zk; jpwd;
ngw;Ws;sJ.

7 Mk; tFg;G Kd;whk; gUtk;

md;whl tho;tpy; tpyq;Ffs;

1. tpyq;FfspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; czTg; nghUs;fs; ghy;> Kl;il > ,iwr;rp

2. ehk; md;whl tho;tpy; gad;gLk; ghypd gad;fs;
 Gujk; kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; kpf;f Cl;lr;rj;J czthf ,Ug;gjhy; gd;dhP ;> ghyhilf;
fl;b> ghNyL(f;hPk); > ntz;nza; > nea; kw;Wk; japh; Ngd;wit ghypy; ,Ue;J
ngwg;gLfpwJ.
3. Nfhop> thj;J> thd;Nfhop kw;Wk; neUg;Gf;Nfhop Nghd;wit mtw;wpd; ,sk; caphpfs;
cUthFtjw;F Kl;ilapl;L milf;fhf;fpd;wd.
4. ehk; md;whl tho;tpy; gad;gLj;Jk; Kl;ilapd; gad;fs;
 ,J Gujk; epiwe;j Cl;lr;rj;J cilajhFk;.
 MW fpuhk; vilAs;s Kl;il cah;e;jufg; Guj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ fhiyapy; Gujk;
kpf;f czT cly; kw;Wk; %is tsh;r;rpf;F cjTfpwJ.
5. tPl;by; tsh;f;fg;gLk; gwitfshd Nfhop> thj;J> thd;Nfhop Nghd;wtw;iw mtw;wpd;
,iwr;rpf;fhfTk; Kl;ilf;fhfTk; tsh;g;gJ gz;iz mikj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
6. Nfhopfis ehk; ,uz;L tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

12
  Kl;ilapLgit
 gpuha;yh; (,iwr;rpf;fhf tsh;f;fg;gLgit)
7. Nfhop ,dq;fs;
 ,e;jpa ,dq;fs; - rpl;lfhq; > mrPy;> fuf;ehj; kw;Wk; g];uh
 Mrpa ,dq;fs; - g;uk;kh kw;Wk; yhq;\hd;
 may;ehl;L ,dq;fs; - g;isnksj; uhf;> nyf;`hd;> Nuhl; ma;yhz;L> g;shf;
kpdhh;f;fh
8. nts;is nyf;`hd; tif cyfpNyNa kpf mjpf Kl;ilfs; nfhLf;Fk; ,dk; MFk;.
9. fk;gsp Milfs;> rhy;itfs;> Nghh;itfs;> jiyKf;fhL kw;Wk; fhYiw Nghd;wit
jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ MLfspd; cNuhkk;.
10. fk;gsp „ nrk;kwp ML> nts;sehL> ril vUik (ahf;)> Kay;> my;ghfh Nghd;w
tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd
11. cNuhkq;fs; Gujj;jhy; MdhJ
12. nrk;kwp Ml;bd; Njhypy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; cNuhkk; ,Utifg;gLk;
 nrhunrhug;ghd cNuhkk;
 kpUJthd nky;ypa cNuhkk;
13. ril vUik fk;gsp jpngj; kw;Wk; ylhf; gFjpapy; fpilf;fpwJ
14. mq;Nfhuh nts;shLfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; fk;gsp mq;Nfhuh fk;gsp [k;K fh\;kPh;
fpilf;fpwJ
15. fh\;khP py; cs;s g];kpdh nts;shl;by; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; cNuhkj;jpypUe;J g];kpdh;
rhy;itfs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
16. M];jpNuypa tpQ;Qhdpfs; Ml;by; ,Ue;J cNuhkj;ijf; fj;jhpf;f gNahfpspg; vd;w
Kiwia gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
17. Xtpak; jPl;Lk; Jhhpifia cUthf;fg; gad;gLtJ Fjpiuapd; cNuhkk;
18. ntJntJg;ghd kw;Wk; etPd Milfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ tpyq;fpd; cNuhk;k>; Njhy;
19. ,iofspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
,aw;if ,iofs; gQ;R> rzy; > fk;gsp> gl;L
jhtu ,iofs; gQ;R kw;Wk; rzy;
tpyq;F ,iofs; fk;gsp kw;Wk; gl;L ,iofs;

20. gl;Lg;GOtpd; $l;bypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; ,ioNa gl;L ,ioahFk;.

21. fk;gsp vd;w ,io Nfg;hpNd vd;w FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j tpyq;Ffspd; nkd;Kbf;
fw;iwapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
22. fk;gspia cUthf;f Ie;J gbfs; cs;sd. mit
 fj;jhpj;jy; (Shearing)
 juk;gphpj;jy; (Grading or Sorting)

13
  fOTjy;(Washing or Scouting)
 rpf;nfLj;jy;(carding)
 Ehw;wy;(Spinning)
23. fkgspapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
 ntg;gk; kw;Wk; jz;zPUf;F vjph;g;Gj; jd;ik cilaJ kw;Wk; ,it fpoptjpy;iy.
 <ug;gjj;ij cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik cilaJ.
 fk;gsp> FspUf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> fk;gsp rpwe;j ntg;gf;
flj;jpahfr; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 ,J vspjpy; RUq;fhJ.
24. %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F fk;gsp ,iofs; ];ntl;lh; Milfs;> Nfhl; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L
tPuh;fs; mzpAk; Milfs; jahhpf;f cjTfpd;wd.
25. fk;gsp ,io kw;Wk; ,aw;if my;yJ nraw;if ,iofNshL NrUk;NghJ mit kbg;Gf;F
vjph;g;Gj; jd;ik cila Nghh;itfs; kw;Wk; ,iur;riy cwpQ;Rk; tphpg;Gf;s jahhpf;f
cjTfpd;wd.
26. gl;L vd;gJ gl;Lg; G+r;rpapd; $Lfspy; Ruf;Fk; ,ioahFk;.
27. gl;Lg;GOf;fs; ,uz;L khj fhyj;jpy; mjd; tho;fi
; fapy; ehd;F tsh;r;rp epiyfisf;
flf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kl;il yhh;th $l;Lg;GO gUtk; (ff;$d;) tsh;e;J tUk;
(gl;Lg;G+r;rp) tsh;r;rpile;j (gl;Lg;G+r;rp)
28. gl;Lg;G+r;rp tsh;g;Gf;F nrhpfy;rh; vd;W ngah;
29. xU Kjph;e;j ngz; gl;Lg; G+r;rp Rkhh; 500 Klilfis ,Lk;.
30. gl;Lg;G+r;rpapd; Kl;ilfs; MW thuq;fs; Fsph; ntg;gepiyapy; itf;fg;gLk;
31. gl;Lg; G+r;rpfs; gj;J ehs;fs; fopj;J Kl;ilfs; nghhpj;J yhh;thf;fs; Mf ntsptUk;.
32. yhh;thf;fs; 35 ehl;fs; ky;nghp ,iyfis cz;L thOk;.
33. gl;Lg;GO Ie;J ehspy; gl;L ,ioahf ,Uf;Fk;.
34. gl;Lg;GO $l;Lg; GOf;fshf khWk;.
35. gl;Lf;$L ,iofs; jdpj;j ePz;l ,ioahf ,Uf;Fk;
36. kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; mWit rpfpr;irapd; NghJ ijay; Ehyhfg; gad;gLtJ gl;L ,io
37. gphpj;njLg;gthpd; Neha; vd miof;fg;gLtJ Me;juhf;];
38. Me;juhf;]; vd;gJ xU ghf;Bhpahthy; Vw;gLk; NehahFk;.
39. Me;juhf;]; Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; ghf;Bhpah Ngrpy;y]; Me;juhrp];
40. Me;juhf;]; Nehapd; mwpFwpf;s fha;r;ry;> ,Uky;> %r;R tpLjypy;> rpukk;
41. Me;juhf;]; Nehapd; rpfpr;ir Kiwfs;
 ngd;rpypd; kw;Wk; rpg;Nuh g;Nshf;rhrpd; Nghd;w rpwe;j kUe;Jfs; Me;juhf;];
Nehiaf; Fzkhf;f cjTfpd;wd.

14
  tpyq;FfSf;F Me;juhf;]; jLg;G+rp Nghl Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; Me;ju; hf;]; Nehahy;
,we;j tpyq;Ffis MopFwp Njhz;b mjpy; Gijf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ vhpf;f
Ntz;Lk;
42. $l;Lg;GOf;fisf; mopf;fhky; mtw;wpypUe;J gl;L Ehio vLf;fyhk; vd;gijf;
fz;lwpe;jth; FRkh uh[a;ah 1992
43. Kdpj Neaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; guhkghpa Kiwfisj; jhz;b cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk; .
vdNt ,J mfpk;irg;gl;L my;yJ mikjpgl;L vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
44. tpyq;Ffs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1960 ,r;rl;lk; tPl;bd; eha;tsh;ggth;fs;
> tpyq;Ffis re;ijapy; tpw;gid nra;gth;fs; nry;yg;gpuhzpfs; kw;Wk; kPdf
; s;
tsh;g;gth;fSf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
45. tdtpyq;Ffs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1972

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f > njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
1. Ntiyf;fhuj; NjdPf;fspd; Ntiy vd;dntd;why; kyh;fspy; cs;s Njidr; Nrfhpf;Fk;>
NkYk; mit ,se;NjdPf;fis tsh;f;Fk;> Njd;$L Nrjk; mile;jhy; mijr; rhp
nra;Ak;. Njd; $l;ilg; ghJfhf;Fk;.
2. NjdPf;fs; kyh;fspypUe;J> nef;lhh; vd;w ,dpg;Gr; rhw;iwr; Nrfhpj;J> mijj; Njdhf
khw;wp> mijj; Njd; $l;by; cs;s Njd; miwfspy; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.
3. Njd; rpwe;j kUj;Jt Fzk; kpf;fJ. mjpf Cl;lr;rj;J epiwe;j czthFk;.
4. Neha;fis gug;Gk; caphpfs;
rhy;Nkhndy; - Nyhrp]; (thapw;Wg; Nghf;f) ghf;Bhpahthy; cUthfpwJ
uhdpf;nfl;Neha; (mk;ik Neha;) itu]hy; cUthfpwJ
M];gh;[py;y]; Neha; (gytPdk;> eype;J G+Q;irahy; cUthfpwJ
Nghjy;)

5. ,e;jpah gl;L cw;gj;jpapy; cyfpNyNa ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpo;ehl;by;

cs;s fhQ;rpGuk;> jpUGtdk; kw;wk; Muzp Nghd;w ,lq;fs; gl;L cw;gj;jpf;Fg; Gfo;
ngw;wit
6. czTf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpyq;Ffs; ,why;> ez;L> gd;dhP ; kw;Wk; ntz;nza;> kPd;
7. cilahfg; gad;gLk; fk;gsp tiffs; My;gf;fh> iggh;> NkhfPh; > Nf];kN
P u Ml;Lf;Fl;bf;
fk;gsp
8. cilahfg; gad;gLk; gl;bd; tiffs; vhpg;gl;L> Kfh kw;Wk; rpye;jpg;gl;L

15
 9. gl;Lg;GOtpd; ,sk; caphp yhh;th vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ yhh;th Ntfkhf ,iyfis
cz;L tsh;r;rpaile;J mstpy; nghpajhfp mLj;j epiyahd $l;Lg;GO (ff;$d;
)cUtj;ij milfpd;wJ
10. mfpk;irg;gl;L vd;gJ td;Kiw my;yhjJ MFk;. ,J gl;Lg;GOf;fis mspf;fg;glhj
nray;ghl;bdhy; Jzp jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
11. tpyq;Ffspd; ,dg;ngUf;fj;ij Ma;T nra;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; guhkhpg;G gw;wpg; gbf;Fk;
gphptpw;F tpyq;F mikg;G (Animal Husbandry) vd;W ngah;

7 Mk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

tifg;ghl;baypd; mbg;gilfs;

1. ,J tiu fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s caphpdq;fs; Rkhh; 8.7 kpy;ypad;

2. gphpTfspd; gbepiy vd;gJ tifg;ghl;bay; gphpTfis kw;w caphpdq;fNshL
mtw;wpw;Fs;s njhlh;gpid ,wq;Fthpirapy; mikf;Fk; Kiw ypd;Nda]; vd;gtuhy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; ,J ypd;Nda]; gbepiy vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

tpyq;Ffspd; tifg;ghL

KJnfYk;Gs;sit KJnfYk;gw;wit

fz;lq;fs; cs;s fhy;fs; mw;wit

fhy;fs;
ntg;g ,uj;j Fsph; ,uj;j
tpyq;F tpyq;F

%d;W N[hb fhy;fs; %d;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

fhy;fs;

16
 kPd;fs; Ch;td ,Utho;
ghYl;bfs; gwg;gd;
tpfs;

GO GOtbt
mw;w
3. tifg;ghl;by; VO Kf;fpa gbepiyfs; cs;sd. Nghd;w
cyfk; njhFjp tFg;G thpir FLk;gk; Nghpdk; rpw;wpdk;
4. tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gil myF rpw;wpdk;
5. tpyq;Ffspd; njhFjpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gz;Gfs;
gphpT nghJg;gz;Gfs;
njhFjp xU nry; caphpfs; my;yJ Nghypf;fhypfs; > firapio> FW,io
GNuhl;Nlh Nrhth (v.fh) mkPgh> %yk; ,lg;;ngah;r;rp nra;fpwJ.
A+f;spdh> ghukPrpak; ,dg;ngUf;fk; gpsT KiwapNyh my;yJ
,izT KiwapNyh eilngWfpwJ
njhFjp JisAlypfs; my;yJ nghpnguh gy nry;fshy; Mdit> cly; KOtJk;
(v.fh) ypA+Nfhnrhypdpah> ];ghd;[py;yh> Jisfs; fhzg;gLk; > Kl;fshy; Md
irfhd; mfr;rl;lfj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,dg;ngUf;fk; ghy; kw;Wk; ghypyh
Kiwapy; eilngWfpwJ
njhFjp FopAlypfs; my;yJ gy nry;fshy; Mdit> <uLf;F
rPnyd;bNul;lh (v.fh) i`l;uh fly; caphpfs; xl;bNah< ePhpy; ePjpe;jpNah
rhke;jp n[y;yp kPdf
; s; > gtsq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpj;J my;yJ $l;lkhf
fhzg;gLk; ghypd kw;Wk; ghypyh tif
,dg;ngUf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ
njhFjp jl;il GOf;fs; my;yJ clw;Fop mw;wit xl;Lz;zpfshf
gpshl;bn`y;kpd;j]; (v.fh) gpshNdhpah> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpjh;fspy; clypy;
fy;yPuy; GO ,uj;jg;GO> ehlhg;GO cl;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghYk;
,Ughy; caphpfshf fhzg;gLfpwJ
njhFjp cUisg; GOf;fs; my;yJ clw;;fz;lq;fs; mw;wit. Neha;fis
nekNlhlh (v.fh) m];fhhp]; cUthf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpfs;
Yk;gphpf;fha;l;l]; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypd Kiwapy;
eilngWfpwJ.
njhFjp tisj;jirg; GOf;fs; my;yJ %tLf;F caph;fs; > cly; fz;lq;fshfg;
mdyplh (v.fh) kz;GO> ePhp]; ml;il gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ngUk;ghYk; ,Ughy;
caphpfs; (,Ughy; kw;Wk; xw;iwghypay;)
njhFjp fZf;fhypfs; my;yJ cly; fzlq;fs; cilaJ. clw;gug;G
Mh;jN
; uhNghlh (v.fh) ez;L ,why;> ifl;bdhy; Md Gwr;rl;lfj;ijf;
kutl;il> G+r;rpfs; > Njs;> rpye;jp nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,izf; fhy;fs; kw;Wk;

17
 ,izaWg;Gfshy; MdJ. ,it xU
ghy; caphpfs; Mz; ngz; NtWghL
cz;L
njhFjp nky;Ylypfs; my;yJ nkd;ikah fz;lq;fsw;w cly;
nkhy];fh (v.fh)fztha; kPdf
; s;> ej;ij mikg;G cilait cilait. NkYk;
Mf;Nlhg]; jd;irapyhd jiyg;GFjp> ghjg;fF
kw;Wk; cs;sWg;g njhFg;G khd;by;>
fhy;rpaj;jhy; Md xL fhzg;gLfpwJ
ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ
njhFjp Kl;Njhypfs; my;yJ flypy; kl;LNk tho;git clw;Rth;
vf;ifNdhnlh;Nkl;lh (v.fh) el;rj;jpu Kl;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ePhf
; ; Foy;
kPd>; fly; rhke;jp> nehWq;FW kz;lyKk;> Foha;f; fhy;fSk;
el;rj;jpukPd.; fly; nts;shp kw;Wk; fly; czT+l;lj;jpw;Fk; Rthrj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk;
my;yp ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;Fk; cjTfpwJ. ghy; top
,dg;ngUf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ
tFg;G kPdf
; s; my;yJ gp];]]; (v.fh) Fsph; ,uj;jjg;gpuhzp> KJF
Rwh> fl;yh> Ky;yl;> jpNyg;gpah vYk;Gj;njhlh; cilait.
,lg;ngah;r;rpf;F ,izahd
gf;fJLg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ,izaw;w kj;jpaj;
JLg;Gfs; cjTfpd;wd. ghy; top
,dg;ngUf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;git
tFg;G ,Utho;tpfs; my;yJ Mk;gPgpah ePh; kw;Wk; epyj;jpy; tho;git. Fsph;
(v.fh) jtis> Njhiu> rhykhz;lh;> ,uj;jg; gpuhzpfs;. ,uz;L N[hbf;
rprpypad; fhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghy; top
,dg;ngUf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ
tFg;G Ch;td my;yJ nug;ily;]; (v.fh) Fsph; ,uj;j gpuhzpfs;> EiuaPuy; %yk;
Njhl;lj;Jg;gy;yp> tPl;Lg;gy;yp> fly; Rthrpg;git Ie;J tpuy;fSila fhy;fs;
Mik> epy Mik> ghk;Gfs;> Kjiy cs;sJ. Kl;ilapLgit
tFg;G gwitfs; my;yJ Vty; (v.fh) ntg;g ,uj;j gpuhzpfs; > fz;fs;
fiuNahug; gwit> ,e;jpag; gdq;fhil> rpwg;ghd ghh;itj;jpwd; cilait.
nfhz;il yhj;jp> fpsp> rPl;Lf;FUtp> ghy;top ,dg;ngUf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;git
Nfhop neUg;Gf;Nfhop > fptp Kl;ilapLit
tFg;G ghYl;bfs; my;yJ khnkypah epyj;jpy; thOk; ntg;g ,uj;j gpuhzpfs;
(v.fh) thj;J myF gpshl;bg];> fq;fhU> . ntspg;Gwf;fhJ my;yJ fhJkly;>
G+id> Gyp> thpFjpiu> kdpjd; jirahy; Md cjutpjhdk;. cl;fU
mw;w ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; gy;NtWgl;l
gy;mikT kw;Wk; ,Ugy; mikit

18
 ngw;Ws;sJ. Fl;b NghLit

6. jhtuq;fis tpijfspd; mbg;gilapy; tpijapy;yhj; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpijAs;sj;

jhtuq;fs; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
jhtuq;fspd; tifg;ghL

tpijapy;yhj; jhtuk; tpijAs;sj;jhtuk;

1. jhNyhigl;lh 1. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;
ghrpfs; v.fh fhuh (jpwe;jtpijj; jhtuk; )
(G+thj; jhtuk;)
2. gpiuNahigl;lh 2. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;
kh];fs; v.fh gpA+Ndhpah (%batpijj; jhtuk;)
(G+f;Fk; jhtuk;)

3. nlhpl;Nlhigl;lh
nguzpfs; v.fh mbahz;lk;
7. jhtuq;fis G+tpd; mbg;gilapy; G+f;Fk; jhtuk; kw;Wk; G+thj; jhtuq;fs; vd ,uz;lhfg;
gphpf;fyhk;.
jhtuq;fspd; tifg;ghL

G+thj; jhtuq;fs; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;

MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;

1. jhNyhigl;lh

2. gpiuNahigl;lh xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk;

(v.fh ney;) (v.fh. Gsp)

3. nlhpl;Nlhigl;lh ry;ypNth;j; MzpNth;j;

njhFg;GilaJ njhFg;GilaJ

4. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;

19
8. My;fhf;fspy; jhtu clyhdJ Nth;> jz;L kw;Wk; ,iy vd NtWghlw;W fhzg;gLfpwJ
,jid jhy]; vd;fpNwhk;.
9. xU nry; my;yJ gy; nry;fshy; Md ehhpioapid My;fhf;fs; nfhz;Ls;sJ
10. kh];fspy; jhtu clyhdJ cz;ikahd Nth;> jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfs; vd NtWghlw;Wf;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
11. kh];fspy; ePiu tpUk;Ggit> tho;f;if Row;rpapid epiwT nra;a ,tw;wpw;F <ug;gjk;
mtrpakhfpwJ. vdNt ,it ,Utho;tp jhtuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
12. jhtu clyhdJ Nth;> jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfs; vd NtWghL mile;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,iyfs; rpwpajhfNth> nghpajhfNth ,Ug;gJ nguzpfs; cs;sd.
13. ePh; kw;Wk; czTg; nghUl;fisf; flj;Jk; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; nguzpfspy; cs;sd.
14. mbg;gilapy; epyj;jpd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa epytho;j; jhtuq;fs; nguzpfs;
15. epoyhd> <ug;gjk; kpFe;j kw;Wk; Fsph;e;j; gFjpfspy; tho;git nguzpfs;
16. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; kw;Wk; MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; s; rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

[pk;Ndh];ngh;k; MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;
(jpwe;j tpijj; jhtuk;) (%ba tpijj; jhtuk; )
(G+thj; jhtuk;) (G+f;Fk; jhtuk;)

vLj;Jf;fhl;L vLj;Jf;fhl;L

1. igd]; Nth; - Ks;sq;fp> gPl;Ul;> fhul;

2. irf]; jiuNky; jz;L- fUk;G> fPiuj;jz;L
3. muf;Nfhpah jiufPo; jz;L - ntq;fhak;> cUisf;fpoq;F
4. ePl;lk; Nrkpg;G ,iy - mNyh (Nrhw;wf;fw;whio)>
mNft; (uapy; fhw;whiy)
17. igd];
 ,J Nth; > jz;L> ,iy Mfpatw;iw nfhz;lJ\
 ,J xU ];NghNuhigl; jhtuk;
 Mz; $k;G> ngz; $k;G vd jdpj;jdpNa cz;L
 ngz; $k;G> Mz; $k;ig tpl nghpaJ
 ,jpy; #y; tpijahf khWk;
 igd]; jhtuk; Kj;jpiuj;jhs;> My;fyha;Lfs; Mfpait jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ
18. irfNly;]; v.fh irf];

20
  gid Nghd;w rpwpa kuk;> Nehhdit> fpisfsw;wit
 rpwF tbt $l;biyfs;> $k;G tbt cr;rpia cUthf;Ffpd;wd
 Mzp Nth;jn
; jhFg;G gts Nth;fis nfhz;Ls;sd
19. muf;Nfhpah
 ilNa\pa]; tifj; jhtuk; v.fh gpl;tpy;yp> vf;]y;yh > ,k;hpNfl;lh. ,itahTk;
moFf;fhf tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
 Fuq;Ffspd; Fog;gk; (MonkeyS Puzzle) vd miof;fg;gLtJ muf;Nfhpah gpl;ty;yp
20. ePl;lk;
 Klf;Fthjj;ij rhpnra;ag;gad;gLk; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;
 rpy rpw;wpdkhfTk;> rpy kukhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jDila kyl;Lg;G+ gp];bNyhLfs; vdg;gLk;
 ,J xU ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; MFk;.
21. gpiuNahgpy;yk; vd;Dk; jhtuk; ,iytop ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;af;$ba MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;
MFk;.
22. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; cilait>iryj;jpRf;fs; iryf;Foha;fs; kw;Wk; GNshaj; jpRf;fs;
Jiz nry;fs; ,d;wpAk; fhzg;gLtJ [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;
23. MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; spy; Gy;yp tl;lk;> my;yp tl;lk; kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lk; kw;Wk; #yf tl;lk;
vd ehd;F mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;l kyh;fis cUthf;Ftjhy; ,it G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
24. MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; spy; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;ghd #yfk; fdpahfTk; #y;fs;
tpijahfTk; cUthfpd;wd.
25. MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; spy; th];Fyhh; jpRthd iryk;> iryf; Foha;fisAk;. GNshak;
Jiz nry;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
26. Ie;J cyf tifg;ghL
27. R.H tpl;Nlf;fhpd; Ie;Jyf tifg;ghL 1969

nkhdpuh GNuhb];lh G+Qirfs; jhtuq;fs; tpyq;Ffs;

v.fh v.fh (nry;Rth; cs;s ) v.fh JisAlypfs;
ghf;Bhpah xUnry;ghrp gr;irak; mw;w gynry; ghrp FopAlypfs;
raNdh ghf;Bhpah (A+f;spdh> ghukPrpak;> A+j;Nfhpahl;Lfs;) gpiuNahigl; jl;ilg;GOf;fs;
eh];lhf; mkPgh) nlhpNlhigl; cUisg;GOf;fs;
mrpl;lNyl; Nlhhpah GNuhl;NlhNrhth [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; tsjirg;GOf;fs;
ePyg;gr;ir ghrp MQ;rpNah];ngh;k; fZf;fhypfs;
(nghJthf ,it (nghJthf ,it xU (nry;RtUk; nky;Ylypfs;
GNuhNfhpahl;Lfs; nry; A+f;Nfhpahl;Lfs; gr;iraKk; Kl;Njhypfs;
cs;s KJFehZs;sit
A+Nfhpahl;Lfs;) (nry;Rth; mw;w

21
 gr;irak; mw;w
A+f;Nfhpahl;Lfs;)

28. G+Q;irfs; jdf;Fj; Njitahd Cl;lg; nghUs;fis czTg; nghUs;fspd; kPJ nrhpkhd
nehjpiar; Rue;J mtw;iwr; nrhpj;J cwpQ;Rjy; %yk; ngWfpwJ.
29. Nkhy;Lfs; > kPy;BA+];> eha;f;Filf; fhshd;fs;> <];Lfs; Nghd;wit G+Q;ir cyfj;ij
rhh;e;jit
30. GNuhb];lhTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ];igNuhifuh> fpshkpNlhNkhdh];
31. G+Q;irfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L iuNrhg];> mfhhpf];
32. g;shz;l;NlTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L rpWnrb> Gjh;nrb (k) kuq;fs;
33. mdpNkypahTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L GO G+r;rp> kPd;> jtis> gwitfs;> kdpjd;
34. Ie;J cyf tifg;ghl;;bd; epiwfs;
 ,t;tifg;ghl;bd; mikg;ghdJ mjpfkhf mwptpay; hPjpahfTk; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifapy;
Kiwg;gbAk; mike;Js;sJ.
 ,e;j tifg;ghL nry;ypd; mikg;G> czT Cl;l Kiw kw;Wk; ghpzhk; tsh;r;rpapd;
Muk;g epiyapd; gz;Gfisj; njspthf Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
 ntt;NtW FOf;fisr; Nrh;e;j caphpdq;fs; kuG topapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;
,JNt kpfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l etPd tifg;ghl;L Kiw MFk;.
 vspikahd caphpdj;jpy; ,Ue;J rpf;fyhd caphpdk; tiu gbg;gbahf ghpzhk
tsh;r;rp miltij ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
35. Ie;J cyf tifg;ghl;bd; Fiwfs;:
 itu];fSf;F ,e;j tifg;ghl;by; Kiwahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy.
 gy nry; caphpdq;fs; GNuhl;b];Lfspy; ,Ue;J gy Kiw Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 mbkl;l caphpdq;fSf;F chpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
 GNuhl;b];lhtpd; fPo; tUk; rpy caphpdq;fs; A+NfhpNahl;bf; gz;igf; nfhz;lit
my;y.
36. ,U nrhy; ngahpL Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; fh];ghh;L gh`pd; > 1623. Mdhy;
fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; Kiwjhd; jw;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
37. ,Unrhy; ngahpL Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jpath; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; 1753
38. khy;Nt]p
 fh]pgpak; ghh;ngld;]; > vfpg;J gUj;jp my;yJ fly;jT
P gUj;jp vdg;gLfpwJ.
 fh]pgpak; `hph;#lk; Fl;ilg;gUj;jp vd miof;fg;;gLfpwJ
 khy;th nth;brpNyl;lh; ff;Fthd; ,Uky; Nehia Fzg;gLj;Jk; kUe;jhfg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 M];jpah Nuh]pah vd;gJ xU moFj;jhtuk;
 n[dpNlhNfkp vd;gJ xU nrbapy; NtW G+f;fs; fhzg;gLtJ
39. NgNg]p

22
  v.fh f[hd]; f[hd; - Jtiu . yhg;yhd; gh;G+hp]; - mtiu
 gpA+l;bah gpuhz;Nlh]h vd;gJ fhl;Lj;jP jhtuk;
 ,z;bfhnguh bq;Nlhhpah> ,z;bNfh rhak; jahhpf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ
40. &gpNa]p
 ,jpy; gpsTf;fdp i\Nrhfhh;g; fhzg;gLk;
 fh gpah muhgpfh vd;gJ fhg;gpr; nrb
 uhz;bah bq;f;Nlhhpah tapw;wpy; cs;s G+r;rpiaf; nfhy;tjw;F kUe;jhfg;
gad;gLfpwJ
 &gpah fhh;bNghypah rha kUe;J> vz;nza;f;F epw%l;lg; gad;gLfpwJ
41. M];jN
; u]p
 v.fh `Pypahe;j]; MDy]; - #hpafhe;jp
 fhh;jj
; hk]; bq;f;Nlhhp]; rd; gpshth;> vz;nza; jahhpf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ
 vypg;lh g;uh];l;Nul;lh Fspay; vz;nza; jahhpf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ.
42. etPd tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
43. rpy jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; ,U nrhy; ngah;fs;
jhtuk;/tpyq;F ,Unrhy; ngah; (Nghpdk;> rpw;wpdk;)
kdpjd; N`hNkhNrg;gpad;];
ntq;fhak; my;ypak; rl;iltk;
Vyp Nul;l]; Nul;l];
Gwh Nfhyk;gh yptpah
Gspkuk; Nlkhpd;l]; ,z;bfh
vYkpr;ir rpl;u]; mUz;b Nghypah
Ntg;gkuk; mrhbNuf;lh ,z;bfh
Jtis uhdh n`f;rh lhf;ilyh
Njq;fha; fhf;f]; epA+rpnguh
ney; xiurh rl;ilth
kPd; fl;yh fl;yh
MuQ;R Rpl;u]; irdd;]p];
,Q;rp [pQ;rpgh; m gp]pNdy;
gg;ghsp fhhpfh gg;ghah
Nghpr;ir Nghdpf;]; lhf;ilyp nguh
Jtiu f[hd]; f[hd;
Mtiu yhg;yhd; gh;G+hp];
vfpg;J gUj;jp (m) fly;jPT gUj;jp fh]pgpak; ghh;ngld;];
Fl;ilg;gUj;jp fh]pgpak; `ph;#lk;

23
 moFj;jhtuk; M];jpah Nuh]pah
fhg;gpr;nrb fh gpah muhgpfh
#hpafhe;jp `Pypahe;j]; MDy];

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. mhp];lhl;by; vd;gth; xU fpNuf;f jj;Jt kw;Wk; rpe;jidahsh; ,th; 2400 Mz;LfSf;F

Kd;G thoe;jth;. ,th; cUthf;fpa njhFg;G mikg;G ,th; ,we;J 2000 tUlq;fSf;Fg;
gpwF gad;ghl;bw;F te;jJ.
 ,th; midj;J caphpdq;fisAk; jhtuq;fs; my;yJ tpyq;Ffs; vdg; gphpj;jhh;
 ,th; tpyq;Ffis ,uj;jk; cila tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; ,uj;jk; mw;w tpyq;Ffs;
vdg;gphpj;jhh;.
 ,Wjpahf tpyq;Ffis ,lg;ngah;r;rp mbg;gilapy; elg;git> gwg;git> ePe;Jgit
vd %d;W njhFjpfshfg; gphpj;jhh;.

8 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;

Ez;Zaphpfs;

24
1. Ez;Zaphpfisg; gw;wpg; gbf;Fk; mwptpaypd; gphpT Ez;Zaphpfs; vdg;gLfpwJ.
2. Ez;Zaphpfisg; Ie;J gphpthfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
 itu];
 ghf;Bhpah\
 G+Q;ir
 My;fh
 GNuhl;NlhNrhth
3. itu];
 itui] kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; %yk; fhzyhk;
 itu]; 20 Kjy; 300 ehNdh kPl;lh; msTs;sit (10-9 ikf;uhd;)
 Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; jdp itu]; tphpahd; vdg;gLk;
 kpfr; rpwpa Jfs;fshFk;.
 kuGg; nghUs; kw;Wk; Gujj;jhy; MdJ.
 capUs;s kw;Wk; capuw;witfSf;F ,ilg;gl;lit
 ,yj;jd
P ; nkhopapy; itu]; vd;gJ tp\k; vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
 nry;Yf;Fs;Ns thOk; fl;lha xl;Lz;zpfshFk;.
 itui]g; gw;wpa gbg;G ituhy[p
 itu];fs; ghf;Bhpahitf; fhl;bYk; 1000 klq;F rpwpait.
 itu]pd; cl;gFjp epA+f;spf; mkpyj;jhy; MdJ. ,J (b.vd;.V) (m)
(Mh;. vd;.V) itf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 jhtu itu]; ngUk;ghYk; itf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mdhy; fhypgpsth;
kl;Lk; itf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 tpyq;F itu]; ngUk;ghYk; itf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; . Mdhy; itu];
itf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 nry;Rth;. nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; irl;Nlhgpshrk; Nghd;wit fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 itu]pd; ntspAiw Nfg;rpl; vdg;gLk;.
 itu]pd; NkyLf;F Gujj;jhy; MdJ. mg;Guj ciwiar; #o;e;J> Gujq;fs;>
nfhOg;G kw;Wk; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;lhy; Md kw;WnkhU ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 itu]pw;F tsh;rpij khw;wk; ,y;iy. vdNt ,jid gbfkhf;fyhk;
 1935y; ituir gbfkhf;fpath; ];lhdpyp
 caphpdq;fspy; kpfr;rpwpa itu]; rhl;biyl; itu];
 itu]pw;Fk;> ghf;Bhpahtpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l caphp ikf;Nfhgpsh];kh vdg;gLk;.
 itui]f; fz;lwpe;jth; ,uhgh;l; NfhNy (1983-1984)
 tpyq;FfSf;F Nfhkhhp Neha; itu]h]; Vw;gLfpwJ.

25
  ghf;Bhpahit jhf;fp mopf;Fk; itu];fSf;F Ngf;Bhpah Ng[; vd;W ngah;. ,J
tpl;bf; Row;rp my;yJ tp&yz;l; Row;rp Kiwapy; ghf;Bhpahtpy; Eioe;J
ghf;Bhpahit mopf;fpwJ
 iyNrhn[dpf; Row;rp my;yJ Vtp&yz;l; Kiwapy; ghf;BhpahTld; ,ize;J
ghf;Bhpahit mopf;fpwJ
 itui] fz;lwpe;jth; bkpl;hp INthd];fp
 itu]pd; tbtq;fs;
 rpf;fyhd tbtk; (jiyg;gpul;il tbtk;)- Ngf;BhpNah Ng[;
 Nfhs tbtk; - ,d; GSad;]h > GS itu]; > itu];
 cUis tbtk; (Nfhy;tbtk;) „ Gifapiy nkhirf; itu];
 nrq;fy; tbtk; - rpd;dk;ik itu];
 gy;Nfhz tbtk; - mbNdh itu];
4. itu]; gw;wpa jfty;fs;


 va;l;]; itu]; tl;ltbtpk; (Spherical Shape) cilaJ
 va;l;]; itu]; ,uz;L ciwahy; MdJ. mjdhy; ,J> ciwAld; $ba
itu]; my;yJ nul;bNuh itu]; (Retro Virus) vdg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; NkYiu nfhOg;ghy; MdJ
 ,jpy; hpth;]; buhd;rp];fphpg;Ngl]; vd;w nehjp cs;sJ
 va;l;]; Neha;f;fhd kUe;jhf mrpNlhijkpbd; (AZT)> DDI kUe;Jfs;
gad;gLfpd;wd
 HIV itu]; ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspd; nry;fis jhf;fp mopf;fpd;wd.
 ( ) vyprh nl];l; (Elisa- Enzime Linked
Immuno Sorbent Assay,) Western Blot Mfpa Nrhjidfs; va;l;]; Nehiaf;
fz;lwpa nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
 va;l;]; Nehia cWjpg;gLj;j cjTk; Nrhjid Western Blot NrhjidahFk;.
5. ghf;Bhpah
 ituir tpl nghpait kw;wk; capUs;sit
 fz;Lgpbj;jth; Mz;ld;thd; Yhtd; `Pf;
 capUs;sitfspYk; capuw;witfspYk; ngUFk;
 ,ij gbfkhf;f ,ayhJ
 ghf;Bhpah ,lk; tpl;L ,lk; efUk; xl;Lz;zpfs;> firapio(gpshn[y;th)
%yk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp eilngWfpwJ.
 xU nry;yhyhd GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs;. njsptw;w cl;fUit nfhz;lit

26
 G+kpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa thOk; caphpdkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ
 tifg;ghl;baypy; nkhdpuh vd;dk; cyfj;jpd; fPo; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ
 ghf;Bhpahitg; gw;wpa gbg;G ghf;Bhpahy[p
 ghf;Bhpah 1 Kjy; 5 ikf;NuhkPl;lh; msTilaJ (10-6 ikf;uhd;)
 ghf;Bhpah ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
 fhw;W Rthr ghf;Bhpah (Rthrj;jpw;F Mf;]p[d; Njitg;gLfpwJ)
 fhw;wpy;yh Rthr ghf;Bhpah (Rthrj;jpw;F Mf;]p[d;
Njitg;gLtjpy;iy)
 ghf;Bhpahtpd; ntsp mLf;F nry; Rthpdhy; MdJ.
 cl;fU nghUs;fs; epA+f;spaha;L vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd;
cl;fUrt;T fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhkhy; f;fs;
gpsh];kpl; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 Gujr; Nlhgpshrj;jpy; tif iuNghNrhk;fshy; eilngWfpwJ.
 ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah> Nfhy;if clyk;> vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 ghf;Bhpahtpd; tbtq;fs;
 Nfhy; tbtk; (v.fh Ngrpy;y]; Me;ju; hrp];) „ Ngrpy;y];
 RUs; tbtk; (v.fh n`ypNfhghf;lh; igNyhhp)- ];ighpy;yh
 Nfhs my;yJ ge;J tbtk; - fhf;f];
 ,izapizahf ,Ug;gpd; bg;Nshfhf;f];
 rq;fpyp njhlh;Nghy; ,Ug;gpd; mJ ];nug;Nlhfhf;f]; epNkhdpah
 nhj;jhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ ];iligNyhfhf;f];
 fkh tbtk; (miug;Gs;sp tbtk;) (v.fh- tpg;hpNah fhyNu)
 ghf;Bhpahtpd; kWngah; ghf;Bhpay; FNuhNkhNrhk;
 ,it gphpjy; kw;Wk; fhd;[pNf\d; Mfpa Kiwfs; %ykhf ,dg;ngUf;fk;
nra;fpwJ
 gphpjy; Kiwapy; ];Nghh; %yk; my;yJ nfhdpbak; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
eilngWfpwJ ,g;gphptpd; NghJ cUthFk; Rth; nrg;lk; vdg;gLk;.
 ghf;Bhpahtpd; vjphp caphpfs; Md;bgahl;bf;]; (Antibiotics)> FNshNuhikrpbd;>
vhpj;jpNuhikrpd;> ngl;luhirf;spd;Nghd;w kUe;Jfs; tof;fj;jpy; cs;sd.
 ghf;Bhpahf;fs; epwk; Vw;gij itj;J fpuhk; ghrpbt; > fpuhk;nefbt;
vdg;ghpf;fyhk;
 firapiofspd; miktplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ghf;Bhpahtpd; ntt;NtW
tbtq;fs;

27
  xw;iwf; firapio v.fh tpg;hpNah fhyNu> #NlhNkhdh]; vUfpNdhrh
 xU Kid fw;iwf; firapio v.fh #NlhNkhdh]; g;SNthurd;];
 ,U Kid fw;iwf; firapio v.fh NuhNlh];ighpy;yk; &guk;>
mFth];ighpy;yk; nrh;ngd;];
 Rw;Wf; firapio v.fh v.Nfhiy> rhy;Nkhndy;yh il gP
 firapioaw;wit v.fh Nfhhpdpghf;Bhpahk; bg;jhP pa
 Xspr;Nrh;f;if ghf;Bhpaj;Jf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L raNdhghf;Bhpak;
 kdpjdpd; rpWFlypy; thOk; ghf;Bhpah v.Nfhiy
6. G+Q;ir
 A+NfhpNahl;bf; tifiaj; Nrh;e;jit. gr;irak; fhzg;gLjpy;iy
 Xspaw;w #oypy; tsh;fpwJ. v.fh xU nry; (<];l;) my;yJ gynry; (ngd;rpypak;)
 G+Q;irfisg; gw;wpa gbg;G ikf;fhy[p
 midj;J G+Q;irfSk; Ez;zpait my;y. v.fh fhshd;
 G+Q;irfspy; Rkhuhf 70000 ,dq;fs; cs;sd.
 irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; Jfs;fs; > thf;FNthy;fs;> nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs;>
fpisf;Nfh[d;> vz;nza;jJ
; spfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 <];l;bdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; irNk]; vDk; nehjpapd; cjtpapdhy;
nehjpj;jy; eilngWfpwJ.
 <];l; fhw;wpy;yh epiyapy; Rthrpf;fpd;wd
 <];l; nkhl;LtpLjy; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ
 tspkz;lyj;jpy; jd;dpr;irahff; fhzg;gLtJ xU nry;yhyhd G+Q;ir
(<];l;)
 gynry;fshy; Md G+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L fhshd;> fhshdpd; FilNghd;w
mikg;G mjd; fdp cWg;ghFk;.
 fhshdpd; i`g;ghf;fspd; Rth;fs; ifl;bd; kw;Wk; nry;YNyh]hy; MdJ
 kl;Fz;zp G+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L iuNrhg];> ngdprpypak;> mfhhpf];
 xl;Lz;zp G+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L gf;rPdpah> my;GNfh> c];bNyhNfh
 $l;Laphp G+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ikf;Nfhiurh(th];Fyhh; jhtuq;fspy;
Nth;fspy; cs;s G+Q;irfs;)
7. My;fh
 vspa> jhtu clyikg;igg; ngw;w A+NfhpNahl;bf; caphpdk;
 My;fhf;fs; mjpfstpy; gRq;fzpfj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd
 ePh;g; Gw;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 My;fhitg; gw;wpa gbg;gJ My;fhy[p(igfhy[p)
 My;fhf;fs; 1 ikf;uhdpypUe;J 50 kPl;lh; tiu msTilait

28
  xU nry;yhd My;fhf;fs; NtWgl;l tbtq;fspy; (Nfhs > Nfhy;> Roy;)
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gy nry;fshy; Md My;fhf;fs; ,iyfshfNth my;yJ
fpisj;Njh fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 xU nry; (v.fh fpshkpNlhNkhdh];) my;yJ gy nry;fshy; (v.fh rh;fhrk;)
MdJ
 vspa> xU nry;yhyhd> efUk; jpwDila ed;dhP ; tho; ghrp
fpshkpNlhNkhdh];
 fpshkpNlhNkhdh]; Kl;il> Nfhs> Nghpf;fha; tbtk; cilait
 Fsq;fs;< rhf;filfs; kw;Wk; jz;zPh; njhl;bfspy; fhzg;gLk; My;fhf;fs;
nghJthf Nghpf;fha; tbtKilaJ
 fpshkpNlhNkhdh]pd; nry;yhdJ nky;ypa nry;YNyhrhy; Md nry;
Rthpdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ
 fpshkpNlhNkhdh];]py; nry;RtUf;Fk;> gRq;fzpfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
irl;Nlhgpshrk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fpshkpNlhNkhdh]py; ghy; kw;Wk; ghypyh Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
eilngWfpwJ
 rpy tifahd My;fhf;fs; gpw xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfis ngw;Ws;sd.
 gpA+Nfhrhe;jpd; (gOg;G)
 rhe;Njh gpy; (kQ;rs;)
 igNfhvhpj;hpd;(rptg;G)
 igf;Nfh radpd; (ePyk;)
 ];igNuhifuh jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiwiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
8. GNuhl;NlhNrhth
 fpNuf;fj;jpy; GNuhl;Nlh]; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F Kjy; vd;Wk;> Nrhtd; vd;Dk;
nrhy;ypw;F tpyq;F vd;Wk; nghUs;
 tifg;ghl;baypy; GNuhl;b];lh vd;Dk; cyfpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ
 GNuhl;NlhNrhthitg; gw;wpg; gbg;gJ GNuhl;Nlh tpyq;fpay; vd miof;fg;gLk;
 Fsq;fs;>ngUq;fly;fs;> <ug;gjkhd kz; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffspd; nry;
kw;Wk; jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,tw;wpDs; rpy Nehia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd
 GNuhl;NlhNrhth 2-200 ikf;uhd; msTilad.
 GNuhl;NlhNrhthf;fspd; tiffs;
 rpypf;Nal;lh „rpypahf;fshy; ,lk;ngah;fpd;wd. v.fh ghukPrpak;
 gpshn[y;Nyl;lh;- firapiofshy; ,lk;ngah;fpd;wd v.fh A+f;spdh
 #NlhNghbah- Nghypf;fhy;fshy; ,lk;ngah;fpd;wd. v.fh mkPgh
 ];NghNuhNrhth „ xl;Lz;zpfs; v.fh gpsh];Nkhbak;

29
  kpfr;rpwpa GNuhl;NlhNrhthd; mkPgh
9. Md;bgahbf; vd;gjpy; Md;b vd;w thh;ji
; jf;F vjpuhf vd;W nghUs;.
10. Kjd; Kjypy; vjph; caph;nfhy;yp kUj;jhd ngd;rpypidf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; rh;
mnyf;]hz;lh; gpsk;kpq;> 1928
11. kUe;Jfspd; murp my;yJ ,sturp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ ngdprpypd;
12. ngd;rpypd; ngdprpypak; fpiuNrh[Pdk; vd;w G+Q;irapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J
nll;ld]; > bg;jhP pah Nghd;w Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ
13. ];l;nug;Nlhikrpd; vDk; vjph; caph;f;nfhy;yp ];nug;Nlhikrp]; vd;w
ghf;BhpahtpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J gy;NtWg;gl;l ghf;Bhpaj; njhw;Wf;F
rpfpr;irahspf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. v.fh gpNsf; Neha;
14. Kjd; Kjypy; nghpak;ikf;fhd jLg;G+rpapidf; fz;lwpe;jth; vl;th;l; n[d;dh;
15. thf;rpNd\d; vd;w nrhy; vl;th;l; n[d;duhy; #l;lg;gl;lJ
16. jl;lk;ikf;fhd jLg;G+rp
17. nghd;Df;F tPq;fp> &ngy;yh> fhrNehaf;fhd jLg;G+rp
18. ,aw;if cuk; nth;kp fk;Ngh];l; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
19. iel;u[id epiyepWj;Jk; ghf;Bhpahf;fs; iraNdhghf;Bhpah> eh];lhf;
20. jhtu tsh;r;rpf;F mj;jpahtrpakhdJ iel;u[d;
21. iuNrhgpak; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; tspkz;ly iel;u[id iel;Nul;Lfshf kz;zpy;
epiyepWj;jp kz;iz tsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd
22. gaph;fSf;F jPq;FaphpfsplkpUe;J ghJfhg;G mspf;Fk; Ez;ZaphpfSf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 Ngrpy;y]; Jhpd;[pad;]p]; (Bt gQ;R)- G+r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 Biuf;Nfhnlh;kh „ Nth;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;gspj;J> jhtuq;fspy; Neha;f;
fpUkpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 gq;FNyh itu];fs; - G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; fZf;fhypfisj; jhf;FfpwJ
23. fopTePh; Rj;jpfhpg;gpy; gad;gLk; Ez;Zaphpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L iel;Nuhghf;lh; rpw;wpdk;.
24. Fhw;wpy;yh epiyapy; fopTePh; Rj;jpfhpg;gpw;F nkj;jNdhghf;Bhpaq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
25. kdpjd; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; kyf;fopTfs;> jhtuq;fspd; fopTfs; fhw;wpy;yh Rthr
ghf;Bhpaq;fspdhy; rpijf;fg;gLk; NghJ kPj;Njd; (caphp thA>) fhh;gd; il Mf;irL
kw;Wk; i`l;u[d; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd.
26. kdpjd; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; kyf;fopTfis rpijf;Fk; ghf;Bhpah nkj;jNdhn[d;fs;
27. My;f`hy;> xapd; kw;Wk; gPh; jahhpf;fg;gLtJ <];l; (nehjpj;jy; %yk;)
28. kpUJthf;FjYf;F (nkd;ikahf;Fjy;) gad;gLk; Ez;Zaph; #NlhNkhdh];
VU[pNdh]h
29. nuhl;b kw;Wk; Nff; tiffs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ <];l;

30
 30. gRk; My;fh vd;gJ FNshnuy;yhitf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it nuhl;bj; jahhpg;gpy;
gad;glf;$ba xUtifahd <];l;
31. japh; kw;Wk; gd;dhP ; jahhpg;gpy; gad;gLtJ Nyf;Nlh Ngrpy;y];
32. kdpjdpd; Flypy; thOk; yhf;NlhNgrpy;y]; mrpl;Nlh gpy]; vDk; ghf;Bhpah czT
nrhpkhdj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.
33. kdpjdpd; Flypy; thOk; v.Nfhiy ghf;Bhpak; itl;lkpd; kw;Wk; itl;lkpd;
$l;Lg; nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a gad;gLfpwJ
34. g;S vd;gJ xU itu]; fha;r;ry; . ,J fhw;wpd; %yk; guTfpwJ.
35. Ez;Zaphpfspy; eilngWk; nehjpj;jy; epfo;tpy; fhpk mkpyq;fs;> My;f`hy;>
v];lh;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
36. Ntjpapay; Kiw Cw itj;jYf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpdpfh;> My;f`hy; > jhtu
vz;nza;.
37. gjg;gLj;Jjy; KiwahdJ 1862 y; Yhap]; gh];lh; vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
gjg;gLj;Jjy; Kiwapy;> Kjypy; ghiy 70 ntg;gepiyf;F #Nlw;Wk; NghJ mjpYs;s
ghf;Bhpaq;fs; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;dh; ghiy 10 ntg;gepiyf;F Fsph;tpf;Fk;
NghJ vQ;rpAs;s ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; tsh;r;rp jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
38. japh; kw;Wk; gpw nehjpj;jYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l ghy; nghUs;fspy; $Ljyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; capUs;s czTg; nghUl;fs; GNuhgahl;bf;Ffs; vdg;gLk;
39. GNuhgahl;bf;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L yhf;NlhNgrpy;y]; mrpl;Nlh gpy];>
iggpNlhghf;Bhpak; iggplk;
40. Fly; Gw;WNeha;> nfhy];l;uhy; > Neha; vjph;ghw;wy; Nghd;w Neha;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
ghf;Bhpak; yhf;NlhNgrpy;y]; mrpl;Nlh gpy];> iggpNlh ghf;Bhpak; iggplk;
41. gphpahd;fs;
 gphpahd; vd;w nrhy; Gujj;jhyhd njhw;Wj; Jfs; vd;w thh;ji
; japypUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ.
 gphpahd;fs; Neha;j; njhw;W ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd kw;Wk;
iaf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 gphpahd;fs; vd;git nghJthf jpBh; khw;wkile;j jPq;F juhj Gujq;fshFk;.
 ghYl;bfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w midj;J tpjkhd gphpahd; Neha;fSk; %isapd;
mikg;G my;yJ euk;G jpRf;fisg; ghjpg;gdthFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L Fapl;];ngy;l;
N[f;fg; Neha;> FU „ Cz; cz;zpfSld; njhlh;GilaJ
42. Ez;Zaphpfshy; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;FfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;

Ez;Zaphpfshy; tpyq;Ffspy; cz;lhf;Fk; Neha;fs;

tpyq;Ffspy; NehAz;lhf;Fk; guTk; Kiw mwpFwpfs; jLg;G

31
 Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; Ez;Zaphp Kiwfs;/
rpfpr;ir
Me;ju; hf;]; Ngrpy;y]; mRj;jkhd Me;ju; hf;];
(fhy;eilfs;) Me;juhf;]; kz; kw;Wk; %r;R tpLtjpy; jLg;G+rp
(ghf;Bhpah) cztpd; %yk; rpukk;> Ra
epidtpy;yhjpUej;jy;
grpapd;ik
tha; kw;Wk; fhy;f; Mg;Nuhitu]; fhw;W kw;Wk; fha;r;ry;> tha;f;
Fsk;G Neha; (ituk;) tpyq;F nfhg;Gsq;fs;> vil jLg;G+rp
caphpfs; ,og;G> ghy; cw;gj;jp
Fiwjy;

Ez;Zaphpfshy; jhtuq;fspy; cz;lhf;Fk; Neha;fs;

jhtu Neha;fs; NehAz;lhf;Fk; guTk; mwpFwpfs; jLg;G Kiwfs;/

Ez;Zaphp Kiw rpfpr;ir
rpl;u]; Nfd;fh; rhe;NJhNkhdh]; fhw;W > ,iyfs;> jhkpuj;ij
Mf;];NdhNghb]; ePh; jz;Lfs;> kw;wk; mbg;gilg;
(ghf;Bhpah) fdpfspy; Gz;fs; nghUshff;
(nfhg;Gsq;fs; nfhz;l ghf;Bhpah
cz;lhjy;) vjph;g;Gg;
nghUs;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;
cUisf;fpoq;F igl;Nlhigj;Njhuh fhw;W fpoq;Ffspy; gOg;G G+Q;irf;
gpisl; Neha; ,d;ng];ld;]; epwg; Gz;fs; nfhy;ypfisg;
(G+Q;ir) (nfhg;gsq;fs; gad;gLj;Jjy;
fhzg;gLjy;)

43. Ez;Zaphpfshy; kdpjDf;F cz;lhFk; Neha;fs;

t. kdpjhpy; Vw;gLk; NehAz;lhf;Fk; guTk; mwpFwpfs; jLg;G Kiwfs;/

v Neha;fs; Ez;Zaphp Kiw rpfpr;ir
z;
1 fhrNeha; ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; fhw;wpd; njhlhr;rpah jLg;G+rp
(bA+gh;FNshrp];) bA+gh;FNshrp]; %yKk; > d ,Uky;>
(ghf;Bhpah) Neha;j; ,uj;jj;Jld;

32
 njhw;Wil $ba rsp>
a vil ,og;G
kdpjdpd; %r;Rf;
rsp jpzwy;
%yKk;
2 Fhyuh tpg;hpNah fhyuh <f;fspd; ePhj
; j
; fhyuhTf;F
(ghf;Bhpah) %yKk; tapw;Wg; vjpuhd jLg;G+rp>
mRj;jkh Nghf;F> jd; Rfhjhuk;
d czT the;jp>
kw;Wk; tpiuthd ePh;
ePhpd; ,og;G
%yKk;
3 rhjhuz rsp ,d;GSad;dh fhw;wpd; Rsp xOFjy; Nehahspfisj;
(itu];) %yk; Jk;Kjy; jdpikg;gLj;Jjy;
4 Nugp]; Nug;Nlhtphpb(itu tpyq;Ffs; fha;r;ry;> Nugp];f;F vjpuhd
];) fbg;gjdh khaNjhw;wk;> jLg;G+rp
y; gf;fthjk;>
czit
tpOq;f
,ayhik
5 mkPgpf; rPjNgjp vz;lkPgh czT ePh; fLikahd Kiwahd
`p];lhiybfh kw;Wk; tapw;Wg; Jg;Gutpid
(GNuhNlhNrhth) <f;fs; Nghf;F> guhkhpj;jy; kw;wk;
,uj;jj;Jld; nkl;NuhdpilaNrh
$ba kyk; y; vjph;
caph;f;nfhy;ypfi
sg; gad;gLj;j
mwpTWj;Jjy
6 kNyhpah gpsh];Nkhbak; ngz; Fkl;ly;> kNyhpahtpw;F
(GNuhl;NlhNrhth) mNdhgpy the;jp > fLk; vjpuhd Fapidd;>
]; nfhR fha;r;ry; FNshNuhFapd;
kUe;Jfis
vLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy; NkYk;
nfhR ntWf;Fk;
fspk;Gfs;
(tpyf;fpfs;) nfhR

33
 tiyfisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;

44. tphpahd;
 tphpahd; vd;gJ xU KOikahd iut]; JfshFk;. ,J Nfg;rpl; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; ntspg;Gw Guj ciwiaAk;> cl;Gw ikaj;jpy; epA+f;spf;
mkpyj;ijAk; (DNA or RNA) nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 itu];fs; nry;Yf;F ntspNa fhzg;gLNkahdhy; mit tphpahd;fs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 tphpahd;fs; capUs;s jpRf;fspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; jpwd; ngw;wit

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1) tpQ;Qhdpfs; Gjpa vjph; caph;f; nfhy;ypahd #NlhAhpbikrpidf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh;>

,e;j Gjpa vjph; caphpnfhy;ypahdJ ,j;jhypa ehl;bd; kz; khjphpapy; fhzg;gl;l xU
tifahd Ez;Zaphpapdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ> ,J Nrhjidf; Fohapy; cs;s
kUe;J vjph;g;G kw;Wk; kUe;J jhq;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l ghf;Bhpahf;fis mopj;jJ> vdNt>
Rz;nlypfspy; ghf;Bupaj; njhw;wpid Fzkhf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2) yhf;NlhNgrpy;y]; Mrpl;Nlh gpy]; vDk; ghf;Bhpah mkpyj;ij tpUk;gf; $baJ. ,it
Nkhh;> japh;> Gspg;Gf; $o;kq;fs; kw;Wk; ciwe;j gdpf;$o; Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,it rh;f;fiu kw;wk; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfis yhf;bf; mkpykhf khw;Wtjhy; “yhf;bf;
mkpy ghf;Bhpaq;fs;’ vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
3) firapiofisf; nfhz;l GNuhl;NlhNrhthd bhpg;NdhNrhNkhtpdhy; Mg;ghpf;f Jhf;f
tpahjp cz;lhfpwJ. ,J nrl;rP vDk; <f;fs; fbg;gjd; %yk; guTfpwJ
4) tpQ;Qhdpfshy; fz;lwpag;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd GNuhgahl;bf;fhd iggpNlhghf;Bhpak;
iggplk; n`ypNfhghf;lh; igNyhhpahy; cz;lhd tapw;Wg; Gz;fisf; Fzg;gLj;j
cjTfpwJ. kw;WnkhU tif GNuhgahl;bf; rpw;wpdkhd iggpNlhghf;Bhpak; gphpNt
Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; cz;lhFk; kyr;rpf;fiyf; Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ.

34
 8 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;
jhtu cyfk;

1. Vwj;jho 8.7 kpy;ypad; caphpdq;fs; ,e;j cyfj;jpy; cs;sd.

2. Rkhh; 6.5 kpy;ypad; caphpdq;fs; epyj;jpy; tho;fpd;wd.
3. Rkhh; 2.2 kpy;ypad; caphpdq;fs; ePhpy; tho;fpd;wd
4. Rkhh; 4 ,yl;rk; caphpdq;fs; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; MFk;.
5. caphpdq;fis mtw;wpd; xw;Wik kw;Wk; Ntw;Wik mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW ,dq;fshfg;
gphpf;fyhk;. ,tw;wpy; jhtu cyfk; Ie;J gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (jhNyh igl;lh>
gpiuNah igl;lh> nlhpNlh igl;lh> [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;> MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;)
6. tifg;ghl;bay; (Taxonomy) vd;gj caphpdq;fis milahsk; fhZjy; tifg;gLj;Jjy;
mtw;iwg; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;> ngahpLjy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
7. tifg;ghl;bay; vd;Dk; nrhy; vd;Dk; ,uz;L fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypd; $l;L
tbtk; MFk;.
8. vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F tifg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ nghUs;
9. Nomos vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F tpjpfs; vd;gJ nghUs;
10. tifg;ghl;bay; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fpath; mf];bd; igukp]; b
Nfz;Nlhy;
11. jhtuq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s xw;Wik Ntw;WikfSf;F ,ilNa gy;NtW ,dq;fshfg;
gphpf;Fk; Kiwia tifg;gLj;Jjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
12. tifg;gLj;Jjypd; gphpTfs;
 nraw;if tifg;ghL „ fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];

35
  ,aw;if tifg;ghL „ nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh;
 kuGtop/ghpzhk; mbg;gil tifg;ghL „ lhh;tpd; 1859
 etPd tifg;ghl;L Kiw „ Mh;jh; fpuhq;tp];l;
13. nraw;if tifg;ghl;L Kiw
 kpfTk; goikahd tifg;ghl;L Kiw
 jhtuq;fspd; Gwj;Njhw;wg; gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
 ,k;Kiwapy; kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;wJ ypd;Nda]; Kiw
 Nraw;if tifg;ghl;L Kiwia cUthf;fpath; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
 fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; ];gPrp]; gpshd;lhuk; vd;w Gj;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
14. ,aw;if tifg;ghl;L Kiw
 jhtuq;fspd; gy gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
 vLj;Jf;f
; hl;L : nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;bay; Kiw
 jhtuq;fspd; Gwj;Njhw;wg; gz;G ,dg;ngUf;fg; gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy;
tFf;fg;gLs;sJ.
 cyh; jhtuj; njhFg;G kw;Wk; jhtutpay; G+q;fhfspy; jhtuq;fis tifg;gLj;j
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 nge;jk; kw;wk; `Pf;fh; MfpaNahh; jq;fs; n[dpuh gpshd;lhuk; (1736-1737) vd;w
%d;W njhFjpfisf; nfhz;l Gj;jfj;jpy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
15. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; ,aw;if tifg;ghl;L Kiw
 tpijj; jhtuq;fs; %d;W tFg;Gfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,U tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fs;
 xU tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fs;
 jpwe;j tpijAila jhtuq;fs;
16. ,U tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fs;
 ,uz;L tpijapiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,iyfspy; tiyg;gpd;dy; euk;gikT cs;sJ.
 MzpNtiuf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 kyh;fs; ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
17. xU tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fs;
 xU tpijapiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,iyfspy; ,izg;Nghf;F euk;gikT cs;sd.
 ry;yp Nthpizf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 kyh;fs; %d;W mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; .
18. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;(jpwe;j tpijAila jhtuq;fs;)
 ,t;tifapy; fdpfs; cUthtjpy;iy.

36
  %d;W FLk;gq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. (1 irf;fNlrp> 2 Nfhdp ngNu 3. ePl;Nlrp)
19. Xh; caphpdj;ij ,uz;L nrhw;fshy; ngahpl;L miog;gJ ,U nrhw; ngahpLjy; vdg;gLk;.
20. khkuj;jpy; jhtutpay; ngah; khQ;rp nguh ,d;bfh
21. khQ;rp nguh vd;Dk; nrhy; Nghpdj;ij Fwpf;Fk;
22. ,d;bfh vd;w nrhy; rpw;wpdj;ij Fwpf;Fk;.
23. jhtuq;fSf;F chpa cyfshtpa ngah; #l;Lk; Kiwiaj; jhtutpay; ngahpLjy;
vd;fpNwhk;.
24. cyfshtpa jhtutpay; ngahpLjy; Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; fh];ghh;L
ghfpd; (1623)
25. [hd; Nu „ fpgp 1627 Kjy; 1705
 [hd; Nu 1693 y; Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum at Serpentini Ceneris
vd;w Ehiy vOjp ntspapl;lhh;.
 jq;fSf;Fs; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;git Xh; ,dk; rhh;e;jit vDk; Kiwahd
tsf;fj;ij Kjypy; njhptpj;jth; [hd;Nu Mthh;
 [hd; Nu tpyq;Ffis ,uj;jKs;sit kw;Wk; ,uj;jkw;wit vd tifg;gLj;jpdhh;.
nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh; tifg;ghl;bd; RUf;f ml;ltiz

tpijj;jhtuq;fs; (gphpT)

,Utpijapiyj; jhtuq;fs; jpwe;j tpijf;FOkk; xUtpijapiyj;

(ilfhl;byplNd) ([pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk) jhtuq;fs;

(tFg;G I) (tFg;G I)(3 FLk;gq;fs;) (NkhNdhfhl;byplNd)

(tFg;G II)(thpir 7FLk;gk; 34)

my;yp jdpj;jit my;yp ,ize;jit NtWghlw;w G+tpjo; FOkk;

(Jiz tFg;G I) (Jiz tFg;G II) (Jiz tFg;G II)

ghypngl;lNy rpk;ngl;lNy (NkhNdhf;sikbNa)

37
 G+j;jsf; FOkk; fPo;kl;l #yff; (thpir 8

(jyhkp GNshNuh) FOkk; (,d; ngNu) FLk;gk; 36)

G+j;jl;Lf;FOkk; gy;#yf ,iyf; FOkk;

(b];fp GNshNu) (n`l;bNuhkpNu)

Nfhg;ig G+j;jsf; FOkk; ,U #yf ,iyf; FOkk;

(fhyprp GNshNu) (igfhh; ngy;Nyl;Nl)

26. ,U nrhw; ngahpLjy; Kiw ypd;Nda]; (];tPld;)

 fhuy; ypd;Nda]pd; fhyk; 23.05.1707 „ 10.01.1778
 fhuy; ypd;Nda]; jw;fhy tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
 1735 y; ,aw;ifapd; tifg;ghL (Systema Naturae ) vd;w Ehiy ntspapl;lhh;. ,jpy;
tpyq;F kw;Wk; jhtu ,dq;fs; fPopwq;Fg; gbepiy Kiwiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;
 1751 y; jhtuq;fspd; fUj;jpay; tifg;ghL vd;w Ehy; ypd;Nda]hy;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ
 01 Nk 1753 y; ];gPrp]; gpshd;lhuk; vd;w jdJ Gj;jfj;jpy; ,Unrhy; ngahpLk;
Kiwia fhuy; ypd;Nda]; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
 1761 y; ];tPld; kd;dd; ypd;Nda]pf;F rh; gl;lj;ij toq;fp nfsutpj;jhh;
 Mf];l; 1 cyf tifg;ghl;bay; jpdk;
27. vd;rhh;G tifg;ghl;bay; Kiwiaf; $wpath;ikf;fy; Mlk;rd;
28. ghrpfspd; (Alga) gz;Gfs;
 ghrpfis gw;wpag; gbg;gpd; ngah; igf;fhy[p (Phycology)
 ghrpfs;> gr;iraj;Jld; $ba vspikahd jd;ikAila jw;rhh;G caphpfs; MFk;.
 ,J jhNyh igl;lh tifiar; rhh;e;jJ. My;fhtpd; jhtu clykhdJ jhy]; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jhtu clykhdJ Nth;> jz;L> ,iy> vd NtWgLj;j ,ayhJ.
 ngUk;ghyhd ghrpfs; jz;zPhpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ed;dPh; my;yJ fly;ePhpy;
fhzg;gLk; xU rpy ghrpfs; kl;Lk; ePhg
; pbg;Gs;s epyg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk;.
 rpy ghrpfs; kpfTk; Ez;zpait. ,it ePhpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; kpje;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
,it ePhpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; kpje;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; . ,it jhtu kpjit
Ez;Zaphpfs; vdg;gLk;
 rpy ghrpfs; ,ize;j caphpdq;fshff; (ghrpfs; kw;Wk; G+Q;irfs; xd;wpize;J )
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 xU rpy ghrpfs; njhw;Wj; jhtuq;fshf kw;w jhtuq;fspy; Nky; tsh;fpd;wd.
29. ghrpfspd; tiffs;

38
  ghrpfsped; clykhdJ xU nry; my;yJ gy nry;fshy; MdJ. xU nry; caphpay;
rpy ghrpfs; efh;e;J nry;yf; $baitf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L fpshikNlhNkhd];
 rpy ghrpfs; efh;e;J nry;yhky; xNu ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
FNshnuy;yh
 gy nry; ghrpfspy; ,ioahdJ fpisj;jtw;;iwahfTk; (];igNuhifuh) rpy
ghrpfspy; fpisj;jYlYk; fhzg;gLtjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L fpshNlh Nghuh
 rpy ghrpfs; nghpa ,iyfSld; ,Ug;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L Nkf;Nuhrp];b];
 rpy ghrpfs; FOthfr; Nrh;e;J thOk; jd;ik nfhz;litf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
thy;thf;];
 Nfuh Nghd;w ghrpfs; cah; jhtuq;fisg; Nghd;w cly; mikg;gpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; ed;F tsh;r;rpaile;jit
30. ghrpfspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; (%d;W tif)
 ghrpfspy; clyg; ngUf;fk; Jz;lhjy; %yk; eilngWfpwJ. v.fh ];igNuhifuh
 ghrpfspy; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; ];Nghh;fs; cUthjy; %yk; eilngWfpwJ. v.fh :
fpshkpNlhNkhd];
 ghrpfspy; ghypd ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypd nry;fs; ,iztjd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ.
v.fh ];igNuhifuh> Nfuh
31. epwkpfis mbg;gilapy; ghrpfspd; gphpTfis $wpath; gphpl;r; 1935
32. ghrpfis kf;fs; czthf cl;nfhs;Sk; ehLfs; Ig;ghd;> ,q;fpyhe;J > ,e;jpah
33. tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpd; NghJ FNshnuy;yh ighpdha;Nlhrh vd;Dk; ghrp fhh;gd; il
Mf;iril mfw;Wtjw;Fk; kdpjf; fopTfis kl;fr; nra;tjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.
34. ghrpfs; gr;irak; cs;s Ra[Ptpfs; MFk;.

35. epwkpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ghrpfspd; gphpTfs;:

tFg;G epwkpapd; tif czTNrkpg;G v.fh

ePyg;gr;irg; ghrpfs; igNfhradpd; raNdh Mrpyl;Nlhrpah
igrpad;
gr;irg;ghrpfs; gr;irak; ];lhh;r; fpshikNlhNkhd];
gOg;G ghrpfs; gpA+f;Nfhre;jpd; NykpNdhpad; NykpNdhpah
];lhh;r; kw;Wk;
khdplhy;
rptg;Gg;ghrpfs; igf;Nfh vhpj;jphpd; GNshhpbad; ghypi]
];lhh;r; Nghdpah

36. ghrpfspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;

39
 czthf gad;gLk; ghrpfs; my;th> ];igUypdh> FNshnuy;yh
tPl;L tpyq;FfSf;F czthfg; NykpNdhpah> m];Nfh
gad;gLk; ghrp (fhy;eil jPtdkhf) gpy;yk;
Ntshz;ikf;F gad;gLk; ghrpfs; (ePyg; eh];lhf;> mdgPdh
gr;irg; ghrpfs;)
mfhh;mfhh; (rptg;G ghrp) (mfhh; mfhh; n[yPbak;> fpNurpNyhpah
Ma;tfj;jpy; ghf;Bhpahit tsh;f;f
gad;gLfpwJ)
mNahbd; (gOg;G ghrp) NykpNdhpah> nfy;g;
tpz;ntspg; gazj;jpy; gad;gLk; FNshnuy;yh
ghrpfs; ighpdha;Nlhrh
xU nry; Gujk; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLk; ghrp FNshnuy;yh> ];igUypdh
ePhg
; ;gl;L (Water Slik) ];igNuhifuh
kpfg; nghpa xU nry; ghrp Mrpl;lhGNshpah
ePiu Rj;jpfhpf;fg; gad;gLk; xU nry; fpshkpNlhNkhd];
ghrp
caphp vhpnghUs; jahhpf;fg;gad;gLk; Nghl;hpNahfhf;f];
ghrp
fopTePhj
; ; njhl;bapy; tsUk; ghrp thy;thf;];
nrq;fly; rptg;ghf ,Uf;f fhuzkhd rptg;G ghrp
ghrp

37. G+Q;irfspd; (Fungi) nghJthd gz;Gfs;

 G+Q;irfisg; gw;wpa gbg;G ikf;fhy[p (mycology)
 G+Q;irfs; gr;irak; ,y;iy. vdNt mit Ra[Ptpfs;my;y. ,it gpwr;rhh;G
caphpfs; MFk;.
 gpwr;rhh;G caphpfs; %d;W tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (xl;Lz;zpfs;>
kl;Fz;zpfs;> ,izg;Gaphpfs;)
 G+Q;irfs; jhNyh igl;lh gphpitr; rhh;e;jit
 G+Q;irfspd; jhtu clykhdJ Nth;> jz;L > ,iy vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjpy;iy.
 G+Q;irfspd; clykhdJ ikrPypak; i`gh vd;Dk; Ez;,iofshy; MdJ
 G+Q;ir ,iog;gpd;dy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. (FWf;Fr; RtUila G+Q;ir ,io>
FWf;Fr; Rtuw;w G+Q;ir ,io)
 FWf;Fr; Rtuw;w G+Q;ir ,iofspy; cl;fUf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf
,Ug;gjhy; mJ ]PNdhirl;bf; ikrPypak; vdg;gLk;.

40
  midj;Jk; A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry; mikg;igf; nfhz;lit. v.fh mfhhpf];
tpjptpyf;fhf xU nry; G+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L <];l;
 G+Q;irfspd; nry; RtuhdJ ifl;bd; vd;w Ntjpg;nghUshy; MdJ.
 G+Q;irfspd; czTg;nghUshJ fpisf;Nfh[dhfTk;> vz;nzahfTk;
Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
38. Xl;Lz;zpg; G+Q;irf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L nrh;f;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;rNdl;lh> ,J Nth;f;fliyr;
nrbapy; bf;fh Nehia cUthf;Fk;.
39. kl;Fz;zpg; G+Q;irfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L iuNrhg];
40. ,izg;GaphpfSf;F (ghrp kw;Wk; G+Q;ir) vLj;Jf;fhl;L iyf;nfd;
41. ghrp > G+Q;ir $l;L tho;f;iff;F vd;W ngah;.
42. G+Q;irfspd; tifg;ghl;il mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; khh;l;bd; 1961
43. G+Q;irfspd; ,uz;L gphpTfs; kpf;NrhikrPl;]; > A+ikrPl;];
44. A+ikrPl;]; - d; ehd;F tFg;Gfs;
 tFg;G :1 igNfhikrPl;];
 tFg;G : 2 M];Nfh ikrPl;];
 tFg;G :3 grpbNahikrPl;];
 tFg;G :4 bA+l;bNuhikrPl;];
45. G+Q;irfspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Ez;Zaphpf;nfhy;ypahfg; ngdprpypd; (ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk;)>

gad;gLk; G+Q;ir epNahikrpd;> n[d;lhikrpd;> vhpj;Nuhikrpd;
czthfg; gad;gLk; G+Q;ir mfhhpf]; (nghj;jhd; fhshd;)
itl;lkpd;fis M];gpah Nfh];gP > vhpNkhjPrpak; M];gpaP Nghd;w
cUthf;fg;gad;gLk; G+Q;ir G+Q;irfs; itl;lkpd; B it cUthf;Ffpd;wd
My;f`hy; <];by; cs;s ,d;th;Nl];> irNk]; Nghd;w
nehjpfs; rh;f;fiur; foptpypUe;J nehjpj;jy;
%yk; My;f`hiy cUthf;FfpwJ.

46. nuhl;bia nflr;nra;Ak; fUikepwg; G+Q;ir iuNrhg];

47. nuhl;bfhuh; <];l; vd miof;fg;gLtJ ]f;Nuhik]P]; nrh;tp]pNa
48. jhtu cyfpd; ,Utho;tpfs; gpiuNahigl;Lfs;
49. kpfTk; er;Rj;jd;ik nfhz;l G+Q;ir mkd;\pah
50. NfhJikiaj; jhf;Fk; G+Q;ir Vh;fhl;
51. cUisf;fpoq;ifj; jhf;Fk; G+Q;ir ];kl;
52. jhtuq;fspy; G+Q;ir Neha;fs;:
Neha; %yk; Nehapd; ngah;

41
 gpA+Nrhpak; Mf;rp];Nghuk; gUj;jpapd; thly; Neha;
Nrh;f;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;rNdl;lh Nth;f;fliyr; nrbapy;; bf;fh Neha;
Nfhyplhl;iuf;fk; gy;Nfl;lk; fUk;gpy; rptg;G mOfy; Neha;
ighpFNyhpah xiuNr ney;ypy; gpsh];l;Neha;
my;GNfh Nfz;byh Ks;sq;fpapy; ntz;Gs;sp Neha;

53. kdpjh;fsplk; G+Q;ir Neha;fs; :

G+Q;irapd; ngah; Nehapd; ngah;
biuNfh igl;lhd; ,dk; cUisg;GOf;fs; (tl;l tbtkhd)
nfhg;Gsq;fs; Njhypy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
ikf;Nfh];Nghuk; gh; gh; nghLF
Bdpah ngb]; fhy;ghjj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Neha;

54. gpiuNah igl;lhtpd; nghJg;gz;Gfs;

 gpiuNah igl;Lfs; jhtu cyfpd; ,Utho;tpd; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 kpf vspikahd clyikg;igf; nfhz;l goikahd jhtuq;fs; gpiuNah igl;lh
 gpiuNah igl;lhtpy; flj;Jk; jpRf;fs; iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; mw;w. epyj;jpy;
tsuf; $ba jhtuq;fs; G+thj; jhtuq;fs;
 gpiuNah igl;lhtpd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia Kbj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F ePh; kpfTk;
Kf;fpak;.
 re;jjp khw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.
 NfkPl;Nlh igl; Xq;Fj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ
 ];NghNuh igl; re;jjpr; rpwpjsT NfkPl;Nlh igl; re;jjpiar; rhh;e;jpUf;fpwJ.
 NfkPl;Nlh igl;bf; jhtukhdJ jhy];jhs; (ypth; thh;l;];) my;yJ ,iy Nghd;wJ
(khr];) tsh;jsj;Jld; jhtukhdJ Nthpiofs; %yk; epiyahf Cd;wg;gLfpwJ.
 ghypdg; ngUf;fk; CNfk]; Kiwapy; eilngWfpwJ.
 ed;F tsh;r;rpaile;j ghypd cWg;Gfshfpa Me;jphpbah kw;Wk; Mh;f;fpNfhdpak;
 Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G Me;jphpbak;> ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G
Mh;f;fpNfhdpah
 ePe;Jk; Mz; nry; ePe;jpr; nrd;W Mh;f;fpNfhdpahtpy; cs;s Kl;ilAld; ,ize;J
fUKl;ilia (2n) cUthf;FfpwJ.
 fU Kl;ilahdJ ];NghNuh igl; re;jjpapd; Kjy; nry; MFk;. ,J Fd;wy;
gFg;gile;J xw;iw ka (n) ];Nghh;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
 ]Nghh; NfkPl;Nlh igl; re;jjpapd; Kjy; nry; MFk;.
 GNuhl;Nlhdpkh epiy cs;sd.

42
  ];NghNuh igl; ghjk;> rPl;lh kw;Wk; Nfg;#y; vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
55. gpiuNahigl;lhtpd; tifghLfs; %d;W tFg;Gfs; cs;sd.
1. n`ghl;bf;Nf (<uy;tbtk;) v.fh hpf;rpah
2. Me;Njhnrul;Nl(nfhk;G tbtk;) v.fh Me;Njhnru];
3. k];fp(kh];fs;) v.fh gpA+Ndhpah
56. n`ghl;bf;Nf
 gpiuNah igl;lhtpd; fPo;kl;lj; jhtuq;fs;
 khi] tpl vspikahd mikg;G nfhz;lit
 GNuhl;Nlhdpkh epiy fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 ];NghNuh igl; kpfTk; vspikahdJk; FWfpa ehs; thof; $baJk; MFk;
57. Me;Njhnrul;Nl
 NfkPl;Nlh igl; vd;gJ NtWgLj;j Kbahj jhy]; mikg;G nfhz;lJ.
 Nth; tshpfs; xU nry;Yld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 fpisfs; fpilahJ
 GNuhl;Nlhdpkh epiy fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 ];NghNuh igl;lhdJ ghjk; kw;Wk; Nfg;#yhy; MdJ.
58. k];fp (kh];fs;)
 ,it gpiuNah igl;lhtpy; cs;s cah;epiyj; jhtuq;fs;
 NfkPl;Nlh igl; jz;L Nghd;Wk;> ,iy Nghd;Wk; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 GNuhl;Nlhdpkh epiy fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ];NghNuh igl;lhdJ ghjk;> rPl;lh kw;Wk; Nfg;#y; vd gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
59. gpiuNah igl;bd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 ,it kz;zphpg;igj; jLf;fpd;wd
 ];Ngf;dk; vd;Dk; jhtuk; ePiiu cwpQ;Rtjhy; ,J ehw;wq;fhy;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 gPl; vd;gJ epyf;fhpiag; Nghy; tpiy kjpg;Gila vhpnghUshFk;. ,J ];Ngf;dk;
jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
60. nlhpNlh igl;bd; gz;Gfs;
 Kjd; Kjypy; Njhdwpa cz;ikahd epyj; jhtuk;(iryk;> GNshak;
fhzg;gLfpwJ). vdNt ,it flj;JjpR G+thj;jhtuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,Uka ];NghNuh igl; epiyahdJ xUka NfkPl;Nlh igl; epiyAld; re;jjp
khw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.
 Jhtu clykhdJ ];NghNuh igl; vdg;gLk;. ,J jhtuj;jpd; xq;F epiy MFk;.
,J Nth; >jz;L> ,iy vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ];NghNuh igl;lhdJ ];Nghh;fs; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ.

43
  tpj;jfj;ij cUthf;Fk; ,iyfs; tpj;jf ,iyfs; vdg;gLk;
 rpy jhtuq;fs; ,uz;L tifahd ];Nghh;fs; cUthfpd;wd. (ikf;Nuh];Nghh;>
nkfh ];Nghh;)
 N`hNkh];Nghu]; vd;gJ xj;j ];Nghh;fs;
 n`l;bNuh];Nghu]; vd;gJ ,U NtWg;gl;l ];Nghh;fs;
 ];Nghh;; Kisj;J GNuhjhy]; vdg;gLk; NfkPl;Nlh igl;bf; re;jjpia
cUthf;FfpwJ mJ jd;dpr;irahff; FWfpa ehs; thof;$baJ.
 nlhpNlhigl;by; NfkPl;Nlh igl; MdJ gy; nry;fs; cila ,dg;ngUf;f
cWg;Gfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
 Me;jphPbak; efuf; $ba Mz; ,d nry;iy cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. Mh;f;fpNfhdpak;
Kl;ilia cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.
61. nlhpNlh igl;lhtpd; tifg;ghL ehd;F tFg;Gfshf cs;sd.
iryhg;rplh iyf;fhg;rplh ];gPdhg;rplh Buhg;rplh
(tFg;g 1) (tFg;G 2) (tFg;G 3) (tFg;G 4)
v.fh v.fh v.fh v.fh
irNyhl;lk; iyf;NfhNghbak; <FrPl;lk; ne Nuhnyg;gp];

62. nlhpNlh igl;lhtpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

 nlhpNlh igl;lhTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L nryh[pndy;yh
 nguzpfs; moFj; jhtukhf tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ
 biuahg;lhp]py; cs;s kl;lepyj; jz;L fhk;Gfs; Flw;GOf; nfhy;ypahfg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 khh;rPypahtpd; ];Nghuff; fdpfis kiytho; kf;fs; czthfg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;
63. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspd; nghJg;gz;Gfs;
 [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; xU jpwe;j tpijj; jhtuk;
 #yhdJ #w;igahy; My; #og;gl;bUg;gjpy;iy
 tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; ,U epiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (];NghNuh igl;>
NfkPl;Nlh igl;)
 jhtu clyk; ];NghNuh igl; Nth;> jz;L> ,iy vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
 ed;F tsh;r;rp mile;j flj;Jk; jpRf;fs; (iyrk;> GNshak;) jpRthdJ cs;sd.
 ePiuf; flj;jf; $ba jpR l;uhf;fPL> czitf; flj;jf;$ba jpRthdJ ry;yil
nry;yhFk;.
 ];Nghh;fs; $k;G tbt tpj;jfj;jpDs; cUthfpwJ.
64. [pk;Ndh];ngh;kfspd; nghUshjh Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

44
  igd];> mfhjp]; Mfpait fhfpj cw;gj;jpapy; gad;gLfpwJ
 fl;Lkhdj; njhopYf;Fk;> xl;Lg; gyifj; (Polywood) jahhpg;gpw;F gad;gLtJ
nrl;u]; > mfhjp];
 igd]; jhtuj;jpd; girapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; lh;gd;ild; tz;zg;G+r;R
jahhpg;gpw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Kl;Ltyp kw;Wk; typ epthuzpahfTk; gad;gLk; jhtuk; igd];
 igd]; n[uhh;bahdh vd;Dk; jhtuj;jpy; tpijfs; cz;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; .
 v gpbhpd; vd;Dk; my;fyha;L v gpl;uh vd;Dk; jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
,J M];Jkh kw;Wk; Rthrf; NfhshWf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ
 muht;Nfhpah gpl;tpy;yP moFj; jhtukhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
65. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspd; tifg;ghL

irf;fNly;]; [pq;NfhNay;]; v.fh Nfhdp nguy;]; v.fh ePl;Nly;]; v.fh ePl;lk;

v.fh irf;f]; [pq;Nfh igNyhgh igd];
,it gidkuk; ,e;j njhFg;gpYs;s ,it gRik khwh ,it rpwpa tifj;
Nghd;W NeuhfTk; xNu thOk; jhtuk; $k;G tbtj; njhFg;Gj;
fpisfs; ,y;yhkYk; [pq;NfhigNyhgh jhtuq;fs; jhtuq;fs;.
tsUk; rpwpa MFk;
jhtuq;fs;
,iyfs;> ,wF ,J tprpwp tbt ,tw;wpd;; ,it
tbtf;$l;biyfs; ,iyfis cila Crpapiyfs; kw;Wk; MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; s;
xd;W Nrh;e;J Edpapy; nghpa nrjpy; ,iyfs; vd Nghd;w cah;
fphPlk; Nghy; Njhd;wk; ,uz;L tif gz;Gfisf;
,iyfs; fhzg;gLk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
NtuhdJ MzpNth; ,e;jj; jhtuk; tpijfs; ,wF tbt #yhdJ %b vJTk;
kw;Wk; gtsNth; vd Jh;ehw;wj;ij mikg;igf; ,y;yhky; G+itg;
,U tifg;gLk; Vw;gLj;Jk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,it Nghd;w jz;Lj;
ngz; $k;gpDs; njhFg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;
cUthfpd;wd.
66. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k; nghJg;gz;Gfs;
 MuQ;rpNah];ngh;k; vd;gJ fpNuf;fr; nrhy;yhFk;. VQ;rpNah vd;gjd; nghUs; ngl;b
my;yJ %ba ngl;b> ];ngh;kh vd;gjd; nghUs; tpij
 ,it %ba tpij kw;Wk; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;
 ehd;F ,yl;rk; capUs;s jhtuq;fs; cs;sd.
 kpf mjpfkhd Fsph; kw;wk; ntg;gk; ,y;yhj midj;J ,lq;fspYk; tsuf; $baJ.
 tsh;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; %d;W tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gLk;.

45
 rpW nrbfs; (fj;jphpr;nrb) v.fh nrhyhdk; nkyhQ;rpdh
Gjh; nrbfs; (nrk;gUj;jp) v.fh i`gp];f]; Nuhrh irdd;rp];
kuq;fs; (khkuk;) v.fh khQ;rp nguh ,z;bfh
 ed;F tsh;r;rpaile;J flj;Jk; jpRf;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 irykhdJ ehd;F tif nry;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(iryf; Foha;fs;> buhf;fL
P > iryk; ghud;ifkh> iryk; ehh;fs;)
 GNshakhdJ ehd;F tif nry;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
(ry;yilf; Foha;> GNshak; ghud;ifkh> Jiznry;fs;> GNshak; ehh;fs;)
67. MQ;rpNah];ngh;kf
; s; ,uz;L tFg;Gfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. xU tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fs;
2. ,U tpijapiyj; jhtuq;fs;
68. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; gz;Gfs;
 vLj;Jf;fhl;L Gy;> ney;> thio
 tpijahdJ xU tpj;jpiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
 ry;yp Nth;j; njhFg;GlDk;> ,iyfs; ,izg;Nghf;F euk;gikTld; fhzg;gLk;
 kyh;fs; %d;W mLf;F cilait
 my;yp kw;Wk; Gy;yp ,jo;fs; gphpf;fg;glhky; xNu tl;lj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
 kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if ngUk;ghYk; fhw;wpd; %yk; eilngWk;
69. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
 vLj;Jf;fhl;L mtiu> khkuk;> Ntg;gkuk;
 tpijfs; ,uz;L tpijapiyfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 MzpNth;j; njhFg;GlDk;> ,iyfs; tiyg;gpd;dy; euk;giktld; fhzg;gLk;.
 kyh;fs; ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 my;yp kw;Wk; Gy;yp vd ,uz;L ,jo; mLf;Ffshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; .
 kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if ngUk;ghYk; G+r;rpfs; %yk; eilngWk;.
70. mfhyp gh ,z;bfh (Fg;igNkdp)
 A+ Nghh;gpNarp FLk;gj;ijr; rhhe;jJ.
 ,iyia miuj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; gir Njhypy; cs;s nfhg;Gsq;fis Mw;WfpwJ.
 ,iyr;rhw;iw vYkpr;ir rhWld; fye;J mUe;jpdhy; tapw;wpy; cs;s
cUisg;GOf;fs; mopak;
71. Vfpy; khh;kpNyh]; (tpy;tk;)
 &l;Nlrp FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jjJ.
 fhahdJ nrhpkhdj;ijr; rhp nra;fpwJ
 jPuhj tapw;Wg;Nghf;F> rPjNghjp Mfpatw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ

46
 72. nrhyhdk; biunyhNgl;lk;(JhJtis)
 nrhyNdrp FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ.
 ,Uky;> rsp> fhrNeha; kw;Wk; M];Jkh Nghd;w Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;j
gad;gLfpwJ
73. gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu];(fPoh ney;yp)
 A+ Nghh;gpNarp FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ.
 kQ;rs; fhkhiy Nehia Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.
 fy;yPuYf;F typikiaf; nfhLj;J fy;yPuy; Neha;f;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ
74. mNyhntuh (Nrhw;Wf; fw;whio)
 ypy;ypNarp FLk;gj;ijr; Nrhh;e;jJ.
 %yNeha;> rUk Neha;fs; kw;Wk; tapw;Wg;Gz;Zf;Fhpa kUe;jhf

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg; nghpa cyh;jhtuj; njhFg;G nfhy;fj;jhtpy; cs;sJ. ,q;F xU

kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd cyh;jhtuj; khjphpfs; cs;sd.
2. ,U nrhw;ngahpLKiw njhlh;ghd tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; ghpe;Jiufs; ICBN (mfpy yf
jhtutpay; ngah;r;#l;Lk; rl;lk;) y; cs;sJ> jw;NghJ ,J (mfpy cyf ngah;r;#l;Lk;
rl;lk;) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. cyfj;jpNyNa kpfg;nghpa cyh; jhtuj; njhFg;G ghhprpy; cs;s Njrpa b `p];lhhpf;
Ner;Ruy;Ny vd;Dk; gpuhd;rpd; ghhp]; efhpy; cs;s mUq;fhl;rpafk; jhd; cyfj;jpNyNa
kpfg;nghpa cyh; jhtuj; njhFg;G mUq;fhl;rpafk;.
4. tpf;Nlf;fhpd; Ie;J cyf tifg;ghl;by; G+Q;irfs; %d;whtJ cyfkhf
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Vnddpy; ,tw;wpy; gr;irak; kw;Wk; jurk; ,y;iy.
5. fpshtpnrg;]; gh;G+hpah vd;w G+Q;irahdJ ,se;jiy Kiwapdiu mjpf msT
ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpwJ. ,J ,isQh;fsplj;jpy; xU khaj; Njhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp kd
mOj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,t;Tyfpy; xU tpj;jpahrkhd kdepiyia Vw;gLj;jp mth;fs;
fdTyfpy; kpjg;gJ Nghd;w kdepiyia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
6. m];gh;[py;y]; vd;w G+Q;irahdJ Foe;ijfsplk; xt;thikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Mdhy;
fpshNlh];Nghhpak; vd;w G+Q;irahdJ xt;thikapypUe;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.
7. kUe;Jfspd; murp vd;W $wg;gLtJ ngdprpypd; MFk;. ,ij fz;Lg;gpbj;jth;
rh;mnyf;]hz;lh; gpnsk;kpq; Mthh; (1928)
8. ];ghf;dk; kh]; Foe;ijf;F xU Kiw gad;gLj;Jk; miuf; fr;irapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
te;jJ. Vnddpy; ,J ePiu cwpQ;rp itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
9. iyf;NfhNghbak;> fpsg; ghrp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. <f;tprpl;lk;> Fjpiu thy; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

47
 9 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;
tpyq;Fyfk; - caphpfspd; gy;tifik

1. capUs;sitfis Kjd;Kjypy; tifg;gLj;jpath; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; (]Ptpld;)

2. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; ,yj;jd
P ; nkhopia gad;gLj;jp Xh; caphp mjd; Nghpdk;> rpw;wpdk;
Mfpatw;wpd; ngah;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ,U nrhw; ngahpLk; Kiwapid cUthf;fpdhh;.
3. tpyq;Ffspd; ,UngahpL Kiwapy; Kjy; ngah; Nghpdk; (genus) vdg;gLk;.
4. tpyq;Ffspd; ,UngahpL Kiwapy; Nghpdj;jpd; Kjy; vOj;J nghpajhf (Captital Letter)
,Uf;Fk;.
5. tpyq;Ffspd; ,UngahpL Kiwapy; ,uz;lhtJ ngah; rpw;wpdk; MFk;.
6. tpyq;Ffspd; ,UngahpL Kiwapy; rpw;wpdj;jpd; ngah; rpwpa vOj;jpy; (Small Letter)
vOjg;gLk;.
7. ghf;Bhpah nry;fspy; cl;fU fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

48
8. caphpfs; ,uz;L gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. (GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs;>
A+NfhpNahl;Lfs;)
9. flw;gQ;Rfs; cz;ikahd jpRj;njhFg;igf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.
10. tpyq;Fyfk; ,uz;L ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 cz;ikahd jpRj;njhFg;igf; nfhz;lit
 cz;ikahd jpRj;njhFg;igf; ngwhjit
11. cz;ikahd jpRj;njhFg;ig ngw;wplhj tpyq;Ffspd; njhFjp JisAlypfs; vdg;gLk;
 caphpapd; cliy ve;j xU Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J gphpj;jhYk; xj;j rkkhdg; ghfkhf
gphpf;f Kbe;jhy; me;j caphp Mur;rkr;rPh; nfhz;lit vdg;gLk;
12. Mur;rkr;rPh; caphpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L i`buh> n[y;ypkPd>; el;rj;jpu kPd;
13. caphpapd; cly; cWg;Gfs; ika mr;rpd; topahf cliyg; gphpj;jhy; kl;Lk; ,U rkkhd
ghfq;fshf gphpf;f ,aYk;. ,J ,Ugf;f rkr;rPh; vdg;gLk;. v.fh jtis > jl;ilg;GOf;fs;>
Nuhl;bgh;> ej;ij> kz;GO > ntl;Lf;fpsp> kapy;
14. cz;ikahd clw;Fop my;yJ rPNyhk; eL mLf;fpd; cs;Ns mike;Js;sJ. clw;Fopapd;
mbg;gilapy; tpyq;Ffis %d;W tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 clw;Fop mw;wit v.fh: ehlhg;GOf;fs;
 ngha;ahd clw;Fopnfhz;lit v.fh cUisg;GOf;fs;
 cz;ikahd clw;Fop cilait v.fh kz;GO
15. clw;Fop Gw mLf;fpw;Fk; eL mLf;fpw;Fk; ,ilNa mike;Js;sJ
16. clw;Fop> fz;l mikg;G> Gwr;rl;lfk;> ,izg;Gf; fhy;fs; (,izAWg;Gfs; KJF ehz;
,itfspd; mbg;gilapy; tpyq;Fyfk; KOtJk; gj;J ngUk; njhFjpfshf
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.)
17. tpyq;Fyfk; ,uz;L Jiz cyfq;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. KJF ehzw;wit (Invertebrata)

2. KJF ehZs;sit(Chordata)- Kjy; KJF ehZs;sit ( Prochordata) kw;Wk;
KJnfYk;gpfs; (Vertebrata)

18. nghJg;gz;Gfs; mbg;gilapy; tpyq;Ffspd; tifg;ghL

nghJg;gz;Gfs; mbg;gilapy; tpyq;Ffspd; tifg;ghL

cyfk; fl;likg;gp rkr;rPuikg;G clw;Fop njhFjp

d;kl;l r my;yJ
epiyfs; clw;rPNyhk;

49
 nry; mstpyhd JisAlypfs;

Mur;rkr;rPh; FopAlypfs;
tpyq;Ffs; mikg;G (m) epNlhpah
gy nry;Tilait

jpR/cWg;G
cWg;G kz;ly clw;Fopaw;wit jl;ilg;GOf;sfs;
mstpyhd

,U gf;fr;rkr;rPh Nghyp clw; cUisg;GOf;fs;

tisjir GOf;fs;

fZf;fhypfs;

cz;ikahd nky;Ylypfs;

clw;FopAilait Kl;Njhypfs;

miuehzpfs;

KJF ehZs;sit

19. njhFjp „ Gnuhl;NlhNrhth

 xU nry; caphp> kpfr;rpwpa GNuhl;NlhNrhth mkPgh
 ePhpy; ghh;kypidf; fye;jhy; GNuhl;NlhNrhthf;fy; mope;JtpLk;
 Ez;Zaphpfs;> Nghypf; fhy;fs;> FWapiofs; my;yJ ePspapioapdhy; ,lg;
ngah;r;rp nra;fpd;wd
 ,it ,lg;ngah;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w A+f;Nfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; MFk;.
 jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiw my;yJ gpwrhh;G Cl;lKiwia Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ
 Rthrk; kw;Wk; fopT ePf;fk; clw;gug;gpd; %ykhfNth (m) RUq;Fk;
Ez;Foy;fs; %ykhfNth eilngWfpwJ.
 ghypd my;yJ ghypyh Kiw ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw eilngWfpwJ
20. njhFjp „ JisAlypfs;
 gy nry;fisf; nfhz;l ePh; tho; caphpfs;.
 nghJthf flw;gQ;Rfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 clypy; jpRf;fs; ,y;iy

50
  clypy; M];bah vdg;gLk; JisfisAk;> M];Fyk; vd;Dk; JisiaAk;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,it ePNuhl;lk; kw;Wk; fopT ePf;fj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ
 cly; rl;lf mikg;G ];gpf;A+y;]; (Spicules) vdg;gLk; Ez;Kl;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ghypd ghypyh Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWk;
21. njhFjp „ FopAlypfs; (rPnyd;bNul;Lfs; my;yJ epNlhpah)
 ,itfs; ePh; tho;td. ngUk;ghYk; flypy; tho;td.
 cly; Mur;rkr;rPUilaJ.
 ,itfis Rw;wp mf mLf;F kw;Wk; GwmLf;F vd ,uz;L mLf;Ffs;
cz;L. ,t;tLf;FfSf;fpilNa kPNrhfpspah (nry;fshy; Mf;fg;glhj
vDk; mlh; $o;kg; nghUs; cz;L)
 ,itfs; <uLf;F caphpfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ghypg; kw;Wk; nkLrh vDk; ,U cUt mikg;Gfs; nghJthff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd . Gwg;gilapy; nfhl;Lk; nry;fs; my;yJ
ePnkl;Nlhrp];lh;fs; (ePNlhgpsh];l;fs; ) mike;Js;sd epNlhrpy; vDk;
nfhLf;F ngw;wpUg;gjpdhNyNa ,it epNlhpah vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ghypd> ghypyh Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd
22. njhFjp „ jl;ilg;gOf;fs; (gpshl;bn`y;kpd;j];)
 czTg;ghij ,y;iy my;yJ vspikahdJ
 fopTePf;fk; Rlh; nry;fshy; eilngWfpwJ
 ,it ngUk;ghYk; ,Ughypd mjhtJ xNu GOtpy; Mz;> ngz;
,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; ,Uf;Fk;
 nghJthf xl;Lz;zpg; GOf;fs; MFk;.
23. ehlhg;GOtpd; mwptpay; ngah; Bdpah Nrhypak;
24. njhFjp- epkl;Nlhlh (cUisg; GOf;fs;)
 v.fh m];fhhp]; Yk;hpfha;l;]; (cUisg;GOf;fs;)> Tr;rphphpah Ngq;f;Nuhg;b
 ,t;tif caphpfspy; ,UKidfSk; $h;ikahff; fhzg;gLk;
 #oy; Nghd;w czTf;Foy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 ghy; Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. Mz; ngz; caphpfs;
jdpj;jdpNa cs;sd.
 ,t;tif GOf;fs; jdpj;J kw;Wk; xl;Lz;zpg; GOf;fshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 nghJthf cUisg;GOf;fs; kdpjDf;F tapw;Wtypia cz;lhf;Fk;
 cUisg;GOf;fspd; clyhdJ cUz;L> fz;lq;fsw;W > fpA+l;bfs;
vd;Dk; jbj;j ghJfhg;G ciw #og;gl;bUf;Fk;.

51
  cUisg;GOf;fs; ,Ug;gf;fr; rkr;rPuila %tLf;F> Nghyp clw;Fop
nfhz;l tpyq;FfshFk;.
 cUisg;GOf;fSf;F Rthrkz;lyKk;> ,uj;j xl;l kz;lyKk; fpilahJ
 cUisg;GOf;fspy; Mz; ngz; vd;w NtWghl;bidf; nfhz;L
,dg;ngUf;fkhdJ cl;fUTWjy; %ykhf eilngWfpwJ.
 cUisg;GOf;fSf;f v.fh m];fhhp]; kw;Wk; ahidf;fhy; Nehia
cz;lhf;Fk; igNyhpa]; GOf;fs;
 fPo;f;fz;l %d;W tifahd nfhR fbg;gjdhy; ahidf;fhy; Nehia
cz;lhf;Fk; igNyhpah GO ekJ clypy; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ
 fpA+nyf;]; nfhR
 mNdhgpy]; nfhR
 mnanj]; nfhR
25. m];fhhp]; Yk;hpfha;l;]; (cUisg;GOf;fs;):
 Kjph; caphp „ Mz; 15 Kjy; 30 ngz; 20 Kjy; 40 Kl;ilapl;L
FQ;R nghhpg;git.
 Kl;il „ 60 gpj;jePh; epwk; gbe;jit fz;lq;fsw;w my;Gkpd; ciw
nfhz;l Kl;il
 xU ngz; caphp xU ehisf;F 2 yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nky; Kl;ilapLfpd;wd
 njhw;Wepiy - fU tsh;e;j Kl;il
 guTk; Kiw - cs; nry;Yjy;
 ,lk; - rpWFly;
26. njhFjp „ tisj;jirg; GOf;fs; (md;dyplh)
 kz;GOf;fs;> ml;ilfs; kw;Wk; fly;tho; GOf;fs; ,j;njhFjpapy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sd.
 md;dyplh vd;w thh;j;ij “md;DNy\d;];” (annulations) vd;w thh;j;ij
fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,it tisaq;fs; Nghd;W xd;Nwhlnlhd;W ,ize;J nkl;lhnkhprk;
vd;w mikg;ig nfhz;lit. midj;J clw;fz;lq;fs; xj;j
mikg;Gilait.
 cz;ikahd clw;Fop nfhz;lit
 ,lg;ngah;r;rp rPl;lhf;fs; vDk; Ez;zpa ePl;rpfs; %yk; eilngWfpwJ
 fpA+l;bfps; vdk; <ug;gir kpf;f ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J clYf;F
ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.
 fopTePf;fk; ne g;hb
P aq;fshy; rpWePufk; Nghd;W eilngWfpwJ
 jiyg;Gwj;jpy; nrhpguy; euk;gZj;jpus;fis %isahff; nfhz;l euk;G
kz;lyk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

52
  nghJ yhh;th vd;gJ l;Nuhf;NfhNghh; MFk;.
 ml;il kw;Wk; kz;GOtpd; ,Unrhy; ngah;

kz;GO yhk;gpNlh khhpl;b

ml;il `pUbNdhpah Nkbrpdhyp];

27. njhFjp „ fhZf;fhypfs; (Mh;j;NuhNghlh)

 kpfTk; goikahdJk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd (9,00,000) rpw;wpdq;fisf;
nfhz;l kpfg;nghpaj; njhFjpahFk;
 Mh;jN
; uhNghL vd;gjd; nghUs; ,izg;Gf;fhy;fs; vd;gjhFk;.
 tFg;G fpu];Nlrpah v.fh ,why;fs; > ez;L
 tFg;G muhf;dplh v.fh rpye;jpfs;> cz;zpfs;> rpye;jpg;Ngd; kw;Wk;
Njs;
 tFg;G G+r;rpfs; v.fh nfhRf;fs;; > Ngd;> <f;fs;
 cly; jiy> khh;G> tapW vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 clypd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; ifl;bd; ghJfhg;G ciwahf cs;sJ
 NjhYhpj;jy; vDk; epfo;tpd; %yk; ,tw;wpd; Nky;Gw ciw
cjph;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
 clw;Fop `PNkhypk; g; vd;w jputj;jpdhy; (,uj;jk; )
epug;gl;Ls;sJ.,t;tif ,uj;j xl;lk; jpwe;j tif ,uj;j xl;lk;
vdg;gLfpwJ. midj;J jpRf;fs; kw;Wk; nry;fs; clw;Fop jputj;jpy;
eide;jgb cs;sd.
 rpwpa Mh;jNjuNghlhf;fs; Mf;]p[id Nehpilahf nky;ypa clypd; %yk;
cwpQ;Rf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
 ngUk;ghyhd ePh; tho; rpw;wpdq;fs; ,wF Nghd;w Gj;jf nrTs; %yKk;>
gyepytho; fZf;fhypfs; buf;fpah vDk; Ez;%r;Rf;Foy; %ykhf
Rthrj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 ,jpy; fopTePff
; cWg;Gfshf khy;gP[pad; Foy;fSk;> gr;ir Rug;gpfSk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
28. njhFjp „ nky;Ylypfs;
 ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;nghpaj; njhFjpahf nky;Ylypfs; njhFjp tpsq;FfpwJ
 ed;dhP ; kw;Wk; fly;ehP ; vDk; ,uz;L ePh; epiyfspYk; thOk;
jd;iknfhz;lit
 clw;fz;lq;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 jiy> jirapyhdg; ghjk;> kw;Wk; cs; cWg;G njhFg;G vd %d;W
gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

53
  cliyr; Rw;wp Nkd;by; vDk; nkd;Nghh;itAk; mjd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; xLk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nkd;by; miwapDs; fhzg;gLk; nrTs;fs; (bdpbak;)
my;yJ EiuaPuy; %ykhfNth my;yJ ,uz;bd; %ykhfNt Rthrpj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd
 nky;Ylypfspd; yhh;th nghJthf l;Nuhf;Nfh Nghh; ,sk; caphp
(Trochopore Larve)> ntyp[h; ,sk; caphp (Veliger Larva) MFk;.
 vLj;Jf;fhl;L ej;ij (igyh FNshNghrh)
29. njhFjp „ Kl;Njhypfs;
 v.fh el;rj;jpu kPd; kw;Wk; fly; Fg;gp> fly; my;yp
 ,j;njhFjp caphpdq;fs; midj;Jk; flypy; tho;git
 ,sk; caphpfs; (yhh;thf;fs; ) ,Ugf;fr; rkr;rPh; nfhz;litfshfTk; >
Kjph; caphpfs; Mur;rkr;rPh; nfhz;litfshTk; cs;sd. v.fh
iggpd;Ndhpah
 Gwr;rl;lfk; fhy;rpak; jfLfshYk;> ntspg;Gw Kl;fshYk; (k) Ez;
,Lf;fpshYk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 ePh; ,uj;j xl;l kz;lyk; ,j;njhFjpapd; rpwg;G gz;ghFk;
 Foha;f;fhy;fs; %yk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;fpd;wd
30. njhFjp „ KJF ehZs;sit
 Jizj;njhFjp „ Kd; KJF ehzpfs;(Prochordata )/ kz;ilNahL
mw;wit v.fh Vfhhpdpah
 Jizj;njhFjp „ miuKJF ehzpfs; (vfhh;d; GOf;fs;)
v.fh gyNdhfpsh]];
 Jizj;njhFjp „ jiy KJF ehzpfs;
v.fh Mk;gpahf;]p];
 Jizj;njhFjp „ thy; KJF ehzpfs;
v.fh mrpbad; (cliyr; Rw;wpYk; bA+dpf; vDk; ciw cz;L)
31. KJF ehZs;sitapd; nghJg;gz;Gfspy; xd;whd KJFehz;(Notochord: Gr.
Noton – KJF + L/ Chordata – ehz;) fhzg;gLtjhy; ,j;njhFjp KJF ehzpfs;
vd;w ngahpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
32. gphpT „ KJFnfYk;gpfs; (kz;ilNahL cilait)
 v.fh. kPd; (cly; jirfs; kNahNlhk;fs; vDk; jir Jhz;ly;fshf
mike;Js;s)
 5-7 ,iz nrTs; gpsTfs; cs;sd
 ,jak; Mhpf;fps;> ntz;hpf;fps; vd ,U miwfisf; nfhz;lJ

33. tFg;G - ,Utho;tpfs;

54
  Kjf; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa ehd;F fhypfshFk;
 ,Utho;tpfs; Mk; gpgpa];
 ePh; kw;Wk; epyk; ,uz;bYk; thof;$bait
 v.fh jtis> Njiufs;> epA+l;Lfs;> rhykhd;lh;fs;> rprpypad;fs;
 ,jak; ,uz;L Mhpf;fps;> xU ntz;hpf;fps; vd %d;W miwfisf;
nfhz;lJ
 Fsph;ntg;gepiy nfhz;l KJnfYk;gpfs;
 ePhpy; thOk; ,sk; caphp yhh;thf;fs; (jiyg;gpul;il) nrTs; %ykhfTk;>
Kjph;e;j caphp (jtis) EiuaPuy; kw;wk; Njhy; %yKk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd
34. tFg;G „ Ch;td
 Rthrk; EiuaPuy; %yk; eilngWk;
 nghJthf ,jak; %d;W miwfis nfhz;lJ Mdhy; Kjyiyapd;
,jak; ehd;F miwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
35. tFg;G „ gwg;gd;
 KJnfYk;gpfspy; Kjy; ntg;g ,uj;j caphpfs; gwitfshFk;
 gwitfspd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs; ,af;ifahf khw;WU mile;Js;sJ
 nghJthf gwitfs; vspjhf gwg;gjw;F fhuzk; mtw;wpy; cs;s
nkd;ikahd vilFiwthd fhw;nwYk;Gfs; (Pneumatic bones) MFk;.
 gwitfspd; Kl;il xL fhy;rpaj;jhy; MdjhFk;
36. tFg;G „ ghYhl;bfs;
 v.fh kdpjd; > ahid> khL
 ,jak; ehd;F miwfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 tpe;Jr; Rug;gpfs; clYf;FntspNa ];FNuhl;ly; igapDs;
#og;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 Njhypy; tpah;itr; Rug;gpfs;> vz;nzar; Rug;gpfs; cz;L
37. KJnfYk;gw;witfspd; ,U nrhw;ngah;fs;

nghJg;ngah; ,Unrhw;ngah;
mkPgh mkPgh GNuhba];
i`buh i`buh ty;fhhp];
ehlhg;GO Bdpah Nrhypak;
cUisg; GO m];fhhp]; Yk;gphpfha;l;];
kz;GO yhk;gpNlh khhpl;b / nghpNahdpf;];
vf;];fNtl;l];
ml;il `pUbNdhpah fpuhDNyhrh

55
 fug;ghd; G+r;rp nghpg;gpshdl;lh mnkhpf;fhdh
ej;ij igyh FNshNghrh
el;rj;jpukPd; m];bhpa]; Ungd;];
Kj;Jr;rpg;gp gpq;f;Nllh gpANfl;lh

38. KJnfYk;gpfs; ,Unrhw;ngah;

nghJngah; ,Unrhw;ngah;
Jtis uhdh n`f;rhlhf;ilyh
Njiu gpA Ngh nkyNdh];bf;l];
Rth;gy;yp nghlhh;rp]; kpAuhyp];
fhfk; fhh;t]; ];ngyd;nld;];
kapy; ghNth fphp];Nll];
eha; Nfdp]; ngkpypahhp];
G+id ngyp]; ngyp];
Gyp ghd;juh ilfphp];
kdpjd; N`hNkh nrgpad;];

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f(Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. bA+bNuh];Nlhk; kw;Wk; GNuhlNlh];Nlhk;: fU tsh;r;rpapd; NghJ>

bA+bNuh];Nlhk;fspy; cUthFk; . Kjy; Jis my;yJ gpsh];NlhNghh;
kyj;JisahfpwJ. Mdhy; GNuhl;Nlh];Nlhk;fspy; cUthFk; Kjy; Jis my;yJ
gpsh];NlhNghh; thahfpwJ
2. epyh n[y;yp kPd; (Moon Jelly Fish) fhuq;fis ,oe;jhy; kPjKs;s fuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp Mur;rkr;rPh; epiyapy; cliyr; Rw;wp mikj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wd.,jdhy; ,it Ntfkhf ePe;jpr; nry;fpd;wd.
3. xl;Lz;zp GNuhl;NlhNrhthf;fs;
 Rfhjhukw;w czT kw;Wk; ePhpd; %ykhf guTk; vz;lkPgh `p];lhypbfh
vd;Dk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth mkPgpf; rPjNgjp vDk; Nehia Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
 njhw;W nfhz;l ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhRf;fspd; %ykhf gpsh];Nkhbak;
vd;Dk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth kNyhpah Nehia Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
4. Kjph;e;j ehlhg;GOf;fshy; ghYhl;bfspy; Vw;gLk; njhw;Wepiy Bdpahrp];
vdg;gLk;. ,J rhpahf rikf;fg;glhj gd;wpapiwr;rpapid cz;Ztjhy;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
5. ,e;jpahtpy; Flw;GO ePf;f tpopg;Gzh;T ehshf gpg;uthp 10 nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ

56
6. ahidf;fshy; NehahdJ cr;Nrhphpah ghd;fpuhg;bgapdhy; Vw;gLk;. ,jdhy;
fhy;fs;> tapW njhilNrUkplk;> rpy Neuq;fspy; khh;gfk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; tPff
; k;
Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiy mjpfkhd epzePh; Nrh;f;ifapdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
7. NfhgpNghLfs; vd;git rpwpa fpu];Nl\pad;fs; (,why; Nghd;wit) flypy;
tho;git. ehk; mwpe;j caphpdq;fspy; xU fz;iz kl;Lk; cilia xNu caphpdk;
,JNt MFk;.
8. G+uhd;
 Cyfk; KOtJk; fhzg;gLk; ,itfspy; 2800 rpw;wpdq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kpfg;nghpa G+uhd;fs; 30 nr.kP (12 mq;Fyk;) ePsk;
msTilait.
 kiof;fhLfspy; mjpf ehl;fs; tho;fpd;wd . nrd;bgPl; vd;why; “EhW
fhypfs;” vd;W nghUs;. Mdhy; ngUk;ghyhd tiffs; 30
,izf;fhy;fs; kl;LNk ngw;Ws;sd
9. kutl;il
 ,tw;wpy; 8000 rpw;wpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 Mapuk; fhy;fs; vdg;gLk; ,it EhWf;fhy;fis (Millipede –
“Thousandlegs”) kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sd. nghpa kutl;ilfs; 750 ,izf;
fhy;fs; tiu ngw;Ws;sd
 igyp kutl;ilfs; kug;Ngd;fisg; Nghd;W xj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,it
mjpff; fhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd
10. czh;r;rp> MSik> Mwpthw;wy; > jd;tpopg;Gzh;T > jdpj;jd;ik kw;Wk;
kdpjh;fSld; njhlh;Gnfhs;tJ Nghd;w gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xNu KJFehz;
mw;w caphp Mf;Nlhg]; MFk;.
11. uhl;rj; rpg;gp kPdpd; czTf; Foiyr; Rw;wpYk; cUz;il tbtpy; (Dount Shape)
%is mike;Js;sJ.
12. Kj;Jr;rpg;gpfs; Kj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd. Kj;J mhpjhff; fpilf;ff; $ba tpiy
kjpg;Gs;s etuj;jpdq;fSs; xd;whFk;. ,J Mguzq;fs; nra;tjw;F cjTfpwJ.
13. cyh;e;jg;gl;l el;rj;jpu kPd; kw;Wk; fly; Fg;gp myq;fhug; nghUs;fs; jahhpf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fly; nts;shp ntspehLfspy; kpf tpiy cah;e;j
czthf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
14. kpfr; rpwpa KJnfYk;gpyhd gpypg;igd; Nfhgp/ Fl;il gpf;kp Nfhgp ntg;g kz;lyg;
gFjpapy; thOk; kPdpdk;. ,it njd; fpof;fhrpahtpd; rJg;G epyq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;G
ePhf
; spy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J 10 kp.kP ePsk; kl;LNk nfhz;lJ.
15. KJnfYk;Gila tpyq;Ffspy; 35 kPl;lh; ePsKk; 120 ld; vilAk; nfhz;l uhl;rj
ePyj; jpkpq;fpyk; kpfg; nghpa tpyq;fhFk;.

57
16. cyfstpy; gutpf; fhzg;glf;$ba nrapy; kPdhdJ rpWj;ijia tpl Ntfkhd
ePe;jf; $baJ. ,e;j kPdhdJ xU kzpNeuj;jpy; 109 fp.kP (68 iky;fs;)
ePe;jf;$baJ
17. rpWj;ijahdJ xU kzpNeuj;jpy; 100 fp.kP (62 iky;fs;) nry;yf; $baJ.
18. ePyg; Gul;rp vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; fly; tho; caphpfshd kPdf
; s; kw;Wk;
,why; Nghd;wtw;iw ,yhgNehf;fpy; tsh;g;gjw;Fk;. ePht
; ho caphpfs; tsh;f;Fk;
Kiwf;F ePh; tho; caphpfs; tsh;g;G (Aqua Culture) vd;W ngah; .
19. gwf;Fk; kPd; - vf;N]hrPl;l];
20. rPdhtpd; uhl;rj rhykhd;lh; Md;bhpa]; lhtpbad;]; cyfpNyNa kpfg;nghpa
,Utho;tpy; .,J Ie;J mb kw;Wk; gjpndhU mq;Fy ePsKk; 65 fpNyh vilAk;
cilaJ. ,J kj;jpa kw;Wk; njw;F rPdhtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
21. fpA+ghtpy; fhzg;gLk; mk;G er;Rj; jtis 8.5 „ 12.5 kp.kP ePsk; cilaJ . ,J
cyfpy; kpfr; rpwpa ,Utho;tpahFk;.
22. ilnkl;Nuhlhd; vd;gJ ghYhl;b Nghd;w Ch;td> ,jd; KJfpy; ej;ij Nghd;w
mikg;G cs;sJ . ,J Fsph;tpg;ghd; Nghd;W nray;gl;L cliy Fsph;tpf;fpwJ.
23. Mh;fpNahg;nlhpf;]; vd;gJ Kjy; gwitahFk; . ,jd; cly; ,wFfshy;
%lg;gl;Ls;sJ myF ,y;iy Mdhy; ,tw;wpy; gw;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
24. jkpo;ehl;bd; khepy gwit kufj Gwh (Chalcophaps indica)
25. my;gl;uh]; vd;w gwitapd; rpwF kpfg;nghpa gug;gsT nfhz;lit (3.5 kPllh;)
rpwF ePl;rpapd; ePsk; 11.2 mb MFk;.
26. mnkhpf;fd; Nfhy;ld; gpNshth;> GStpapyp]; Nlhkpdpf;fh tyir Nghjypd; NghJ
kpff ePz;l Jhuj;ijf; flf;fpwJ . myh];fh kw;Wk; Mh;f;bf; gFjpfspy;,J
,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ ,iyAjph; fhyj;jpy; ,J njd; mnkhpf;fhit Nehf;fp
gwe;J nrd;W epA+rpyhe;ij mila MW khjj;jpw;F NkyhfpwJ. ,it 24000 „
27000 fp. kP tiu gwf;fpd;wd
27. Jd;ndyp Xhputpy; 300 mb Ruq;fj;jp; id Njhz;LfpwJ
28. Ntsthy;fspy; kpfg; nghpaJ goe;jpd;dp ntsthy; MFk;. ,tw;wpy; rpy tif
[hthj; jPTfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; rpwF gug;gsT 1.76 kPl;lh; kw;Wk; 42
nr.kP ePsKilaJ. Kpfr; rpwpa ntsthy; jha;yhe;jpy; tho;fpwJ. ,J ,uz;L
fpuhk; vilAk;> 3.3 nr.kP Fiwthd ePsk; cilaJ.

58
 10 Mk; tFg;G
caphpd; Njhw;wKk; ghpzhkKk;

1. mz;lj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ij ntspg;gLj;JtJ ngUntbg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL (15 gpy;ypad;

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;)
2. Rkhh; 4.5 gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; G+kp cUthfp ,Uf;fyhk; vdf;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
3. G+kp Njhd;wp 500 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F gpd; caphpdq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
4. caphpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
 rpwg;Gj; Njhw;wf; Nfhl;ghL
 Ra gilg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL (caphpypg; gpwg;G)
 Caphpg; gpwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL
 Ntw;Wf;fpuf my;yJ fh];kpf; Njhw;wk;
5. caph; gpwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL fUj;jpid ntspapl;lth; Yhap]; gh];lh; 1862
6. caph;fspd; Ntjpg; ghpzhkk; Nfhl;ghL fUj;jpid ntspapl;lth;fs; Xghhpd;
(1922)> `hy;Nld; (1929)
7. Gwj;Njhw;wtpay; kw;Wk; clw;$wpay; rhd;Wfs;
 mikg;G xj;j cWg;Gfs;
 nray; xj;j cWg;Gfs;
 vr;r cWg;Gfs; v.fh kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; Fly;thy;> fzpzpikg; glyk;>
thy; Ks;nsYk;G> jz;L tl vYk;gpd; ghy; gFjp
 Kd;Ndhh; gz;G kPl;rp
8. caph; topj;Njhw;w tpjp my;yJ topKiwj; njhFg;G nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth;
vh;d];l; n`f;fy;
 vh;d];l; n`f;fy; nfhs;ifapd; gb “jdp caphpapd; tsh;r;rp epiyfs;
mt;Taphp rhh;e;Js;s njhFjpapDila ghpzhk tsh;r;rp epiyfis
xj;jJ”
9. Gijgbtq;fs; gw;wpa mwptpay; gphpT njhy;Yaphpay; (Palaeontology) MFk;.
10. njhy;Yaphpaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgth; ypNahdhh;Nlh lhtpd;rp
11. “,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpapd; je;ij” mnyf;rhz;lh; fd;dpq;`hk;
12. Goq;fhyg; Gijgbtg; gwit Mh;f;fpahg;nlhpf;]; > [Puhrpf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j
Kw;fhyg; gwit
13. Fhy khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g caphpdq;fspy; gbg;gbahfj; Njhd;wpa khw;wq;fs; ghpzhkk;
MFk;.
14. [Pd; ghg;b];l; yhkhh;fpd; ( gpnuQ;R ehL) fhyf;fl;lk; 1744 „ 1829

59
15. yhkhh;f;fpd; ghpzhkf; Nfhl;ghLfs; 1809 y; gpyhr gpf; [Pthy[pf; vd;w Ehypy;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
16. yhkhh;f Nfhl;ghlhdJ kuG topahfg; ngwg;gl;l gz;Gfspd; Nfhl;ghL my;yJ
gad;ghL kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jhikf; Nfhl;ghL (m) yhkhh;f;fpak; vd gpugykhf
mwpag;gLfpwJ
17. yhkhh;f;fpaj;jpd; nfhs;iffs;
18. rhh;y]; lhh;tpdpd; ,aw;ifj; Njh;T Nfhl;ghL (m) lhh;tpdpak;
 fhyk; 1809 „ 1882
 ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;.
 Nguhrphpah; n`d;];Nyd; vd;gthpd; el;gpd; fhuzkhf
,aw;ifapd;ghy; <h;f;fg;gl;lhh;.
 ,th; Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;l fg;gypd; ngah; gPfy; (gphpl;ld;
flw;gil fg;gy;)
 rhh;y]; lhh;tpd; 1831 Kjy; 1835 tiu njd;mnkhpf;fhit Rw;wpAs;s
Nfyghf]; jPT kw;Wk; grpgpf; jPT cs;spl;l gy; jPTfisAk; Ma;T nra;jhh;
 20 Mz;Lfs; Ma;T gzpiaj; njhlh;e;J ,aw;ifj; Njh;T Nfhl;ghl;il
ntspapl;lhh;
 lhh;tpd; jd;Dila gjpTfisAk;> KbTfisAk; rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;
(origin of Species) vd;w ngahpy; 24 etk;gh; 1859 y; ntspapl;lhh;
19. rLjp khw;wf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd; nkhope;jth; B tphp];
20. njhy; jhtutpay; (Palaeobotony) vd;w nrhy; fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ palaeon (njhy;) – njhd;ikahd > (jhtutpay;)-
jhtuq;fisg; gw;wpg; gbf;Fk; mwptpay;
21. vd;gJ G+kpapy; GijAz;l jhtuq;fs; gw;wpa gbg;ghFk;.
22. “njhy; jhtutpaypd; je;ij” vd miof;fg;gLgth; f];gh; khpah thd;
];nlh;dn
; gh;f; (1761 -1838) (ehL INuhg;gh) ,th; gpuhF vd;w Chpy; nghfpkpad;
Njrpa mUq;fhl;rpaj;ij epWtpetPd njhy; jhtutpaYf;F mbj;jskpl;lhh;
23. “,e;jpa njhy; jhtutpaypd; je;ij” vd miof;fg;gLgth; gPh;ghy; rfdp (1891-
1949). ,th; ,uz;L Nkw;gl;l Nfhzj;jpy; jdJ Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
 NgypNahN]hapf; ngUe;jhtuq;fspd; cs;sikg;G kw;Wk; gpw mikg;gpy;
gw;wpaJ
 ,e;jpa Nfhz;Lthdh jhtuq;fs; gw;wpAk; Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
24. ghiwfspy; Gij caph;g; gbtq;fs; cUthtijg; gbtkhjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
25. Gij caph;g; gbtkhjypd; tiffs;:
 Gij caphpg; gbtq;fs; fy;yhjy;
 mr;R kw;Wk; thh;g;G

60
  fhh;gdhjy;
 gjg;gLj;Jjy;
 mOj;jk; kw;Wk; CLUty;
26. gbtq;fspd; tajpid mtw;wpy; cs;s fjphpaf;fj; jdpkq;fshy; fz;Lgpbf;fyhk;.
v.fh fhh;gd;> ANudpak;> fhhPak;> nghl;lhrpak;.
27. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; ypgp (1956)
28. caphpoe;j jhtuj;jpy; my;yJ tpyq;fpy; cs;s fhh;gd; C14 msitf;nfhz;L
29. tl;lhu ,d jhtutpay; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
`hh;];ngh;fh
30. mz;l ntspapy; cs;s caphpdq;fisg; gw;wp mwpAk; mwptpaYf;F thd; caphpay;
vd;W ngah;.
31. gpw fpufq;fspy; caph; tho Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,uz;L Kf;fpaf; fhuzpfs; Njit:
 tspkz;lyj;ijj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s Fwpg;gpl;l epiw Njit
 Rw;W tl;lg;ghijahdJ #hpadpypUe;J rhpahd njhiytpy; ,Ue;jhy; ePh;j;
Jspfs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jj; njhiythdJ mjpf ntg;gk; ,y;yhkYk; mjpff;
FspUk; ,y;yhj mstpyhd njhiythf ,Ue;jhy; mq;F caphpdq;fs;
tho;tjw;F cfe;j #oy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,ij Nfhy;b yhf; kz;lyk; vdg;
Nghw;Wth;
32. ekJ #hpaf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Gtp kl;Lk; jhd; Nfhy;b yhf; kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s
Nfhs; MFk;.
33. Nfhy;b yhf; kz;lyj;jpy; mt;tg;NghJ khw;wk; Vw;gLtjhy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
NkYk; mwpe;Jnfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. ghpzhkk; vd;gJ rLjpkhw;wk; kw;Wk; NtWghLfs; Mfpa ,uz;L epfo;Tfis

cs;slf;fpaJ. ,ul;bg;ghjypd; NghJ Vw;gLk; gpiofs; my;yJ fjph;fs;
my;yJ Ntjpg;nghUl;fNshL njhlh;Gf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ rLjp khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
2. rLjpkhw;wk; NtWghLfSf;F toptFf;fpwJ. xU caphpapy; khw;wq;fis ,J
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
3. thOk; njhy; caphpg; gbtq;fs; (Living Fossils)- ,it jw;NghJ capUs;sit. ,it
gbtkhf khwpa Kd;Ndhiug; Nghd;w Njhw;wj;ij xj;jpUg;gjhy; ,tw;iw
thOk;njhy; caphpg; gbtq;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. v.fh [pq;Nfh igNyhgh
4. Gtp mikg;Gf; fhy msit vd;gJ> ghiw mLf;Ffspd; mikg;gpidf; fhy
thpirg;gb mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw MFk;. ,jd; %yk; Gtp mikg;G ty;Yeh;fs;>
njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsh;fs; kw;Wk; Gtp rhh; mwpQh;fs; Gtpapd; tuyhw;wpidf;
fhyj;NjhLk; epfo;Tfspd; njhlh;NghLk; ,izj;J tpsf;Ffpd;wdh;

61
5. jpUtf;fiu (tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk; > jkpo;ehL) fy;kug; gbtg; G+q;fh ,uz;lhapuk;
kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G jhtuj; jz;Lg; gFjpahdJ Mw;wq;fiuapy;
kz;zpy; GijAz;L fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mjpYs;s fhpkg; nghUs;fs; rpypfhtpdhy;
epug;gl;Lg; gbtkhfpAs;sJ. fy;kukhd gpd;Gk; ,j;jhutq;fs; Ke;ija epwk;>
tbtk; thpj; jd;ik Kjyhdtw;iwj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sd. Mz;L
tisak;> epwq;fspd; mLf;F> fZg; gFjpfs; Nghd;w midj;Jg; gz;GfSk;
fy;kukhd gpwFk; Gyg;;gLk; tifapy; mike;Js;sd.
6. ehrh 2020 ,y; thd; caphpay; vd;Dk; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fp mjd; %yk;
nrt;thapd; goikahd #oy; Fwpej;Jk; nrt;thapd; Nkw;Gwg; Gtp mikg;Gf;
Fwpj;Jk; nrt;thapy; Nkw;Gwg; Gtp mikg;Gf; Fwpj;Jk; nrt;thapy; caphpfs;
,Ue;jdth vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; mt;thW caphpfs; ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJ
Fwpj;Jk; Ma;T nra;J tUfpwJ.

10 Mk; tFg;G
kugpay;

1. kuG gz;Gfs; xU jiyKiwapypUe;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;Fg; flj;jg;gLtij

tpsf;Fk; mwptpaNy kugpay; (Genetics) vdg;gLk;.
2. kugpaypd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz;ly; (1822 -1884)
(rpyprpad; > nrf;f];Nyhtpah ) M];jphpa Jwtp

62
3. nkz;ly; 1856 Kjy; 1865 tiu gpud; klj;jpy; jq;fp jdJ Nrhjidfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
4. kuG gz;Gfis flj;Jgitfis nkz;ly; fhuzpfs; (Factor) vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;lh;
5. 34 tiff;Fl;gl;l 10>000 jhtuq;fis jdJ NrhjidfSf;F cl;gLj;jpath;
nkz;ly;
6. nkz;ly; jd; Ma;Tf;F gad;gLj;jpa nrb igrk; rl;iltk; (gl;lhzp nrb)
7. nkz;ly; gad;gLj;jpa gl;lhzp jhtuj;jpd; VO N[hb NtWgl;l gz;Gfs;:
Ma;Tf;F Xq;F gz;G xLq;F gz;G
cl;gLj;jg;gl;l
gz;G
tpijapd; cUz;il RUq;fpaJ
tbtk;
tpijapd; epwk; kQ;rs; gr;ir
tpijAiwapd; epwKilaJ nts;is
epwk;
fdpapd; tbtk; cg;gpaJ RUq;fpaJ
fdpapd; epwk; gr;ir kQ;rs;
kyhpd; Nfhzkyh; Edpkyh;
miktplk;
jz;bd; cauk; nel;il Fl;il

8. gl;lhzpr; nrb Nrhjidapy; nkz;lypd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

 ,jpy; ,aw;ifahfNt jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if eilngWtjhy; Jha
jhtuq;fisg; ngUf;fk; nra;tJ vspJ.
 ,J xuhz;L (xU gFjp) jhtukhf ,Ug;gjhy; tho;f;iff; fhyk; kpff;
FWfpaJ. vdNt FWfpa fhyj;jpy; gy jiyKiwfis tpiutpy;
mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;
 ,jpy; may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if nra;tJ kpfTk; vspJ.
 Mokhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gy NtWgl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 kyh;fs; midj;Jk; ,Ughy; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
9. xU gz;G fyg;G vd;gJ caukhd gl;lhzp jhtuj;ij Fl;ilahd gl;lhzpj;
jhtuj;Jld; fyg;G nra;tjhFk;
10. F2 re;jjpapy; %d;W tifahd jhtuq;fs; Njhd;wpd
fyg;gw;w nel;il TT-1 (nel;il> nel;il)
(N`hNkhirf];)

63
 fyg;gpd nel;il Tt- 2(nel;il> Fl;il)
(n`l;bNuhirf];)
fyg;gw;w Fl;il tt-1 (Fl;il> Fl;il)

11. fyg;gw;w nel;il (TT)> Fl;il (tt) ngw;Nwhhpy; cs;sJ Nghy fhuzpfs; xNu
tifiar; Nrh;e;jitahf ,Ug;gpd; mit N`hNkhirf]; (xj;j fUepiy )
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
12. xU gz;G fyg;Gaphpapy; cs;sJ Nghy; fhuzpfs; ntt;NtW tifiar; (Tt)
Nrh;e;jitahf ,Ue;jhy; mit n`l;bNuhirf]; (NtWgl;l fUepiy) vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
13. ,U gz;G fyg;G vd;gJ tl;lkhd gr;irtpij gl;lhzp jhtuj;ij RUq;fpa
kQ;rs; tpij gl;lhzp jhtuj;Jld; fyg;G nra;tjhFk;.
14. gpwfyg;G vd;gJ Kjy; jiyKiw jhtuj;ij gpshz;l; (F1 plant) VNjDk;
xU ngw;Nwhh; jhtuj;Jld; fyg;G nra;tjhFk;.
15. Nrhjidf; fyg;G vd;gJ Kjy; jiyKiw jhtuj;ij xLq;F
ngw;Nwhh; jhtuj;Jld; fyg;G nra;tjhFk;.
16. fyg;G gz;Gfspd; rpy NtWghLfs;
xU gz;G fyg;G Gwj;Njhw;w tpfpjk; 3:1
(gPNdhilg;gpf;)
xU gz;G fyg;G [Pdhf;f tpfpjk; 1:2:1
([PNdhilg;gPf;)
,U gz;G fyg;G Gwj;Njhw;w tpfpjk; 9:3:3:1
Nrhjidf; fyg;G 1:1

17. Gwj;Njhw;wj;jpy; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfshd nel;il my;yJ

Fl;il > Cjh my;yJ nts;is epwk; Nghd;wit Gwj;Njhw;w gz;G (gPNdhilg;
) vdg;gLk;.
18. Gwg;gz;GfSf;F fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrhk; my;yJ [Pd; mikg;G [Pdhf;fg;
gz;G ([PNdhilg; ) vdg;gl;lJ
19. xU gz;gpd; ,U NtWgl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;s [Pd; mikg;Gj;
jd;ikf;F my;yPy;fs; vd;Wk;> my;yPy;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; gz;gpw;F my;yPNyh
khh;Gfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;
20. xU gz;gpd; ,U NtWgl;l epiyfSf;fhd fhuzpfspy; fUTWjy;
eilngWk;> NghJ xU gz;G kl;Lk; ntspg;gLfpwJ (nel;il) kw;nwhd;W
kiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. (Fl;il) ntspg;gLk; gz;G Xq;F gz;G vdTk;>
kiwf;fg;gLk; gz;G xLq;F gz;G vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

64
21. xU gz;Gf; fyg;G kw;Wk; ,U gz;Gf; fyg;G Nrhjidfspd; mbg;gilapy;
nkz;ly; %d;W Kf;fpakhd tpjpfis Kd; itj;jhh;.
1. xq;F jd;ikapd; tpjp
2. jdpj;Jg; gphpjypd; tpjp (m) NfkPl;Lfspd; fyg;gw;w jd;ikapd; tpjp
3. rhh;gpd;wp xJq;Fjypd; tpjp
22. nkz;lypd; xU gz;G fyg;ig tpsf;FtJ jdpj;Jg; gphpjypd; tpjp MFk;.
23. nkz;lypd; ,U gz;G fyg;ig tpsf;ftJ rhh;gpd;wp xJq;Fjypd; tpjp MFk;
24. nkz;ly;pd; gl;lhzp jhtuj;jpy; jd; Ma;Tf;Fj; Njh;e;njLf;f fhuzk;> mJ
Fiwe;j tho;ehisAk; mjpf tiffisAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
25. nts;spr;nrbapy; kiwj;jiyf; fz;lth; rpd;dl;
26. ,Ugz;G fyg;G tpfpjj;jpd; khWghLfs; 9:3:3:1
 epug;g [Pdf
; s; 9: 7
 Jiz [Pdf
; s; 9: 3: 4
 kiwj;jy; [Pdf
; s; 12: 3: 1
27. FNuhNkhNrhk;
 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vd;W nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fpg;
gad;gLj;jpath; thy;Nlah; > 1888
 FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ,Wjpg; gFjp my;yJ Edpg;gFjp BNyhkpah; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J FNuhNkhNrhk;fSf;F epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia
mspj;Jg; guhkhpf;fpwJ. ,J FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vjpnujph; Kidfs;
xd;W Nruhky; jLf;fpwJ.
 rpy FNuhNkhNrhk; xU Kidapy; ePz;l Fkpo; Nghd;w ,izAWg;G
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ,izaWg;G rhl;biyl; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ,uz;L fuq;fSk; ,izAk; Gs;sp
Kjd;ikRUf;fk; my;yJ nrd;l;Nuhkpah; MFk;.
 Rpy FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; VNjDk; rpy gFjpfspy; ,uz;lhk; epiyr;
RUf;fq;fisAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; . ,e;jg; gFjp cl;fUg; gFjp (m) cl;fU
kzp cUthf;Fk; gFjp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 nrd;l;Nuhkpah;> ,uz;L FNuhNkhl;bfisAk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy;
xd;whf ,izf;fpwJ. xt;nthU FNuhNkl;bLk;. jpUF Nghy;
RUl;lg;gl;l nky;ypa FNuhNkhdpkh vd;w mikg;ghy; MdJ.
FNuhNkhdpkh jd; KO ePsj;jpw;Fk; vz;zw;w kzp Nghd;w
FNuhNkhkpah;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; FNuhNkhNrhk; Gujq;fs; (`p];Nlhd;
kw;Wk; `p];Nlhd; my;yhjit)> kw;Wk; rpy cNyhf madpfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ

65
28. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vd;git ghuk;ghpaj; jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa kuGg;
nghUs;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;lit.
29. „ B Mf;]p hpNgh epA+f;spa];
30. xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gwj;Njhw;wg; gz;G flj;jg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd tpd;
gFjp [Pd; MFk;.
31. xt;nthU [PDk; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l miktplj;jpy;
mike;Js;sd me;j mikT Nyhf]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
32. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; ehd;F tiffs;:

Centromere Arm

TeloCentric Acrocentric Sub- Metacentric Metacentric

Nfhy; tbtk; Nfhy; tbtk; J & L tbtk; V „ tbtk;

33. gzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; tiffs;

gzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; tiffs;

Ml;NlhNrhk; my;NyhNrhk;
(cly; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ghypdj;ij
eph;zapf;ff;
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ) $bait

 xU caphpd; ghypdj;ij eph;zapf;ff;$ba FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ghy;

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; my;yJ n`l;bNuhNrhk;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 cly; gz;Gfis eph;zapf;Fk; [Pdf
; isg; ngw;wit Ml;NlhNrhk;fs;
 ngz; . - Mz;
34. rpy jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if
jhtuj;jpd; FNuhNkhNrhk; tpyq;Ffspd; FNuhNkhNrh
ngah; vz;zpf;if ngah; k;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
fhshd; 2 kdpjd; 46

66
 Kl;ilNfh 18 go < 8
];
ney; 24 Nfhop 78
ntq;fhak; 18 gl;Lg;G+r;rp 56
gUj;jp 53 jq;fkPd; 100

35. ve;j xU Fwpg;gpl;l thOk; caphpdj;jpw;Fk; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if

khwpypahf cs;sJ.
36. kdpjDs; nghJthf 23 N[hb (nkhj;jk; 46) FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLk;
37. kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; 23 N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; 22 N[hbfs;
Ml;NlhNrhk;fshfTk; 23tJ N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk; my;NyhNrhk; (m) ghy;
FNuhNkhNrhkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ
38. ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; caphpdq;fspd;> cly; nry;fspy;
FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; N[hbfshf ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;j epiy ,Uka epiy (2n)
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;Taphpdq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,dr;nry;fspy; xU
FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G kl;Lk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. vdNt ,d nry;fs; xw;iw
ka nry;fs; (n) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
39. xh; caphpdj;jpy; nry; cl;fUtpy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if
msT kw;Wk; tbtk; NfhpNahilg; vdg;gLfpwJ.
40. xU rpw;wpdj;jpd; NfhpNahilg; tiugl tpsf;fk; ,bNahfpuhk; vd
miof;fg;;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; midj;J nkl;lhepiy FNuhNkhNrhk;fSk;
xj;jpirthd FNuhNkhNrhk; N[hbfshf mtw;wpd; ePsk;> jbkd;>
nrd;l;Nuhkpahpd; epiy> tbtk; kw;Wk; gy gz;Gfspd; ,wq;F thpirapy;
,lk;ngw;ws;sd. ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,t;thpirapy; ,Wjpapy; cs;sd
41. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; mbg;gil myF ,jidf; fz;lwpe;jth; N[k;]; thl;rd;
kw;Wk; gpuhd;rp]; fphpf;>
42. epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fspd; %yf;$W mikg;Gfis gw;wp fz;Lgpbj;jw;fhf 1962
y; kUe;Jtj;jpw;fhd Nehgy; ghpR ngw;wth;fs; N[k;]; thl;rd;> gpuhd;rp];
fphpf;> nkshp]; tpy;fpd;];
43. Nuh]ypd;;l; gpuhq;fspd; kw;Wk; nkshp]; tpy;fpd;]; MfpNahhpd; fjph;
tpspk;G tpyfy; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; tpd; Kg;ghpkhd khjphpia
ntspapl;lth; thl;rd; kw;Wk; fPhpf;
44. vd;gJ kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd epA+f;spNahilLfis cs;slf;fpa
kpfg;nghpa %yf;$W MFk;. vdNt ,J ghyp epA+f;spNahilL vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
45. xt;nthU epA+f;spNahilLfSk; %d;W $Wfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
 xU rh;f;fiu %yf;$W „ B Mf;]piuNgh]; rh;f;fiu

67
  xU iel;u[d; fhuk; - ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
 gpA+hpd;fs; (mbidd; kw;Wk; Fthidd;)
 gphpkpbd;fs; (irl;Nlhrpd; kw;Wk; ijk];)
 xU gh];Ngl; njhFjp
46. epA+f;spNahirL iel;u[d; fhuk; rh;;f;fiu
47. epA+f;spNahilL epA+f;spNahirL gh];Ngl;
48. thl;rd; kw;Wk; fphpf;fpd; khjphp
 %yf;$W ,uz;L ghyp epA+f;spNahilL ,iofshy; MdJ.
 ,e;j ,iofs; ,ul;ilr; RUs; mikg;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j
,iofs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjph; ,iz ,ay;Gld; vjpnujph; jpirfspy;
nry;fpd;wd
 ikaj;jpy; cs;s iel;u[d; fhuq;fs; rh;f;fiu „ gh];Ngl;
njhFjpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bs;sd. ,e;j njhFjpfs; tpd;
KJnfYk;ghf cs;sJ
 iel;u[d; fhuq;fs; ,izTWjy; vg;nghOJk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
tpjj;jpNyNa mikfpwJ. ,it vg;nghOJk; i`l;u[d; gpizg;Gfshy;
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd
 mbidd; (A) ijkpDld; (T) ,uz;L iel;u[d; gpizg;Gfshy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (A=T)
 irl;Nlhrpd; (C) FthidDld; (G) %d;W iel;u[d;
gpizg;Gfshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (C G) ,j;jifa
,izTWjy; epug;G fhu ,izTWjy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 iel;u[d; fhuq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd i`l;u[d; gpizg;G tpw;F
epiyg;Gj; jd;ikiaj; jUfpwJ
 ,ul;ilr; RUs; mikg;gpd; xt;nthU Rw;Wk; 34 (3.4 nm)
mstpyhdJ.
 ,ul;ilr; RUs; mikg;gpd; xU KO Rw;wpy; gj;J fhu ,izfs;
cs;sd.
 ,ul;ilr; RUspy; cs;s epA+f;spNahilLfs; gh];Ngh il v];lh;
gpizg;Gfshy; xd;whf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

49. %yf;$W ,ul;bg;ghjy; njhlq;Fk; ,lj;jpy; n`ypNf]; vd;w nehjp

,izfpwJ. ,J tpd; ,uz;L ,iofis gphpf;fpwJ.
NlhNgh[NrhnkNu]; nehjp ,ul;bg;ghjy; fitapd; NkNy cs;s ,ul;ilr;
RUis gphpj;J. mit gphpAk; nghOJ Vw;gl;l KWf;fy;fis ePf;FfpwJ. gphpe;j

68
 xt;nthU ,ioAk; Gjpa ,iof;fhd khjphp cU Nghd;W
nray;gLfpd;wd
50. kuGg;nghwpapay; vd;gJ caphpapd; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; tpy; Gjpjhf kugpay;
jd;ikfisr; Nrh;jN
; jh> Fiwj;Njh khw;wk; nra;tjhFk;
51. kuGg; nghwpapaypd; mbg;gil njhopy;El;gj;jpy; it gy Jz;Lfshf
ntl;b xl;litf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
52. tiuaiw nehjpfs; my;yJ nu];l;bhpf;\d; vz;Nlh ePA+f;spNa]; vd;Dk;
nehjp> xU %yf;$W fj;jhpf;Nfhyhfr; nray;gl;L it Fwpg;gpl;l
gFjpapy; ntl;LfpwJ
53. ypNf]; nehjp (%yf;$W gir) tpd; ntl;lg;gl;l Jz;Lfis
xl;litg;gjw;F gad;gLfpd;wJ.
54. ngz; NfkPl;Lfs; my;yJ mz;l nry;fs; xNu khjphpahd FNuhNkhNrhk;
mikg;igg; (22+X) ngw;Ws;sd. MfNt kdpj ,dj;jpy; ngz; caphpfs;
N`hNkhNfkPl;bf; MFk;.
55. kdpj ,dj;jpy; Mz;fs; n`l;bNuhNfkPl;bf; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;
56. Mz; NfkPl;Lfs; my;yJ tpe;jZf;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
 (22+X ) FNuhNkhNrhk;fis cila tpe;jZf;fs;
 (22+Y) FNuhNkhNrhk;fis cila tpe;jZf;fs;
57. je;ij cUthf;Fk; tpe;jZNt Foe;ijapd; ghypdj;ij eph;zapf;fpwJ.
58. (22+ X) mz;lk; (22+Y) tpe;jZTld; fUTWk; nghOJ ngz; (44+ XX) Foe;ij
cUthfpwJ.
59. (22+ X) mz;lk; (22+Y) tpe;jZTld; fUTWk; nghOJ Mz; (44+ XY) Foe;ij
cUthfpwJ.
60. “rLjp khw;wk; ”(jPBh; khw;wk; ) vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; `pA+Nfh
Btphp]; (1901)
61. guk;giuahfj; njhluf; $ba> jPBnud Xh; caphpapd; kuGg;nghUspy; (DNA)
jPBnud Vw;gLk; khw;wk; rLjp khw;wk; vdg;gLk;
62. rLjp khw;wk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; (FNuhNkhNrhk; rLjp khw;wk; > [Pd; rLjp
khw;wk;)
63. FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;g my;yJ vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; jPBh; khw;wk;
FNuhNkhNrhk; rLjp khw;wk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
64. gpsha;b(Ploidy)
 gpsha;b vd;gJ FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; khWjiyf;
Fwpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; Gwj;Njhw;wj;jpy; khWghL Vw;gLk;. ,J A+g;sha;b>
md;A+g;sha;b vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

69
  caphpfs; tof;fkhd ,Uka (2n) FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; tpl mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapy; ngw;Ws;s epiy A+gpsha;b vdg;gLk;

A+g;sha;b

Vg; sha;b bg; sha;b ghypg; sha;b

FNuhNkhNrhkpy; tUk; nrf;]; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; tUk; jhtufspy; tUk;

65. md;A+gpsha;bapd; epiyfs;

md;A+gpsha;b

i`g;Ngh gpsh];b i`g;gh; gpsha;b

45 FNuhNkhNrhk; 47 FNuhNkhNrhk;

v.fh l;iuNrhkp (2n +1) or (46 +1)

nll;uhNrhkp (2n+2)

NkhNdhNrhkp ey;ypNrhkp

(2n+1) or (46-1) (2n-2) or (46-2)

23 N[hbapy; 23 N[hbapy;

1 Fiwjy; 2 Fiwjy;

66. NkhNdhNrhkp (v.fh)

 lh;dh;rpd;Nuhk; xU kugpay; Neha; MFk;
 ,J ngz;fspy; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhkpy; Vw;gLk; kugpay; Neha; MFk;.
 44 f;F gjpyhf 44 kl;Lk; ,Uf;fk;.
 ngz;fspy; my;NyhNrhk;fspy; cs;s xU FNuhNkhNrhk; FiwAk;. ,J
NkhNdhNrhkp vd;w miof;fg;gLfpwJ

70
  Ml;NlhNrhkpy; khw;wk; ,Uf;fhJ
 lh;dh;rpd;Nuhk; Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; kyl;Lj; jd;ik> <];l;Nuh[d; kw;wk;
GNuhn[];bNuhd; Ruf;fhJ> ,uz;lhk; epiyg; ghy; gz;Gfs;
tsh;r;rpaile;jpUf;fhJ
 GNuhn[];bNuhd; fh;g;gfhy `hh;Nkhd; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
67. l;iuNrhkp (v.fh)
 Ml;NlhNrhk;fspy; Vw;gLk; gpsha;b
 my;NyhNrhk;fspy; Vw;gLk; gpsha;b
68. Ml;NlhNrhk;fspy; Vw;gLk; gpsha;b
 lTd; rpd;l;Nuhk; Ml;NlhNrhk;fspy; Vw;gLk; gpsha;b MFk;.
 lTd; rpd;l;Nuhk; Kjd; Kjyhf yhq;f;ld; lTd; vd;w kUj;Jtuhy; 1866 Mk;
Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ
 ,J Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ,UtiuAk; ghjpf;Fk; kugpay; Neha; MFk;.
 ,J 21 tJ FNuhNkhNrhk; thpirapy; 1 FNuhNkhNrhk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;
 Mz; -45 + XY = 47
 ngz; - 45 +XX = 47
 ,j;jifa FNuhNkhNrhk; cs;sth;fs; kd tsh;r;rpf; FiwghL< jhkjkhd
tsh;r;rp> elj;ij rhh;e;j gpur;ridfs;> gytPdkhd jir mikg;G> ghh;it
kw;Wk; Nfl;ly; FiwghL fhzg;gLk;;
 ,j;jifa FiwghL cilath;fs; kq;fsha;L Kl;lhs;fs; vdg;gLth;
69. my;NyhNrhk;fspy; Vw;gLk; gpsh];b
 fpisd; gpy;lh; vd;gJ Mz;fspd; ghy; FNuhNkhNrhkhd my;NyhNrhkpy; 1
FNuhNkhNrhk; mjpfhpj;J fhzg;gLk;.
 44 + XY f;F gjpyhf 45 fhzg;gLk;
 fpisd; gpy;lh; cs;sth;fs; ngz; jd;ik cs;s Mzhf ,Ug;gh; kyl;lj;
jd;ik cs;sMzhf ,Ug;gh;
 kyl;Lj; jd;ik cs;s Mzhf ,Ug;gh;
 ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs; `hh;Nkhdpfs; Ruf;fhJ
 Mz;l;Nuhn[d; kw;Wk; nl];l;Nuh[d; `hh;Nkhd;fs; Ruf;fhJ.
70. lh;dh; rpd;Nuhk; kw;Wk; fpisd; gpy;lh; NtWghL
lh;dh; rpd;Nuhk; fpisd; gpy;l;h;
ngz;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha; Mz;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;
NkhNdhNrhkpf; (2n -1) (m) (46-1 =45) l;iuNrhkpf; (2n+1) (m) (46+ 1= 47)
my;NyhNrhkpy; xU X FNuhNkhNrhk; my;NyhNrhkpy; xU X FNuhNkhNrhk;
Fiwe;jpUf;Fk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;

71
 71. lTd rpd;Nuhk; kw;Wk; fpisd; gpy;lh; NtWghL
;lTd; rpd;Nuhk; fpisd; gpy;lh;
Mz;> ngz; vd ,UtUf;Fk; Vw;gLk; Neha; Mz;f;F kl;Lk; Vw;gLk;Neha;
l;iuNrhkp 47 FNuhNkhNrhk; ,Uf;Fk; l;iuNrhkp 47 FNuhNkhNrhk; ,Uf;Fk;
Ml;NlhNrhkpy; FNuhNkhNrhk; mjpfhpf;Fk; my;NyhNrhkpy; FNuhNkhNrhk; mjpfhpf;Fk;
kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wp fhzg;gLk; kdtsh;r;rp ed;whf ,Uf;Fk;

72. xU [Pdpd; epA+f;spNahilL thpirapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; [Pd; rLjp khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
73. jpBh;khw;wj;jpd; tiffs;
jpBh; khw;wj;jpd; tiffs; nray;fs;
jd;dpr;ir jpBh; khw;wk; ,ul;bg;ghjypy; Vw;gLk; gpio my;yJ rpijT
Jhz;lg;gl;l jpBh; khw;wk; nraw;if Kiwapy; Jhz;lg;gLtJ
cly; jpBh; khw;wk; cly; nry;fspy; Vw;gLk; jPBh; khw;wk; v.fh kr;rk;.
,J gpd;tUk; jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;gLtjpy;iy
,dr;nrhy; jpBh; khw;wk; ,dg;ngUf;f [Pd;fspy; Vw;gLk; jPBh;khw;wk; ,J
gpd;tUk; guk;giuf;F flj;jg;gLk;.v.fh `PNkhgPypah
FNuhNkhNrhk; jpBh; khw;wk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; Vw;gLk; jpBh; khw;wk; . ,J
FNuhNkhNrhk; ePf;fk; ngwy;> ,ul;bg;ghjy;>
jiyfPo;j;jpUg;gk;> ,lk;ngah;jy; vd gytifg;gLk;
[Pd; jPBh;khw;wk; (m) Gs;sp jpBh; khw;;wk; ,iz fhuq;fspy; xU fhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jpBh;
khw;wk; ,jdhy; Gujr; Nrh;f;if jilgLk; kdpjdpy;
,J my;gPdprk;>mdPhPbah > my;fhg;Nlh epA+hpah>
mkNuhbf; ,barp Mfpatw;iw cz;lhf;FfpwJ.

nfhy;yp jpBh; khw;wk; [PdhdJ ,ay;Gf;F khwhf mbNahL khw;wk; ngWk;.

,t;Taphpdq;fis ngUk;ghYk; ,we;JtpLk;. v.fh
mkNuhbf; ,barp> rpf;fpy;nry; mdPkpah
Gwmikg;G jpBh; khw;wk; caphpdq;fspd; tz;zk;> tbtk;> msT
Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLk; jpBh; khw;wk; v.fh
Fl;ilg;gl;lhzp

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f > njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. Gd;dl; fl;lk; vd;gJ Gd;dl;lhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidg; gyif MFk;. kugpay;

fyg;gpy; [PNdhilg; vt;thW cUthfpwJ. vd;gijj; njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; xU tiugl
KiwahFk;.
2. kugpaypd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; gq;F gw;wpa fz;Lgpbg;gpw;fhd Nehgy; ghpR 1993 Mk;
Mz;L Nkhh;fDf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

72
3. BNyhkpah;fs; xt;nthU nry;ypd; KJikia czh;jJ
; k; fbfhuq;fsfhfr;
nray;gLfpd;wd.
4. BNyhkpah;fs; > FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ghJfhg;G epA+f;spNahill; njhlh;thpir
MFk;. xt;nthU Kiw nrhy; gFg;gilAk; NghJ mit FWfy;
milfpd;wd. BNyhkpah;fs; kpfTk; FWfp> jq;fs; Ntiyiar; nra;a Kbahj NghJ>
nry;fs; KJikaila fhuzkhfpd;wd.
5. iel;u[d; fhuk; ,izTWjYf;fhd rhh;fhg; tpjp
 Vh;tpd; rhh;fhg; $w;Wg;gb> tpy; vg;nghOJk; mbiddpd; tpfpjKk;
ijkpdpd; tpfpjKk; rkkhf cs;sd. NkYk; > Fthiddpd; tpfpjKk;
irl;Nlhrpdpd; tpfpjKk; vg;nghOJk; rkkhf cs;sd.
6. xw;iw [Pdpy; Vw;gLk; jpBh; khw;wj;jhy; fjph; mhpths; ,uj;j Nrhif Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ.
,e;j [Pdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;> `PNkhFNshgpd; %yf;$wpy; cs;s Gujg; gFjpapd; mikg;gpy;
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ> Guj %yf;$wpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpdhy; ,e;j `PNkhFNshgpidf;
nfhz;Ls;s rptg;G ,uj;j nry;fs; fjph; mhpths; tbtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

73
 6 Mk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

nry;

1. caphpdq;fspd; mbg;gil mikg;G kw;Wk; nray; myF nry; MFk;

nry;iyf; fz;lwpe;jth; uhgh;l; `Pf; (,q;fpyhe;J)
nry;ypd; cl;fUit fz;lwpe;jth; ,uhgh;l; gpnusd;
nry;ypd; cl;fU kzpiaf; fz;lwpe;jth; ghz;ldh

2. ,uhgh;l; `Pf; ikf;Nuh fpuhgpah vd;w Ehypid ntspapl;l Mz;L 1665

3. Kjd; Kjypy; nry; vd;w nrhy;ypidg; gad;gLj;jp jpRfspd; mikg;gpid tpsf;fpath;
,uhgh;l; `Pf;
4. nry;Yyh vd;gJ ,yj;jd
P ; nkhopr; nrhy;. nry;Yyh vd;gjw;F rpwpa miw vd;W
nghUs;
5. nry;iyg; gw;wp gbf;Fk; mwptpay; gphpT nry; caphpay; vdg;gLk;
6. nry;ypd; %d;W Kf;fpa gFjpfs;
 nrhy;iyr; Rw;wp fhzg;gLk; ntsp ciwahd nry;rt;T
 jptepiy irl;Nlhgpshrk;
 cl;fU
7. nry;ypd; gyNtW gzpfisr; nra;tjw;fhf nry;ypDs; gy cWg;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it nry; Ez; cWg;Gfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
8. nry;ypd; msthdJ ikf;Nuh kPl;lhpypUe;J rpy nrd;bkPl;lh; tiu NtWgLfpwJ.
9. ghf;Bhpah kpfr;rpwpait. xNu nry;yhy; Mdhit. ,it 0.1 Kjy; 0.5 ikf;Nuhkpl;lh;
tiu msTs;sit.
10. xNu nrhy;yhyhd neUg;Gf;Nfhopapd; Kl;;ilahdJ 170 kp.kP tpl;lk; nfhz;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ
11. ekJ clypy; kpf ePskhd nry; euk;G nry;.
12. xU nry; caphpdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ghf;Bhpah> mkPgh> fpshkpNlNkhdh];> <];l;
13. gy nry; caphpdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L: ];igNuhifuh> khkuk;> kdpjd;
14. nghJthf nry;fs; ,uz;L tiffshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;>
A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;)
15. ghf;Bhpah Nghd;w xU nry; Ez;Zaphpfspy; GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
16. GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; njspthd cl;fUtpid nfhz;bUf;fhJ. ,tw;wpd; cl;fU
epA+f;spaha;L vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
17. Gtpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; cUthd nry; GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry; MFk;.

74
18. GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;ypd; tpl;lk; 0.003 ikf;NuhkPl;lh; Kjy; 2.0 ikf;NuhkPl;lh; tiu
,Uf;Fk;.
19. GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;Yf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L vf;n]hpr;rpah Nfhiy ghf;Bhpah
20. GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;fspy; epA+f;spNahy]; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
21. GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;fistpl mstpy; nghpa nry; A+Nfhpahl;bf;
22. A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry; rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Ez; cWg;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sd.
23. A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;Yf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L : jhtu nry;fs;> tpyq;F nry;fs;> G+Q;irfs;>
My;fhf;fs;
24. GNuhNfhpahl;bf; kw;Wk; A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs;:
GNuhNfNahl;bf; nry; A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;
xd;w Kjy; ,uz;L ikf;uhd; tpl;lk; gj;J Kj;J EhW ikf;uhd; tpl;lk;
nfhz;lit nfhz;lit
nry; Ez;cWg;Gfisr; Rw;wp rt;T nry; Ez;cWg;Gfisr; Rw;wp rt;T
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy fhzg;gLfpwJ
njsptw;w cl;fU nfhz;lit njspthd cl;fU nfhz;lit
epAf;spNahy]; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy epAf;spNahy]; fhzg;gLk;
iuNghNrhk;fs; 70S msTilait iuNghNrhk;fs; 80S msTilailt

25. jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; gy nry; caphpdq;fshFk; ,tw;wpd; nry;fs;

ANfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
26. jhtu nry;fs; gz;Gfs;:
 jhtu nry;fs; tpyq;F nry;fistpl mstpy; nghpaditahfTk;>
fbdj;jd;ik kpf;fjhfTk; cs;sd.
 jhtu nry;fs; mjidr; Rw;wp ntspg;Gwj;jpy; nry;RiuAk; mjidaLj;J
nry;Rt;tpidAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 jhtu nry;fs; gRq;fzpfq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.
 Ez; Fkpo;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; nrd;bhpNahy;fs;> fhzg;gltpy;iy.
27. tpyq;F nry;ypd; gz;Gfs;:
 tpyq;F nry;fs;> jhtu nry;fistpl mstpy; rpwpait> tpyq;F nry;fs;
fbdj;jd;ik mw;wit.
 tpyq;F nry;iyr; Rw;wp nry; rt;T fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; nry;Rth;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 tpyq;F nry;fs; rpwpa Ez;Fkpo;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.
 tpyq;F nry;ypy; nrd;l;hpNahy;fs; cz;L.
28. nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mjd; gzpfs;:
nry;ypd; ghfk; Kf;fpa gzpfs; rpwg;Gg; ngah;

75
 nry; Rth; nrhy;iy ghJfhf;fpwJ. jhq;Fgth; (m) ghJfhg;gth;
nry;ypw;F cWjp kw;Wk;
typikiaj; jUfpwJ
nry; rt;T nry;ypw;Fg; ghJfhg;G jUfpwJ. nry;ypd; fjT
nry;ypd; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F
cjTfpwJ
irl;Nlhgpshrk; ePh; my;yJ n[y;yp Nghd;w nry;ypd; efUk; gFjp
nry;ypy; cs;s efUk; nghUs;
ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah; nry;ypw;Fj; Njitahd mjpf nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ikak;
rf;jpia cUthf;fpj; jUfpwJ
gRq;fzpfk; ,jpy; gr;irak; vd;w epwkp nry;ypd; czTj;
cs;sJ. ,J #hpa xspia njhopw;rhiy
<h;jJ
; xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; %yk;
czT jahhpf;f cjTfpwJ.
Ez;Fkpo;fs; ,J czT ePh; kw;Wk; Ntjpg; nry;ypd; Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;F
nghUs;fisr; Nrkpf;fpwJ
cl;fU (epAf;spa];) nry;ypd; %isahf nry;ypd; fl;Lg;ghlLikak;
nray;gLfpwJ. nry;ypd;
midj;Jr; nray;fisAk;
xUq;fpizj;Jf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
cl;fU ciw epAflsoai]r; Rw;wp mijg; cl;fUthapy; my;yJ cl;fU
(epA+f;spa]; ciw) ghJfhf;fpwJ. epAf;spa]pd; fjT
cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk;
nghUs;fis mDg;GfpwJ

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f > rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. ek;khy; ntWk; fz;fshy; nry;ypid fhz ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; mJ mstpy; kpfr;rpwpaJ.

mjid $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpahy; ek;khy; fhz ,aYk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ nry;fis ed;F cUg;nghUf;fk; nra;J
fhzg;gad;gLfpwJ
2. nry;ypd; mstpw;Fk; caphpdj;jpd; mstpw;Fk; ahnjhU njhlh;Gk; ,y;iy. cjhuzkhf
ahidapd; nry;> Rz;nlypapd; nry;iy tpl kpfg; nghpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
mtrpakpy;iy

76
3. Njhuhakhf> kdpj clypy; cs;s nry;fspd; vz;zpf;if 3.7 X 1013 (m)
37>000>000>000>000

7 Mk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

nry; caphpay;

77
 1. ghf;Bhpah xU Ez;Zaphp vd;gjhy; Ez;Nzhf;fp kl;LNk fhzKbAk;.
2. caphpdq;fspd; mbg;gilf; fl;Lkhdg; nghUs; nry;.
3. xNu tbtq;fshyhd my;yJ gy tbtq;fshyhd nry;fisf; nfhz;L nghJthd
gzpfisr; nra;a$ba jpRf;fs; MFk;.
4. kdpjh;fs; kw;Wk; gpw tpyq;Ffspy; cs;s jpRf;fs; euk;Gj; jpR> vgpjPypak; jpR> ,izg;Gj;
jpR> jir jpR
5. jhtuq;fspy; cs;s jpRf;fs; flj;Jk; jpR> Gwj;Njhy; jpR> mbg;gilj; jpR
6. xU nry;ypd; cs;Ns> gy kpfr;rpwpa mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. mit nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd.
7. nry;ypd; gzpfs;

nry;ypd; rpwg;G mikg;G gzfs;

vgpjPypay; nry;fs; jl;ilahd kw;Wk; ,itfs; clypd; Nkw;gug;ig
Jhz;tbtr; nry;fs; %b ghJfhf;fpwJ
jir nry;fs; ePz;l kw;Wk; fjph;Nfhy; ,it RUq;fp tphptilAk;
tbt nry;fs; jd;ikahy; jirfspd;
,af;fj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ
euk;G nry;fs; euk;G nry;ypd; clyk; Clypd; nray;fis
fpisj;j> ePz;l euk;G xUq;fpizj;jy; kw;Wk; nra;jp
ehh;fisf; nfhz;lit ghpkhw;wk; Nghd;w nray;fisr;
nra;fpd;wd
,uj;j rptg;G nry;fs; tl;l tbtk;> ,UGwFop Clypd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F
kw;Wk; jl;LtbtkhdJ Mf;]p[id vLj;Jr;
nry;fpd;wd.
mg;gFjpfspypUe;J fhh;gd;
il Mf;irilr;
Nrfhpf;fpd;wd

8. tpyq;F nry;ypidr; Rw;wp vy;iyahf ,Ug;gJ gpsh];kh rt;T> ,J nry;rt;T vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ
9. nry;Rth; nry;YNyh]hy; MdJ
10. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F nry;ypd; Ez;ZWg;Gfs;

nry;ypd; cWg;G gzpfs;

nry;Rth; (jhtu nry;ypy; kl;Lk; nry;iyr; Rw;wpAs;s xU Rth;> ,J nry;iyg; ghJfhf;fTk;
fhzg;gLk;) mjd; tbtj;ij epiyg;gLj;jTk; gad;gLfpwJ
gRq;fzpfk; gRik epwKila fzpfq;fs; mjpf mstpy; epiwe;Js;sJ.

78
 xspr; Nrh;f;iff;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ
nghpa Fkpo;fs; (jhtu nry;ypy; fhpk> fdpk Ntjp %yf;$Wfs; kw;Wk; ePh; nry; cWg;GfSf;F
kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;) MjuT toq;FfpwJ.
nrd;l;hpNahy; (tpyq;F nry;ypy; nrd;BhpNahy; vd;gJ Nfhstbtk; nfhz;L xU N[hbahf
kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;) fhzg;gLk;. nry; gFg;gpd; NghJ ];gpd;by; ehh;fisg;
ngUf;fkilar; nra;fpwJ
rpwpa Fkpopfs; (tpyq;F nry;ypy; fhpk> fdpk Ntjp %yf;$Wfs; kw;Wk; ePh; nry; cWg;GfSf;F
kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;) MjuT toq;FfpwJ.
cl;fU nry;ypd; fl;Lg;ghl;L ikak;> ,J jhd; nghpa nry; cWg;G
hpNghNrhk; hpNghNrhk;fs; Mh;. vd. V itg; ngw;Ws;sJ. GNuhl;Bd;
kw;Wk; ghypngg;ilLfis xd;wpizf;fpwJ
irl;Nlhgpshrk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; vd;gJ nry;rt;T cs;slf;fpaJ.
cl;fUitj; jtpu nry;ypd; midj;J gFjpfspYk;
fhzg;gLk;.
vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; jl;ilahd my;yJ Foha;
Nghd;w igfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cl;Gw rt;T>
iuNghNrhk;fSld; ,ize;J Guj Nrh;f;iff;F cjTfpwJ.
Nfhy;fp clyk; xd;wd Nky; xd;W mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;L> Rug;gp Foy;fSld;
mike;Js;s Nfhy;fp cWg;Gfs; nehjpfisr; Rue;J nry;
,ilntspf;Ff; flj;JfpwJ
ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah(tbtk;: Nfhs ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah xU nry; Rthr cWg;G ,it nry;Yf;F
tbtk; (m) Fr;rp tbtk;) mbNdhrpd; l;iu gh];Ngl; vd;w %yf;$wpid toq;FfpwJ.
,it nry;ypw;F rf;jpia toq;Ftjw;F cjTfpwJ
iyNrhNrhk; (jw;nfhy;iyg; nry;ypd; Kjd;ikahd nrhpkhdg; gFjp
igfs;)
GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; cl;fUtpw;F cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; fhzg;gLk; gFjp
mZf;fU jputk; my;yJ c;fUtpw;F c;sNs cs;s jputg;gFjp (Fwpg;G : cl;fUtpw;F
epA+f;spNahgpshrk; ntspNa cs;s jputk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; vdg;gLk;.)

11. cztpypUe;J Guj;ij gphpj;J nry;Yf;Fk; clYf;Fk; tY Nrh;g;gJ Nfhy;if cWg;gGfs;

12. vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
 nrhunrhug;ghd vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy;
 nkd;ikahd vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy;
13. iuNghNrhk;fs; ,ize;J ,Ug;gjhy; Guj Nrh;f;iff;F cjTfpwJ nrhunrhug;ghd
vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; MFk;.
14. iuNghNrhk;fs; mw;W fhzg;gLk; nkd;ikahd vz;Nlhgpshrk; tiyg;gpd;dy; MFk;.

79
 15. nfhOg;Gfs;> ];Buha;Lfs; Mfpatw;iwj; jahhpg;gjpYk; flj;jypYk; gq;F nfhs;tJ
vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dypd; gzpahFk;.

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f ( Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. %yr; nry;fs;: ve;jnthU tif nry;Yf;Fs; nry;gphpjy; mile;J ngUf;fk; mile;J

tsh;r;rpailAk; jpwd; cilaJ . Mdhy; %yr; nry;fs; kpfTk; Mr;rhpakhdit .
fUtpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; %yr; nry;fs; kpfTk; rpwg;ghdJ. Vnddpy;clypy; cs;s
ve;jnthU nry;yhfTk; mit khwf;$baJ. mjhtJ ,uj;j nry;fs;> euk;G nry;fs; jir
nry;fs; my;yJ Rug;gpr; nry;fs;. vdNt mwptpay; mwpQh;fs; kw;Wk; kUj;Jth;fs;> rpy;
Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;jTk;> jLf;fTk; %yr; nry;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd
cjhuzkhf KJFj; jz;by; Vw;gLk; fhak;.
2. gy;NtW tifahd jhtuq;fs; ntt;NtW tz;zq;fisr; nfhz;Ls;sjw;Ff; fhuzk;
fzpfq;fs; MFk;. gRq;fzpfk; gr;ir epwj;jpw;F fhuzk;. tz;zfzpq;fs; kyh; kw;Wk;
goq;fSf;F tz;zj;ij mspf;fpwJ. goq;fs; goq;fs; gOf;Fk; NghJ> gRq;fzpfq;fs;
tz;zfzpfq;fshf khWfpd;wd. ];lhh;r; rh;f;fiuahf khWfpwJ. ,J fha;
fdpahtjw;fhd ,ufrpakhFk;
3. rptg;G ,uj;j nry;fspy; cl;fU ,y;iy. cl;fUtpd;wp ,e;j nry;fs; tpiutpy;
,wf;fpd;wd. Rkhh; ,uz;L kpy;ypad; rptg;G nry;fs; xt;nthU nehbAk; ,wf;fpd;wd.
mjph;\;ltrkhf kdpj clk;gpy; Gjpa rptg;G uj;j nry;fs; jpdKk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

9 Mk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

jpRf;fspd; mikg;G

1. jhtu jpRf;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;

 Mf;Fj;jpR kw;Wk; Edp Mf;Fj;jpRf;fs;
 epiyahd jpRf;fs;

80
2. nkhp];Nlhy; (Mf;Fj;jpR) vDk; thh;ji
; j fpNuf;f nkhopapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ
3. nkhp];Nlhy; (Mf;Fj;jpR) vd;gjd; nghUs; nghUs; gFg;gilAk; jd;ikAilaJ (m)
nry; gFg;G nray;ghLilaJ.
4. nkhp];Nlh]; (Mf;Fj;jpR) vd;w ngaiur; #l;bath; eNfyp> 1858
5. njhlh;e;J gFg;gilAk; jd;ik nfhz;l xj;j msTila Kjph;r;rp milahj
nry;fspd; njhFg;G Mf;Fj;jpR MFk;.
6. jhtuq;fspy; Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ tsh;r;rp eilngWk;.,lq;fSf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 jhtuj; jz;bd; Edpg;gFjp
 Nthpd; Edpg; gFjp
 ,iy %yq;fs;
 th];Fyhh; Nfk;gpak;
 jf;if Nfk;gpak;
7. Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; gz;Gfs;:
 caph; cs;s nry;fshy; Mdit
 rpwpajhf Kl;il tbt> gyNfhz (m) Nfhs tbtpy; cs;sd.
 nky;ypa nry;Rth;> nghpa epA+f;spa]; mlh;e;j irl;Nlhgpshrk; kw;Wk; rpwpa
Fopo;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ikl;lh]p]; nry;gFg;Gf;F cl;glf; $bait.
8. Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; tiffs;
Mf;Fj;jpR

Njhd;wptpjk; mbg;gilapy; miktplk; mbg;gilapy; gzpfs; mbg;gilapy; nry;gphpjy; mbg;gilapy;

1. GNuhnkhp];lk; 1. EdpMf;Fj;jpR 1. GNuhl;Nlhnlh;k; Mf;Fj;jpR 1. jpus; Mf;Fj;jpR

2. Kjy;epiy Mf;Fj;jpR 2. ,ilahf;Fj;jpR 2. GNuhNfk;gpa Mf;Fj;jpR 2. thp Mf;Fj;jpR
3. ,uz;lhk;epiy 3.gf;fMf;Fj;jpR 3 js Mf;Fj;jpR 3 jl;L Mf;Fj;jpR
Mf;Fj;jpR
9. Njhd;wpa tpjk; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jpRtpd; tifg;ghL
 GNuhnkhp];lk; vd;gJ tsUk; cWg;gpYs;s ,sk; Mf;Fj;jpR nry;fspd;
njhFg;G MFk;
 jhtuq;fspd; jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; Edpg; gFjpapy; rpwpjsT ,lj;ij
GNuhnkhp];lk; nfhz;Ls;sJ
 GNuhnkhp];lk; NkYk; gFg;gile;J Kjy;epiy Mf;Fj;jpRit cUthf;fpd;wd.
 jz;L kw;Wk; Nth;fspd; Edpapy; cs;s GNuhnkhp];Nlk;fSf;F fPNo Kjy;epiy
Mf;Fj;jpR cs;sJ.
 Kjy;epiy Mf;Fj;jpR gFg;gile;J epiyj;j jpRf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

81
  ,uz;lhk; epiy Mf;Fj;jpRf;F vLJ;Jf;fhl;L
 fhh;f; Nfk;gpak;
 Nthpy; cs;s Nfk;gpak; jz;bd; FWf;fPL Nfk;gpak;
10. miktplj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jpRtpd; tifg;ghL
 Edp Mf;Fj;jpR vd;gJ tsUk; Nth; kw;Wk; jz;bd; Edpfpsy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Edp Mf;Fj;jpR jhtuj;jpy; kPsNghf;F tsh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Edp Mf;Fj;jpR vd;gJ GNuhnkhp];lk; kw;Wk; Kjy; epiy Mf;Fj;jpRit
cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.
 ,ilahf;F jpRthdJ ,iyapd; mbg;gFjpapNyh (v.fh igd]; jhtuk;)>
fZtpilg;gFjpapd; mbapNyh (v.fh gw;fs;) fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 gf;f Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; mjd; ePs mr;Rf;F
,izahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR nghJthf Mug;Nghf;fpy; gFg;gile;J ,uz;lhk; epiy
epiyj;j jpRf;fisf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
11. gzpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jpRtpd; tifg;ghL
 GNuhl;nlh;k; Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ Gwj;Njhy; jpRf;fshf khw;wkilaf;$ba ,sk;
tsUk; gFjpapd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F MFk;
 GNuhNfk;gpa Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ Gwj;Njhy; jpRf;fshf khw;wkilaf;$ba
FWfpa ePz;l Mf;F nry;fshy; Mdit
 js Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ jhtu clyj;jpd; jsj;jpRthfpa Gwzp> gpj; kw;Wk;
i`g;Nghnlh;kp]; gFjpia cUthf;ff;$ba nghpa jbj;j nry;fisf;
nfhz;lJ.
12. nry;gphpjy; Kiwapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jpRtpd; tifg;ghL
 nry;gFg;G midj;Jf; Nfhzq;fspYk; eilngw;W Kbtpy; msit mjpfhpg;gJ
jpus; Mf;Fj;jpR
 jpus; Mf;Fj;jpRtpid jhtuj; jz;bd; Gwzp kw;Wk; gpj; gFjpapy; fhzyhk;
 thp Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; nry; gFg;G VNjDk; xNu xU jsj;jpy; kl;LNk eilngWk;.
v.fh ghrpfspd; ghrpfspd; ,io mikg;G cUthf;fk;
 jl;L Mf;Fj;jpRtpy; ,uz;L jsq;fspy; nry; gFg;gile;J jhtu cWg;gpd;
gug;gsit mjfhpf;Fk;. v.fh ,iy cUthf;Fk;
 gFg;gilAk; jpwid epue;jukhfNth my;yJ jw;fhypfkhfNth ,oe;j jpRf;fs;
epiyj;j jpRf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
epiyj;j jpRf;fs;

vspaj;jpR $l;Lj; jpR

82
 1. ghud; ifkh 1. iryk;
2. Nfhyd; ifkh 2. GNshak;
3. ];fpsPud; ifkh
13. ghud;ifkh
 capUs;s nry;fshy; Md vspa epiyj;j jpR
 rkmsTila> nky;ypa Rth; cila Kl;il tbt my;yJ gyNfhz
mikg;Gila nry; ,ilntspAld; $ba jpRthFk;.
 ePhj
; ; jhtuq;fspy; ghud;ifkh nry;fs; fhw;wpilg; gFjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy;
mtw;wpf;F Vud;ifkh vd;W ngah;.
 ghud;ifkh jpRf;fs; kPJ xspgLk; nghOJ mit gRq;fzpfq;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; mg;nghOJ mit FNshud;ifkh vdg;gLk;.
14. ghud;ifkhtpd; gzpfs;
 rijg;gw;Ws;s kw;Wk; twz;l epyj; jhtuq;fspy; ghud;ifkh ePiu Nrkpf;fpwJ
 czT Nrkpj;jy;> cwpQ;Rjy;> kpjj;jy;> Ruj;jy; kw;Wk; gy Ntiyfisr;
nra;fpwJ.
15. Nfhyd;ifkh
 Gwj;NjhYf;Ff; fPNoAs;s capUs;s jpRthFk;.
 rPuw;w jbj;j ypf;dpd; ,y;yhj nry;Rth; nfhz;l nry;fshy; MdJ
 nry;fs; ePz;l rJu mikg;G my;yJ rpWj;j KidAila GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
ngw;w jpR MFk;.
 Nfhyd;ifkh jhtu cWg;GfSf;F typikia mspf;fpwJ
16. ];fpsPud;ifkhf
 ypf;dpdhy; Md jbj;j nry;Rtiu cilaJ.
 ];fPspud;ifkh nry;fs; Kjph;e;j epiyapy; GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; mw;Wf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 ];fpsPud;ifkhtpd; tiffs;: ,uz;L (1. ehh;fs;> 2. ];fpsPiuLfs;)
 ehh;fs; ePz;l ];fPspud;ifkh nry;fshy; Mdit.
 ruhrhpahf ehh;fs; 1 Kjy; 3 kpkP ePsk; nfhz;litahf ,Uf;Fk;
 mjpf ePsKila ehh;j;jhtuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
ypd;dk; Arpl;lh];]pkk; Msp
fhzgpd]; rl;ilth rzy;
fhh;Nfhu]; fhg;Ryhp]; rzy;

 Msp> rzy; Nghd;w ehh;jj

; htuq;fspd; ePsk; 20 kpkP Kjy; 500 kpkP tiu
,Uf;Fk;.
 ];fpsPiuLfs;

83
  jhtuq;fspd; cly; KOtJk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 tof;fkhf mfd;W xw;iwahfNth my;yJ njhFg;ghf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 nry;Rth; ypf;dpd; vDk; nghUshy; Md xj;j mikg;Gilait.
 nry;Rth;fspy; Fopfs; (Pits) epiyj;j Njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 nry; miw nry;Rth; nghUl;fshy; epuk;gpAs;sJ.
 goq;fs; kw;Wk; tpijfspy; nghJthf fhzg;gLfpwJ
17. $l;Lj;jpR
 xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gytif nry;fshy; Mdit
 ghud;ifkh > ];fpsPud;ifkh nry;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.
 Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 vLj;Jf;fhl;L : iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak;
18. iryk;
 iryk; xU flj;Jk; jpRthFk;
 ePh; kw;Wk; fdpk Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis NthpypUe;J jhtuj;jpd; ,iyg;gFjpf;F
Nky; Nehf;fp flj;JfpwJ.
 jhtu clYf;F ,ae;jpu cjtpia mspf;fpwJ.
 iryj;jpd; gy;NtW cWg;Gfs;
1. iryk; buf;fPLfs;
2. iryk; ehh;fs;
3. iryf; Foha;fs;
4. iryk; ghud;ifkh
 iryk; buf;fPLfs;
 ePz;l my;yJ Foha; Nghd;wit
 jbj;j kw;Wk; ypf;dpd; Rtiuf; nfhz;l ,we;j nry;fs; MFk;
 nry;fspd; Kidg;gFjp kOq;fpa> rpWj;j my;yJ csp Nghd;w
mikg;gilaJ.
 nry;fs; GNuhl;Nlhgpsh]k; mw;wJ.
 ve;j nghUSk; ,y;yhj nghpa cl;Foy; gFjpia nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ePiu flj;Jf;fpwJ kw;Wk; jhtuq;fSf;F typikia mspf;fpwJ
 iryk; ehh;fs;
 nry;fs; ePz;lit> ypf;dpd; ngw;wit kw;Wk; nry;fspd; ,UKidfSk;
$uhdit
 gzp „ ePh; kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis NthpypUe;J ,iyfSf;F flj;JtJ
kw;Wk; jhtuq;fSf;F typikia mspf;fpwJ
 iryf; Foha;fs;

84
  ePz;l cUis kw;Wk; Foha; tbtKilaJ
 nry;Rthpd; ypf;dpd; ngw;W mfd;w ikaf; Fopfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; ,y;yhjjhy; ,it ,we;j nry;fs; MFk;
 ePh;f;Foha; Nghd;w mikg;GilaJ
 gzp „ ePh; > fdpkq;fisf; flj;Jf;fpwJ kw;Wk; jhtuq;fSf;F typik
mspf;fpwJ
 iryk; ghud;ifkh
 nry;fs; nky;ypaRtiu cilait kw;Wk; capUs;sit
 gzp - ];lhh;r; kw;Wk; nfOg;Gf;fisf; Nrkpj;jy;
19. GNshak;
 iryk; Nghd;W xU $l;L jpRthFk;
 GNshaj;jpd; $Wfs;
1. ry;yilf;Foha; $Wfs;
2. Jiz nry;fs;
3. GNshak; ghud;ifkh
4. GNshak; ehh;fs;
 ry;yilf;Foha; $Wfs;
 ,it GNshaj;jpd; flj;Jk; $Wfs;
 Kf;fpa gzp „ cztpid jhtu ,iyfspypUe;J Nrkpg;G cWg;GfSf;F
,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;
 Jiz nry;fs;
 ,it ePz;l nry;fshFk;
 ry;yilf;Foha; nry;fspd; gf;fr;Rthpy; cs;sJ
 GNshak; ghud;ifkh
 ,tw;wpd; nry;fs; capUs;sit
 irl;Nlhgpshrk; kw;Wk; epA+f;spa]; ngw;Ws;sd.
 Kf;fpa gzp- ];lhh;r;ir Nrkpj;jy;
 GNshak; ehh;fs;
 Kjy;epiy my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiy > GNshaj;Jld; njhlh;Gila
];fpsPud;ifkh nry;fs; GNshak; ehh;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 ePz;l ypf;dpd; gbe;j kw;Wk; jhtu clYf;F typikia mspf;ff; $ba
nry;yhFk;.
20. ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; Nfhyd;ifkhtpw;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs;

ghud;ifkh Nfhyd;ifkh

85
 nry;Rth; nky;ypaJ kw;Wk; xNu tpjkhd nry;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s ,ilntspapy;
jbkd; cilaJ ed;F tsh;e;j mjpf jbkidf; nfhz;lJ
Nrkpg;gj; jpRthf Ntiy nra;fpwJ capUs;s ,ae;jpuj; jpRthf Ntiynra;fpwJ
jhtu cWg;Gfspd; ntsp kw;Wk; cs; gFjpapy; Jhtu cWg;Gfspd; Jiz vgpnlh;ky; gFjapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ kl;Lk; cs;sd

21. ];fpsPiuLfSf;Fk;> ehh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs;

];fpsPiuLfs; ehh;fs;
tof;fkhd mfd;wJ ePz;l FWfpa ,io Nghd;wJ
Rthpd; Kbtpy; kOq;fpait Rthpd; Kbtpy; $h;ikahdit
xw;iwahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ fw;iwahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ
Fopfs; Mokhdit Fopfs; FWfpait

22. Nfhyd;ifkh kw;Wk; ];fpspud;ifkhtpw;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs;

Nfhyd;ifkh ];fpsPud;ifkh
,it capUs;s nry;fshy; Mdit ,it ,we;j nry;fshy; Mdit
nry;fs; GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; nfhz;lit nry;fs; ntWikahdit. GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
nry;Rth; nry;YNyh]hy; MdJ nry;Rth; ypf;dpdhy; MdJ
nry;Rth; xNu tpjkhf jbj;Jf; nry;Rth; xNu tpjkhf jbj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpwJ
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
cl;Fopg; gFjp mfd;wJ cl;Fopg; gFjp FWfpaJ
Fopfs; vspait> Neuhdit Fopfs; vspait> rha;e;jit> rpy Neuk;
fpisj;jit
,it jhtu clYf;F ,ae;jpu ,it ,ae;jpu cjtpia kl;LNk mspf;fpd;wd
cjtpiaAk; kw;Wk; nefpo;r;rpj;
jd;ikiaAk; mspf;fpd;wd

23. Mf;Fj;jpR kw;Wk; epiyj;j jpRtpw;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs;

Mf;Fj;jpR epiyj;j jpR

,jd; nry;fs;> mstPy; rpwpait Nfhs ,jd; nry;fs; nghpait> NtWgl;lit
my;yJ gy;Nfhz tbtKs;sit kw;Wk; gy;NtW tbtKilait
NtWghlw;wit
irl;Nlhgpshrk; mlh;j;jpahdJ ntw;wplq;fs; capUs;s epiyj;j nry;fspd; ikaj;jpy;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy nghpa ntw;wplq;fs; cs;sd
nry;fSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntspapy;iy nry;fSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntsp cz;L

86
 nry;Rth; nky;ypa kw;Wk; nefpOk; nry;Rth; jbj;jJ
jd;ikAilaJ
epA+f;ypa]; nghpaJ kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; epA+f;ypa]; vspjpy; fhzg;glf; $bajpy;iy
ngw;wJ
nry;fs; njhlh;e;J tsUk; kw;Wk; gFg;gilAk; nry;fs; rhjhuzkhf gFg;giltjpy;iy
,it jhtu clYf;F ,ae;jpu cjtpiaAk; ,it ,ae;jpu cjtpia kl;LNk mspf;fpd;wd
nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikAk; mspf;fpd;wd

24. nry; gw;wpa gbg;gpw;F nry;ypay; vd;W ngah;

25. jpRf;fs; gw;wpa gbg;gpw;F jpRtpay; (`p];Nlhy[p) vd;W ngah;
26. tpyq;Ffspd; midj;Jj; jpRf;fspYk; fU epiyapy; %d;W glyq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
mf;fUtsh; glyq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
 Gwg;glyk;
 mfg;glyk;
 ,ilmLf;Fg;glyk;

27. bf;fPLfs; kw;Wk; iryf;Foha;f;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs;

buf;fPLfs; iryf;Foha;fs;
,it xw;iw nry;fspy; ,Ue;J ,it gy nry;fshy; Mdit
cUthfpd;wd
Kidfs; rha;e;J Rw;wg;gl;lit Kidfs; tl;lkhf FWf;fhf cs;sd
xU nr.kP ePsKilaJ gy nr.kP ePsKilaJ
jbj;j Rth; kw;Wk; FWfpa nry; miwfisf; nkype;j Rth; kw;Wk; mfd;w nry; miwfisf;
nfhz;lit nfhz;lJ

28. ry;yil nry;fs; kw;Wk; ry;yilf; Foha;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL

ry;yil nry;fs; ry;yil Foha;fs;

ry;yil nry;fspy; Jiz nry;fs; ,y;iy ,it vg;NghJk; Jiz nry;fSld;
,Uf;Fk;
ry;yilg; gFjpfspy; ry;yilj; jl;Lfs; ry;yilg; gFjpfsp; ry;yilj; jl;L
cUthtJ ,y;iy cUthfpwJ
,e;j nry;fs; ePz;lit> rkmsT ,e;j nry;fs; xd;wd;Nky; xd;whf
ePsKilait> Kidfs; FWfpait mike;jit> ePz;l Foha; Nghd;wit>
ry;yilj; Jisfs; %yk; ,ize;jit
ry;yilj; Jisfs; rpwpait mjpf ry;yilj; Jisfs; nghpait Fiwe;j
vz;zpf;if cilait vz;zpf;if cilait
,it nlhpNlhigl;L kw;Wk; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; ,it Md;[pNah];ngh;k; jhtuq;fspy;

87
 jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd fhzg;gLfpd;wd

29. iryk; kw;Wk; GNshaj;jpw;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWghLfs;

iryk; GNshak;
,it ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fis ,it fhpkf; fiunghUl;fs; my;yJ czTg; nghUl;fis
flj;Jfpd;wd flj;Jfpd;wd
flj;jy; ngUk;ghYk; xNu jpirapy; flj;jy; ,U jpirfspYk; elf;fpwJ. ,iyapypUe;J
elf;fpwJ. mjhtJ NthpypUe;J tsUk; kw;Wk; Nrkpg;G cWg;Gf;F my;yJ Nrkpg;G cWg;gpy;
jhtuj;jpd; Nky; gFjpfSf;F ,Ue;J tsUk; ghfq;fSf;F
buf;fPLfs; kw;Wk; iryf; Foha;fs; ry;yilf; Foha;fs; %yk; flj;Jfpd;wd
%yk; flj;Jfpd;wd
iryf;Foha;fs;> buf;fPLfs;> iryk; GNshak; Jiz nry;fs; GNshak; ghud;ifkh > ry;yil>
ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; iryk; ehh;fshy; $Wfs; kw;Wk; GNshak; jhtufshy; Mdit
Mdit

30. tpyq;F jpRf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;

tpyq;F jpRf;fspd; tiffs;
1. jl;il vgpjPypak;
1 vspa vgpjPypak; 2. fdrJutbt vgpjPypak;
3 Jhz; vgpjPypak;
1. vgpjPypaj;jpR 4 FWapio vgpjPypak;
5 Ruf;Fk; vgpjPypak;

2 $l;L vgpjPypak;

2. ,izg;Gj; jpR 1. Kiwahd ,izg;Gj;jpR

(rpw;wpil tpioak; kw;Wk; nfhOg;Gj;jpR)
2 Mjhu ,izg;gj;jpR
(FUj;njYk;G kw;Wk; vYk;G)
3 mlh;jj
; pahd ,izg;Gj;jpR
(jir ehz;fs; kw;Wk; jir ehh;fs;)
4 jput ,izg;Gj;jpR
(,uj;jk; kw;Wk; epzePh);
3. jirj;jpR 1. vYk;Gr; rl;lf jir my;yJ
2 nkd;jir my;yJ thpaw;w jir
3 ,jaj;jir
4. euk;Gj;jpR
31. vgpjPypay; jpR
 ,J xU vspajpR MFk;.

88
  xd;W my;yJ gym Lf;F nry;fshy; Mfp clypy; ntspg;Gwg;gFjpiaAk; cs;
cWg;GfisAk; #oe;Js;sJ.
 nfhyh[d; vDk; mikT+l;Lk; $W Guj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 vgpjPypa jpRf;fspy; uj;jehsq;fs; ,y;iy.
 vgpjPypaj; jpRf;fshy; cUthdit
 Njhy;
 tha;f;Fopapd; cl;G+r;R
 uj;j ehsq;fs;
 czTf; Foha; cWg;Gfs;
 nrhpkhd Rug;gpfshd fizak; kw;Wk; fy;yPuy;
 EiuaPuypd; Ez; fhw;Wg; igfs;
 rpWePuff; Foha;fs;
32. vspa vgpjPypak;
 xw;iw mLf;F nry;fshy; MdJ
 clw;Fop kw;Wk; ehsq;fspd; cl;G+r;R vgpjPypaj;jhy; MdJ
 Rug;gpfs; kw;Wk; cwpQ;rpfs; kPJ fhzg;gLfpwJ
 nry;fspd; mikg;G khw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vspa vgpjPypak; Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
mit
 jl;il vgpjPypak;
 fdrJu tbnthj;j vgpjPypak;
 FWapio vgpjPypak;
 Jhz; vgpjPypak;
 Ruf;Fk; vgpjPypak;
 jl;il vgpjPypak;
 njspthf njhpAk; cl;fUf;fis cila jl;ilahd nry;fshy; MdJ
 ghij rt;T vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 tha;f;Fop> EiuaPuypd; Ez; fhw;Wg;igfs;> rpWePufj;jpd; mz;ik RUs;
Foy;> uj;j ehsq;fs; Njhy; Nky; ciw kw;Wk; ehf;F Mfpatw;wpy;
nkd;ikahd G+r;rhf fhzg;gLfpwJ
 cly; fhaq;fs;> twz;L Nghjy; kw;Wk; Neha;f;fpUkpfspy; ,Ue;J
ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 Njh;e;njLj;J flj;Jk; rt;T gug;ig cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; tbfl;Ljypy;
cjtp GhpfpwJ
 fdrJu tbnthj;j vgpjPypak;
 xw;iw mLf;F fdrJu nry;fshy; Mdit
 tl;ltbt cl;fU nry;ypd; ikaj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ

89
  ijuha;L > ckpo;ePh; Rug;gpfs;> tpah;itr; Rug;gpfs; kw;Wk; ehsKila
fizar; Rug;gp Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;
 rpWFly; kw;Wk; neg;uhdpd; Foy; gFjpapy; (rpWePuff; Foy;) Ez;
cwpQ;rpfshf fhzg;gLfpwJ
 ,jd; Kf;fpag;gzp „ Ruj;jy; kw;Wk; cwpQ;Rjy;
 FWapio vgpjPypak;
 ,it rpy Jhz; vgpjPypaq;fs; Nuhk;q;fs; Nghd;w nkd;ikahd ntsp
ePl;rpfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 ,jd; gzp „ Jfs;fis my;yJ Nfhioia xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy;
vgpjPypaj;jpd; kPJ efh;jJ
; fpwJ
 Rthrf;Foha;> Rthrg; ghijapd; Ez;Foy;fs;> rpWePuff; Foy;fs; kw;wk;
mz;lf;Foy;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 Jhz; vgpjPypak;
 Jhz; Nghd;w xw;iw mLf;F nry;fshy; MdJ
 cl;fU> nry;fspd; mbg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ
 ,ug;ig> gpj;jg;ig> gpj;jehsk;> rpWFly;> ngUq;Fly; mz;lf;Foy; kw;Wk;
Nfhior; rt;tpYk; glh;e;Jk; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 ,jd; Kf;fpa gzp „ Ruj;jy; kw;Wk; cwpQ;Rjy;
 Ruf;Fk; vgpjPypak;
 vgpjPypa nry;fs; khw;wk; mile;J rpwg;ghd Ruf;Fk; nry;fshf
cUthfpd;wd.
 vgpjPypaj;jpd; Gwg;gug;gpy; rpy NtjpnghUl;fs; Ruf;fpd;wd
 rpy rkak; vgpjPypaj; jpRtpd; xU gFjp cs;Nehf;fp kbe;J gy nry;
Rug;gpahf cUthfpwJ
 ,t;tif vgpjPypaj; jpR ,iug;igr; Rug;gpfs; > fizaf; Foha;fs; kw;Wk;
Fly; Rug;gpfs; kPJ G+r;rhf cs;sd
33. $l;Lj;jpR (m) $l;L vgpjPypak;
 Xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nry; mLf;Ffshy; Mdit
 gy mLf;Ffs; ,Ug;gjhy; Ruj;jy; kw;Wk; cwpQ;Rjypy; Fiwe;j msNt
gq;Ftfpf;fpwJ
 Kf;fpa gzp mbj;jsj; jpRf;fSf;F ,ae;jpu kw;Wk; ,uhrhaz
mOj;jq;fspypUe;J ghJf;fpwJ
 Njhypd; cyh;e;J gFjp> tha;f;Fop kw;Wk; njhz;ilapd; <ukhd Gwg;gFjpiar;
Rw;wp cs;sJ.
34. ,izg;Gj;jpR
 mjpf mstpy; epiwe;J gutyhff; fhzg;gLk;

90
  cWg;Gfis cUthf;Fk; gytifj; jpRf;fSf;F fl;likg;igAk; MjuitAk;
mspf;fpwJ
 ,jd; $Wfs; nry;ypil nghUl;fs;> nry;fs; kw;Wk; ehh;fs;
 gzp - ,izj;jy;> Mjhukspj;jy; kw;Wk; cly; cWg;Gfis xOq;F nra;jy;
 cly; mirTfspd; %yk; Vw;gLk; cWg;Gfs; ,lk; ngah;jiy jLf;fpwJ
 ,izg;Gj; jpRf;fspd; tiffs;
 Kiwahd ,izg;Gj; jpR (rpw;wpiltpioak; kw;Wk; nfhOg;Gj; jpR)
 Mjhu ,izg;Gj; jpR (FUj;njYk;G kw;Wk; vYk;G)
 mlh;jj
; pahd ,izg;Gj;jpR (jir ehz;fs; kw;wk; jir ehh;fs;)
 jput ,izg;Gj;jpR (,uj;jk; kw;Wk; epzePh);
 rpw;wpil tpioak; (Kiwahd ,izg;Gj;jpR)
 miujput jsg; nghUspy; jsh;thf mikag;ngw;w nry;fs; kw;Wk;
ehh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 xU tiyg; gpd;dy; Nghy> Ez; ,iofis FWf;Fk; neLf;Fkhf nfhz;L
,ilapy; rpwpa ,ilntspfisf; nfhz;lJ
 Njhiy jirAld; ,izf;fpwJ
 cWg;Gfspd; cl;gFjp ,ilntspia epug;GfpwJ
 jir > ,uj;j ehsq;fs; kw;Wk; euk;Gfisr; Rw;wpAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 rpw;wpil tpioaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nry;fs; - nfhyh[d; ehh;fs;> kPs; ehh;fs;>
igg;Nuhgpsh];l; nry;fs;
 ,j;jpRtpd; Nkl;hpf;]; rpwpa ,uj;j ehsq;fspypUe;J Mf;]p[d; kw;Wk;
rj;Jf;fs; guTjypy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ
 fhakile;j jpRf;fis gOJ ghh;g;gNjhL Njhiy mbj;jsj; jirAld;
nghUj;JfpwJ.
 nfhOg;Gj;jpR (Kiwahd ,izg;Gj;jpR)
 nfhOg;G my;yJ mbg;Nghirl; nry;fs; jpul;lyhFk;
 nfhOg;G Nrkpg;G ,lkhfg; gzpkhw;WfpwJ
 Nfhs my;yJ Kl;il tbtk; nfhz;lJ
 rpWtl;lg;gphpthf mike;J nfhyh[d; kw;Wk; vyh];bd; ehh;fs; %yk;
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; - ,jak; kw;Wk; rpWePufk; Nghd;w cs; cWg;GfSf;F
,ilapYk; kw;Wk; NjhYf;F mbapy;
 rpWePufk; kw;Wk; fUtpopfis mjph;r;rpapypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; mjph;r;rp
cwpQ;rpahf nray;gLfpwJ
35. Mjhu ,izg;Gj; jpR

91
  KJnfYk;gpfspd; cly; mikg;ig cUthf;fpwJ
 clYf;F tYitAk;> cs; cWg;GfSf;F ghJfhg;igAk; toq;FtNjhL
efh;jYf;F cjTfpwJ.
 FUj;njYk;G kw;Wk; vYk;ig cs;slf;fpaJ.
 FUj;njYk;G (Mjhu ,izg;Gj; jpR)
 ,aw;ifapy> kpUJthd> miu tpiug;Gj; jd;ikAila> ,sf;fkhd kw;Wk;
Fiwe;j ehsk; nfhz;lJ.
 Nghpa FUj;njYk;G nry;fshd fhd;l;Nuhirl;];fis Nkl;hpf;];
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j nry;fs; yhf;FNd vDk; jptuk; epuk;gpa
,ilntspfspy; cs;sJ.
 %f;F Edp> ntsp fhJ> ePz;l vYk;gpd; KbTg; gFjp> njhz;il kw;Wk;
Fuy;tisapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 %l;Lfspd; Nkw;gFjpia nkd;ikahf;FfpwJ.
 Clw;ghfq;fSf;F Mjhuk; kw;Wk; ,sf;fj; jd;ikia mspf;fpwJ.
 vYk;G (Mjhu ,izg;Gj; jpR)
 vYk;GfSf;F tYT Nrh;g;gJ fhy;rpak;> cg;G kw;Wk; nfhyh[d; ehh;
 vYk;gpd; Nkl;hpf;]; gy mlh;e;j tisa mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ.
 ,U jfl;nlYk;GfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s jputk; epuk;gpa ,ilntspfs;
Nyf;Fdh vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; vYk;G nry;fs; vd;Dk;
M];bNahirl;];fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 fhdhypFiy (Canaliculi) vd;w Ez; fhy;tha; gpd;dy; %yk; xd;NwhL xd;W
njhlh;G nfhs;fpd;wd. ,ilntspapd; ntw;Wf;Fop> k[;i[ Fop vd;W
miof;f;gLfpwJ
36. ehh;fs; kw;Wk; igg;Nuhgpsh];l;fs; nfhz;l mlh;jj
; pahff; fl;lg;gl;l xU ehh;
mlh;jj
; pahd ,izg;gj; jpR jpRthFk;.
37. mlh;jj
; pahd ,izg;G jpR Kjd;ik $Wfs; - jir ehz;fs; kw;Wk; jir ehh;fs;
 jir ehz;fs;
 vYk;Gr; rl;lf jirfis vYk;GfSld; ,izf;fpwJ
 ,it ,izahd nfhyh[d; ehh;fisf; nfhz;l fl;LfshFk; . ,tw;wpw;F
,ilapy; igg;Nuhgpsh];l;fs; cl;fUf;fs; cs;sd.
 jir ehh;fs;
 kpfTk; nefpOk; mikg;Gilait kw;Wk; mjpf typikAilaJ ,it
vYk;Gfis vYk;GfSld; ,izf;fpwJ. ,it kpff; Fiwe;j Nkl;hpf;i]
ngw;ws;sd.
38. jput ,izg;Gj; jpR
 ,uj;jk; kw;wk; epzePh; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ

92
  ,e;j ,izg;Gj; jpRtpd; nry;fs; ,ilntspapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khw;Wk;
,it nry;ypil Nkl;hpf;]py; gjpe;Js;sJ
 ,uj;jk;
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fSf;F vhpj;jpNuhirl;Lfs; vd;W ngah;
 ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fSf;F ypA+f;Nfhirl;Lfs; vd;W ngah;
 ,uj;j jl;Lfs; jpuk;Nghirl;Lfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 vhpj;jpNuhirl;
 Kl;il tbt> tl;lkhd ,UGwKk; Fope;j jl;L Nghd;wJ
 Kjph;e;j ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspy; cl;fU fpilahJ
 Rthr epwkpahd `PNkhFNshgpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
 jpRf;fSf;F Mf;rp[id flj;jpr;nry;fpwJ
 ypA+f;Nfhirl;
 ,it mstpy; nghpait
 njspthd cl;fUit nfhz;lit kw;Wk; epwkw;wit
 mkPgh Nghd;W efUk; jd;ik nfhz;lit
 clypd; Neha; vjph;;g;G rf;jpahf nray;gLfpwJ
 ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs; ,Utifg;gLk; (1. fpuhzNyhirl;]; 2.
VfpuhZNyhirl;];)
 ntspapypUe;J clYf;Fs; cs;Ns tUk; caphpfis KOtJk;
tpOq;fptpLfpd;wd my;yJ mopj;J tpLfpd;w nts;isaZf;fs;
VfpuhZNyhirl;];
nts;isaZf;fspd; tiffs;

fpuhZNyhirl;]; VfpuhZNyhirl;];

xOq;fw;w tbt cl;fU> njspthd cl;fU>

 irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; Jfs;fs; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy;

cilait Jfs;fs; mw;wit

1. epA+l;Nuh gpy;]; 1. ypk;Nghirl;

2. NgNrhgpy;]; 2. NkhNdhirl;

3.<NahrpNzhgpy;];

93
  ,uj;jj; jl;Lfs;
 kpf rpwpa> cl;fU mw;w nkfhNfhpNahirl;L vdg;gLk; nghpa vYk;G
k[;i[apy; vspjpy; cilAk; Jz;Lfs;
 ,uj;jk; ciwjypy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ
 epzePh;
 ,uj;j je;JfpfspypUe;J tbfg;gl;l xh; epwkw;w jputk;
 gpsh];kh kw;Wk; ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
 ,uj;jj;jpw;Fk; jpRj; jputq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa nghUl;fisg; ghpkhw;wpf;
nfhs;s cjtp GhpfpwJ
39. jirj;jpR
 nry;fs; ePz;lit> mstpy; nghpait vz;zw;w jir Ez; ehh;fshy;
(ikNahigg;hpy;fshy; ) Mdit
 xt;nthU jirAk; gy ePz;l cUis tbt ehh;fshy; MdJ.
 ehh;fs; jirj;jpRtpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izahf mike;Js;sJ
 jir nry;fspy; RUq;fj;jf;f Gujk; cs;sJ.
 vYk;Gr;rl;lf jir (m) thpj;jir
 clypd; mirtpw;F Kf;fpa gq;fspf;fpwJ
 clypd; czh;r;rpfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,it ,af;f
jirfs; (jd;dpr;ir) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 jirapd; ehh;fs; ePz;l cUis tbtkhd kw;Wk; fpisfs; mw;W
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 thpj;jir nry;fs; gy cl;fUf;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
40. nkd;jir (m) thpaw;w jir
 fjph; tbtpy; ikag;gFjp mfd;Wk;> Kidg;gFjp FWfpAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 nry;fspd; ikaj;jpy; xNu xU cl;fU mike;Js;sJ>
 cly; czh;r;rpfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,aq;FtJ ,y;iy. vdNt ,tw;iw ,aq;F
jirfs; ( jd;dpiraw;w ) vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.
 ,uj;j ehsk;> ,iug;ig Rug;gpfs;> rpWFly; tpuypfs; kw;Wk; rpWePh;g;ig Mfpa
cs;SWg;Gfs; ,t;tif jirahy; Mdit
 czTf; Fohapy; czT efh;e;J nry;tJ my;yJ uj;jehsk; RUq;fp
jsh;tiltJ jd;dpr;iraw;w ,af;fkhFk;
41. ,jaj;jir
 jirapd; ehhfs;> cUistbt> fpisfs; cila kw;Wk; xw;iw cl;fU cila
jirahFk;.

94
  Fpisfs; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;J xU tiyg;gpd;dy; Nghd;w mikg;ig
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. Mjyhy; ,it ,ilr;nrUFj;jl;L vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 jd;dpr;iraw;wJ kw;Wk; rPuhd Kiwapy; RUq;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ
42. euk;G jpR
 euk;G nry;fs; kw;Wk; epA+uhd;fshy; Mdit
 clypd; kpf ePz;l nry;fs;
 euk;G jpRtpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gil myF epA+uhd;
 epA+uhd;fspypUe;J ePl;rp mile;j nkype;j euk;G ehh;fshff; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 xt;nthU epA+uhDk; cl;fU kw;Wk; irl;Nlhgpshrj;Jld; Nrh;e;J nry; cly;
my;yJ irl;lhdhf (Cyton) Mf mike;Js;sJ.
 irl;lhdpypUe;J euk;gpd; czh;tpiofs; (Dendrons) Fl;ilahd mjpf
fpisfisf; nfhz;l GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];kpf; mikg;ghf cs;sd.
 Mf;rhd; (Axon) xU xw;iw ePz;l ehh; Nghd;wJ. ,it irl;lhdpy; ,Ue;J
cUthfp kpf nky;ypa fpisfSld; Kbtilfpd;wd
 clypd; gy;NtW ghfq;fSf;F rkpf;ifia mDg;GfpwJ
43. xt;nthU caphpdq;fspd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL vd;gJ mjd; nry; gFg;gpidg;
nghWj;Nj mikfpd;wd.
44. 1846 y; eNfyp vd;gh; Gjpa nry;fs; ahTk; Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j nry;fspy; ,Ue;Nj
gFg;gpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;lit vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;
45. %d;W tifahd nry; gFg;Gfs; tpyq;F nry;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nry;gFg;G
1) Vikl;lhrp]; 1. GNuhepiy
(Neub gFg;G) NfhpNahirdrp]; 2. nkl;lhepiy
2) ikl;lhrp]; (cl;fU gFg;G) 3. mdhepiy
(kiwKf gFg;G) 4 BNyhepiy
irl;Nlhifdrp];
(irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G)
3) kpahrp];
(Fd;wy; gFg;G)

n`l;bNuhilg;gpf; gFg;G (m) N`hNkhilg;gpf; gFg;G (m)

Kjy; kpahrp]; gFg;G ,uz;lhk; kpahrp]; gFg;G

95
1 GNuhepiy „ 1. GNuhepiy „

2 nkl;lhepiy „ 2 nkl;lhepiy „

3 mdhepiy - 3 mdhepiy -

4 BNyhepiy „ 4 BNyhepiy -

5 irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G „ 5 irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G -

46. Vikl;lhrp];
 Vikl;lhrp]; vd;gJ Xh; vspa Kiw nry;gFg;ghFk;. ,J Neh;Kfr; nry;gphpjy;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 FNuhNkl;bd; tiyg;gpd;dy; vt;tpj khw;wKk; fhzg;glhj nry; gphpjy;
Vikl;lh]p]; MFk;
 cl;fU ePz;L xU RUf;fj;ij mjd; ikaj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ
 RUf;fk; nkJthf cs;Nehf;fpr; nrd;W Kbtpy; cl;fUit ,uz;L Nra;
cl;fUf;fshfg; gphpf;fpwJ
 ,ijj; njhlh;e;J irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpYk; RUf;fk; Vw;gl;L ,uz;L Nra; nry;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,t;tifahd nry;gphpjy; nghJthf GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. v.fh ghf;Bhpah > mkPgh
47. ikl;lhrp];
 Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jth; gpshk;kpq; (1879)
 kiwKf nry;gphpjy; clyr; nry;fspy; eilngWfpd;wJ.
 ikl;lhrp]; nry; gFg;gpy; FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;gpy; khWghL Vw;gl;Lk;
FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapy; vt;tpj khw;wkpd;wpAk; ,Uf;Fk;
 xU jha; nrhy;yhdJ ,U xj;j Nra; nry;fshf gFg;gilfpwJ. Xt;nthU Nra;
nry;Yk; xNu msTila cl;fU> xNu vz;zpf;ifapyhd [Pd; kw;Wk;
FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf; nfhz;L jha; nry;fspy; cs;sJ NghyNt
mike;Js;sd. vdNt ,J rkgFg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ikl;lhrp]; nray;Kiw ,U epfo;Tfshf eilngWfpwJ
 NfhpNahifdrp]; (cl;fUgFg;G)
 irl;Nlhifdrp]; (irl;NlhgpshrgFg;G)
48. ,ilepiy
 ,ilepiy vd;gJ cl;fUtpd; xa;Tepiy MFk;.

96
  xU nry; ikl;lhl;bf; nry;gFg;gpw;F cl;gLtjw;FKd; gFg;giltjw;Fj;
jd;idj; jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,e;j epiy ,ilepiy vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fs; ,ul;bg;G miltjd; %yk; FNuhNkl;bd; nghUs;fs;
,ul;bg;G milfpd;wd
 GNuhepiy (Kjy;epiy)
 ,e;epiyapy; cl;fUtpd; cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk; rpwpajhfTk;> jbj;Jk; my;yJ
njhpAk; tifapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
 nrd;l;NuhNrhk; gpsTw;W ,UNra; nrd;l;hpNahy;fshfpd;wJ. mit
mq;fpUe;J efh;e;J nrhy;ypd; JUtg; gFjpfis nrd;wilfpd;wd. xt;nthU
nrd;l;hpNahYk; xsptPRk; fjph;fshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it M];lh; fjph;fs;
vd;w miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 fjph;Nfhy; (];gpz;by;) ,iofs; ,U nrd;l;hpNahy;fSf;F ,ilapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk;
 cl;fU rt;T kw;Wk; cl;fU kzp (epA+f;spNshy]; ) nky;y kiwa
Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.
 nkl;lhepiy (gpe;ija epiy)
 epA+f;spa]; ciw Kiwapy; kiwe;JtpLfpwJ
 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; Fl;ilahfTk; jbkdhfTk; khWfpd;wd
 FNuhNkhl;bLfs; nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fSld; nry;ypd; ikaj;jpw;F efh;fpd;wd
 nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fs; ];gpd;by; ehh;fSld; ,izfpd;wd
 mdhepiy (,WjpKd; epiy)
 ,U FNuhNkl;bl;fSld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fs; gFg;gile;J
xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ,UNra; FNuhNkl;bfs; jdpahf gphpe;J ,U vjph;
vjph; JUtq;fis Nehf;fp efh;tJ mdhepiy
 mdhepiyapy; Nra; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; efh;thdJ fjph; ,iofs;
RUq;Ftjhy; epfo;fpd;wJ
 BNyhepiy (,Wjp epiy)
 xt;nthU FNuhNkl;bl; my;yJ Nra; FNuhNkhNrhk; ePz;L> nky;ypajhf
FNuhNkhl;bd; Ehy; ,iofspy; tiyg;gpd;dyhf khWk; epiy
 fjph; ,iofs; rpijTw;W kiwe;JtpLfpd;wd.
 xt;nthU Nra; cl;fUtpYk; cl;fUrt;T kw;Wk; cl;fUkzp kPz;Lk;
Njhd;WfpwJ
49. irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G
 irl;Nlhgpshrk; gFg;gile;J ,UNra; nry;fshfpwJ

97
  nry; rt;tpd; ikaj;jpy; xLf;fk; my;yJ RUf;fk; Njhd;wpm it cs;Nehf;fp
ePz;L ,Wjpahf irl;Nlhgpshrk; gpsTw;W jha; nry;ypy; ,Ue;J ,UNra;
nry;fis cUthfpd;wd.
50. ikl;lhrp]pd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:
 rkkhd gFg;gpdhy; cUthFk; ,Uika Nra; nry;fspy; kuGg;nghUl;fs; rkkhf
gutp ,Ug;gjhy;> ,it Nra; nry;fspy; xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifia
(2n) jf;f itj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 gy nry; caphpdq;fspd; tsh;r;rp cWg;Gfspd; cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; clypd;
gUkd; mjpfhpg;gJ Mfpait ikl;lhrp]; epfo;tpd; %yk; epfo;fpwJ.
 ikl;lhrp]; gFg;giltjd; %yk; fhakile;j jpRf;fs; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;L nry;fs;
kPl;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 gioa kw;Wk; ,we;j nry;fis GJg;gpg;gjpy; gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
51. kpahrp];
 kpahrp]; vd;w thh;ji
; j ghh;kh; (1905) vd;gtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 ,t;tif nry;gFg;G ,dr;nry;fis my;yJ Nfkpl;Lfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
,it Fd;wpy; gFg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if ,Uika (2n) epiyapy; ,Ue;J xUika (n)
epiyahf Fiwf;fg;gLtjhy; kpahrp]; gFg;gpy; xU jha; nry;ypy; ,Ue;J ehd;F
Nra; nry;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 kpahrp]; ,uz;L gFg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ
 n`l;bNuhilg;gpf; gFg;G my;yJ Kjy; kpahrp]; gFg;G
 N`hNkhilg;gpf; gFg;G my;yJ ,uz;lhk; kpahrp]; gFg;G
 n`l;bNuhilg;gpf; gFg;G
 ,ul;ilika nry; gFg;gpw;Fg; gpd; ,U xw;iwika nry;fis cUthf;FfpwJ
 ,t;tif gFg;gpdhy; cUthFk; Nra; nry;fspy; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if
jha; nry;fspd; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ue;J NtWgLfpwJ.
 n`l;bNuhilg;gpf; gFg;G Ie;J epiyfisf; nfhz;lJ
52. GNuhepiy „
 ,e;epiy ePz;lfhy msitf; nfhz;lJ.
 GNuhepiy „ Ie;J Jiz epiyfshfg; gphpe;Js;sJ.
 nyg;NlhBd;
 FNuhNkhNrhk; RUs; gphpe;J ePz;l Ehy; Nghd;w mikg;igg; ngw;W
cl;fUtpDs; Fwpg;gpl;l xUq;fikg;gpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
 G+q;nfhj;J Nghd;w mikg;G epiyiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 irf;NfhBd;

98
  ,U xj;jpir FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; xd;W kw;nwhd;iw mZfp N[hbahfpwJ.
,t;thwhf xj;jpir FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,iztJ rpdhg;rp];
(xd;wpnahLq;fy; ) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Ngf;fpBd;
 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ePz;l ,izTw;W KWf;fpa Ehyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thW cUthd N[hbfs; ,ul;il njhFg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 Xt;nthU ,ul;ilj; njhFg;Gk; ehd;F FNuhNkhbl;fis ngw;Ws;sJ
 Xt;nthU N[hbapYk; xj;jpir FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; jdpj;J Mdhy; KOtJk;
jdpj;jpy;yhky; xd;W my;yJ gy Gs;spfspy; xUq;fpize;J Mq;fpy vOj;J
tbtpy; mike;Js;sd. ,it ifa];Nkl;lh (Nfhg;Gfs; ) vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 KwpTw;W gFjp kw;nwhd;Wld; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sg;gLtJ FWf;nfjph; khw;wk;
(fpuh]pq; xth;) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; Kbtpy; kugpay; Nrh;f;if
(Genetic Reformation) eilngWfpwJ.
 bg;NshBd;
 xt;nthU ,ul;il njhFg;gpy; cs;s jdpj;jdp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
nrq;Fj;jhf gpsTw;W ,uz;L xNu khjphpahd FNuhNkhbl;fis
cUthf;FfpwJ.
 xj;jpirT FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W tpLgLfpwJ. nrd;l;Nuhkpah;
gFjpapypUe;J ifa];Nkl;lh (Nfhg;Gfs;) nkJthf FNuhNkhNrhk; KOtJk;
efh;e;J Kbtpy; KidTWfpwJ
 lahifdrp];
 ,izTw;w FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ePsk; Fiwthftk; fbdkhfTk; khWfpwJ
 epA+f;spahh; rt;T kw;Wk; epA+f;spNahy]; kiwa Mukgpf;fpwJ. fjph; ,iofs;
Njhd;w Mukgpf;fpwJ.
53. nkl;lhepiy –
 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp efh;e;J ikaj;jpy; mitfshfNt
xd;wpizfpwJ
 Ikl;lhrp]; epfo;itg;Nghy; xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ,U FNuhNkhl;bl;fSk;
jdpahfg; gphptjpy;iy nrd;l;Nuhkpah; gFg;giltjpy;iy.
54. mdhepiy „
 xt;nthU N`hNkhNyhf]; FNuhNkhNrhKk; mjd; ,U FNuhNkhl;bl;fSlDk;
gFg;gilahj nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fSlDk; nry;ypd;. Vjpnujph; JUtq;fis Nehf;fp
efh;fpd;wd. ,e;j FNuhNkhNrhkpd; epiyahdJ ilahL (Diad) vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
55. BNyhepiy „

99
  n`g;yha;L /xUka vz;izf;nfhz;l FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; mjd;jd;
JUtj;ij mile;jTld; gphpe;J ePl;rpailfpd;wd
 epA+f;spahh; rt;T kw;Wk; epA+f;spNahy]; kWgbAk; Njhd;WtNjhL ,U Nra;
epA+f;spa];fs; Njhd;WfpwJ
56. irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G „
 irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G eilngw;W ,U n`g;sha;L nry;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
57. N`hNkhilgpf; gFg;G (m) ,ul;il kpahrp]; gFg;G
 ,t;tif gFg;gpy;> ,uz;L kpahrp]; gFg;G Njhd;wp gFg;gile;J 4 n`g;sha;L
nry;fs; Njhd;wfpd;wd.
 jha; - nry;fspd; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifiag; Nghy; Nra; nry;fspYk;
fhzg;gLk;
 N`hNkhilgpf; gFg;G Ie;J epiyfisf; nfhz;lJ
 GNuhepiy „
 nrd;l;hpNahy; ,uz;lhf gFg;gile;J xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU JUtj;ijAk;
nrd;wilfpd;wd
 V];lh;fs; kw;Wk; vjph; ,iofs; Njhd;wfpd;wd
 epA+f;spah; rt;T kw;Wk; epA+f;spNahy]; kiwa Muk;gpf;fpwJ
 nkl;lhepiy „
 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ikaj;jpy; te;J mikfpd;wd ,uz;L FNuhNkhbl;fs;
gphpjy; milfpwJ
 mdhepiy „
 gphptw;w FNuhNkhl;bl;fs; Nra; FNuhNkhNrhk;fshfpd;wd.
 gpd; fjph;,iofs; RUq;Ftjhy; vjpnujph; JUtj;ij nrd;wilfpd;wd
 BNyhepiy „
 Nra; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ikaj;ij te;jilfpd;wd epA+f;spah; rt;T kw;Wk;
epA+f;spNahy]; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
 irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G „
 epA+f;spah; gFg;gpw;Fg; gpwF xt;nthU xUka/ N`g;dha;L Nra; nry;ypUe;J
,uz;L nry;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,jdhy; xw;iwka FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf;
(n) nfhz;l 4 nry;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
58. kpahrp];]pd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 kpahrp]; gFg;gpd; %yk; epiyj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if
guhkhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 FWf;Nf fyj;jy; epfo;tjhy; rpw;wpdq;fSf;Fs; kugpay; NtWghLf;s xU
re;jjpapypUe;J kW re;jjpf;F flj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

100
 59. ikl;lhrp]; kw;Wk; kpahrp]; ,ilapYs;s NtWghLfs;
ikl;lhrp]; kpahrp];
cly; nry;fspy; epfo;fpwJ ,dr; nry;fspy; epfo;fpwJ
tho;f;if KOtJk; tsh;r;rpiaj; njhlu Fwpg;gpl;l tajpy; ,dr;nray;ghL kw;Wk;
gq;fhw;WfpwJ Nfkpl; cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;fhw;WfpwJ
xU gFg;ig kl;Lk nfhz;lJ ,U gFg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ
,U ,Uka Nra; nry;fs; ehd;F xUka Nra; nry;fs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd Njhd;Wfpd;wd
Jha; nry;fspy; FNuhNkhNrhk; Nra; nry;fspy; jha; nry;fspy; cs;s
vz;zpf;if cs;sJ NghyNt Nra; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapypUe;J ghjp
nry;fspYk; xj;j fhzg;gLfpwJ ( 2n) msT Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ
Xj;j Nra; nry;fs; cUthfpd;wd Nra; nry;fs; jha; nry;fisg; Nghy;
xj;jpUg;gjpy;iy kw;wk; gutyhf
tif;fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

NkYk; mwpe;Jnfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. cUisf;fpoq;fpy; ghud;ifkhtpd; ntw;wplk; KOtJk; ];lhh;r;rpdhy; epuk;gp cs;sJ.

Mg;gpspy; ghud;ifkh rh;;f;fiuia Nrkpj;J itj;Js;sJ.
2. rzy; ehh;fs; kw;Wk; fapW Milfspd; cw;gj;jpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
3. `p];Nlhyh[p vd;w nrhw;gjj;ij Gjpjhf cUthf;fpath; kN`h; (1819) vd;gth; Nkhp
gpuhd;fha;]; Nrhapah; gpNrl; (`p];lhyh[papd; je;ij)vd;gth; clw;$W kw;Wk;
Nehapay; ty;Yeh; Mthh;. ,th; 21 tif jpRf;fis NtWgLj;jp mjpypUe;J kdpj cly;
cWg;Gfs; vt;thW cUthfpd;wd vdf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
4. Njhypy; mike;Js;s vgpjPypaj; jpRf;fs; ePhg
; ;ghJfhg;G ciwahfr; nray;gLfpd;wd.
5. gUkdhd taJ te;jth;fspd; nfhOg;G nry;fspd; vz;zpf;if 60-100 gpy;ypad; MFk;.
mNjrkak; gUkdkw;w taJ te;jth;fspy; mJ 30- 50 gpy;ypad; MFk;.
6. Nkl;hpf;]pd; Guj ehh;fshdit vyh];bdpd; kQ;rs; ehh;fs; kw;Wk; nfhyh[dpd;
nts;is ehh;fs; Mfpatw;why; cUthdit.
 ehNdh ehh;fs; - rhh;gp]; (Sharpeys) ehh;fs; jir ehz;fspd; kpfr;rpwpa ehh;fs;
MFk;. ,it vYk;gpd; nghp];Nlhkpaj;jpd; c;sNs Eiofpd;wd. jirehh;
gpizg;G (Aponeurosis) nky;ypa gpd;dg;gl;l ehh;fshy; tUfpd;wJ. jir ehh;fs;
mjpfg;gbahf ,Of;fg;gLtjhy; RSf;F Vw;gLfpwJ.
7. euk;G nry;fspy; nrd;l;hpNahy;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; mit gFg;giltjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,it
fpypa]; nry;fspypUe;J euk;GUthf;Fjypd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

101
 8. Ez;fpypay; nry;fshdJ khw;wkile;j euk;G fpypay; nry;fshFk;. ,it tpOq;F
jd;ik nfhz;lit. ,it %is kw;Wk; jz;Ltlg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
m];l;Nuhfpypah my;yJ MypNfhnld;Nuhfpypah vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
9. ekJ cly; nry;fspd; taJ
 fz; tpop> ngU%is Gwzpapd; euk;G nry;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfg;gbahd jir
nry;fs; tho;ehspy; xU Kiw ,we;jhy; mit kPz;Lk; rPuikf;fg;gLtjpy;iy
 Flypd; vgpjPypa Gwzp nry;fspd; tho;ehs; Ie;J ehl;fshFk;.
 kw;w Fly; nry;fspd; ruhrhp MAl;fhyk; 15 Mz;Lfs;
10.nry;fs; GJgpf;f MFk; fhyk;
 Njhy; nry; - xt;nthU 2 thuq;fs;
 vYk;G nry;fs; - xt;nthU 10 tUlq;fs;
 fy;yPuy; nry;fs; - xt;nthU 300 -300 ehl;fs;
 ,uj;j rptg;G nry;fs; 120 ehl;fspy; ,we;J kPz;Lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
11.capuZ nry;fs;
 NtWghL milahj nry;fs; tuk;gw;w gFg;GfSf;F cl;gl;L xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gy;NtW tif nry;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. fU capuZ nry;fs;
NtWghL mile;j NtWgl;l jpRf;fshTk;> cWg;gfshfTk; khWfpwJ. cWg;Gfs;
rpijtile;jhy; me;Neha;fSf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;f capuZf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 jw;Nghija ehl;fspy; Foe;ij gpwg;gpd;NghJ njhg;Gs; nfhb uj;jk; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L
vjph;fhyj;jpy; Neha;fs; Vw;gl;lhy; mtw;wpw;F rpfpr;ir mspf;f capuZ nry;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

9 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;

jhtu cyfk; - jhtu nraypay;

1. rpy jhtuq;fspd; ,Unrhy; ngah;

njhl;lhy; rpZq;fp ikNkhrh Gbfh
#hpafhe;jp `Pahe;jy; md;Dt];
,e;jpa je;jpj;jhtuk; my;yJ eldkhLk; nl];Nkhbak; ifuhd;];
jhtuk;

2. Gw;fs; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu tifiar; rhh;e;jit

3. jiuf;F Nky; tsUk; jz;bd; Kidf; FUj;Jiw gFjpahdJ NfhypNahg;ily; (ColeoPtile)
vdg;gLfpwJ.

102
4. rhh;y]; lhh;tpd; jd;Dila Nrhjidapd; %yk; Kisj;j tpijfs; xspia Nehf;fp
tsh;tijf; fz;lwpe;jhh;
5. lhh;tpdpd; Nrhjidia NkYk; tphpTgLj;jpath; gPl;lh;gha;rd; n[d;rd; (1913) (NldP\;
jhtutpayhsh;)
6. ePhpy; fiuAk; Ntjpg;nghUs; jhtu `hh;Nkhd; Mf;]pd; vd;W fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
7. Jhz;lYf;Nfw;g jhtuj;jpd; xU gFjpNah my;yJ KOj; jhtuNkh xU jpiria Nehf;fp
jd; ,af;fj;ijr; nrYj;JtJ rhh;girT vdg;gLk;
8. Xspapd; Jhz;LjYf;F Vw;wthW jhtug; ghfj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xNu jpirAs;s mirT
xsprhh;girT vdg;gLk;.
9. Gtp <h;g;G tpirf;F Vw;wthW jhtuj;jpd; cWg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; mirthdJ Gtp ehl;lk;
my;yJ Gtpr; rhh;girT (Geotropism or Gravitropism) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
10. ePhpd; Jhz;LjYf;F Vw;g jhtu cWg;Gfs; mirtJ ePh;ehl;lk; my;yJ ePhr
; ;rhh;girT
(Hydrotropism) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
11. Kisj;jYf;Fg; gpd; gw;wp VWk; jhtuq;fs; jq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mjhuj;ij
ehLfpwJ. ,J jFe;j Mjhuj;ijj; njhLk;NghJ njhl;l Mjhuj;jpd; gug;gpid Nehf;fp
tsh;tJ njhLehl;lk; my;yJ njhL czh;Tr; rhh;girT (Thigmotropism) vdg;gLfpwJ.
12. Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; Jhz;LjYf;F Vw;g jhtu cWg;Gfs; tsh;jy; my;yJ mirjy; Ntjp
el;lk; my;yJ Ntjpr;rhh;girT (Chemotropism) vdg;gLfpwJ.
13. nghJthf mirthdJ Jhz;lypd; jpiria Nehf;fp ,Ue;jhy; mJ Neh;rhh;girT vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
14. Neh; xsp rhh;girthfTk;> vjph; Gtp rhh;girthfTk; miktJ jz;L
15. Fhiyapy; jpwe;j epiyapYk; khiyapy; %ba epiyapYk; fhzg;gLk; kyh; lhuhf;rk;
m gprpNdy; (lhd;bypahd; common Dandelion)
16. ,utpy; jpwe;j epiyapYk; fhiyapy; %ba epiyapYk; fhzg;gLk; kyh; INghkpah My;gh
(epyT kyh;)
17. njhLjy; %ykhf jhtuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpisT eLf;fKW tisjy; MFk;.
18. eLf;fKW tisjy; (m) njhLTW tisjYf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L G&dpr;rpah> XNtl;lh>
ikNkhrh Gbfh
19. ,USW tisjYf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ypArPdh ypANfh Nr ghyh (nrsz;ly;)
20. ntg;gKW tisjYf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L Lypgh rpw;wpdk;
21. xspAW tisjYf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L rhkhdpNa rhkhd; (Jhq;F %Q;rp)
22. xspr;Nrh;f;if (Photosynthesis)> Photo vd;why; xsp vd;Wk; Synthesis vd;why; cUthf;Fjy;
vd;Wk; nghUshFk;.
23. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ xsp Mw;wy; Ntjp Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
24. gRe;jhtuq;fs; midj;Jk; jw;rhh;G Cl;lk; cilait
25. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; rkd;ghL
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

103
 (fhh;gd; il Mf;irL) (ePh;) (FSf;Nfh];) (Mf;]p[d;)

26. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; Kbtpy; FSf;Nfh]; ];lhh;r; Mf khw;wg;gl;L Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

27. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ jhtuq;fs; fhh;gd; il Mf;irL thAit cs;nsLj;Jf;
nfhs;fpwJ.
28. Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; caph; tho;jYf;F Mf;]p[d; Njitahdjhf cs;sJ.
29. jhtuq;fs; jq;fSf;F Ntz;ba czitj; jhq;fNs jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; epfo;T
xspr;Nrh;f;if MFk;.
30. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ jhtuq;fSf;F Njitahd fhuzpfs; ehd;F fhuzpfs;
 gr;irak; (,iyfspy; fhzg;gLk; gr;ir epwk;)> ePh;> fhh;gd;il Mf;irL
(tspkz;lyf; fhw;W)> xsp
31. ,iyj;Jis topahf thA ghpkhw;wk; eilngWk;.
32. ,iyj;Jisfs; kpfr;rpwpa Jisfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,tw;iw Ez;Nzhf;fpahy;
kl;LNk fhz KbAk;.
33. jhtuq;fspy; 3 tifahd ePutpg; Nghf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ. mitahtd
 ,iyj;Jis ePuhtpg;Nghf;F
 fpA+l;bf;fps; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F
 gl;ilj;Jis ePuhtpg; Nghf;F
34. ,iyj;Jis ePuhtpg;Nghf;fhy; Vwf;Fiwa 90 -95 ePh; ,og;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
35. Gwj;Njhypd; Nkw;Gwk; cs;s fpA+l;bf;fps; mLf;fpd; topahf fpA+l;bf;fps; ePuhtpg; Nghf;F
eilngWfpwJ.
36. Nghpa kutif jhtuq;fspd; gl;ilfs; > fpisfs; kw;Wk; gpw jhtu cWg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLk;
rpwpa Jisfs; gl;ilj;Jis ePuhtpg;Nghf;F MFk;.
37. jhtuq;fSf;F Njitahd ngUk Cl;lf; fdpkq;fs;
 fhh;gd;> i`l;u[d; > Mf;]p[d; > iel;u[d;> nghl;lhrpak; > fhy;rpak;> nkf;dr
P pak;>
ry;gh;> gh];gu]; > ,Uk;G
38. jhtuq;fSf;F Njitahd Ez;Zhl;lf; fdpkq;fs;
 khq;fdP];> fhg;gh;> Nghuhd;> khypg;bdk;> FNshhpd; rpypf;fhd;> Nfhghy;l;> Jj;jehfk;
39. Kjy;epiy cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; vd miof;fg;gLtJ jhtuq;fs;

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. jkpopy; ikNkhNrh Gbfh (Mimosa pudica) “njhl;lhy; rpZq;fp” vdTk; kw;Wk;

nl];Nkhbak; ifud;]; (Desmodium gyrans) njhO fd;dp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. nl];Nkhbak; ifuhd;]; ,e;jpa je;jpj; jhtuk; vd;w jhtuj;jpy; cs;s $l;biyfs; %d;W
rpw;wpiyfis nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

104
3. nl];Nkhbak; ifuhd;]; vd;gJ eldkhLk; jhtuk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,;e;j
jhtuj;ij jhd; ,e;jpa mwptpay; mwpQuhd n[fjP]; re;jpuNgh]; jdJ Ma;tpw;F
gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
4. jhtuq;fs; caph;gpioj;J tho kpfr;rpwe;j #oiy mirTfs; cUthf;Ffpd;wd
5. mirT ,af;fq;fs; nkJthfTk;> Jhz;Ljy; ,Uf;Fk; jpiria Nehf;fpAk; my;yJ
tpyfpAk; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpia rhh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;
6. jpir rhuh mirT xU clDf;Fldhd nrayhFk;
7. rpy cth;jj
; htuq;fs; vjph;Gtprhh;girT cilait. mit 180 Nfhzj;jpy; nrq;Fj;jhd
Nth;fis nfhz;lit> v.fh iuNrhNghuh> Rthr Nth;fs;
8. rpy jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpfs;> rpW tpyq;fpdq;fisAk;> jtisiaf; $l cz;Zfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L > negj;j];> l;Nuh]puh> tPd]; G+r;rpg;gpbg;ghd
9. eLf;fKW tisjy; vd;w jpirrhuhj; Jhz;ly; mirTf;F tPd]; G+r;rpg; gpbg;ghd;
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ilNahdpah kp rpGyh vd;w jhtuk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. jpir;rhuh
Jhz;lypy; ,J kpf NtfkhdJ MFk;.
10. jhtuq;fs; kl;LNk xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; %yk; Mf;rp[id ntspapLfpwJ
11. thd; n`y;khd;l; vd;w ngy;[pa mwpQh; jhtuj;jpd; vil mjpfhpg;gjw;F ePh; kl;LNk
fhuzk; vd;W tpsf;fpdhh;.
12. jhtuq;fs; czT cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLit N[hrg; g;hP];l;yp jd; Nrhjidapd; %yk;
tpsf;fpdhh;.
13. gr;irak; `PNkhFNshgpid %yf;$W mikg;gpy; xj;jpUf;Fk; Mdhy; ika %yf;$W
kl;Lk; NtWgl;bUf;Fk;
14. mwptpayhsh;fs; vyprpah FNshNuhl;bfh vd;w kufj gr;ir epwKila fly; ml;il (Sea
Slug) xd;iw fz;Lgpbj;jdh;. ,it xspr;Nrh;f;if %ykhf Mw;wiy cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd
vd;W fz;lwpe;jdh;. ,e;j fly; ml;il ntsr;rPhpah ypl;Nlhhpah vd;w ghrpia
cl;nfhs;fpd;wd.cl;nfhs;fpd;wd cl;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghrp fly; ml;il clypy; KOikahf
[Puzk; milahky;> ml;ilapd; clypy; jq;fpapUe;J njhlh;e;J xsph;Nrh;f;if %ykhf
ml;ilf;Fj; Njitahd czit mspf;fpd;wJ.
15. #hpa xsp flypy; 100 kPl;lh; Kjy; 200 kPl;lh; tiu CLUt ,aYk;> flypd; mok;
mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f xsp kq;fptpLk;.
16. mhpNrhdh khepyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; xspr;Nrh;f;if ty;Yeh;fs; nkf;]pNfh ehl;by;
cs;s gRgpf; ngUq;flypy; 2400 kPl;lh; MoKs;s gFjpapy; ntg;g ePuhw;wy; Vw;gLk;
rpWJisapd; mUfpy; fhzg;gLk; gRq;fe;jf ghf;Bhpaq;fs; tho;tijf; fz;lwpe;jdh;.
“,j;jifag; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; mrhjuzkhd #o;epiyapy; tho;tjw;F xU rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;”
17. ,iyj;Jisfspy; cs;s fhg;G nry;fspy; gr;irak; cs;sJ. Mdhy; xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;a
,ayhJ. Vnddpy;> fhg;g nry;fspy; kw;Wk; bi`l;Nuh[PNd]; Nghd;w
nehjpfs; ,y;iy.

105
18. jhtuq;fs; njhlh;e;J mjpf msT ePiu kz;zpypUe;J cwpQ;Rfpd;wd. mjid
xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. xU Ntjpa gFg;gha;tpd;gb 100 fpuhk; ePh; kw;Wk;
260 fpuhk; fhh;gd; il Mf;irL cld; Nrh;e;J tpidGhpe;J 180 fpuhk; msTs;s
fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;bid cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. NkYk; ,e;epfo;tpy; 180 fpuhk;Mf;rp[d;
cUthfpwJ. ,e;j Ntjptpidapy; jhtuk; jdJ Nthpd; %yk; cwpQ;rg;gLk; ePiu
KOtJkhd czT cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jhJ vQ;rpag; ngUk;gFjp ePh; ePuhtpahf;fg;gl;L
fhw;wpy; fiufpwJ.
19. jhtuk; cwpQ;Rk; ePhpy; 1 ePhpid kl;LNk gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kPjKs;s 99 ePh;
ePuhtpNghf;fpd; %yk; ,of;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
20. xU kf;fhr;Nrhs jhtuk; jdJ tho;ehspy; 54 Nfyd; (54 Gallons) ePhpid ePuhtpahf
ntspNaw;WfpwJ.
21. jhtuq;fspy; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; mtrpak;
 ,iyfspy; ,Otpiria Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. jz;L gFjpapy; ,Otpiria
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Nthpfspy; ,Otpiria Vw;gLj;jp mjpf ePhpid cwpQ;r cjTfpwJ . Mdhy;
njhlh;e;J fdpkq;fis mspf;f ,it mtrpakhdJ
 jhtuj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
22. Crpapiyj; jhtuq;fs; gpukpL tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 ];GU];> igd]; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; gph; Mfpa Crpapiy kuq;fs; %d;W
gf;fOila gpukpL> rpwg;G tbtpyhd mikg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd.
 ,j;jhuq;fs; Mz;L KOtJk; xspr;Nrh;f;iffhf #hpa xspiar; rhh;e;Js;sd.
mitfspd; gpukpL tbt mikg;ghdJ Nkw;Gw fpisfs;> fPo;g;Gwf; fpisfis
kiwf;fhkYk; midj;Jf; fpisfSk; #hpa xspiag; ngw cjTfpwJ.
 Crpapiyj; jhtuq;fspd; Kjd;ikf; fpisfs; gy;NtW mLf;FfSf;fpilNa
jpwe;jj gFjpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. Fsph; khjq;fspd; NghJ Fiwe;j
Nfhzj;jpy; tpOk; #hpa xspapidg; NghJkhd msT ngw xspahdJ flj;jg;gl;L
kuj;jpid mila Nkw;fz;l gpukpL mikg;G cjTfpwJ.
23. mNkrhdpy; mjpf msT kio nghoptjw;fhd fhuzk;
 ,g;Gtp Nfhsj;jpy; mNkrhd; gFjpahdJ mjpfsT gy;Yaph;j; jd;ikAila epy
mikg;ig ngw;w ,lkhFk;. NkYk; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;s mjpf msT CLUTk;
Nth;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; mjpf msT
ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpid mjpfhpg;gNjhL> mg;NghJ ePuhtpahFk; ePhpid mq;Fs;s mjpf
cauKila kuq;fs; me;ePhpid ,ilapy; kwpj;J tpLfpd;wd.
 ,t;thW mjpfhpf;fg;gLk; ePuhtpahjiy ,sfr;nra;J mf;fhLfspy; Neh;kiw
tpisTfis cz;lhf;FtNjhL kioasitAk; mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ. NkYk;
mNkrhd; ntg;gkz;ly kiof;fhLfs; ngWfpd;w ¾ kioasthdJ mq;Fs;sj;

106
 htuq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l ePuhtpg; Nghf;fpd; ePhj
; J
; spfshFk;. mitfs; fhz;gjw;F
%Lgdpahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
24. Xspr;Nrh;f;iffhf jhtuq;fs; #hpa xspia <h;f;fpd;wd. rpy G+r;rpapdq;fSk; #hpa
xspia <h;f;fpd;wd.
 nly;mtpt; gy;fiyf;fof tpQ;Qhdpfs; nt];gh xhpad;lhyp]; vd;w vWk;ig
fz;lwpe;jdh;. ,itfs; jhtuq;fSf;F xj;j jpwikfisf; nfhz;bUe;jd.
 mjhtJ> ,e;j caphpdj;jpd; tapw;Wg;gFjpapy; kQ;rs; jpl;Lfs; kw;Wk; mrhjhuz
Nky;Njhy; mikg;G Nghd;w gFjpahdJ 20 mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;L jbj;Jf;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Nky;Njhy; gFjpapy; gr;irak; fhzg;glhJ> khwhf rhe;Njhg;nlhpd; vd;w kQ;rs;
Ez; xsp czh; epwkp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it xsp mWtil %yf;$whf nray;gl;L
xsp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wfpd;wd.
10 Mk; tFg;G
jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; kw;Wk; jhtu nraypay;

1. cs;sikg;gpaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgth; nefka;ah f;U

2. jhtu cs;sikg;gpy; gw;wpa njhFg;ig Kjypy; ntspapl;lth; nefka;ah f;U
3. jhtuj;jpd; cl;Gw mikg;igg; gw;wp gbg;gJ jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; (Plant Anatomy)
vdg;gLk;.
4. mikg;G kw;Wk; Njhw;wj;jpy; xd;Wgl;l my;yJ NtWgl;l xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpiar;
nra;Ak; nry;fspd; njhFg;Ng jpRf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
5. jhtuq;fspy; cs;s jpRj;njhFg;Gfis %d;W tifshf tifg;gLj;jpath; rhf;];
(1875) mk;%d;W tiffshf tiffs; gpd;tUkhW
jpRj; njhFg;G
1. Njhy; my;yJ Gwj;Njhy; jpRj;njhFg;G
2. mbg;gil my;yJ 1. Gwzp
jsj;jpRj; njhFg;G 2. mfj;Njhy;
3 nghpirf;fps;
4 gpj;

3. th];Fyhh; 1. Mug;Nghf;F mike;jit v.fh Nth;

jpRj;njhFg;G 2. xd;wpize;jit

3#o;e;jike;jit

107
xUq;fike;jit ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;jit

v.fh Ffh;gpl;lh

iryj;jpw;Fk; GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpahk; fhzg;gl;lhy; mit

jpwe;j xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw v.fh ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L

Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gltpy;iynad;why; %ba xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw

vdg;gLk; .v.fh xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L

iryk; #o; th];Fyhh; fw;iw v.fh burPdh

GNshak; #o; th];Fyhh; fw;iw v.fh nguzpfs;

6. Gwj;Njhy; jpRj;njhFg;G
 Gwj;njhFg;G jpRj;njhFg;gpy; Gwj;Njhy;> Gwj;Njhy; Jis> Gwj;Njhy; tshpfs;
Mfpad cs;sd
 xU jhtuj;jpd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F Gwj;Njhy; MFk;.
 jhtuj;jpy; Gwj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLk; rpWJisfs; ];NlhNkl;lh vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfspd; ntspg;Gwr; Rthpy; fpA+l;bf;fps; vd;w nkOFg;glyk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fpA+l;bf;fps; ,iyfspd; topahf eilngWk; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpid jLf;fg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 Gwj;Njhypy; gy nry;fshyhd tshpfs; (biuNrhk;fs; ) kw;Wk; Nth;jJ
; htpfs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
7. Gwj;Njhy; jpRtpd; gzpfs;:
 Gwj;Njhy; cl;Gwr; jpRf;fisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F eilngw cjTfpd;wd
 Nth;jJ
; htpfs; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fis cwpQ;r gad;gLfpd;wd
8. mbg;gil my;yJ jsj;jpR njhFg;G
 Gwj;NjhYk; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fSk; ePq;fyhf cs;s midj;J jpRf;fSk; ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;
9. th];Fyhh; jpRj; njhFg;G
 iryk;> GNshak; vd ,uz;L flj;J jpRf;fs; mike;Js;sd
 iryk; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fis jhtuj;jpd; midj;J cWg;GfSf;Fk;
flj;JfpwJ
 GNshak; czTg; nghUs;fis jhtuj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F flj;Jf;fpwJ

108
  %d;W tiffahd th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; cs;sd
10. iryKk; GNshaKk; mLj;jLj;J ntt;NtW Muq;fspy; miktJ Mug;Nghf;F
mike;j thq;Fyhh;fw;iw MFk;
11. iryKk; GNshaKk; XNu Muj;jpy; xU fw;iwapy; miktJ xd;wpize;j th];Fyhh;
fw;iw MFk;.
12. iryk; ikag;gFjpia Nehf;fpAk;> GNshak; ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; mike;Js;sJ
xUq;fike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw
13. iryj;jpw;F ntspg;gf;fKk;> cs;gf;fKk; GNshak; fhzg;gLtJ ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j
th];Fyhh; fw;iw
14. iryj;jpw;F #o;e;J GNshaNkh my;yJ GNshaj;ijr; #o;e;J iryNkh fhzg;gLtJ
#o;e;jike;j th];Fyhh; fw;iw tif th];Fyhh; fw;iw.
15. GNshak; #o; th];Fyhh; fw;iwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ghypNghbak;
16. GNuhl;Nlhiryk; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lh iryk; ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk;
fhzg;gLtJ cs;Nehf;fp iryk; (vz;lhh;f;) v.fh jz;L
17. GNuhl;Nlhiryk; ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lh iryk; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk;
fhzg;gLtJ ntspNehf;fp iryk; (vf;]hh;f;). v.fh Nth;
18. jpRj;njhFg;G kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gzpfs;

jpRj;njhFg;G jpRf;fs; gzpfs;

Gwj;Njhy; Gwj;Njhy; kw;Wk; nghpnlh;k; ghJfhg;G> ePh; ,og;igj; jLg;gJ
jpRj;njhFg;G
jsj;jpRj;njhFg;G 1. ghud;ifkh 1. czT Nrkpj;jy;
2. FNshud;ifkh 2. xspr;Nrh;f;if
3. Nfhyd;ifkh 3. ghJfhg;G
4. ];fpspud;ifkh 4. cWjpj;jd;ik
th];Fyhh; jpRj; 1. iryk; 1. ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fis
njhFg;G 2. GNshak; flj;Jjy;
2. czTg; nghUl;fis
flj;Jjy;

19. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuNth; kw;Wk; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuNth; NtWghLfs;

jpRf;fs;/cWg;Gfs; xUtpj;jpiy ,Utpj;jpiy

vLj;Jf;fhl;L Nrhsk; mtiu
iryf;fw;iwfspd; gyKid iryk; ehd;FKid iryk;
vz;zpf;if
Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gltpy;iy fhzg;gLfpwJ (,uz;lhk;

109
 epiy tsh;r;rpapd; nghOJ
kl;Lk; )
,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rp ,y;iy cz;L
gpj; my;yJ nkl;Ly;yh ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md ,y;iy
gpj; gFjp cz;L
,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpspud;ifkh ghud;ifkh

20. xUtpijapiy kw;Wk; ,Utpijapiyj; jhtuNthpd; FWf;F ntl;Lj;Njhw;wk;

21. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;L NtWghLfs;

jpRf;fs;/ cWg;Gfs; xUtpj;jpiy ,Utpj;jpiy

Gwj;Njhybj; Njhy; ];fpspud;ifkh nry;fshy; Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshy;
MdJ MdJ
jsj;jpR ,t;thwhd NtWghL Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;>
fhzg;gltpy;iy nghpirf;fps; kw;Wk; gpj;
vd NtWgl;L
fhzg;gLfpwJ
th];Fyhh; fw;iw 1. mjpfkhd vz;zpf;if 1. Fiwthd
xuq;fspy; rpwpajhfTk; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk;
ikaj;jpy; nghpajhfTk; rkmsTilait
cs;sJ. 2. tisa tbtpy;
2. rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ cs;sJ
3. %bait (Nfk;gpak; 3. jpwe;jit
,y;iy) (Nfk;gpak; cs;sJ)
4. fw;iw ciw cz;L 4. fw;iw ciw
,y;iy
,uz;lhk; epiy ngUk;ghYk; ,y;iy cz;L
tsh;r;rp
gpj; ,y;iy cz;L
nkLy;yhp fjph;fs; ,y;iy cz;L

22. xUtpj;jpiy kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;bd; FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;

23. xUtpj;jpiy kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapd; FWf;Fntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;
24. xUtpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy NtWghLfs;

xUtpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy

,Ugf;fKk; xj;j mikg;gila ,iy Nky;fPo; NtWghL nfhz;l ,iy v.fh kh>

110
 ,iy
,iyapilj; jpRtpy; ghypNrl; kw;Wk; ,iyapilj; jpRtpy; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh
];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd;w NtWghL kw;Wk; ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh vd;w
fhzg;gltpy;iy NtWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ

25. fzpfq;fs; %d;W tifg;gLk; mit

fzpfj;jpd; tif fhzg;gLk; epwkp gzpfs;
FNshNuhgpsh];l;(gRq;fzpfk;) FNshNuh gpy; - gr;irepw jz;L ,iyfSf;F
epwkp gr;ir tz;zk;
jUfpd;wJ
FNuhNkhgpsh];l; fNuhl;bd; - MuQ;R epw G+f;fs;> fdpfSf;F
(tz;zf;fzpfq;fs;) epwkp> rhe;Nuh gpy; - tz;zk; jUjy;
kQ;rs; epw epwkp
ypA+f;Nfhgpsh];l; epwkw;wJ my;yJ jhtuj;jpd; Nth;gFjp
(ntsph;fzpfq;fs;) nts;is epwk; kw;Wk; jiufPo;
jz;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk;
czit Nrkpf;fpwJ

26. gRq;fzpfk;
 gRq;fzpfk; 2-10 ikf;NuhkPl;lh; tpl;lk; cilaJ.
 gRq;fzpfk; 1-2 ikf;Nuh kPl;lh; jbkd;nfhz;l xU ePs; cUz;il tbt nry;
Ez;ZWg;ghFk;.
 ];l;Nuhkh gFjpapy; Gujr;Nrh;f;iff;F Njitahd > 70S iuNghNrhk;
%yf;$Wfs; cs;sd.
 ];l;Nuhkhtpy; ,ilntspAld; $ba igNghd;w jl;Ltbt mikg;G
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F ijyf;fha;L vd;W ngah;
 gy ijyf;fha;Lfs; xd;wd; kPJ xd;whf mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;l ehzak; Nghd;W
cs;sJ ,J fpuhdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 gy fpuhdhf;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W fpuhdhNyNky;yh> ];l;NuhkhNynky;yhthy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 gRq;fzpfj;jpd; gzpfs; - xspr;Nrh;f;if> jurk; Nrkpj;jy;> nfhOg;G mkpy
cw;gj;jp> ypg;gpLfs; Nrkpg;G> gRq;fzpfk; cUthf;fk;
27. xspr;Nrh;f;if
 xspr;Nrh;f;if <LgLk; ,uz;L Kf;fpa epwkpfs;:
 Kjd;ik epwkp (gr;irak; a)
 Jiz epwkp (gr;irak;b)

111
  #hpa Mw;wiy mjpfk; fthe;jpOf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;l epwkp gr;irak;
Kjd;ik epwkp
 Kjd;ik epwkpahdJ #hpa Mw;wiy Ntjp Mw;wyhf khw;WfpwJ. Mifahy;.
,J tpid ikak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Jiz epwkpfs; - gr;irak; > fNuhl;bdha;L
 Xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; KO epfo;r;rpAk; gRq;fzpfj;jpd; cs;Ns eilngWk;.
 gRq;fzpfj;jpd; fpuhdhtpy; eilngWtJ xsp rhh;e;j tpid my;yJ xsp
tpidahFk;.
 gRq;fzpfj;jpd; ];l;Nuhkhtpy; eilngWtJ xsp rhuh tpid my;yJ ,Us;
tpidahFk;
 xsprhh;e;j tpid my;yJ xsp tpidia Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jth; uhgpd;
`py; (1939)
 xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; #hpa Mw;wiy <j;J kw;Wk; 2 it
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
 ,Us;tpidf;Fg; gad;gLtJ 2

 Xsprhuh tpidapd; NghJ xspr;rhh;e;j tpidapy; cz;lhd kw;Wk;

2 cjtpAld; 2 MdJ fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;lhf xLf;fkilfpwJ ,J
gRq;fzpfj;jpd; ];l;Nuhkh gFjpapy; eilngWfpwJ. ,e;epfo;r;rp fhy;tpd;
Row;rp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fhy;tpd; Row;rp eilngw #hpa xsp Njit ,y;iy.
 fhy;tpd; Row;rpapy; fhw;wpypUe;J 2 k; xsp tpidapd; %yk; cz;lhd
kw;Wk; 2 k; cs; EiofpwJ.
28. xspr;Nrh;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;
 cl;Gwf; fhuzpfs;
 epwkpfs;
 ,iyapd; taJ
 fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;bd; nrwpT
 `hh;Nkhd;fs;
 ntspf; fhuzpfs;
 #hpa xsp
 fhh;gd; il Mf;irL
 ntg;gepiy
 ePh;
 fdpkq;fs;

112
29. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah
 nry;ypy; fhzg;gLk; ,io Nghd;w my;yJ Jfs; Nghd;w irl;Nlhgpshr
EzZWg;G ikl;Nlhfhzl;hpah
 thpj;jirr; nry;fspy; ,Ue;J ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahitf; fz;lwpe;jth;
Nfhypf;fh; 1857
 nry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyak; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; msT 0.5 tiu gy;NtW msTfspy;
NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ikl;Nlhfhz;lhpahtpy; 60 -70 Gujk; cs;sJ.
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; 5 -7 ypg;gpLfs; cs;sJ.
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; 5 -7 kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; cs;sd. cs;
kw;Wk; ntspr;rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;l xU Ez;zWg;G ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; xt;nthU rt;Tk; ikl;Nlhfhz;lhpahtpy; 60 -70
jbkd; cilaJ
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; nehjpfs;> Gujk;> ypg;gpLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; cl;Gwr;rt;tpy; fhzg;gLk; tpuy; Nghd;w ePl;rpfs;
fphp];Nl vdg;gLk;.
 fphp];lhtpy; gy Ez;zpa nld;dp]; uhf;fl; tbt Jfs;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
,it Mf;]pNrhk;fs; (F1 Jfs;fs;) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
cw;gj;jpapy; gq;Fnfhs;fpd;wd
 fpug; Row;rpf;F Njitahdit nehjpfs;> iuNghNrhk; >
30. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; gzpfs;:
 nry;ypd; fhy;rpak; madpfspd; rkepiyiag; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 nry;ypd; tsh;rpij khw;w nraypy; gq;F nfhs;fpwJ.
31. Rthrpj;jy;
 jhtuq;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpypUe;J Mf;]p[id ngw;wf; nfhz;L fhh;gd; il
Mf;iril ntspNaw;wfpd;wd ,e;j thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F ntspr;Rthrk; vd;W
ngah;
 ntspr;Rthrk; vd;gJ xU ,aw;gpay; epfo;thFk;.
 nry;Yf;Fs;Ns czthdJ Mf;]pfuzkile;J Mw;wy; ngWk; caph;Ntjpapay;
epfo;r;rp nry; Rthrk; vdg;gLk;.
32. fhw;W Rthrk;
 ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; fhw;W Rthrk; eilngWfpwJ
(C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2+6H2O+ATP)
 fhw;Wr; Rthrj;jpd; %d;W gbepiyfs; gpd;tUkhW

113
  fpisf;fhyp]p];
 f;pug;Row;rp
 vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jk; rq;fpyp
33. fpisf;fhyp]p]; (FSf;Nfh]; gpsg;G)
 xU %yf;$W FSf;Nfh]hdJ (6 fhh;gd; ) ,uz;L %yf;$W igUtpf;
mkpykhf (3 fhh;gd; ) gpsf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rpahFk;
 irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eilngWk;.
 ,J fhw;W kw;Wk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthdJ
34. fpug;Row;rp
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpd; cl;$o;kj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.
 ,uz;L %yf;$W igUtpf; mkpyk; KOtJk; Mf;]pfuzk; mile;J fhh;gd;
il Mf;irL kw;Wk; ePuhf khWk;
 l;iu fhh;ghf;]pypf; mkpy Row;rp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
35. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;
 Mf;]p[d; ,y;yhj #oypy; eilngWk;
 FSf;Nfh]hdJ vj;jdhyhfTk; my;yJ Nyf;Nlh]; MfTk; khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
,jDld; CO2 ntspNaWfpwJ.
 (C6H12O6 --> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH+ ATP)
36. Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gl;l fhh;gd; il Mf;i]bd; mstpw;Fk; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l Mf;]p[d; mstpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s tpfpjk; Rthr <T vd;g;gLk;.
 Rthr <T „ ntspaplg;gLk; 2 msT / vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; 2 msT

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
1. xU nry;yhdJ Nehpilahf Mw;wiy FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J ngwKbahJ. Rthrpj;jypd;
NghJ FSf;Nfh]; Mf;]pfuzkile;J ntspNaWk; Mw;wy; apy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ
2. #hpa xspiag; gad;gLj;jp nraw;if xspr;Nrh;f;if epfo;r;rp elj;jg;gl;lJ. ghju uj;dh
uht; mth;fs; mNj njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp nra;w;if xspr;Nrh;f;if
epfo;r;rp %yk; i`l;u[d; vhpnghUis cw;gj;jp nra;jhh;(GJg;gpf;Fk; Mw;wy;)
3. mbNdhird; l;iu gh];Ngl;
mbNdhird; il gh];Ngl;
epNfhbdikL mbidd; il epA+f;spNahilL
epNfhbdikL mbidd; il epA+f;spNahilL gh];Ngl;

114
4. nky;tpd; fhy;tpd; mnkhpf;f caph; Ntjpapayhsh; xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; Ntjpapay;
epfo;Tfis fz;lwpe;jhh;. mjdhy; ,r;Row;rp fhy;tpd; Row;rp vd ngahplg;gl;lJ.
,jw;fhf ,tUf;F 1961 Mk;Mz;L Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ.

6 Mk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

kdpj cWg;G kz;lyq;fs;

115
1. ekJ clypy; gj;J gpujhd cWg;G kz;lyq;fs; cs;sd.
1. Njhy; kz;lyk;
2. jir kz;lyk;
3. vYk;G kz;lyk;
4. ,uj;j xl;l kz;lyk;
5. euk;G kz;lyk;
6. Rthr kz;lyk;
7. nrhpkhd kz;lyk;
8. fopT ePf;f kz;lyk;
9. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp kz;lyk;
10. ,dg;ngUf;fk; kz;lyk;
Njhy; kz;lyk;
1. NjhYWg;G kz;lyj;jpy; Njhy;> Nuhkk; >efk;> tpah;it Rug;gpfs; kw;Wk; vz;nza;
Rug;gpfs; Nghd;witfs; cs;sd
2. clypd; kpf fdkhd gFjp Njhy;
3. efkhdJ nfNuhl;bd; vd;w Guj;jjpdhy; MdJ
4. vz;nza; Rug;gp Ruf;Fk; nghUs; rPgk;
5. Njhy; tpah;itia ntspNaw;WfpwJ. tpah;itapy; A+hpah> A+hpf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; yhf;bf;
mkpyk; cs;sJ.
6. Njhy; Xh; Kjph;r;rpaile;j kdpjdpd; cly; vilapy; 15 rjtPjj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
7. kdpj clyhdJ 37 ntg;gepiyapy; rhjhuzkhf ,aq;FfpwJ.
8. nkydpd; mjpfk; - fUg;G epwk; . nkydpd; FiwT „ nts;is epwk;
9. fUg;G kdpjh;fs; - ePf;Nuhf;fs; (Mg;hpf;fh)
10. nts;is kdpjh;fs; - fhf;Nfrpad;fs; (INuhg;gpah;fs;)
11. kQ;rs; kdpjh;fs; - kq;Nfhypah;fs; (rPdh;fs;)
12. jpRf;fisg;gw;wp gbg;gJ Histalogy
13. Njhypd; gzpfs;:
 Njhy; clypd; cs;cWg;Gfis ghJfhf;fpwJ
 tpah;it Rug;gjd; %yk; ,k;kz;lyk; xU fopTePff
; cWg;ghfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
 Njhy; #hpa xspapd; cjtpahy; itl;lkpd; ia jahhpf;fpwJ. ,jw;F
vh;Nfh];bu]; vd;Dk; ];Buha;L gad;gLfpwJ.
 Njhy; clypd; ePh; ,og;igj; jLf;fpwJ
 Njhy; clypd; ntg;gepiyia xOq;Fg;gLj;JfpwJ
 njhLjy;> typ> ntg;gk; Mfpatw;iw czUk; czh; cWg;ghf Njhy; Ntiy
nra;fpd;wJ
14. Njhy; %d;W Kf;fpag; gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ
 Gwj;Njhy;

116
  eLj;Njhy;
 mfj;Njhy;
 Gwj;Njhy;
 Gwj;Njhy; Njhypd; ntspg;gFjp MFk;. ,it thp cs;s ];Fthk]; vgpjPypar;
nry;fshy; MdJ
 ntspmLf;F jl;ilahd nkype;j nrjpy; Nghd;w ,e;j Gwj;Njhypd; nry;fshy;
MdJ
 mbj;jsr; rt;T Njhypd; Gwj;Njhiy eLj;NjhypypUe;J gphpf;fpwJ
 Gwj;Njhypy; cs;s nkyNdhirl;L vd;w epwkpr; nry;fs; Njhypd; epwj;jpw;Ff;
fhuzkhfpd;wd
 Mbj;jsr; rt;tpw;F fPNo euk;G Kbr;Rf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 eLj;Njhy;
 eLj;Njhy; jbj;j kw;Wk; kPs;rf;jp nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
 eLj;Njhy; gFjpapy; euk;GfSk;> ,uj;jf; Foha;fSk;> cNuhkf; FopfSk;>
tpah;itr; Rug;gpfSk;> kw;Wk; rPgk; vd;w vz;nza;r; Rug;gpfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 eLj;Njhy; gFjpapy; cNuhkj;ij mirg;gjw;F vuf;lhh;igiy vd;w kpUJthd
jir cs;sJ
 vz;nza; Rug;gp rPgk; vd;w vz;nziar; Rue;J Njhiy nkd;ikahfTk;>
gsgsg;ghfTk; itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
 mfj;Njhy;
 Njhypd; fPo; mLf;F mfj;Njhy; MFk;
 mfj;Njhy; KOikahf mbg;Ngh]; jpRf;fshy; epug;gg;gl;L cs;sJ.

jir kz;lyk;

1. kdpj clypy; 700 Kjy; 800 jirfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

2. %d;W tifahd jirfs; cs;sd
 vYk;Gj; jirfs; (thpAila jirfs;)- ,af;fj; jirfs;
 nkd; jirfs; (thpaw;w jirfs;)- ,aq;F jirfs;
 ,jaj; jirfs;
jir miktplk; gz;Gfs;
thpj;jir/ vYk;Gj;jir vYk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;L gy cl;fUf;fis
jd;dpr;irahd jir ,Uf;Fk; iffs;> fhy;fs;> nfhz;Ls;sJ. fpisf;s
fOj;J Mfpa ,lq;fs; mw;wJ. jd;dpr;irahdJ

117
 fhzg;gLfpwJ
thpaw;w/ nkd;ikahd / ,uj;j ehsq;fs;> fUtpop> xw;iw ikaf;fU
jd;dpr;iraw;w jir %r;Rf; Foha; kw;Wk; Njhy; jd;dpr;iraw;wJ
Nghd;w clypd; nkd;ikahd
gFjpfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;L
cs;sJ
,jaj;jir (fhh;bahf; jir) ,jak; fpisfSilaJ 1-3 ika
cl;fU jd;dpr;iraw;wJ

3. fz;zpd; fUtpopapy; ,uz;L N[hb jirfs; cs;sJ.

4. fz;ghitapypUe;J kpjtz;bapd; Muk; (];Nghf; Nghd;W ntspNaWk; Nubay;
jirfSk; > tl;lj; jirfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
5. Nubay; jirfs; fz;zpd; ghitia mfykhf;Ffpd;wd. tl;lj; jirfs; fz;zpd;
ghitia rpwpajhf khw;Wfpd;wd.
6. xU rJu nr.kP gug;gsT c;s;s jir 3.5 fp.fp viliaj; Jhf;fty;yJ
7. jirfshy; vYk;Gfis ,Of;f KbANk jtpu> mtw;iw Ke;ija epiyf;Fj; js;s
KbahJ. vdNt> mit nefpo;T kw;Wk; ePl;rpj; jirfshf nray;gLfpd;wd.
8. nefpo;Tj; jir RUq;Ftjhy; %l;Lf;fspy; if kw;Wk; fhy;fs; tisfpd;wd.
gpd;dh; ,af;fk; Kbe;jJk; jir jsh;e;J> ePl;rpj;jir RUq;Ftjhy; if kw;Wk;
fhy;fs; Neuhfpd;wd
9. Nkw;ifapd; Kd;gFjpapYs;s ,Ujiyj;jir nefpTj; jirahFk;
10. Nkw;ifapd; gpd;Gwj;jpYs;s Kj;jiyj;jir ePl;rpj; jirahFk;
11. cq;fs; KOq;ifia tisf;Fk; NghJ ,Ujiyj;jir RUq;FfpwJ. gpd;dh;
Kj;jiyj;jir jsh;e;J> KOq;ifia Neuhf;FfpwJ.
12. ,j;jhyp ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j cs;sikg;gpay; Nguhrpah; Yh[; fhy;thdp (1737-1798)
kpd;rhuk; jir miritj; Jhz;Lk; vd fz;Lgpbj;jhh; (my;yJ tpyq;F
kpd;rhuj;ij fz;gpbj;jhh;)
13. jir ehz;fs;
 jir ehz;fs; kPs; jd;ikAila ,izg;Gj; jpR cWg;ghFk;
 10 kp.kP tpl;lk; cs;s jirehz; 600 -1000 fpNyh viliaj; jhq;Fk;
14. jirr;rt;T
 ,izg;Gj; jpRthy; Md ,r;rt;T vYk;Gj;jirapd; kPJ xH glyk; Nghy;
Nghh;itahf cs;sJ.
 jirr;rt;T glyk; Nky;GwkhfNth MokhfNth mike;J ,Uf;fyhk;.
Nky;Gwk; cs;s rt;T fl;Lj; jsh;tila mikg;ghfj; NjhYf;Fk; jirf;Fk;
,ilapy; ,Uf;Fk;

118
  Mokhd rt;T nfhyh[d; ,iofshy; Mf;fg;gl;L kPs; rf;jpaw;w
ciwahfj; jirfis Rw;wpapUf;Fk;
 kdpj clypy; Ie;J jirj; njhFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 jirg;Gwj; jirfs;
 fOj;Jg; gFjpj; jirfs;
 cly;gFjpj; jirfs;
 Nkw;ifj; jirfs;
 fPof;fhy; jirfs;
15. Kfghtidfs;
 Kfghitidfshd ghh;jj
; y; mjph;r;rp miljy; kw;Wk; Gd;difj;jy; Mfpa
nray;fs; 30f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,af;F jirfshy; epfo;fpd;wd
 Kfghtidfs; ,af;F jirfshy; eilngw;whYk; ek;ik mwpahky;
eilngWfpd;wd
16. %r;RtpLjy;
 %r;RtpLjYf;nfd ehd;F Kf;fpa jirfs; cs;sd
 cl;RthrkhdJ ];NfyPd>; ntsp tpyh vYk;G ,ilj; jirfshy; epfOk;
 cs; tpyh vYk;G ,ilj; jirfSk;> khh;Gj; jirfSk; ntspr;Rthrj;
jirfshFk;
 cjutpjhdk; Kr;R tpLjYf;F cjTfpd;wJ. cjutpjhdk; jirehh;r;
rt;tpdhy; MdJ. ,J khh;giwiaAk; tapw;wiwiaAk; gphpf;fpwJ
17. jirfspd; gzpfs;
 clYf;F cUtj;ij mspf;fpd;wd
 ek; cly; cWg;Gfs; ,aq;Ftjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd
 ek; clypd; ntg;gepiyia xNu rPuhf itj;Jf; nfhs;sj; Njitahd
ntg;gj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;git jirfNs MFk;.
 tapw;Wg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; nkd;ikahd jirfs; tho;ehs; KOtJk; xU
,ae;jpuk; Nghy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd
18. ghypfpuh g;- ngha;nrhy;tij fz;Lg;gpbg;gJ
19. Kf;fpaj; jirfs; mike;Js;sJ ,lk; kw;Wk; ,af;fk;
ngah; mike;Js;s ,lk; ,af;fk;
Bug;gPrpa]; KJF> fOj;J KJfpd; Nky;GwKk;> NkypUe;J ,Oj;jy;
jir fOj;jpd; ,U Gwq;fs;
nly;lhapLfs; Njhs;jir Njhs;gl;ilfs; ifia cah;jJ
; jy;
ngf;Nlhuy;fs;- khh;Gj; khh;G jiyapy; ifia
jir mOj;Jjy>iffs; clypy;
FWf;fhf ,aq;Fjy;

119
 yhl;b];k]; lhh;ir- KJfpd; gpd;Gw mfd;w ,Oj;jy> glF xl;Ljy;
KJFj;jir jir Nghd;w ,af;fk;
l;iunrg;];- ,Ujiyj; Nkw;ifapd; Kd;gFjp iffis klf;Fjy;>
jir`` tisj;jy;
l;iunrg;]; - Kj;jiyj; Nkw;ifapd; gpd;gFjp iffis ePl;Ljy;>
jir iffshy; mOj;Jjy;
fh g; jir gpd;fhy; jir fZf;fhYf;Fk;> ghjj;jpd; Kd; gFjpia
KOq;fhYf;Fk; ,ilapy; cah;jj
; Tk;> jho;jj
; Tk;
fhypd; gpd;Gwk;

vYk;G kz;lyk;
1. vYk;G kz;lyk; vYk;G> FWj;njYk;G> jirehz; kw;Wk; jirehh; Nghd;w ,izg;Gj;
jpRf;fshy; MdJ.
2. kdpj clypy; fhzg;glf;$ba kpf ePskhd vYk;G njhil vYk;G(gPkh;) MFk;. ,jd; ePsk;
45 nr.kP MFk;.
3. kdpj clypy; cs;s kpfr; rpwpa vYk;G fhjpy; cs;s mq;fthb (];Nlg;];) vYk;ghFk;
4. kdpj vYk;G kz;lyj;jpy; gy;NtW tifahd vYk;Gfs; cs;sd> mitahtd
ePz;l vYk;Gfs; if kw;Wk; fhy; vYk;G
FWfpa vYk;Gfs; kzpf;l;L > KJnfYk;Gj; njhlh;
jl;ilahd vYk;Gfs; kz;ilxL > tpyh vYk;G> Njhs;gl;il> ,Lg;G
xOq;fw;w vYk;Gfs; KJnfYk;G> KJnfYk;Gj; njhlh;> fPo;jj
; hil> mz;zk;>
jho;thd ehrpf;Foha; > ehtb tis vYk;G

5. clypy; vYk;Gfs; mike;jpUg;gjd; mbg;gilapy; vYk;Gf; $L ,uz;L tifg;gLk;

 mfr;rl;lfk; (vz;Nlh];nfypl;ld;)
 Gwr;rl;lfk;(vf;Nrh];nfypl;ld;) (m) ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk;

vYk;G kz;lyk;

Foe;ijfSf;F
(300 vYk;Gfs;)

kdpj vYk;Gf;$L
(206 vYk;Gfs;)

120
 mr;R rl;lfk; ,izaWg;Gr; rl;lfk;
(80 vYk;Gfs;) (126 vYk;Gfs;)

1. kz;ilNahL (29 vYk;Gfs;) 1. Njhs; tisak;> Nky;gf;f

2. KJnfYk;G (26 vYk;Gfs;) cWg;G vYk;Gfs;
3. khh;ngYk;Gk; khh;Gf; $Lk; (25 vYk;Gfs;) 2.,Lg;g tisak;> fPo;gf;f
cWg;g vYk;Gfs;
6. mr;Rr; rl;lfk; (80 vYk;Gfs;)
 mr;Rr; rl;lfj;jpy; kz;ilNahLk;> `aha;L vYk;Gk; (1 vYk;G cs;sJ)>
KJnfYk;Gj; njhlUk; > khh;Gf; $Lk; mlq;Fk;
 mfr;rl;lfk; ,ilg;gilapypUe;J cUthfpwJ
 kz;ilNahL (28 + 1 vYk;Gfs;)
 kz;ilNahL 8 jiy vYk;Gfs;> 14 Kf vYk;Gfs;> 6 fhJ vYk;Gfs; xU `aha;L
vYk;G fPo;jhilf;Fk; Fuy; tisf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;sJ
 kz;ilNahL jiy vYk;Gfs;> Kf vYk;Gfs; (];nlh;dk;)vd;w ,UgphpTfisf;
nfhz;lJ
 jiy vYk;gfs; midj;Jk; jl;ilahd vYk;Gfs; ,it mirah%l;bdhy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
 mirAk; %l;L nfhz;l xNu vYk;G fPo;jj
; hil vYk;ghFk;.
 kz;ilNahl;bd; mbg;Gwj;jpy; kz;ilNahL ngUe;Jis cs;sJ ,jd; topahf
%isapd; KFsj;jpypUe;J jz;Ltlk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ
 vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; fPo;j jhilia mirf;ff;$baJ > Kjiy kl;Lk; Nky;
jhilia mirf;ff; $baJ MFk;
 KJnfYk;G (26 vYk;Gfs;)
 KJnfYk;gpd; tbtk;
 jiyia jhq;Fk; Kjy; Ks;nsOk;gpd; ngah; ml;y];
 KJnfYk;G njhluhdJ 33 KJF Ks;nsYk;Gfisf; nfhz;lit MFk; ,J 5
gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd
fOj;J Ks;nsYk;Gfs; 7
khh;G Ks;nsYk;Gfs; 12
tapw;W Ks;nsYk;Gfs; 5
jpUnfYk;G (,Lg;Gg;gFjp) 5
Ks;nsYk;Gfs;
thy; Ks;nsYk;G(vr;r cWg;G) 4

121
  jpUntYk;g 5k; ,ize;J xU vYk;ghfTk; > thy; Ks;nsYk;Gfs; 4 k; ,ize;J
xU vYk;ghfTk; cs;sjhy; nkhj;jk; KJnfYk;ghdJ 26 vYk;Gfshf
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
 Ks;nsYk;Gj; njhlh; kz;il xl;bd; mbg;gFjpapypUe;J ,Lg;G vYk;G tiu
nrd;W xU Foha; Nghd;w mikg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ. ,e;j Fohapd; cs;Ns
KJFj;jz;L nry;fpwJ.
 Ks;nsYk;Gfs; tOf;F %l;Lfshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit cliy Kd;Dk; >
gpd;Dk; kw;Wk; gf;fthl;by; tisf;f cjTfpd;wd.
 Ks;nsYk;Gj; njhlhpd; nray;ghLfs;
 jz;Ltlj;ijg; ghJfhf;fpwJ
 jiyg;gFjpiaj; jhq;FfpwJ.
 tpyh vYk;GfSf;fhd ,izg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ
 khh;G kw;Wk; ,Lg;G tisaq;fs; ,izAk; ,lkhff; nray;gl;L mtw;wpw;F
cWjpaspf;fpwJ.
 kdpj vYk;Gf;$l;bw;F mirit mspf;fpwJ
 elf;fTk;> rhpahd Njhuizapy; epkph;e;J epw;fTk; cjTfpwJ
 khh;;Gf;$Lk; khh;ngOk;GfSk; (25 vYk;Gfs;)
 EiuaPuy; > ,jak; Nghd;w ,d;wpaikahj cWg;Gfis %bg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 khh;Gf;$L 12 ,iz (24) tpyh vYk;Gfshy; MdJ.
 tpyh vYk;GfSk;> khhngYk;GfSk;> KJnfYk;Gk; ,ize;J khh;Gf; $lhf
cs;sd
 khh;ngYk;gpy; Kjy; 7 ,iz tpyh vYk;Gfs; Neubahf khh;ngYk;Gld;
,ize;Js;sd;. ,it cz;ik tpyh vYk;Gfs; vdg;gLk;
 8>9>10 Mfpa tpyh vYk;Gfs; ,ize;J 7 tJ tpyh vYk;Gld; nghUe;jpAs;sJ.
,it ngha; tpyh vYk;Gfs; vdg;gLk;
 khh;ngYk;gpy; ,Wjpapy; cs;s 11>12 tJ ,iz tpyh vYk;Gfs; rpwpajhfTk;
khh;ngYk;Gld; ,izahjjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j ,izahj tpyh vYk;Gfs;
kpjf;Fk; tpyh vYk;Gfs; vdg;gLk;
7. ,izAWg;Gr; rl;lfk; (126 vYk;G)
 ,izaWg;G vYk;Gf;$L nghJthf> Njhs;gl;il vYk;G> if> kzpf;fl;L>
Nkw;if vYk;Gfs; ,Lg;G> fhy;> fZf;fhy; kw;Wk; ghj vYk;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 tsUk; fUtpd; Gwg;gil my;yJ ,ilg;gil mLf;fpypUe;J Gwr;rl;lfk;
cUthfpwJ.
 Njhs; gl;il mikg;G
 Njhs;gl;il mikg;gpy; Njhs;gl;il vYk;Gk; xU fhiunaYk;Gk; cs;sd.

122
  fhiunaYk;gpd; Nky; xuj;jpy; fpspdha;L Fop cs;sJ. ,J Nkw;ifnaYk;G
nghUj;Jk; Fop MFk;.
 Njhs;gl;il vYk;G (m) ngf;Nlhuy; vYk;G Kd;gf;fj;jpy; fhyh vYk;ghYk;>
gpd;Gwj;jpy; Njhs;gl;il Rj;jpahYk; cUthdJ.
 fhyh; vYk;gpid xU Kidapy; khh;gf vYk;Gk; kWKidapy; Njhs;gl;il Rj;jpAk;
jhq;Ffpd;wd.
 Njhs;gl;il vYk;G> Fop Nghd;w xU fpz;z mikg;gig cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mJ
Nky; ifapd; ge;Jg; gFjpia ,izf;fpwJ. ,J ge;Jf; fpz;z %l;il
cUthf;FfpwJ. ,e;j tisak; ngf;Nlhuhy; tisak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ifnaYk;G
 ifapy; Nkw;if vYk;G vd;w ePz;l xw;iw vYk;G cs;sJ
 Kd; ifapy; Kd;ifnaYk;G> MuvYk;G vd ,U vYk;Gfs; cs;sd
 kzpf;fl;L 8 rpwpa vYk;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j vYk;Gfs; ehd;F ehd;fhf
,U thpirfspy; cs;sd
 ifr; rl;lfk; cs;sq;if vYk;GfshyhdJ
 fl;il tpuypy; ,uz;L tpuy; vYk;GfSk;> gpw tpuy;fspy; %d;W tpuy; vYk;GfSk;
cs;sd.
 if vYk;G vd;gJ `Pku]; (Nkw;if vYk;G) Mu vYk;G> my;dh (Koq;if vYk;G)
fhh;gy;fs; (kzpf;fl;L vYk;G) nkl;lh fhh;gy;fs; (cs;sq;if vYk;G) kw;Wk;
gyhQ;r]; (tpuy; vYk;G) Mfpatw;why; MdJ Nky; if MFk;.
 ,Lg;G tisak;
 ,Lg;G vYk;ghdJ fhf;ry; vYk;ghdJ ,ypak;> ,];fpak; kw;Wk; gpAgp]; my;yJ
G+g;ngYk;G vd;w %d;W vYk;Gfshy; MdJ.
 ,Lg;G tisaj;jpy; cs;s fpz;zf;Fop mrpl;lhGyk; fhy;fs; ,iza cjTfpd;wd
 ,Lg;G vYk;G ngy;tpf; tisak; vd;W miof;f;g;gLfpwJ.
 ,Lk;G vYk;G gpd;Gwj;jpy; Ie;J ,ize;j KJnfYk;Gfshy; MdJ.
 fhy; vYk;Gfs;
 ePz;l vYk;G njhil vYk;ghdJ gPkh; vdg;gLk;
 fZf;fhy; 7 vYk;Gfshy; MdJ
 fPo;fhypd; Kd;fhnyYk;G> ntspnaYk;GfSld; fZf;fhy; vYk;Gfs; lhy];
vd;Dk; gFjpahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
 fhy; vYk;G vd;gJ njhil vYk;G> bgpah (fhy; Ks;nsYk;G)> gpGyh (fhy; vYk;G) >
lhh;ry;fs; (fZf;fhy; vYk;G)> nkl;lh lhh;ry;fs; (Kd; ghj vYk;G ) kw;Wk;
ghyhQ;r]; (tpuy; vYk;G) Mfpatw;why; Md fhypd; fPo;gFjp MFk;.

123
  Koq;fhy; gl;nly;yh my;yJ Koq;fhy; njhg;gp vdg;gLk; njhg;gp Nghd;w
mikg;ghy; fhy; vYk;G %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
8. vYk;G gw;wpa rpy Kf;fpa jfty;fs;
 vYk;G fbdkhdJ. ,J ntz;zpw rhk;gy; epwg; nghUs;fshy; MdJ
 vYk;gpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F fdpkr; Nrh;kq;fs; my;yJ fhy;rpak;> gh];Ngl;
fhh;gNdl;Lfs; Nghd;w jdpkq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. kPjp xU gq;F fhpkg;
nghUs;fshy; MdJ. ,J vspjpy; cilaf;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ
 vYk;ghdJ fbdkhd Njhyhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ntspAiwf;F nghpah];bak;
vd;W ngah;
 vYk;Gfs; xU jplg;nghUs; my;y> ,it ntspg;Gwj;jpy; Fiwe;j vilnfhz;l
fbdkhd glyj;jhYk; neUf;fkhd gy mLf;FfshYk; Md vYk;Gj; jpRf;fshy;
Mdit
 vYk;gpd; ikaj;jpy; flw;gQ;R Nghd;w nghUs;fs; cs;sd. ,it vYk;G k[;i[
vdg;gLk;
 vYk;G k[;i[ ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; kw;Wk; ,uj;j nfhs;isaZf;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wd
 M];bNah NghNuhrp]; - vYk;Gfspy; fhy;rpak; Fiwtjhy; vspjpy; cilAk;
jd;ikailjy;
 fhy;rpaj;jpd; msthdJ 100 kp.yp ,uj;jj;jpy; 12 kpy;ypfpuhk; ,Uf;Fk;
 gwitapd; khh;gpy; cs;s vYk;Gj; jl;bd; ngah; fPy;
9. %l;Lfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tiffs;
 %l;Lfs; ,uz;L vYk;GfSf;F ,ilNa mike;j cWjpahd ,izg;G ,io %yk;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
 ,izg;G ,iofs; ,izg;Gj; jpRf;fshy; cUthdit
 %l;L vd;gJ vYk;GfSf;F ,ilapYk; FUj;njYk;GfSf;F ,ilapYk;> gw;fs;>
vYk;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapYk; ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; gFjpahFk;
10. %l;Lfs; mtw;wpd; mirtpd; mbg;gilapyhd tiffs;
 mirah %l;Lfs; v.fh kz;ilNahl;bd; vYk;GfSf;F ,ilapyhd fl;likg;Gfs;
 rpwpJ mirAk; %l;Lfs; v.fh xU tpyh vYk;Gf;Fk; khh;gf vYk;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy;
my;yJ KJnfYk;Gg;GfSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s %l;L
 mirAk; %l;Lfs; (,Lg;gpy; cs;s mirAk; %l;L) v.fh rpNdhtpay; %l;L
11. FUj;njYk;ghy; ,izf;fg;gl;l jputk; epuk;gpa Fopfis cila ,uz;L
vYk;GfSf;fpilNa ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; %l;LfNs rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs; MFk;. ,J
il Mh;j;Nuhrp]; %l;L vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
12. vYk;GfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; kpfTk; nefpo;thd %l;L rpNdhtpay; %l;L
13. rpNdhtpay; %l;Lfs; ehd;F Kf;fpakhf mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

124
 gz;Gfs; mikg;G nray;ghL
jirehh; tYthd ehh;jj
; pR mikg;G vYk;Gld; vYk;ig
,izf;fpwJ
rpNdhtpay; jputk; %l;Lf; Fopf;Fs; cs;s %l;Lfspy; cs;s
Kl;ilapd; nts;isf; FUj;njYk;GfSf;F
fUitnahj;j totog;ghd jputk; ,ilapyhd cuha;itf;
Fiwf;fpwJ
FUj;njYk;G %l;L %l;Lfspy; cs;s vYk;Gfspd; mjph;r;rpia cwpQ;Rtjw;Fk;>
Kidfisr; Rw;wpAs;s fz;zhb %l;Lfspy; cs;s
Nghd;w nkd;ikahd vYk;Gfspd;
FUj;njYk;G KidfSf;fpilapy;
cuha;itj; jLg;gjw;F
cjTfpwJ
%l;L fhg;];A+y; rpNdhtpay; rt;Tf;F ntspNa ehh; ehh;jj
; d;ikAila fha;];A+y;
- fhg;];G+y; glyj;Jld; $ba %l;Lfis tYg;gLj;j
,uz;L mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;l cjTfpwJ. mNj Neuj;jpy;
xU fbdkhd ehh;jj
; pR rpndhtpay; rt;T %l;Lfis
thpirg;gLj;JtNjhL
rpNdhtpay; jputj;ijAk;
Ruf;fpwJ.

14. mirAk; %l;Lfs;:

%l;L vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; tpsf;fk; mirAk; jd;ik
ge;jf; fpz;z %l;L Njhs; gl;il> ,Lg;G ge;J Kid ,af;fkhdJ %d;W
Nghd;w jpirfspy; eilngWk;.
vYk;gpd; ,t;tifahd %l;L nghpa
jiyg;gFjp> mstpyhd ,af;fq;fis
mUfpYs;s mDkjpf;fpwJ
fpz;zk;
Nghd;w
vYk;Gld;
,ize;J
fhzg;gLk;
fPy; Kl;L Koq;fhy; Koq;if xU jpirapy; kl;Lk;

125
 fZf;fhy; ,af;fk;
eilngWk;.,t;tif
%l;Lfs; tisf;fTk;>
Neuhf;fTk; kl;LNk
mDkjpf;fp;dw
; d
Kis mr;R %l;L Ks;nsYk;Gr;Roy; xU jpirapy; kl;LNk
my;yJ Royr;R mr;R Kid %l;L ,af;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
%l;L ,t;tif %l;L mjd;
ePskhd mr;ir kl;LNk
gw;wpf; Roy mDkjpf;fpwJ
Kz;lizah %l;L kzpf;fl;L ,uz;L jpirfspy;
,af;fk; eilngWfpwJ.
,uz;lhtJ kpfg;nghpa
mstpyhd ,af;fk; ,e;j
tif %l;Lfspy; epfo;fpwJ
tOf;F %l;L Ks;nsYk;G %d;W Nfhzq;fspy;
(KJnfYk;Gfspd; ) mirT eilngWfpwJ.
nray;ghl;by; Mdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ
Nrz %l;L fl;il tpuy; Njhs; nefpo;T „ ePl;bg;G kw;Wk;
gl;il kw;Wk; flj;Jjy; - Nrh;f;if
cl;nrtp ,af;fq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd

,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyk;

1. kdpj ,uj;jkhdJ gpsh];kh vd;w jputg;gFjpiaAk;> ,uj;jr; nry;fs; vd;w
jplg;gFjpiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. Blood is the River of Life vd;wth; jpNahlh; ];thd; kw;wk; N[f;fg; ];tPld;
3. ,uj;jkhdJ vjDlDk; tpidGhpahJ
4. Mz;fSf;F 5 ypl;lh; ,uj;jKk;> ngz;fSf;F 4.5 ypl;lh; ,uj;jKk; ,Uf;Fk;
5. kdpjdpd; nkhj;j cly; vilapy; 10 rjtPjk; ,uj;jk; cs;sJ
6. ePiutpl ,uj;jj;jpd; mlh;jj
; p mjpfk;
7. ,uj;jj;jpd; kjpg;G 7.35 Kjy; 7.45 tiu MFk;
8. ,uj;jkhdJ cg;Gj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ
,uj;j

gpsh];kh (55%) ,uj;j nry;fs; (45 )

126
ePh; 92 jpz;kk; 8 ,uj;jjl;Lfs;

Gujk; 7 cg;G 1

my;Gkpd; FNshGypd; ighpNdh[d;

rt;T+L gutiy
jLf;fpwJ
9. ,uj;jj;jpYs;s gpsh];kh gw;wpa jfty;fs;
 gpsh];kh vd;gJ ,uj;j nry;Yf;F ntspNa fhzg;gLk; jptukhFk;.
 ,uj;jj;jpy; 55 rjtPjk; gpsh];khthy; MdJ.
 gpsh];kh fhuj;jd;ik nfhz;l ntsph; kQ;rs; epwj; jputkhFk;
 gpsh];khtpy; Gujq;fs;> nehjpfs;> `hh;Nkhd;fs;> fopTfs; kw;Wk; jdpkq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 gpsh];kh GNuhl;Bd; vd;gJ gpsh];khtpd; Kf;fpaf; fdpkf;$whFk;
 my;Gkpd; ePhr
; ;rkepiyia rPuf;Ffpd;wJ
 FNshGypd; Neha; vjph;g;ghw;wYf;F ,d;wpaikahjJ
 ighpNdh[d; ,uj;jk; ciwjypy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ
10. ,uj;jr; nry;fs;
 ,uj;jj;jpy; 45 rjtPjk; ,uj;jr; nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uj;j nry;fs; 3
tifg;gLk;. mitatd
 vhpj;jpNuhirl;Lfs; ( rptg;gZf;fs;)
 YA+f;Nfhirl;Lfs; ( nts;isaZf;fs;)
 jpuhk;Nghirl;Lfs; (,uj;jj; jl;Lfs;)
11. vhpj;jpNuhirl;Lfs; ( rptg;gZf;fs;)
 `PNkhFNshgpid fz;Lgpbj;jth;fs; nfd;U> NgUl;[;
 rptg;gZf;fs; rptg;G epwKila ,UGwKk; Fopahd jl;Lf;fshFk;
 Kjypy; cUthFk; NghJ cl;fUTld; Njhd;Wk; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; gpd;
cl;fUf;fis ,of;fpd;wd
 kdpjd; rptg;gZf; cl;fU mw;wJ. ,J `PNkhFNshgpd; vd;w Rthr epwkpiag;
ngw;W ,Ug;gjpdhy; rptg;G epwKilajhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd
 rptg;gZf;fs; thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ
 Mf;rp[d; glF> Rthr epwkp> epwkpg; Gujk; vd;W `PNkhFNshgpd; miof;fg;gLtJ

127
 `PNkhFNshgPdpy; cs;s jdpkk; ,Uk;G  4 xU `PNkhFNshgpdpy;
ehd;F ,Uk;G mZf;fs; cs;sd.
 xU ,uj;j rptg;gZtpy; 280 `PNkhFNshgpd;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
 Mz;fSf;F xU fdkpy;yp kPl;lh; ,uj;jj;jpy; 5.2 (m) 5 Kjy; 6 kpy;ypad; ,uj;jr;
rptg;gZf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngz;fSf;F xU fd kpy;yp kPl;lh; ,uj;jj;jpy; 4.5
kpy;ypad; ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 Foe;ijfSf;F xU fdkpy;yp kPl;lh; ,uj;jj;jpy; 6 kpy;ypad; ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs;
,Uf;Fk;. fUtpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xU fd kpy;yp kPl;lh; ,uj;jj;jpy; 8 kpy;ypad;
,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; tho;ehs; 100 Kjy; 120 ehl;fshFk;.
 ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fspd; tho;ehs; Mz;fSf;F 120 ehl;fs;> ngz;fSf;F 110
ehl;fs; MFk;.
 ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; vYk;G k[;i[apy; cw;gj;jp Mfp fy;yPuypYk;> kz;zPuypYk;
mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd
 kz;zPuy; ,uj;j rptg;G mZf;fspd; kahdk; (Graveyard of RBC) vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 `PNkhirl;Nlhgpsh];l; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fshf khWfpd;wJ.
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jpahf fUTw;W ngz;fSf;F Nghypf; Mrpl;
(B9) khj;jpiu nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 2 5 Mf;]p `PNkhFNshgpd; Rj;jkhd ,uj;jk;
 xU `PNkhFNshgpdpy; 5 Mf;]p[d; ,Uf;Fk;
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; EiuaPuypy; ,Ue;J Mf;]p[id clypd; vy;yhg;
ghfq;fSf;Fk; vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; vt;tsT Mf;]p[id vLj;J nry;fpwJ vd;gij fz;Lgpbf;f
cjTk; fUtp NghNyhNuhfpuhgp
 ,Utho;tpfSf;F nghpa mstpyhd rptg;gZf;fs; cs;sd
 ghYl;bfSf;F rpwpa mstpyhd rptg;gZf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if fhz cjTk; nl];bd; nrah; n`a;k;];
(Solution)
 Rptg;gZ kw;Wk; nts;isaZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if fhz cjTk; ,ae;jpuk;
`PNkhirl;NlhkPl;lh;.
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;gjhy; ghypirj;jk
P pah vd;w Neha;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwtjhy; mdpkpah vd;w Neha;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ

128
  mdpkpahtpd; tiffs;
 i`g;NghFNuhkpf; mdpkpah ,Uk;G rf;jp Fiwtjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 NkfNyhgpsh];bf; mdpkpah tpl;lkpd; 9 Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 ngh;kprpa]; mdpkpah tpl;lkpd 12; Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 jhyrpkpah mdpkpah Mf;rp[d; Fiwtjhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 Vgpsh];bf; mdpkpah mjpf khj;jpiufis gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 nrg;brpkpah mdpkpahnfl;Lg;Nghd czit cz;gjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ
 `pNkhiyl;bf; mdpkpah „ ghk;G fbf;Fk; NghJ ,uj;j rptg;gZtpy;
cs;s Mf;rp[id jil nra;fpwJ
 `PNkhFNshgpd; - rptg;G ,uj;jk;
 `PNkhirdpd; - ePy ,uj;jk; ,jpy; fhg;gh; ,Uf;Fk;
 gpd;Ndh FNshgpd; - gpuTd; fyh; ,uj;jk; ,jpy; khq;fdPR ,Uf;Fk;
 BMf;rp `PNkhFNshgpd; - ePy epw ,uj;jk;
 ,uj;jj;jpy; nkf;dPrpak; ,Ue;jhy; mJ epwkw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;
12. `PNkhFNshgpd; gzpfs;
 EiuapuypYs;s Mf;rp[d; cs;s ,uj;jj;ij jpRf;fSf;F `PNkhFNshgpd;
nfhz;L nry;fpd;wJ.
 jpRtpy; cs;s fhh;gd; il Mf;iril EiuaPuYf;F vLj;Jf;nry;fpd;wJ
 `PNkhFNshgpd; xU ,izT Gujk; MFk;. xU gFjp GujKk;> kw;nwhU gFjp
Gujkpy;yh cNyhfq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpkq;fs; Nrh;e;J fhzg;gLtJ ,izT Gujk;
vdg;gLk;.
 `PNkh - ,Uk;G> FNshgpd; - Gujk;
 `PNkhFNshgpdpd; ruhrhp 15 fpuhk;/100 kpy;yp ypl;lh;

`PNkhFNshgpd;

,Uk;G (Fe) gpypUgpd; gpYtpUbd;

fy;yPuypy;
Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ
gpj;j epwkpfs;
,it jw;fhypfkhf gpj;jigapy;
Nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 kNyhpah Neha; Vw;gLk; NghJ `PNkhFNshgpd; tpiutpy; mope;J rpWePh; topahf
ntspNaWfpd;wJ. ,J fUePh;f;fha;r;ry; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,wg;ig
Vw;gLj;Jk; xU tif kNyhpah Neha; MFk;.

129
  fUePh; fha;r;riy Vw;gLj;JtJ gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;rpNghuk;
 ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fspy; `PNkhFNshgpd; ,y;yhjjhy; nts;isahf cs;sJ.
 ,uj;j jl;Lfspy; `PNkhFNshgpd; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 fhug;ghd; G+r;rpapd; ,uj;jk; nts;isahf ,Uf;f fhuzk; mjpy; `PNkhFNshgpd;
,y;iy
13. Yhf;Nfhirl;Lfs; ( nts;isaZf;fs;)
 nts;isaZf;fs; epwkw;w> xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;l cl;fU cs;s mkPgha;L
nry;fs; MFk;.
 rptg;gZit tpl ,it vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwe;jit. xU fdkpy;yp kPl;lh;
,uj;jj;jpy; 8000 nts;isaZf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 rptg;gZf;fistpl nts;isaZf;fs; mstpy; nghpait
 nts;isaZf;fs; vYk;G k[;i[apYk;> epzePh; Kbr;R kw;Wk; ijk]pYk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd
 nts;isaZf;fspd; tho;ehs; 2 Kjy; 3 thuq;fs; (m) 21 ehl;fs; MFk;.
 nts;isaZf;fspd; Neha;f; fpUkpfsplkpUe;J Nghuhb cliy NehapypUe;J
ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. Neha; vjph;g;G Mw;wiy nfhLf;fpwJ
 ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs; Nghh; tPuh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if fhz cjTk; nl];bd; ngah; lf;];

 ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwtjhy; Yf;Nfhkpah (Cancer) vd;w

Neha; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpg;gjhy; Yf;Nfhgpdpah vd;w Neha;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 nry;fs; nghUs;fis jpl tbtpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; epfo;r;rpapd; ngah;
Ngf;Nfhirl;Nlhrp];
 nry;tpOq;Fjy; Ngf;Nfhirl;Nlhrp]; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwj. ,jid
fz;Lgpj;jjw;fhf ,u\;ahit Nrh;e;j vypd; nkr;rpd;fha; vd;gtUf;F 1961 y;
Nehgy; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ
 kw;Wk; ahdJ 600 :1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
 ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs; 2 tifg;gLk;. mitahtd
 Jfs;fSila nry;fs; (3 tifg;gLk;)
 epA+l;Nuh gpy;fs;
 <rpNdh gpy;fs;
 NgN]h gpy;fs;
 Jfs;fsw;w nry;fs; (2 tifg;gLk;)

130
  ypk; g;Nghirl;Lfs;
 NkhNdhirl;Lfs;
Yf;Nfhirl;Lfs;

xw;iw epA+f;spah; (NkhNdh) gy epA+f;spah; nfhz;lJ

1. ypk; g;Nghirl;Lfs; 1. epA+l;Nuh gpy;fs;
2. NkhNdhirl;]; 2. <];Ndhgpy;fs;
3 NgN]h gpy;fs;
 epA+l;Nuh gpy;fs;
 ,it mstpy;; nghpait
 ,tw;wpd; cl;fU 2-7 fJg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
 nkhj;j nts;isaZf;fspy; 60-65 ( )
 Neha;njhw;W kw;Wk; tPff
; j;jpd;NghJ ,tw;wpd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ
 <rpNdh gpy;fs;
 cl;fU ,U fJg;Gfis nfhz;lJ
 nkhj;j nts;isaZf;fspy; 0.5 -3 (m) 2-3
 clypy; rpy xl;Lz;zp njhw;W kw;Wk; xt;thik Vw;gLk;NghJ ,tw;wpd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 Kf;fpag;gzp er;Rfis mopj;jy; kw;Wk; er;R Kwptpid Vw;gLj;JtJ
 NgN]h gpy;fs;
 ,it fJg;Gila cl;fUit nfhz;Ls;sJ
 nkhj;j nts;isaZf;fspy; 0.5 -10
 tPff
; q;fs; cz;lhFk; NghJ Ntjpg;nghUl;fis ntspNaw;Wk;
 ypk; g;Nghirl;Lfs;
 nkhj;j nts;isaZf;fspy; 20-25
 itu]; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpah Neha; njhw;Wfspd;NghJ ,it vjph;nghUl;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd
 ypk; g;Nghirl;Lfs; (B&T nry;fs; cs;sd)
 NkhNdhirl;Lfs;
 ,it mkPgha;L tbtk; nfhz;lit
 nkhj;j nts;isaZf;fspy; 1 -4
 ,it ghf;Bhpah Nghd;w Ez;Zaphpfis mopf;Fk; jpwDilaJ
 NkhNdhirl;Lfs; (Fjpiu fhyb) tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
14. jpuhk;Nghirl;Lfs; (,uj;jj; jl;Lfs;)
 jpuhk;Nghirl;Lfs; ,uj;jj;jpy; kpje;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

131
  ,uj;j jl;Lfs; mstpy; rpwpait> epwkw;wit kw;Wk; tbtkw;wit.
 ,tw;wpy; cl;fU ,y;iy
 ,uj;jj; jl;Lfs; vYk;gpd; rptg;G k[;i[apYs;s nghpa nry;fs; moptjhy;
cUthfpd;wd
 jpuhk;Nghirl;Lfspd; tho;ehs; 8-10 ehl;fs;
 xU fdkpy;yp kPl;lh; ,uj;jj;jpy; 200000 Kjy; 400000 jpuhhk;Nghirl;Lfs;
fhzg;gLk;.
 clypy; fhak; Vw;gLk;NghJ jpuhk;Nghirl;Lfs; rpijtile;J jpuhk;Nghgpsh];bd;
vd;w nehjpiar; Rue;J ,uj;jk; ciwjYf;F cjTfpwJ.
 Nkf; Ngh;nyd; ,uj;jk; ciwjy; gw;wpa vd;irk; Nf];fl; jpahpia ntspapl;lhh;.
,jd; gb ,uj;jk; ciwjYf;F 13 fhuzpfs; mtrpakhFk;
 ,uj;jk; ciwtjw;F 5 Kjy; 8 epkplk; MFk;
 ,uj;jk; ciwahky; ,Uf;Fk; Neha;f;Fk; `PNkhgPypah vd;W ngah; ,J
tpahjp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ (,q;fpyhe;J ,uh[ FLk;g tpahjp )
 ,uj;jk; ,uj;jf; Fohia tpl;L ntspNawpaJk; jputj; jd;ikia ,Oe;J
$o;Nghd;w n[y;ypahf khWtNj ,uj;jk; ciwjy; vdg;gLk;
 GNuhj;jpuhk;gpd; jpuhk;gpdhf khWfpwJ. ,t;thW khWk;NghJ ,uj;jk; ciwjy;
eilngWfpwJ ,jw;F fhy;rpaKk;> itl;lkpd; k; cjtpGhpfpd;wd
 N`ghhpd; ,uj;jf; Foha;fspy; ,uj;jk; ciwjiy jilnra;Ak;
 N`ghhpd; Fiwe;jhy; Njhypy; epwk; Cjh epwkhf khWk;
 ,uj;j jl;Lfs; mjpfhpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; jpuhk;Nghirl;Nlhrp];
 ,uj;j jl;Lfs; Fiwtjhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; jpuhk;Nghgpdpah
15. ,uj;jj;jpd; gzpfs;
 ,uj;jkhdJ nrhpj;j czit clypd; vy;yhg; gFjpfSf;Fk; nfhz;L nry;fpwJ
 tsh;rpijkhw;wjjpd;NghJ cz;lhFk; fopTg; nghUs;fisf; fopT ePf;f
cWg;gfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;fpwJ
 ehskpyh Rug;gpfs; Rug;G nghUs;fis clypd; vy;yhg; gFjpfSf;Fk; nfhz;L
nry;fpwJ.
 clypd; ntg;gepiyiar; rPuhf itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ
 cly; jpRf;fid <ukhf itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ
16. ,uj;j tiffs;
 ,uj;j tiffis fz;lwpe;jth; Nyz;l;];nla;dh;
 ,uj;j Xl;lj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jth; tpy;;ypak; `hh;tp
 fz;Lgpj;jth;fs; Nyz;l;];nla;dh; kw;Wk; nta;dh; (1940)
 ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;

132
  gpsh];khtpy; ,Uf;Fk;
 ,uj;j tif cilath;
 ,uj;j tif cilath;
 ,d;[f;rd; ,wg;ig jLf;f Nghlg;gLfpd;wJ


 cyf ,ja jpdk;
 ,uj;j tiffis fz;lwpAk; ml;ltiz
,uj;jtif Mz;bn[d; Mz;bghb nfhLg;gth; ngWgth;
(Donor) (Receiver)
A A B A,AB A,O
B B A B,AB A,O
AB A,B ,uz;Lk; AB A,B,AB,O
,y;iy
O ,uz;Lk; a,b A,AB,AB,O O
,y;iy

17. ngw;Nwhh;fspd; ,uj;j tifiag; nghWj;J Foe;ijapd; ,uj;j tiff;fhd tha;g;Gfs;

ngw;Nwhh;d; ,uj;j tif Foe;ijapd; ,uj;j Foe;ijapd; ,uj;j tiff;F
tiff;fhd tha;g;Gfs; tha;g;gpy;iy
OXO O A,B,,AB
OXA O,A B,AB
OXB O,B A,AB
O X AB A,B O,AB
AXA A,O B,AB
AXB O,A,B,AB NONE
A X AB A,B,AB O
BXB B,O A,AB
B X AB A,B,AB O
ABXAB A,B,AB O

18. ,uj;jj;ij gjg;gLj;jp itj;jy;

 ,uj;jkhdJ -4 Kjy; -12 ntg;gepiyapy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 Nrhbak; Mf;]Nyl; kw;Wk; mYkpdpak; Mf;]Nyl; Nghd;wit fye;J ,uj;jk;
gjg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ

133
  ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s fhy;rpak; madpfis vLj;Jtpl;lhy; ,uj;jk; ciwahky;
,Uf;Fk;.
,uj;j Row;r;rp (Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFg;G)
1. tpy;ypak; `hh;tp vd;w Mq;fpNya kUj;jth; 1628 y; kdpjdpy; ,uj;jr; Row;rpiaf;
fz;lwpe;jhh;.
2. ,uj;j Row;r;rp vd;gJ ,jak;> ,uj;jf; Foha;fs; kw;Wk; ,uj;jk; Mfpait mlq;fpa xU
rpwg;G tifj; njhFg;ghFk;.
3. ekJ clypy; ,uj;jr; Rw;W cWg;Gfshf ,jak;> jkdpfs;> rpiufs;> je;Jfpfs; vd;Dk;
,uj;jf; Foha;fSk;> ,uj;jk; vd;Dk; jputj;jpR kw;Wk; epzePh; Mfpait cs;sd
4. ,uj;j Xl;lk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
 jpwe;j ,uj;j Xl;lk;
 %batif ,uj;j Xl;lk;
 jpwe;j tif ,uj;j Xl;lk;
 ngUk;ghyhd fZf;fhypfs; (fug;ghd;G+r;rp )> nky;Ylypfd;> mrpbad;fspy;
,t;tif ,uj;j xl;lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 %ba tif ,uj;j Xl;lk;
 %ba tif ,uj;j xl;lk; KJnfYk;gpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ v.fh kdpjd;
5. kdpj ,jaj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; mjd; nray;ghLfs;
 kdpj ,jak; kNahn[dpf; tifia Nrh;e;jJ
 kdpj ,jak; cs;sPlw;w ehd;F miwfNshL $ba rpwg;G gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;l fhh;bahf; jirahy; Md cWg;G MFk;.
 ,jaj;ijr; Rw;wp ,ul;ilr; Rthpdhy; Md nghpfhh;bak; ciw cs;sJ
 nghpfhh;ba rt;tpw;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjp nghpfhh;bay; jptuj;jphy; epug;gl;L
cs;sJ
 ,jak;khh;G miwf;Fs; ,uz;L EiuaPuYf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s kPbah];bdk;
gFjpapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,jak; Vl;hpak; (Mhpf;fps;) vd;W miof;fg;gLk; nky;ypa Rtiu cila
,uz;L Nky; miwfisAk;> ntz;bhpf;fps; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; jbj;j Rtiu
cila ,uz;L fPo; miwfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd
 ,jak; Vl;hpNah ntz;bhpFyhh; ,ilr;Rth; vd;w ePs;thl;lr; Rthpdhy;
tyg;gFjp> ,lg;gFjp vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 tyg;Gw ,jakhdJ clypy; ,Ue;J Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj ,uj;jj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.
 ,lg;Gw ,jakhdJ Rj;jfhpf;fg;gl;l Mf;]p[d; kpf;f ,uj;jj;ij cly;
KOtJk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ
 Mhpf;fps; kw;Wk; ntz;l;hpf;fps;is gphpf;Fk; ,ilr;Rth; nrg;lk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ

134
  ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpd; tiffs;:
 rp];lkpf; my;yJ cly; ,uj;j xl;lk;
 EiuaPuy; ,uj;j xl;lk;
 fNuhdhp Rw;Nwhl;lk;
 ,jaj;jpd; ,lJ ntz;l;hpf;fpspypUe;J Jtq;fp Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j
,uj;jj;jpid clypd; gy cWg;GfSf;F vLj;J nrd;W kPz;Lk; Mf;]p[d;
Fiwe;jj ,uj;jj;jpid tyJ Vl;hpaj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUk; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpid
rp];lkpf; my;yJ cly; ,uj;j xl;lk; vd;fpNwhk;
 tyJ ntz;lhpf;fspypUe;J ,uj;jk; EiuaPuy; jkdpapy; %yk; EiuaPuiy
milAk;. EiuaPuypUe;J Mf;rp[d; ngw;w ,uj;jk; EiuaPuy; ,uj;j xl;lk;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jaj; jirfSf;F (fhh;baf; jirfs;) ,uj;jk; nry;Yjy; fNuhdhp Row;rp
vdg;gLk;.
 xw;iw ,uj;j xl;lj;jpw;F v.fh kPdf
; s;> ,Utho;tpfs; kw;Wk; rpy Ch;td
6. Mhpf;fps;fs; (Vl;hpaq;fs;)
 tyJ Mhpf;fps; kw;Wk; ,lJ Mhpf;fps; ,il Mhpf;Fyhh; jLg;Gr; Rtuhy;
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Mhpf;fps;fs; ,uj;jj;ij ngwf; $ba cWg;Gfshf cs;sd
 fPo;ngUQ;rpiu> Nky;ngUk;rpiu %yk; clypypUe;J Rj;jpfhpf;fg;glhj ,uj;jk;
KOtijAk; tyJ Mhpf;fps; ngWfpd;wJ
 ehd;F EiuaPuy; rpiufspd; %yk; EiuaPuypypUe;J Mf;]p[d; kpf;f ,uj;jj;ij
,lJ Mhpf;fps; ngWfpd;wJ
7. ntz;l;hpf;fps;fs;
 tyJ ntz;l;hpf;fps; kw;Wk; ,lJ ntz;l;hpf;fps; ,il ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh;
jLg;Gr;Rtuhy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
 ntz;l;hpf;fps;fs; ,uj;jj;ij ntspr; nrYj;Jk; cWg;Gfshf cs;sd
 tyJ ntz;l;hpf;fps; tyJ Mhpf;fpspypUe;J Mf;]p[dw;w ,uj;jj;ijg; ngw;W
EiuaPuy; jkdp %yk; EiuaPuYf;Fs; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ
 ,lJ ntz;l;hpf;fps;> ,lJ Mhpf;fpspypUe;J Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jj;ijg;
ngw;Wg; ngUj;jkdpf;Fs; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ
8. ,jaj;NjhL njhlh;Gila Kf;fpa mikg;Gfs;
 jkdp> je;Jfp> rpiu vd %tif ,uj;jf; Foha;fs; cs;sd
 tyJ Vl;hpak; - Nkw;ngUQ;rpiu> fPo;g;ngUQ;rpiu > nfhNuhdhp rPiu
 tyJ ntz;bhpf;fps; - EiuaPuy; jkdp(caph;tsp mw;w ,uj;jk;)
 ,lJ Vl;hpak; -4 EiuaPuy; rpiufs; (caph;tsp cs;s ,uj;jk;)
 ,lJ ntz;bhpf;fps; - kfhj;jkdp

135
  %tpjo;thy;T tyJ Vl;hpaj;jpw;Fk; tyJ ntz;bhpf;fpSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
fhzg;gLk;
 <hpjo; thy;T ,lJ Vl;hpaj;jpw;Fk; ,lJ ntz;bhpf;fpSf;Fk; (kpl;uy; thy;T)
,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;
 miur;re;jpu thy;T EiuaPuy; jkdp Gwg;gLk; ,lj;jpYk;> kfhj;jkdp Gwg;gLk;
,lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
9. ,jaj;jpd; Jisfs;
 tyJ Mhpf;fps; kw;Wk; tyJ ntz;l;hpf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; tyJ Mhpf;FNyh „
ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh; Jis mike;Js;sJ
 ,lJ Mhpf;fps; kw;Wk; ,lJ ntz;l;hpf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lJ Mhpf;FNyh „
ntz;l;hpFyhh; Jis mike;Js;sJ
10. ,jaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; thy;Tfs;
 tyJ Mhpf;fps; xU nghpa Vl;hpNah ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh; Jis topahf tyJ
ntz;l;hpf;fpspy; jpwf;fpwJ. ,j;Jis ntz;lhpf;fpis Nehf;fp mike;Js;s
%tpjo; thy;tpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,uj;jk; gpd;Ndhf;fp nry;tij
jLf;fpd;wJ.
 ,lJ Mhpf;fps; nghpa xU Mhpf;FNyh ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh; Jis topahf ,lJ
ntz;l;hpf;fpNshL njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,j;Jis ntz;l;hpf;fpis Nehf;fp
mike;Js;s <hpjo; thy;tpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,uj;jk; gpd;Nehf;fp
nry;tij jLj;J xOq;Fg;gLj;JfpwJ
 tyJ ntz;l;hpf;fps; xUJisapd; topahf EiuaPy; jkdpAld; njhlh;G
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,j;Jis gpiw tbtg; gy;Nkdp thy;tpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,lJ ntz;l;hpf;fps;> gpiwtbt thy;tpdhy; (ngUj;jkdp thy;T) ngUj;jkdpf;Fr;
nry;Yk; ,uj;jk;> kPz;Lk; gpd;Nehf;fp nrhy;tijj; jLj;J xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.
 vd;wth; tpy;ypak; `hh;tp
 ,uj;j xl;lj;ij gw;wpa gbg;G Md;[pahy[p
 nghpfhh;bakhdJ ngiul;ly; kw;Wk; tpruyhy; MdJ
 nghpfhh;ba jputq;fs;- vgpfhh;bak;> ikNahfhh;bak;> vz;Nlhfhh;bak;
 ,uj;j ehsj;jpy; nghpa ehsk; fPo;ngUQ;rpiu MFk;
 ,ja jirfSf;F ,uj;jj;ij flj;JtJ
yg; lg;
0.16 Kjy; 0.9 tiu Nfl;Fk; 0.10 nrfz;L tiu Nfl;Fk;
ePz;l Neuk; Nfl;Fk; Fiwe;j Neuk; Nfl;Fk;
Fiwe;j xyp msT mjpf xyp msT
ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh; rp];Nlhy; ntd;l;hpf;Fyhh; rp];Nlhypd; Kbtpy;
epiyapy; Vl;hpNah miur;re;jpuh thy;Tfs; %Ltjhy; lg;

136
 ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh; thy;Tfs; vd;w xyp Vw;gLfpd;wJ
%Ltjhy; yg; vd;w xyp
Nfl;fpwJ

11. ,jak; nray;gLk; Kiw

 ,jaj;jpd; miw> RUq;Fk; epiyf;Fr; rp];Nlhy; vd;W ngah; ,jaj;jpd; miw
tphptiltjw;F ila];Nlhy; vd;W ngah;
 Mhpf;fpshdJ ,uj;jj;ijg; ngWk;nghOJ tphptile;J epiyia milfpd;wJ
,jw;F Mhpf;Fyhh; ila];Nlhy; vd;W ngah;
 ,uj;jk; ntz;l;hpf;fpspy; ,Ue;J EiuaPuy; jkdpf;Fs;Sk;> kfhjkdpf;Fs;Sk;
nrYj;Jk;NghJ ,jak; RUq;FfpwJ ,jw;F ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh; rp];Nlhy; vd;W
ngah;
 Mhpf;fps;fs; RUq;Fk;nghOJ <hpjo; kw;Wk; %tpjo; thy;Tfspd; topahf ,uj;jk;
jj;jk; ntz;l;hpf;fps;fSf;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd
 ntz;l;hpf;fps;fspd; RUf;fj;jpd; NghJ Mhpf;FNy ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh; thy;Tfs;
%Ltjhy; yg; vd;w xypAk;> ntz;l;hpf;fps;fspd; tphptpd; NghJ lg; vd;W xypAk;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd
 xU kdpjdpd; ruhrhp ,jaj;Jbg;G xU epkplj;jpw;F 72 Jbg;GfshFk;

12. jkdp kw;Wk; rpiuf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;

Jkdp rpiu
toq;Fk; Foha;fs; ngWk; Foha;fs;
jkdp 30 Kjy; 40 kP tiu ,Uf;Fk; rpiu 30 kP ,Uf;Fk;
jkdp clypy; cl;Gwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpiu ntspg;Gwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
Mjpf mOj;jj;Jld; $ba ,uj;j xl;lk; rpiu rptg;G epwk; nfhz;lJ
cs;sPL thy;Tfs; fpilahJ Fiwe;j mOj;jj;Jld; $ba ,uj;j xl;lk;
jkdp Rj;j; ,uj;jj;ij nfhz;L nry;fpwJ cs;sPL thy;Tfs; cz;L
Mdhy; EiuaPuy; jkdp kl;Lk; mRj;j rpiu mRj;j ,uj;jj;ij nfhz;L
,uj;jj;ij ,jaj;jpypUe;J EiuaPuYf;F nry;fpwJ
nfhz;L nry;fpwJ
jkdpfspd; jirfs; mjpf typikahdJ vspjpy; cilaf;$baJ
ngUe;jkdp rpWjkdpfshf gphpe;J mit je;Jfpfs; ,ize;J ntd;A+y;fs; vd;w
NkYk; Mh;l;BhpNahy;fs; vd;w nky;ypa Ez; Ez; rpiuahf khWk;. Ez;rpiu ,ize;J
jkdpfshf gphpAk;. NkYk; ,J gphpe;J rpiufshf khWfpd;wd. rpiufs; NkYk;
nky;ypa rpwpa nkl;lh Nky;ngUQ;rpiu fPo;ngUQ;rpiuahf
Mh;l;BhpNahy;fshfTk;> je;JfpfshfTk; khWfpd;wd

137
 gphpAk;

13. je;Jfpf; Foha;fs;

 thy;Tfs; nray;gLk; tpjk; gw;wp $wpath;
 je;Jfpfis fz;lwpe;jth; khh;nrNyh khy;rpfp
 nry;fSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; kpf Ez;zpa Foha;fs; je;Jfpfs;
 je;Jfpfs; jpRf;fisr; Rw;wp tiy Nghd;W gpd;dp glh;e;J jpRf;fSf;F
,uj;jpypUe;J nghUl;fis toq;Ffpd;wd
 Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFg;G epfo;jj
; f; $ba vy;yh NtiyfSk; je;Jfpfspy; kl;LNk
eilngWtjhy; kw;w ,uj;jf; Foha;fshd jkdp> rpiuiatpl je;Jfpfs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd
14. ,jaj; Jbg;gpd; msT
 nghpath;fSf;F 72/1 epkplk;
 Foe;ijfSf;f 124 -140 /1 epkplk;
 gpwe;j Foe;ijfSf;F 300/1 epkplk;
 Mikf;F 12/1 epkplk;
 jtisf;F 80/1 epkplk;
 vypf;F 400/1 epkplk;
 ahid 24/1 epkplk;
 gp `k;kpq; gwit 1200/1 epkplk;
 khdpd; ,jaj;jpy; vYk;G ,Uf;Fk;
 Ngr;ir Fiwj;J %r;ir fzp vd;wth; jpU%yh;
15. ,jak; njhlh;ghd Neha;fs;
 M];bNah ];fpspNuhrp]; ,uj;j Foha;fspy; nfhOg;G kw;wk; fhy;rpak; gbtjhy;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 jPtu khh;Gtyp (Angina Pectoris) ,jaj; jirfSf;F Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jk;
nry;tjhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 ,jak; ,lk;khwp fhzg;gLjy;
 ,jaj; Jbg;G mjpfkhjy;
 ,jaj; Jbg;G Fiwjy;
 ,jaj; Jbg;ghdJ mjpfkhjy; kw;Wk; Fiwjy; khwp khwp Vw;gLjy;
16. tpyq;FfSk; mtw;wpd; ,jaq;fSk;
tpyq;Ffs; ,ja miwfspd; vz;zpf;if
kz;GO 8 ,iz gf;fthl;L ,jaq;fs;
fug;ghd; G+r;rp 13 miwfisf; nfhz;l ,jak;

138
 kPdf
; s; 2 miwfis nfhz;l ,jak;
ePh>; ePy tho;td 3 miwfis nfhz;l ,jak;
Ch;td 3 miwfis nfhz;l ,jak;
(ntz;bhpf;fps; miuFiwahfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;)
gwg;gd 4 miwfs; nfhz;l ,jak;
ghYhl;bfs; 4 miwfs; nfhz;l ,jak;
Kjiy (Ch;td tif) 4 miwfs; nfhz;l ,jak;

17. ,jaj;ij gw;wp NkYk; rpy tpdhf;fs;

 ,jaj;Jbg;G Foe;ij jhapd; fUtpypUf;Fk; 7tJ thuj;jpy; njhlq;Fk;
 ehbj;Jbg;G Muj;jkdpapy; ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ
 ,jaj;Jf;F ,uj;jj;ij mspg;git fNuhdhp jkdpfs;
 ,jaj;Jbg;ig mwpa cjTk; ];nlj];Nfhg;igf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; uhNdhnya;df;
 ,jaj;Jbg;G tyJ Mhpf;fpsy; cs;s Kbr;rpy; njhlq;FfpwJ
 Kbr;R Ng];Nkf;fh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 ,jaj;Jbg;G guTk; Kiw Kbr;R  Kbr;R  `p];]pd; fw;iw  gh;fd;[p
ehh;fs;
 ,jaj; Jbg;ig miytbtpy; gjpT nra;Ak; fUtp
 ia fz;Lgpbj;jth; <e;Njhtd;
 mjph;r;rpapy; epd;WNghd ,jaj;ijj; Jbf;fitf;Fk; Kjy; cjtpf;F ngah;
(Cardio Pulmonary Resusscitation)
 y; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thA jput `Pypak;
18. ,uj;jk; gw;wpa NkYk; rpy jfty;fs;
 ,uj;j khw;W rpfpr;iria Kjypy; nra;jth; N[k;]; gpnsd;ly;
 ,uj;jj;jpy; fhuzp ,Ue;jhy; mth;fSf;F ghrpbt; ,uj;j tif
 ,uj;jj;jpy; fhuzp ,y;yhj ,uj;j tif nefbt;
 iggphpNdh[d; mw;w gpsh];kh CePh; (Serum) vdg;gLk;
 nlq;F fha;r;rypd; NghJ ,uj;j jl;Lfs; ntFthff; Fiwfpd;wd
 kdpj clypd; ruhrhp ,uj;j mOj;jk; 120 /80 mmHg
 120mm Hg vd;gJ “Systolic Pressure”
 80 mm Hg vd;gJ “Diastolic Pressure”
 120/80 mm Hg f;F Nkw;gl;l ,uj;j mOj;jk; “Hypertension”
 120/80 mm Hg f;F Fiwe;j ,uj;j mOj;jk; “Hepotension”
 ,uj;jj;jpy; ruhrhp FSf;Nfh]; msT 100 „ 120 mg%

139
 euk;G kz;lyk;
1. ekJ clypy; euk;G kz;lyKk; kw;Wk; ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp kz;lyKk; ekJ cly; cWg;Gfspd;
midj;Jf; nray;fisAk; xUq;fpizf;Fk; gzpiar; nra;fpwJ
2. kpf tpiuthd xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhf euk;G kz;lyk; mLj;jLj;j Kidfis ,izf;Fk;
tiyg;gpd;dy; mikg;Gld; mike;Js;sJ
3. %is> jz;Ltlk; kw;Wk; euk;Gfshy; MdNj euk;G kz;lyk;
4. ek;Kila Kfk; fhl;Lk; gy;NtW czh;r;rp ntspg;ghLfSf;F 40 tifahd jirfspd;
nray;ghNl fhuzk;
euk;Gj; jpRf;fs;
1. Fwpg;gpl;l Jhz;ly;fspd; fhuzkhf caphpdq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; Fwpg;gpl;l gjpy;
tpisT Jyq;Fy; vdg;gLk;.
2. euk;G jpRthdJ euk;Gr; nry; vdg;gLk;. ,J epA+uhd;fs; vd;fpw euk;Gehh;fshy; MdJ
3. njhL czh;Tj; jpwd;> flj;Jk; jpwd; ngw;Ws;sjhy; euk;Gj; jpR gps jpRf;fspy; ,Ue;J
Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lJ.
4. euk;G kz;lyk; %d;W tifahd cl;$Wfis nfhz;Ls;sJ .(epA+uhd;fs; >
epA+Nuhfpspahf;fs;> euk;G ehhpiofs;)
5. epA+uhd;fs;
 euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; mikg;G kw;wk; nray;HPjpapyhd mbg;gil myFfs;
epA+uhd;fs; (m) euk;G nry;fs; MFk;.
 kdpj clypd; kpf ePskhd nry; euk;G nry; Rkhh; 100 tiu ePsKilait.
6. epA+Nuhfpspah
 epA+Nuhfpsah vd;git fpspay; nry;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. euk;G
kz;lyj;jpd; Jizr; nry;fshf nray;gLtJ fpspay; nry;fs;
 epA+Nuhfpspah epA+uhd;fs; Nghd;w euk;G Jhz;ly;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpNyh
my;yJ flj;JtjpNyh <LgLtjpy;iy
 %is Rkhh; 860 Nfhb euk;Gr; nry;fshy; MdJ. NkYk; mjpfkhd
epA+Nuhfpspay; nry;fshy; MdJ
7. euk;g ehh;fs;
 epA+uhd;fspd; kpf ePskhd> nky;ypa nray;gLk; gFjp euk;G ehhpiofs; MFk;.
 gy euk;G ehhpiofs; xd;wpize;J fw;iwahf khwp euk;Gfshf nray;gLfpd;wd
8. euk;Gr; nry;ypd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;jpwd;
 epA+uhd; vd;gJ %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ (irl;lhd;> nlz;liul;Lfs;>
Mf;rhd;)
 epA+uhd; euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; mbg;gil myfhFk;. ,J Kl;il tbtkhfNth >
tl;l tbtkhfNthh fhzg;gLk;
9. nry; clyk; (irl;lhd;)

140
  irl;lhd; vd;gJ nry; clyk; (m) nghpNfhpNahd; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
 irl;lhdpd; ika cl;fUtpy; irl;Nlhgpshrk; epuk;gpAs;s gFjp epA+Nuhgpshrk;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 irl;lhdpy; cs;s GNuhl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eprpy; vdg;gLk; fUikahd Jfs;fs;
cs;sd. ,it Gujr;Nrh;f;iff;fhd hpNghNrhk;fis nfhz;Ls;sd
 kw;w nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfshd ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah > hpNghNrhk;fs;>
iyNrhNrhk;fs; kw;Wk; vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; Mfpait
irl;Nlhgpshj;jpy; cs;sd.
 epA+uhd;fs; gFg;gilAk; jd;ikAw;wit
 irl;Nlhgpshj;jpDs;Ns gy Ez; ,iofs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit nry;
clyj;jpd; topahf euk;G Jhz;lyfis Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; flj;Jtjw;F
cjTfpd;wd
10. nld;biul;Lfs;
 nry; clyj;jpypUe;J ePl;bf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mLj;jjLj;Jf;
fpisj;JYf;Fs;shd Fl;il ,iofNs nld;buhd; MFk;
 nld;buhd; NkYk; fpisj;J nld;iul;Lfis cUthf;Fk;
 nld;iul;Lfs; nry; cliy Nehf;fp kpd;Jhz;ly;fisf; flj;Jfpd;wJ
 nld;iul; ,izAk; gFjp irNdg;]; vd;W ngah;
11. Mf;]hd;
 irl;lhdpypUe;J Mf;]hd; vd;w thy; Nghd;w gFjp cs;sJ
 Mf;]hd;fs; Mf;N]hgpshrk; vd;w nghUisg; ngw;Ws;sd. NkYk; mit
epA+hpnyk;kh vd;w Nghh;itapdhy; Nghh;jj
; g;gl;Ls;sd.
 epA+hpnyk;kh kPJ ikaypd; ciw njhlh;r;rpahf ,y;iy. Mf;]htpd; kPJ
ikaypd; ciwahy; cz;lhf;fgLk; ,ilntspfs; Nud;tPhpd;fZf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 ];thd; nry;fs; vdg;gLk; rpy nry;fs; ikaypd; ciw kPJ fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 Mf;rhdpd; KbTg; gFjp Ez;zpa fpisfshfg; gphpe;J Fkpo; Nghd;w rpdhg;bf;
Fkpo; gFjpfshf Kbfpd;wJ.
 Mf;rhdpd; gpsh];kh rt;T Mf;N
; ]hnyk;kh vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 Mf;rhdpd; irl;Nlhgpshrk; Mf;N]hgpshrk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 xU epA+uhdpd; rpdhg;bf; Fkpo; gFjpf;Fk;> kw;nwhU epA+uhdpd; nld;buhd;
,izAk; gFjpf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s ,ilntspg; gFjp rpdhg;bf; ,izTg; gFjp
vdg;gLfpwJ
 xU epA+uhdpypUe;J jfty;fs; kw;nwhU epA+uhDf;F flj;Jg;gLtJ rpdhg;bf;
Fkpo; gFjpapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; %ykhf eilngWfpwJ.
,t;Ntjpg; nghUl;fs; epA+Nuhbuhd;]; kpl;lh;fs; my;yJ euk;Gzh;T flj;jpfs;
vdg;gLfpd;wd

141
12. mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; epA+uhd;fs; tiffs;
 xU Kid epA+uhd;fs;
 ,U Kid epA+uhd;fs;
 gy Kid epA+uhd;fs;
 xU Kid epA+uhd;fs;
 tsh; fUtpd; euk;Gj; jpRf;fs; xU Kid epA+uhd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 xU Kid epA+uhd;fs; xw;iw ePl;rp my;yJ ,ioiag; ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;j
ePl;rpNa Mf;]hd;> nld;buhdhfr; nray;gLfpd;wJ
 ,U Kid epA+uhd;fs;
 Czh;T cWg;Gfshd tpopj; jpiuapy; fhzg;gLk; $k;G kw;Wk; Fr;rp nry;fs;
,U Kid epA+uhd;fshy; Mdit.
 ehrpj;Jisapy; cs;s My; Ngf;lhp vgPjpypaj;jY
P k; fhzg;gLk;
 ,J xU nry; clyk; kw;Wk; ,U ePl;rpfis Kidfspy; nfhz;Ls;sJ
 xU ePl;rp Mf;]hdhTk;> kw;nwhU Kid nld;buhdhfTk; nray;gLfpd;wJ
 gy Kid epA+uhd;fs;
 ngU%isapd; Gwzpapy; cs;;sit gyKid epA+uhd;fs; MFk;
 xt;nthU gyKid epA+uhdpy; nry; clyk;> gy nlz;biul;Lfs; > xw;iw
Mf;]hDk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
13. nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; epA+uhd;fspd; tiffs;
 czh;r;rp my;yJ cl;nry; euk;Gr;nry;
 czh; cWg;GfspypUe;J Jhz;ly;fis ika euk;G kz;lyj;Jf;F
vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; euk;Gr; nry;fs;.
 ,af;f my;yJ ntspr;nry; euk;Gr; nry;
 ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpy; ,Ue;J Jhz;lyfis (jfty;fs; ) ,af;f
cWg;Gfshd jir ehhpiofs; my;yJ Rug;gpfSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;
euk;G nry;fs;
 rq;fk; euk;Gr; nry;fs;
 ,t;tif euk;G nry;fs; czh;r;rp kw;Wk; ,af;f euk;G nry;fSf;fpilNa
Jhz;ly;fis flj;Jk; euk;G nry;fshFk;
14. euk;G ehhpiofs; ,uz;L tiffshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ikaypd; ciwAld; $ba euk;G nry;fs;
 ikaypd; ciwaw;w euk;Gr; nry;fs;
15. ikaypd; ciw my;yJ nkLy;Nyl;ll; my;yJ ntz;ik epw epA+uhd;fs;
 Mf;]hd;fs; ntz;ikahd nfhOg;G ikaypdhy; %lg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;
 ,J %isapd; ntz;ikg; gFjpia cUthf;FfpwJ
16. ikaypd; ciwaw;w my;yJ nkLy;Nyl;ll; mw;wit my;yJ rhk;gy; epw epA+uhd;fs;

142
  ikaypd; ciwapdhy; %lg;glhj Mf;]hd;fs; rhk;gy; epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
 ,e;j Mf;]hd; epA+hpnyk;kh nry;fshNyh my;yJ ];thd; nry;fshNyh
Nghh;jj
; g;gl;Ls;sd
 ,t;tif epA+uhd;fs; ngU%isapd; rhk;gy; epwg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;
17. eukGj; Jhz;ly; flj;jg;gLjy;:
 czh; cWg;Gfshd fz;> %f;F> Njhy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; Gwr;
#o;epiyapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Jhz;ly;fs; czh;Ntw;gpfspd; %yk;
czug;gLfpd;wd.
 ,j;Jhz;ly;fs; kpd;Jhz;ly;fshf epA+uhd;fs; top flj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 NkYk; ,j;Jhz;ly;fs; nld;uhd; Kid topahf nry; clyj;Jf;Fs; flj;jg;gl;L
Mf;]hd; Kidia nrd;wilfpd;wd.
 ,g;NghJ Mf;]hd; KidahdJ euk;Gzh;T flj;jpfis (epA+Nuhl;uhd;];kpl;lh;)
ntspapLfpwJ.
 ,it euk;G ,izTg; gFjpapy; gutp mLj;j epA+uhdpYs;s nld;l;uhd;fis
mile;J nry; clyj;jpd; kpd; Jhz;ly;fshf flj;jg;gLfpd;wd
 ,t;thW njhlh;e;J flj;jg;gl;L kpd; Jhz;ly;fs; %is my;yJ
jz;Ltlj;ijr; nrd;wilfpd;wd
 ,jw;Fhpa Jyq;fy;fs; %is my;yJ jz;Ltlj;jpypUe;J ntspg;gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l
jirfs; my;yJ Rug;gpfis nrd;wilfpd;wd
18. xU Fwpg;gpl;l epA+uhd;fspd; njhFg;gpy; eilngWk; euk;G Jhz;lyfs; nry;Yk;
ghijahdJ. vg;nghOJk; xU epA+uhd;fspdMf;rhd; KidapypUe;J kw;nwhU
epA+uhdpd; nld;uhd; Kidf;F rpdhg;]; my;yJ rpdhg;bf; Fkpo; %yk; flj;jg;gLtij
rpdhg;bf; flj;Jjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
19. euk;Gzh;T flj;jpfs; vd;git xU euk;Gr; nry;ypd; Mf;rhd; KidapypUe;J kw;nwhU
euk;Gr; nry;yd; nlz;buhd; Kidf;F my;yJ ve;j ,yf;F cWg;GfNshL
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh me;j Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;F cWg;Gf;F euk;Gj; Jhz;ly;fis
flj;Jk; Ntjpg; nghUs;fs; MFk;.
20. mrpl;ily; Nfhypd; vdg;gLk;. epA+uhd;fs; ntspapLk; Ntjpg;nghUs; xU
Fwpg;gpl;lj;jFe;j euk;Gzh;T flj;jp MFk;.

kdpjdpd; euk;G kz;lyk;

1. kdpj %isapd; ruhrhp vil 1350 fpuhk; (m) 1.35 fpNyhfpuhk;
2. %isapd; nray;jpwidg; gw;wp mwpAk; fUtp
3. kdpj euk;G kz;lyk; %d;W gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit
 ika euk;G kz;lyk; (CNS)
 GwmikT euk;G kz;lyk; (PNS)

143
  jhdpaq;F euk;G kz;lyk; (ANS)
4. ika euk;G kz;lyk; %is kw;Wk; jz;Ltlj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ. ,J nra;jpfis
myRjy> fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w nray;fspd; ikak; MFk;.
5. ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; euk;Gfs; cs;slf;fpaNj Gw mikT euk;G kz;lyk; MFk;.
6. gphpT euk;GfisAk; vjph;gphpT euk;GfisAk; nfhz;lJ jhdpaq;F euk;G kz;lyk;
7. %isia Rw;wp fhzg;gLk; ciwfs;

%isahdJ %d;W ghJfhg;ghd ciwahy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ

(nkdpd;[d;]; my;yJ %is ciwfs;)

bA+uhNkl;lh; muf;dha;L ciw igahNkl;lh;

(ntspg;Gw jbkdhd (eLg;Gw gFjp> mjph;T (cl;Gw nky;ypag; gFjp
rt;T glyk;) jhq;fpahf nray;gLfpwJ> mjpfkhd ,uj;j ehsq;fs;
rpye;jptiy Nghd;w rt;Tg;lyk;) fhzg;gLk;)
8. kdpj %is %d;W ghfq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
kdpj %is

Kd; %is eL %is gpd; %is

1. ngUKid fhh;g;Nghuh 1. rpWKid

2. jyhk]; Fthl;hpn[kpdh 2. ghd;];
3. i`g;Ngh jyhk]; 3. KFsk;
9. Kd; %isapd; nray;ghLfs;

ngU%is(Cerebrum) jyhk];(Thalamus) i`g;Nghjyhk];

1 rpe;jpj;jy; 1.typ 1 grp
2 Ez;zpT 2 Fsph; 2 jhfk;
3 tpopg;Gzh;Tepiy 3 ntg;gk; 3 Jhf;fk;
4 epidTj;jpwd; 4 czh;T kw;Wk; 4 tpah;it
,af;fj;Jhz;ly;fis
flj;Jk; Kf;fpakhd flj;J
5ikakhf nray;gLfpwJ
5 fw;gidj;jpwd; 5 ghYwT fpsh;r;rp
6 fhuz fhhpak; Muha;jy; 6 Nfhgk;
7 kdcWjp 7 gak;
8 FwpaPL nkhop 8 ,uj;j mOj;jk;
9 czh;r;rp 9 clypd; ntg;gepiy
10 kdepiy ghJfhg;G

144
 11 ,af;fk;
12 mwpTrhh;e;j nray;ghL

10. %isahdJ %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ

 Kd;%is (m) ngU%is (m) GNuhNrd;rgyhd;
 eL%is (m) kPnrd;rgyhd;
 gpd;%is (m) rpW%is (m) KFsk; (m) uhk;ngd;rgyhd;
 jz;Ltlk; (,J xU jdpg;gphpthFk;)
11. Kd;%is (m) ngU%is (m) GNuhnrd;rgyhd;
 %isapd; ngUk;gFjp ngU%is MFk;. %d;wpy; ,uz;L gFjpiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ
 ngU%isahdJ ehd;F gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ
 gpuhz;ly; (Frontal)
 ngiul;ly; (Parietal)
 Mf;rpg;gpl;ly; (Occipital)
 nlk;Nghuy; (Temporal)
 ngU%isapd; tlg;gFjp> mbg;gFjp fhh;g]; fNyh]k; vd;Dk; euk;Gr; jpRg;
gl;ilahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 ,jpy; cs;s gFjp i`g;Nghjyhk]; cly; ntg;gepiyia rPuhf itj;jpUf;f
cjTk;
 gpA+l;lhp Rug;gp ehskpy;yh Rug;gpd; murd; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 ngU%is Gwzpapd; NkL ifhp vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
 ngU%is Gwzpapd; gs;sq;fs; ry;rp vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
12. kPnrd;rgyhd (m) rpW%is (m) Cerebellum
 ngU%isapd; ,af;fr; nray;ghLfis Nkw;ghh;itapLfpwJ. rpW%isapd;
,izg;G ghd;];tNuyp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 ,J ngU%isapd; nray;ghl;il Nkw;ghh;iapLfpwJ
 kJ mUe;Jgth;fis ghjpg;gJ rpW%isahFk;
 %isapd; ,uz;lhtJ kpfg;nghpa gFjp
13. uhk;ngd;rgyhd; (m) gpd;%is (m) KFsk;
 KFsj;ij rpW%isAld; ,izf;Fk; gFjp ghd;];
 kdpjdpd; caph;Kbr;R KFskhFk;
 nray;ghLfs;: Rthrpj;jy;> ,uj;j Row;rp> czh;T njhlh;ghd nray;ghLfs;
rpW%is cly; rkepiy> jirfspd; jd;dpr;irahd
nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

145
 ghd;]; kw;Wk; KFsk; cwf;f tpopg;G Row;rp> ,jaj;Jbg;G> Rthr kw;Wk;
nrhpj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ikakhfr;
nray;gLjy;> ckpo;ePh; Rug;gJ kw;Wk; the;jp
vLj;jy;> ,uj;jf; Foha;fspd; RUf;fj;jpid
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

14. jz;Ltlk;
 jz;Ltlk; mdpr;irr; nraYf;F JizGhpak; gFjp
 ,jpy; nkhj;jk; 31 euk;Gfs; cs;sd
 KFJ jz;Ltlj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ks;nsYk;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if 33
 „ jz;Ltlj;jpw;F tUk; euk;Gfs;
 - jz;Ltlj;jpypUe;J nry;Yk; euk;Gfs;
 euk;G jz;Ltlj;jpypUe;J fw;iwahf fPo;Nehf;fpr; nry;tij “fhlh <f;tpdh
my;yJ Fjpiuthy;” vd;Wk; miog;gh;
 %isapd; njhlh;r;rpahd Foy; Nghd;w mikg;ghd jz;Ltlk;>
KJFj;jz;bd; euk;Gf; FoYf;Fs; mike;Js;sJ
 %isiag; Nghd;Nw jz;LtlKk;> igahNkl;lh;> muf;dha;L rt;T> bA+uh
Nkl;lh; vdg;gLk; %isr;rt;Tfshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ
 jz;Ltlj;jpd; fPo;Kid ehhpioNghy; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Fjpiuthy; ePl;rp
vd;W ngah;
 jz;Ltlj;jpd; ikag;gFjp neLfpYk; %isj;jz;Ltlj; jputj;jhy; epug;gl;l
ikaf;Foy; gutp ,Uf;fpwJ.
 jz;Ltlj;jpd; Gwg;gFjp nkLy;yh ciwAs;s ntz;ik epA+uhd;fshYk;
cl;gFjp nkLy;yh ciwaw;w rhk;gy; epA+uhd;fshYk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 %is jz;Ltlj; jputkhdJ ,uj;j gpsh];khtpd; rpwg;G tbePuhFk;. ,jpy;
nkf;dr
P pak; FNshiuL cg;Gfs; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ
 jz;Ltlj;jpd; fPo;g;Gwk; FWfpa nky;ypa ehh;fs; ,ize;jJ Nghd;w mikg;G
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J igyk;nlh;kpdNy vdg;gLfpwJ.
 jz;Ltlj;jpd; rhk;gy; epwg; gFjpahdJ Mq;fpy vOj;jhd Nghd;W
mike;Js;sJ. vOj;jpd; Nkw;gf;f Kidfs; tapw;Wg;Gwf; nfhk;Gfs; vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. vOj;jpd; fPo;gf;f Kidfs; KJFg; Gwf; nfhk;Gfs;
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

15. %isj; jz;Ltl jputj;jpd; gzpfs;:

 %is jz;Ltl jputk; - ( )

146
  ,J kdpjDf;F 100 Kjy; 200 kp.yp cs;sJ. 1 kzp Neuj;jpw;F 20 kp.yp
cUthfpwJ.
 mzpr;ir tpy; vd;gJ xU euk;G Mf;ff; $W. ,J ek; ,r;irf;F cl;glhky;
tpiuthf eilngWk; epfo;r;rpahd mdpr;irr; nraiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
mikg;G
 jPBh; mjph;Tfspd; NghJ %is ghjpf;fg;gilahky; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 %isf;fhd Cl;lj;rj;Jfis mspf;Fk; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
 %isapy; cUthFk; fopTfis Nrfhpj;J ntspNaw;Wk; gzpapid
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ
 %isg; ngl;lfj;jpd; cs;Ns epiyahd mOj;jj;ij guhkhpf;f cjTfpwJ.
16. vspa my;yJ mbg;gilahd mdpr;irr; nray;fs;
 ekJ fz;zpy; Jhrp tpOk; NghJ ,ikfis %Ljy;> Jk;Kjy;> ,UKjy;>
nfhl;lhtp tpLjy; Nghd;w ,r;nray;fis ehk; ek;ik mwpahkNyNa>
rpe;jpf;fhkNyNa cldbahf nra;fpNwhk;.
17. ngwg;gl;l my;yJ fl;Lg;gLJ;jg;gl;l mdpr;ir nray;fs;
 ,t;tifahd mdpr;irr; nray;fs; fw;wy; kw;Wk; gapw;rpapd; %yk;
nray;gLj;jg;gLgitahFk;.
 `hh;Nkhdpak; thrpj;jypd; NghJ ,ir Fwpg;GfSf;Nfw;g rhpahd fl;ilia
mOj;JtJk;> tpLtpg;gJk; fw;wy; %yk; ngwg;gl;l mdpr;irr; nrayhFk;.
18. ngUk;ghyhd mdpr;irr; nray;fs; jz;Ltlj;jpdhy; fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;L
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt ,it jz;Ltl mdpr;irr; nray;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Rthr kz;lyk;
jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; Rthrpj;jy;
kdpj Rthrk;
%f;F  ehrpg;gs;sk;  %r;Rf;Foy;  %r;Rfpisf;Foy;  %r;RfpisrpW Foy; 
fhw;W Ez;ziw
1. EiuaPuy;
 kdpjdpd; Kf;fpakhd Rthr cWg;G Xhpiz EiuaPuy;fshFk;. ,it
$k;G tbtkhdit
 EiuaPuypd; mbg;gFjp cjutpjhdj;NjhL xl;bf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 tyJ EiuaPuy; 3 kbg;gpidAk;> ,J EiuaPuy; 2 kbg;gpidAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 EiuaPuiy %bAs;s rt;T GSuh vdg;gLk;. EiuaPuypy; fhzg;gLk;
jputk; GSuha;L MFk;.
 fhw;W Ez;ziwfspy; thA ghpkhw;wk; vspa guty; Kiwapy; epfo;fpwJ

147
 EiuaPuy;fs; xU epkplj;jpw;F 12 Kjy; 15 Kiw RUq;fp tphpfpd;wd
 Rthr vd;gJ Mf;rp[d; ghpkhw;wj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; mjhtJ EiuaPuypUe;J
Mf;]p[id jpRf;FSf;F mspf;fg;gly;;> jpRf;fspypUe;J fhh;gd; il
Mf;i]il vLj;Jtuy; vd;w ghpkhw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.
 Rthrpj;jy; vd;gJ xU Ntjpapay; nrayhFk;
 ,lJ EiuaPuyhdJ ,jaj;jpw;F ,lkspf;Fk; tifapy; tyJ EiuaPuiy
tpl rw;W rpwpajhf cs;sJ.
 njhz;lf;Fk;> %r;Rf;Foha;f;Fk; ,ilNa rpwpa fhw;Wg; ghijahf
Fuy;tid vd nghJthf miof;fg;gLk; yhhpq;]; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 EiuaPuy;fspDs; xt;nthU %r;Rf;fpisf; FoYk; nfhj;jhd fhw;W
Ez;ziwfshf KbfpwJ.
 EiuaPuy;fs; khh;giwapd; xt;nthU GwKk; fhzg;gLtJ gQ;R Nghd;w
kPSk; igfshFk;.
 EiuaPuypDs; fhzg;gLk; fhw;W rpw;wiuapd; msT 75-300 ikf;uhd;
Kiw cs;sps;Fk; fhw;wpd; msT 500 kP. ypl;lh;
 fhw;W rpw;wiwfs; My;tpNahiy vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kdpjd; xU
Kiw cs;sps;Fs; fhw;wpd; msT 500 kp.ypl;lh;
 EiuaPuy;fspDs; fhzg;gLk; fhw;W Ez;ziwfspd; nkhj;jg;gug;G 2000
rJu mbfSf;F Nky; my;yJ ekJ clw;gug;igg; Nghy 100 klq;F
mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 fhw;W Ez;ziwapd; msT xU nld;dp]; ikjhdk; msT MFk;.
 EiuaPuypy; 300 Kjy; 500 my;yJ 480 kpy;ypad; fhw;W Ez;ziwfs;
(My;tpNahiyfspy;) cs;sd.
 Rpy nghUs;fshd JhR> kfue;jj;Jhs; Mfpait ekJ ehrpg;gs;sj;jpy;
Eioe;J njhe;juT Vw;gLj;Jtjhy; tUtNj Jk;gyhFk;> Jk;ky;
epfo;r;rpapd; %yk; xt;thik nghUs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;L ehrpg;gs;sk;
Rj;jkhfpd;wJ
 fhw;W khRgLjyhy; gy Rthr Neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. v.fh M];Jkh>
vk;grPkh
 %isapy; Mf;]p[d; msT Fiwe;jhy; nfhl;lhtp tUk;.
 vd;w thh;ji
; jia $wpath; ngg;gp];
 vd;gJ yj;jPd; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l thh;ji
; jahFk;
 (njhlh;r;rpahf %r;RtpLjy; vd;W
nghUs;)

148
  czTg; nghUs;fshd fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;> nfhOg;G> Gujk; kw;Wk; fhpk
mkpyq;fSld; Mf;rp[d; ,ize;J Mw;wyhf khWfpd;w tpid Rthrk;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
2. mbNdhird; l;iu gh];Ngl;
 nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 ia fz;Lgpbj;jth;fs; ypg;Nkd;> Nyhf;Nkd;
 Row;rpapd; je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gLgth; Nyhf;Nkd;
3. fhw;Ws;s Rthrj;jpd; gbepiyfs;
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp];
 igUtpf; mkpy Mf;]p[Ndw;w fhh;gd; ePf;fk;
 fpnug; Row;rp
 vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jr;rq;fpyp
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp]; (fpisf;Nfh „ rh;f;fiu> iyrp]; - rpijj;jy;)
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp]; vd;gJ rh;f;fiu my;yJ fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;il
gpsj;jy; vd;W nghUs; jUk;
 xU FUSf;Nfh]; %yf;$W rpijtile;J 2 igUtpf; mkpykhf
khWfpd;w epfo;T fpisf;Nfhiyrp]; vdg;gLk;.
 fpisNfhiyrp]; nry;ypd; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eilngWk;
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp]; midj;J caphpdq;fspYk; eilngWk;. itu]; jtpu
itu]p]; tsh;rpij khw;wq;fs; vJTk; eilngwhJ
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp]; Row;rpia n[h;kdp ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j 3 tpQ;Qhdpfs;
fz;Lgpbj;jdh;
vk;ld; (E)
Nkauhg;(M)
gh;dh]; (P)
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp]; topj;jlk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp]; Row;rp fhw;Ws;s kw;Wk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; vd
,uz;bYk; eilngWfpwJ
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp]py; cUthFk; xl;L nkhj;j fs; 8
 fpisf;Nfhiyrp]; ,uz;L gbepiyfis nfhz;lJ
 vf;];Nrh]; epiy
 l;iuNah]; epiy
 fpnug;]; Row;rp (TCA - l;iu fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpy Row;rp)
 ,J Row;rp vd;Wk; rpl;hpf; mkpy Row;rp vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; fpnug;]; Row;rpapy; Kjypy; cUthFk;

149
 mkpyk; rpl;hpf; mkpyk; MFk;. fpnug;]; Row;rpia Jtq;FtJ mrpl;ily;
( ) MFk;.
 f;rNyh mrpl;bf; mkpyk; mrpl;ily; ,ize;J rpl;hpf; mkpyk;
cUthfpd;wJ
 rpl;hpf; mkpyk; Row;rpia fz;Lgpbj;jth; `hd;]; fpnul; (1934) .
rpl;hpf; mkpy Row;rpia Gwhtpd; jir nry;fspy; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;
 rpl;hpf; mkpy Row;rp Mk;gpNghypf; Row;rp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,r;Row;rpapy; rpij khw;wKk;> tsh; khw;wKk; eilngWtjhy; tsh;rpij
khw;wk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 fpnug;]; Row;rpia jhtuq;fspy; fz;Lgpbj;jth; kw;Wk; rf
tpQ;Qhdpfs;
 fpnug;]; Row;rp ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpahtpy; eilngWfpd;wJ
 fpnug;]; Row;rp cUthFk; fspd; vz;zpf;if 24 MFk;
 fpnug; Row;rp ghf;Bhpahtpy; nry;rt;tpy; eilngWfpd;wJ. Vnddpy;
ghf;Bhpahtpy; ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jr; rq;fpyp (m) gh];Ngl; Mf;rpfuz;k; miljy;
 ,J ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpahtpy; fphp];Nl vd;w cl;rt;tpy; eilngWfpd;wJ
 Rthr rq;fpyp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jr; rq;fpyp ghf;Bhpahtpy; nry;rt;tpy; eilngWfpd;wJ
 2 kw;Wk; 2 Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Mf khWk; epfo;r;rp
vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jr; rq;fpyp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
 2 - epf;Nfhl;bd; mikL mbidd; il epA+f;spNahilL
 2„ gpNstpd; mbidd; il epA+f;spNahilL
 vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jr; rq;fpyp Kbe;j gpd; xU FSf;Nfh]; KOtJkhf
Mf;rpfuzk; milejJ 38 fis jUfpd;wJ.
4. fhw;W Rthrk;
 caph;tspapd; cjtpahy; czTg; nghUs;fs; vhpf;fg;gl;L Mw;wiy
ntspf;nfhzh;fpd;wd. midj;J cah;epiy jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk;
tpyq;Ffspy; eilngWtJ fhw;Ws;s Rthrk;
 FSf;Nfh]; caph;tsp  fhpakpy thA ePh; Me;wy;
5. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;
 rpy Ez;Zaphpfs;> <];l;> ghf;Bhpah Nghd;wit caph;tsp mw;w epiyapy;
cztpypUe;J Mw;wiyg; ngWfpd;wJ> caph;tsp mw;w epiyapy; eilngWk;
Rthrj;jpw;Ff; fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrk; vd;W ngah;

150
  FSf;Nfh];  vj;jpy; My;f`hy; fhpakpy thA Mw;wy;
6. Rthrpj;jy; kw;Wk; %r;RtpLjy; NtWghL
Rthrpj;jy; %r;RtpLjy;
czTld; Mf;rp[d; Nrh;e;J Mw;wyhf thAghpkhw;wk; kl;Lk; eilngWfpd;wJ
khWfpd;wJ
Rthrpj;jy; ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpahtpy; thA ghpkhw;wk; EiuaPuypy; cs;s fhw;Wr;
eilngWfpd;wJ rpw;wiwfspy; eilngWk;
,e;epfo;r;rpapd; NghJ Mw;wy; ,e;epfo;r;rpapd; NghJ Mw;wy;
ntspaplg;gLfpwJ ntspaplg;gLtjpy;iy
cl;Rtrk; ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpahtpYk;> Mf;rp[d; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;L fhh;gd;
ntspRthrk; EiuaPuypYk; eilngWfpd;wJ il Mf;irL ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ
,J Xh; Ntjpapay; epfo;r;rp> Vnddpy; ,q;F ,J Xh; ,aw;gpay; epfo;r;rp > Vnddpy;
czTg; nghUs; gy NtjptpidfSf;F ,q;F fhw;W Xh; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;Nwhh;
cl;gLfpwJ ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; ngah;fpwJ
capUs;s nry;fspy; ,e;epfo;r;rp ,jpy; Rthr cWg;Gfs; gq;Nfw;fpd;wd
eilngWfpd;wJ

7. tpyq;FfSk; mtw;wpd; Rthr KiwfSk;

tpyq;Ffs; Rthr Kiwfs;
mkPgh> ghukPrpak; vspa guty; Kiw
i`l;uh> flw;gQ;R clypd; Nkw;gug;G
kz;GO kw;Wk; ml;ilg;GO Njhy;
fug;ghd; G+r;rp buf;fpNahy;fs; Kykhf (fhw;Wj;Jisfs;)
fly; nts;shp Rthr kuk; (kyf;Fly; mUfpy;)
kPdf
; s; nrTs; %ykhf
Jtis Njhy;> tha;f;Fop> EiuaPuy;
Ch;td> gwg;gd> ghYhl;bfs; EiuaPuy;

nrhpkhd kz;lyk;

1. ekJ clypy; nrhpkhdkhdJ Ie;J gbepiyfspy; epfo;fpwJ

 czT cl;nfhs;sy;
 nrhpj;jy;
 cl;fpufpj;jy;
 jd;kakhjy;

151
  fopit ntspNaw;Wjy;
2. kdpjdpd; czTg; ghij thapy; njhlq;fp kyg;Gioapy; KbTilfpwJ. ,J 6 Kjy; 9
kPl;lh; ePsk; nfhz;lJ
3. nrhpkhd kz;lyj;NjhL njhlh;Gila Rug;gpfs; ckpo;ePh;r; Rug;gp> ,iug;igr; Rug;gpfs;>
fizak;> fy;yPuy; kw;Wk; Fly; Rug;gpfs;
czTg;ghijapy; mikg;G

tha; bNahbdj;jpd; ePsk; 22 nr.kP

tha;f;Fop fizak; 15-20 nr.kP

fy;yPuypd; vil 1500 fpuhk;

njhz;l (11 nr.kP)
Fly;thy; 5 nr.kP
czTf;Fopy; (22 nr.kP) Fly; cwpQ;rpfs; msT 1 kp.kP

,iug;ig (J tbtk;)

rpWFly; (Kd;rpWFly;> eL rpWFly;>

gpd;rpWFly; cs;slf;fpaJ )(5-7 kPl;lh;)

ngUq;Fly; (Fly;thy;> Nfhyd;>

kyf;Fly; cs;slf;fpaJ) (1.5 kPl;lh;)
kytha;
4. tha;
 cs;thapd; $iug;gFjp mz;zk; vdg;gLk;
 tha; czT tpOq;Ftjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ
 fhw;Wf; FohiaAk; czTf; FohiaAk; gphpg;gJ mz;zk;
 ehf;fpd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gy Ez;zpa Rit mUk;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
5. gw;fs;
 kdpjh;fspd; tho;ehspy; gw;fs; ,uz;L njhFg;ghf cUthfpd;wd. (,ul;ilg; gy;
thpir)
 Foe;ijapd; 7 my;yJ 8 taJ tiu ,Uf;Fk; gw;fs; ghy; gw;fs; MFk; ,jd;
vz;zpf;if 20 MFk;.
 ghy;gw;fs; tpOe;jTld; Gjpa tifg; gw;fs; tsh;fpd;wd ,g;gw;fSf;F epiyj;j
gw;fs; vd;W ngah;. ,tw;wpd; vz;zpf;if 32 MFk;
 xt;nthU gy;Yk; xU Nthpidf; nfhz;L <Wfspy; (jpNfhlhd;l;)
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

152
  filrp fltha; gw;fs; 20 tajpw;F gpd;dh; Kisf;Fk; vdNt mg;gw;fis
Qhdg;gw;fs; vd;gh;
 gw;fspd; tiffSk; mtw;wpd; gzpfSk;
gw;fspd; tiffs; gw;fspd; vz;zpf;if gzpfs;
ntl;Lg;gw;fs; 8 ntl;lTk;> fbf;fTk;
Nfhiug; gw;fs; 4 fpopf;fTk;> JisaplTk;
Kd; fil tha;g; gw;fs; 8 eRf;fTk;> miuf;fTk;
gpd; fil tha;g; gw;fs; 12 eRf;fTk;> mirf;fTk;>
nky;yTk;

 gw;fspy; cs;s gw;G+r;rp vdhky;> kdpj clypd; kpff; fbdkhd gFjp gw;fspd;
vdhky; MFk;.
 kdpjdpd; gy; #j;jpuk; 2123/2123 X 2 = 32
 gwitfSf;Fg; gw;fs; fpilahJ
 vypfSf;Fg; gw;fs; njhlh;r;rpahf tsh;e;J nfhz;NlapUf;Fk;
 ahidapd; ntl;Lg;gw;fspd; ePl;rpNa mjd; ePz;l je;jkhFk;
 rpy kdpjh;fSf;F kl;LNk 32 gw;fs; ,Uf;Fk;
 gw;nrhj;;ijapd; NghJ gw;Fopfis milf;fg; gad;gLtJ rpy;th; bd; ,urf;fyit
 ,uj;jj;jpd; kjpg;G 5.5 f;fk; fPo; FiwAk; NghJ gw;fspd; vdhky; Nja;khdk;
milAk;.
6. ckpo;ePh;r; Rug;gpfs;
 thapy; 3 ,iz ckpo; ePhr
; ; Rug;gpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit
 Nkyz;z Rug;gpfs; - fhJf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;sd. ,it nghpa Rug;gpfs;\
 ehtbf; Rug;gpfs; - kpfr;rpwpa ,r;Rug;gpfs;> ehf;fpd; mbg;Gwj;jpy;
mike;Js;sd
 fPo;jhilr; Rug;gpfs; xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;l ,r;Rug;gpfs; jhilfs;
,izAk; ,lj;jpy; fPo;g;Gwkhf mike;Js;sd.
 nghd;Df;F tPq;fp vd;w itu]; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ Nkyz;zr; Rug;gp
MFk;.
 %d;W ,iz ckpo; ePhr
; ; Rug;gpfSk; ,ize;J ehs; xd;Wf;F 1.5 ypl;lh; ckpo;ePiu
Ruf;fpd;wd
 ckpo;ePhpy; mlq;fpAs;sit
 ilaypd; (mkpNy];) vd;w nehjp- fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;il nrhpf;f ];lhh;r;ir
($l;Lr;rh;f;fiu ) khy;Nlhrhf (,ul;ilr;rh;f;fiu) khw;WfpwJ
 igfhh;gNdl; vd;w cg;G „ mkpyj; jd;ikia nrhpf;f
 Nfhio „ cz;it cs;Ns js;s

153
  iyNrhirk; vd;w nehjp „ ghf;Bhpahit nfhs;tjw;F
7. njhz;il
 11 nr.kP ePsk; nfhz;l njhz;ilg;gFjpapy; 7 Jisfs; cs;sd
 mjpy; 2 cs;s ehrpj;Jisfs;> 2 A+];Nlrpad; Foy;fs; > tha;> Fuy;tis kw;wk;
czTf; Foy; cs;sJ.
 rhg;gpLk; czthdJ EiuaPuYf;F nry;yhky; jLg;gJ vgpfpyhl;b];
8. czTf;Foy;
 czTf;Foy; 22 nr.kP ePsKila jirg;glyf; FoyhFk;
 czTf;Foy; njhz;ilapypUe;J cztpid ,iug;igf;F nghp];lhy;rp]; vd;Dk;
Fly; jirr; Rthpd; rPuhd RUq;Fjy; kw;Wk; jsh;jy; (miy Nghd;w ,af;fk; )
Nghd;w epfo;thy; flj;JfpwJ.
 czTf;Foy; njhz;ilia ,iug;igAld; ,izf;fpwJ. ,jd; cl;Gwr; Rthpy;
Nfhiog;glyk; nfhz;l nky;ypa mLf;fhyhd vgpjPypak; jpR fhzg;gLfpwJ
9. ,iug;ig
 ,iug;igahdJ czTf; FoYf;Fk; rpWFlYf;FkpilNa Nghd;w tbtj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; jirahyhd mfd;w cWg;ghFk;.
 nrhpkhdj;ij gpujhd cWg;ghf nray;gLtJ ,iug;ig
 ,iug;igapd; Rth; ,iug;ig ePiur; Ruf;fpd;wJ. ,ug;ig ePh; epwkw;wJ.
 ,iug;ig ePhpy; fPo;f;fz;l nehjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit
 ngg;rpd; - Gujj;ij ngg;Nlhdhf khw;WfpwJ
 nudpd;- fiuAk; ghy; Guj nghUshd NfrpNdh[dh fiuahj japh; Nghd;w
Nfrpd; vd;Dk; nghUshf khw;WfpwJ. Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; ,e;nehjp
mjpfkhf Ruf;fpwJ.
 i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyj;ij Ruf;ff;$ba nry; Mf;]z;b
; f; nry;
 ypg;Ng]; - nfhOg;G nghUl;fis nfhOg;G mkpyq;fshfTk;> fpsruyhfTk;
khw;WfpwJ
 ,iug;ig 3 gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. mit
 fhh;bahf; ,iug;ig
 gz;l]; ,iug;ig
 igNyhu]; ,iug;ig
 ,iug;igapYs;s> ,iug;ig ePh; kw;Wk; filag;gl;l czTk; Nrh;e;J>
czTf;ftskhdJ miu nrhpkhd epiyapy; khwpapUg;gJ ,iug;igg;ghF vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
10. rpWFly;
 ,iug;igahdJ igNyhu]; (Fly;tha;) vd;w Jisapd; topNa rpWFlypy;
jpwf;fpwJ

154
  czTf;fhy;thapd; kpfTk; ePskhd gFjp rpWFly;. ,J 5-7 kPl;lh; ePsKilaJ.
,q;F czthdJ gpj;j ePh; > fizaePh>; rpWFly;ePh; Mfpatw;Wld; fye;J
KOtJkhf czT nrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 rpWFlYk; ngUq;FlYk; ,izAk; ,lk; rPf;fk; (mg;gz;bf;];) vdg;gLk;
 czTf;Fohapy; cl;fpufpj;jy; rpWFly;gFjpapy; eilngWfpwJ.
 rpWFly; 3 gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ mit
 Kd;rpWFly; (bNahbdk;)
 eLrpWFly;([P[pdk;)
 gpd;rpWFly; (,ypak;)
 Kd;rpWFly; (bNahbdk;)
 bNahbdj;jpd; ePsk; 22 nr.kP MFk;.
 Kd;rpWFly; tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 gpj;jehsKk; (fy;yPuypy; ,Ue;J)> fizaehsKk; (fizaj;jpypUe;J) ,ize;J
bNahbdj;jpy; jpwf;fpd;wd
 epWrpWFly; ([P[pdk;)
 rpWFlypy; Ie;jpy; ,uz;L gFjp ePsKilaJ [P[pdk;. ,J rpWFlypd; kpfr;rpwpa
gFjpahFk;
 [P[pdk; bNahbdj;jpy; njhlq;fp ,ypaj;jpy; KbTWfpwJ
 rpWFly; Ruf;Fk; Rug;Gg;nghUs; rpWFly; ePuhFk;
 rpWFly; ePhpy; fPo;f;fz;l nehjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 Rf;Nuh]; - Rf;Nuhir FSf;Nfhrhf khw;Wk;
 khy;Nl]; - khy;Nlhir FSf;Nfh]hf khw;Wk;
 yhf;Nl]; - yhf;Nlhir FSf;Nfh]hf khw;Wk;
 iyg;Ng]; (m) ypg;Ng]; - nfhOg;ig nfhOg;G mkpykhf khw;Wk;
 vhpg;rpd; - ngg;Nlhd; ghyp ngg;ilLfis mkpNdh mkpykhf khw;Wk;
 gpuf;Nlh]; - gpuf;Nlhir FSf;Nfhrhf khw;Wk;
 gpd;rpW Fly; (,ypak;)
 ,ypak; rpW Flypy; Ie;jpy; 3 gFjp ePsKilaJ. rpWFlypd; mjpf ePskhd gFjp
,ypak;
 ,ypaj;jpd; cl;Gwr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLk;. tpuy; Nghd;w ePl;rpfs; Fly; cwpQ;rpfs;
vdg;gLk;.
 rpWFlypy; Vwf;Fiwa ehd;F kpy;ypad; FlYwpQ;rpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
xt;nthU FlYwpQ;rpfSk; 1 kp.kp ePsKilaJ
 Fly; cwpQ;rpfspd; cl;gFjpapy; nky;ypa ,uj;jf; Foha;fSk; epzePh; nfhz;l
Flw;ghy; Foy;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 rpWFlyhdJ ,uz;L nray;fisr; nra;fpwJ(nrhpkhdk;> cwpQ;Rjy;)

155
  ,Unrhpkhd Rug;gp rhWfshd gpj;jePiu fy;yPuypUe;Jk; fizaePiu
fizj;jpypUe;Jk; bNahbdj;jpy; ngWfpd;wd. Fly;Rug;gpfs; Fly;rhWfis
Ruf;fpd;wd.
 ngUq;Fly;
 ,ypaj;jpy; njhlq;fp kyg;Gio tiu ePz;Ls;s ,g;gFjp 1.5 kPl;lh; ePsKilaJ
 ngUq;Fly; %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. mit
 Kd;ngUq;Fly; (rPf;fk;)
 ngUq;Fly; (Nfhyd;)
 kyf;Fly; (nuf;lk;)
 rPf;fj;jpd; filrpapy; 5 nr.kP ePsKila Kl;Lg;ig fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J Fly;thy;
vd miof;fg;gLk; xU vr;r cWg;ghFk;
 rpWFly; kw;wk; ngUq;Fly; ,izAk; ,lj;jpYs;sJ rPf;fk;
 ngUq;Flypy; nrhpj;jy; eilngWtJ ,y;iy
 fy;yPuy; (Liver)
 kdpj clypy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg;nghpa Rug;gp fy;yPuhFk;. fy;yPuypd; vil Rkhh; 1500
fpuhk; MFk;.
 fy;yPuy; nrk;kz;zpwj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fy;yPuy; ,uz;L fJg;Gfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (tyJ> ,lJ )tyJ fJg;G> ,lJ
fJg;igtpl nghpajhFk;.
 fy;yPuy; gpj;j ePiur; Ruf;fpd;wJ. gpj;j ePh; jw;fhypfkhfg; gpj;jg; igapy; NrfukhfpwJ
 gpj;j ehsk; fizaf; FohAld; ,ize;J bNahbdj;jpy; jpwf;fpd;wJ.
 gpj;j ePh; nfhOg;G nrhpj;jYf;F cjTfpd;wJ
 mjpfg;gbahd nfhOg;G fye;j czit cz;gjdhy; gpj;j igapy; gpj;jf; fw;fs;
cz;lhFk;.
 gpj;j ePhpy; cg;GfisAk;> gpj;j epwpkpfisAk; jtpur; nrhpj;jYf;F cjTk; nehjpfs;
,y;iy
 gpj;j ePhpy; cs;sit
gpj;jj cg;Gfs; (fhuj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ) Nrhbak; fpisf;NfhNyl; Nrhbak; lhNuh
fpisf;NfhNyl;
gpj;j epwkpfs; gpy;yp &gpd; gpy;yp tphpbd;

 gpj;j cg;Gfs; ghy;kkhf;fy; vd;w nraypd; mbg;gilapy; nfhOg;G nrhpj;jYf;F

cjTfpd;wd
 nghpa nfhOg;G jptisfs; rpWrpW jptisfshf khw;wg;gl;L nrhpf;f
itf;fg;gLtJ ghy;kkhf;fy;
 fy;yPuy; gzpfs;

156
  ,uj;j rh;f;fiu kw;Wk; mkpNdh mkpy msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 fUtpy; rptg;G ,uj;j mZf;fis cUthf;FfpwJ
 ,uj;jk; ciwjYf;Fg; gad;gLk; iggphpNdh[d; kw;Wk; GNuhj;uhk;gpd; Mfpatw;iw
cUthf;FfpwJ
 rptg;G ,uj;j mZf;fis mopf;fpwJ
 ,Uk;G> jhkpuk;> itl;lkpd;fs; kw;Wk; Mfpatw;iw Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ
 n`g;ghhpd; cUthf;Fjy; (,uj;jk; ciwjiy jLf;fpwJ)
 er;Rfs; kw;Wk; cNyhf eQ;rpid ntspNaw;WfpwJ
 kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; My;f`hypd; er;Rj; jd;ikfis ePf;FfpwJ
 jd;idj;jhNd GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ
 fizak; (Pancreas)
 15 nr.kP Kjy; 20 nr.kP tiu msTilaJ
 gpsTgl;l ,iy Nghd;w mikg;Gila Rug;gp fizak;
 ,iug;igf;Fk; bahbdj;jpw;Fk; (Kd;rpWFly; ) ,ilNa fizak; mike;Js;sJ
 fizakhdJ ehsKs;s Rug;gpahfTk;> ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahfTk; nrayhw;WfpwJ.
 ehsKs;s Rug;gpapd; gFjpahfapUf;fpd;w fizaj;jpd; Rug;Gg;gFjp fiza ePiur;
Ruf;fpwJ.
 ehsKs;s Rug;gpahf fizak; Ruf;ff;$ba nehjpfs; (m) vd;irk;];
 bhpg;rpd;
 ifNkhbhpg;rpd;
 mikNy];
 ypg;Ng]; (m) iyg;Ng]; (];bahf;rpd;)
 ypg;Ng];> bhpg;rpd; kw;Wk; mikNy]; KiwNa nfhOg;G> Gujk;> ];lhh;r; Mfpathw;wpy;
nrayhw;Wfpd;wd.
 fizaj;jpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; yhq;fh;fhd; jpl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 yhq;fh;fhd;jpl;Lfs; ehskpy;yh nry;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it
`hh;Nkhd;fisr; Ruf;fpd;wd
 fizaj;jpYs;s My;gh nry;fs; FSf;Nfhfhd; vd;w `hh;Nkhid Ruf;fpd;wd.
 fizaj;jpYs;s gpl;lh nry;fs; ,d;Rypd; `hh;Nkhid Ruf;fpd;wd.
 Fly; Rug;gpfs;rf;f]; vz;l;bhpf;]; rhwpidr; Ruf;fpwJ. mjpy; khy;Nl];> yhf;Nl];>
Rf;Nuh]; kw;Wk; ypg;Ng]; Nghd;w fhuj;jd;ikAila gFjpapy; nrayhw;Wk;
nehjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 cwpQ;rg;gl;l czTg; nghUl;fis cl;GwKs;s kw;Wk; xj;jpirthd jpRf;fNshL
,izg;gJ jd;kakhjy; MFk;.

157
  mjpfg;gbahf cs;s rh;f;fiuahdJ> rpf;fyhd $l;Lr; rh;f;fiu (ghyprhf;iuL)
kw;Wk; fpisf;Nfh[dhf fy;yPuypy; khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; clYf;Fj; Njitahd gy;NtW Gujq;fisj; njhFf;f
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
11. nrhpkhd nehjpfs;
nrhpkhd Rug;gp nehjpfs; %yf;$W nrhpkhd
tpisnghUs;
ckpo;ePh; Rug;gp (ckpo;ePh; nehjp ];lhh;r; khy;Nlh];
mikNy];)
ilaypd;
,iug;igr; Rug;gpfs; ngg;rpd; Gujq;fs; ngg;Nlhd;fs;
nud;dpd; ghy;Gujq;fs; (m) ghiy ciwar;
NfrpNdh[d; nra;J Nfrpd; Gujk;
jahhpj;jy;
fizak; fiza mikNy]; ];lhh;r; khy;Nlh];
l;hpg;]pd; Gujq;fSk; ngg;ilL kw;Wk;
ngl;Nlhd;fSk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;
ifNkhl;hpg;]pd; Gujk; GNuhbNahy];>
ngg;Nlhd;fs;>
ghypngg;ilLfs;>
%d;W ngg;ilLfs;
,Ungg;ilLfs;
fiza ypg;Ng]; ghy;kkhf;fg;gl;l nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs;
nfhOg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fpsprhuy;
Fly; Rug;gpfs; khy;Nl]; khy;Nl]; FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk;
FSf;Nfh];
yhf;Nl]; yhf;Nl]; FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk;
fhnyf;Nlh];
Rf;Nuh]; Rf;Nuh]; FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk;
g;uf;Nlh];
ypg;Ng]; nfhOg;G nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs;
kw;Wk; fpsprhuy;

12. czT kz;lyj;jpd; mikg;G nray;ghL> ,iug;ig kw;Wk; czTf; Foypy; Njhd;Wk;
Neha;fisf; fz;lwpjy; > Neha;r; rpfpr;ir Kiwfisg; gw;wp mwptJ Nf];l;bNuh
vz;l;hpNahy[p (,ug;ig Flypay; ) vdg;gLk;

158
13. nrhpj;jy; vd;gJ nghpa rpf;fyhd czT %yf;$Wfis ,uj;jj;jhYk;> epzePuhYk;
cwpQ;rg;glf;$ba vspa %yf;$whf khw;Wk; Ntjp epfo;T MFk;.
cztpd; nghpa %yf;$W cztpd; vspa gFjf; nghUs;
fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; FSf;Nfh];
Gujk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;
nfhOg;G nfhOg;G mkpyk; kw;Wk; fpsprhuy;

14. mirNghLk; ghYhl;bfs;

 ML> khL> gR Nghd;w rpy Gw;fs; cz;Zk; tpyq;Ffs; mirNghl;Lf; nfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,itfSf;F rpwg;G tha;e;j nrhpkhd kz;lyk; cs;sJ
 ,jd; ,iug;igapy; ehd;F miwfs; cs;sd
 mtrukhf cl;nfhz;l Gw;fis ,iug;igapy; cs;s Kjy; miwapy; Nrfhpf;fpwJ.
,jw;F &kd; vd;W ngah;
 mirNghl jpUk;gTk; tha;f;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gLtjw;F Mfhuf; ftsk; vd;W ngah;
 Gw;fspy; mjpf msT nry;YNyh]; vd;w xU tifahd fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; cs;sJ
 mirNghLk; ghYhl;bfspy; xUtifahd igNghd;W fhzg;gLk; cWg;Gf;F rPf;fk;
vd;W ngah; ,J rpWFlYf;Fk; ngUq;FlYf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ
 ,iug;igapypUe;J Ruf;fg;gLk; nehjpahd nry;YNy];> Gw;fs; cs;s nry;YNyhir
nrhpf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ
 xU khL Vwf;Fiwa ehSf;F 40000 Kjy; 60000 Kiw mirNghLk;
15. nghJthf tpyq;Ffspy; ,uz;L tifahd nrhpj;jy; Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 nry; cs; nrhpj;jy;
 nry; ntsp nrhpj;jy;
 nry; cs; nrhpj;jy;
 mkPgh Nghd;w xU nry; caphpfs; jq;fs; czit czT Ez;Fkpo;fspy; itj;Jr;
nrhpf;fr; nra;J> nrhpf;fhj fopTfis ntspj;js;Sfpd;wd
 ,e;j tifahd nrhpj;jy; nry; cs; nrhpj;jy; vdg;gLk; v.fh mkPgh
 nry; ntsp nrhpj;jy;
 gy nry; caphpfspd; czTg;ghijapy; gy;NtW Rug;gpfs; Ruf;Fk; nehjpfs;
czitr; nrhpf;fr; nra;fpd;wd
 ,t;thW nry;Yf;F ntspNaAk;> Mdhy; czTg; ghijf;Fs;NsAk; eilngWk;
nrhpj;jy;> nry; ntsp nrhpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. v.fh kdpjd;
 nrhpf;fg;gl;l czT %yf;$Wfshy; cwpQ;rg;gl;L ,uj;jj;jpd; %yk;
flj;jg;gLfpwJ
 nrhpf;fg;glhj czT ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ

159
 fopT ePf;f kz;lyk;
1. fopT ePf;f kz;lykhdJ cliy rkr;rPh; epiyapy; (N`hkpNah];Nlh]p];)
itj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa gzpia nra;fpwJ
2. rpWePufkhdJ A+hpah> A+hpf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; fphPahl;bdpd; Nghd;w Kf;fpa iel;u[d;
fopTfis ntspNaw;WfpwJ
3. NjhyhdJ rpwpjsT ePh>; A+hpah kw;Wk; tpah;it tbtpy; cg;Gfs;> epf;fy; Mfpatw;iw
ntspNaw;WfpwJ.
4. EiuaPuyhdJ fhh;gd; il Mf;irL ntspNaw;wk; kw;Wk; %r;R ntsptpLtjd; %yk;
ePhj
; ptisfis ntspNaw;WfpwJ
5. A+hpah kdpjdpd; gpujhd fopT ePf;f nghUshFk;
6. fy;yPuy; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpypUe;J A+hpah Nghd;w foptg;nghUl;fis ntspNaw;WfpwJ
7. rpWePuf fy;yhdJ fhy;rpak; Mf;rNyl;> fhy;rpak; gh];Ngl;> A+hpf; mkpyk; kw;Wk;
];l;Uitl; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l fyitahFk;
8. rpWePuf kz;lyk;
 rpWePufk; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s Ntjpg;nghUl;fis rPuhf itg;gjhy; ,tw;iw ekJ
clypd; kh];lh; nfkp];l; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;
 rpWePufk; mtiu tpij tbt cWg;ghFk;
 xt;nthU rpWePufKk; Rkhh; 11 nr.kP ePsKk;> 5 nr.kP mfyKk; 3 nr.kP gUkDk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ
 ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s fopTg;nghUs;fs; tbfl;lg;gl;L xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
,ilntspapy; rpWePuhf ntspNaw;WtNj ,jd; gzpahFk;
 rpWePufj;jpd; mbg;gil myF neg;uhd; xt;nthU rpWePufj;jpYk; xU
kpy;ypaidtpl mjpfkhd ne g;uhd;fs; mike;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; 4>50>000
ne g;uhd;fs; gzpGhpAk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk caph; tho KbAk;
 rpWePufj;jpd; NkYiw Nfg;#y; MFk;.
 rpWePufkhdJ jirehh; ,izg;Gj; jpRf;fs; rpWePuf Nfg;rpA+y;fs;. nfhOg;G
Nfg;rpA+y;fs; kw;Wk; ,iofshyhd rt;tpdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ
 clypd; KJFg;Gwj;jpy; KJnfYk;gpw;F mUfpy; tapw;Wf;Fg; gpd;gFjpapy;
gf;fj;Jf;F xd;whf ,U rPWePufq;fs; cs;sd
 clypd; tyg;gf;fk; fy;yPuy; ,Ug;gjhf tyg;gf;fr; rpWePufk; rw;W fPopwq;fpf;
fhzg;gLk;
 rpWePufk; ntspg;Gwk; Ftpe;Jk;> cg;Gwk; Fope;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. Fope;J fhzg;gLk;
cl;gFjp hPdy; i`ny]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 jirapdhyhd rpWePh; ehsk; hPdy; i`y]; gFjpapypUe;J ntsptUfpd;wJ
 rpWePufj;jpd; ePs;ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; fUQ;rptg;G epwk; nfhz;l ntspg;gFjp
hPdy; fhh;nlf;]; vdg;gLk;. ntspwpa cl;gFjp hPdy;nkLy;yh vdg;gLk;

160
  nkLy;yhtpy; ePz;l $k;G tbtg; gpukpLfs; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;>
,jw;F hPdy; gpukpLfs; vd;W ngah; . hPdy; gpukpLfspd; Kidg;gFjpf;Fr;
rpWePufg; Ngg;gpyhf;fs; vd;W ngah;
 ,uz;L gpukpLfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjp ngy;tp]; vdg;gLk;. ,q;fpUe;J rpWePuff;
Foha; gFjpf;Fs; nghp];lhy;bf; ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; rpWePuhdJ flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 iel;u[d; fopTfnsy;yhk; rpWePufg; ngy;tp]py; tbfl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
 ngy;tp]pw;F ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; fpz;zk; Nghd;w ,ilntsp fhypr];
vdg;gLk;
 rpWePufj;jpd; fhh;nlf;]; kw;Wk; nkLy;yh gFjpapy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fpy; rpWePuf
Ez;Foy;fshy; Md neg;uhd;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,jaj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ,uj;jj;jpy; 5 y; xU gFjp xt;nthU epkplKk;
rpWePufj;ij milfpwJ. mjhtJ 1.250 ypl;lh; ,uj;jj;ij rpwePufk; ngWfpd;wJ.
 rpWePhg
; ;Gwtopapid rpWePuf Roy; (rpWePuf ];gpd;f;lh; ) mikg;ghdJ rpWePh;
fopj;jy; Neuj;jy; jpwf;fTk; kw;Wk; %lTk; nra;fpwJ.
9. neg;uhdpd; mikg;G
 xt;nthU neg;uhdpYk;> khy;gP[pak; Nfg;rpA+y;fs; kw;Wk; ePskhd gy RUs;fisf;
nfhz;l rpWePuhf Ez;Foy;fs; Mfpa ,U ghfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 khy;gP[Papd; Nfg;rpA+ypy; ,ul;ilr; RtUila fpz;zk; Nghd;w mikg;G xd;W
cs;sJ. ,jw;F ngskhdpd; fpz;zk; vd;W ngah;
 ngskhdpd; fpz;zj;jpw;Fs; fhzg;gLk; miutl;lf; Fopf;Fs; cl;nry; kw;wk;
ntspr;nry; fpisj;jkdpfs; xU nfhj;Jg;Nghy; mlq;fpAs;sJ ,jw;F
fpshkUy[; vd;W ngah;.
 fpNshkUy]; je;Jfpfs;> ngskhdpd; fpz;zKk; Nrh;e;J khy;gP[pad; Nfg;rpA+y;
MfpwJ
 ,uj;jkhdJ fpshkUy]py; cs;s Ez;ehsj; njhFg;gpy; cl;nry; Ez; jkdp
(Afferent arterioles) topahf cl;nrd;W> ntspr;nry; Ez;jkdp (Efferent arterioles)
topahf ntspNaWfpwJ.
10. rpWePuf Ez;Foy;
 ngskhdpd; fpz;zk; rpWePuf Ez;Fopypy; jpwf;ffpwJ. rpWePuf Ez;Fopypy;
fPo;f;fhZk; ghfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 mz;ikr; RUz;lg;gFjp
 tbt n`d;Ny tisT
 Nra;ikr; RUz;lf;Foy;
 Nra;ik RUz;lf;Foy; gFjp ePz;l Nrfhpf;Fk; xU FohAld; ,izfpwJ.
Nrfhpf;Fk; FohahdJ hPdy; gpukPby; cs;s hPdy; ghg;gpy;yhtpy; jpwf;fpwJ.
neg;uhd; ,uj;jj;ij tbfl;br; rpWePiug; gphpf;fpwJ

161
11. rpWePuhdJ %d;W gbepiyfspy; cUthfpwJ mit
 fpshkUyhh; tbfl;Ljy;
 Foy;fspy; kPs cwpQ;rg;gLjy;
 Foy;fspy; Ruj;jy;
 fpshkUyhh; tbfl;Ljy;
 fpshkUy]; kw;Wk; ngskhdpd; fpz;zj;jpd; vgpj;jPypa Rth;fspd; %ykhf
,uj;jkhdJ tbfl;lg;gLtjhy; rpWePuhdJ cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhf
tbfl;lg;gl;l jputkhdJ fpUhkUyhh; tbjputk; vdg;gLk;
 ,uj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Njitahd kw;Wk; Njitaw;w nghUs;fs; ,q;F
tbfl;lg;gLfpd;wd
 Foy;fspy; kPs cwpQ;rg;gLjy;:
 mz;ikr; RUs; Ez;Foypy; fhzg;gLk; tbtjputj;jpy; Njitahd nghUs;fshd
FSf;Nfh]; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; itl;lkpd;fs;> Nrhbak; nghl;lhrpak; kw;Wk; ePh;
Mfpait ePh; Mfpait Njh;e;njLj;J kPs cwpQ;Rjy; vd;w epfo;thy; kpz;Lk;
cwpQ;rg;gLfpd;wd
 Fly;fspy; Ruj;jy;:
 i`l;u[d; my;yJ nghl;lhrpak; madp Nghd;w nghUs;fs; Ez; ehsq;fSf;Fs;
Ruf;fpd;wd.
 nghl;lhrpak; kw;wk; gpw Ntjpg; nghUs;fis ngdprpypd; kw;Wk; M];gphpd; Nghd;w
nghUs;fs; Nra;ik RUs; Ez;Foy;fspy; tbjputkhf flf;fpd;wd. ,e;j Ez;Foy;
tbjputNk ,Wjpahf rpWePh; vdg;gLfpwJ.
 ,J kdpjdpd; cah; cg;glh;Tj; jd;ikAila jputkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
 ,Wjpahf Nrfhpg;G ehsj;jpy; rpWePuhdJ Nrh;e;J ngy;tp]; gFjpf;Fr; nrd;W
rpWePhf
; ;Foha;fs; topahf rpWePhg
; ;igia mile;J nghp];lhy;]p]; ,af;fj;jpd;
%yk; ntspNaWfpwJ.
 rpWePhg
; ;igapypUe;J rpWePh; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; epfo;Nt ikf;bA+hp\d; (m) rpWePh;
ntspNaw;wkhFk;.
 xU MNuhf;fpakhd kdpjd; xU ehisf;F xd;W Kjy; ,uz;L ypl;lh; rpWePiu
ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd
12. rpWePufq;fs; jq;fs; tbfl;Lk; jpwid ,of;Fk; NghJ mjpfg;gbahd jputk; kw;Wk; er;Rf;
fopTfs; clypy; Ftpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j epiy rpWePuf gOjilT (Renal Failure)
vdg;gLfpwJ.
13. rpWePuf gOjilT Vw;gl;l NehahspfSf;F $o;kg;gphpg;G vd;w rpfpr;ir tof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,jpy; xh; nraw;if rpWePufj;ij gad;gLj;jp ,uj;jkhdJ Rj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J `PNkh
ilahyprp]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ
14. rpWePufj;jpd; gzpfs;

162
  rpWePufk; xU fopTePf;f cWg;G kl;Lkpd;wp ,uj;jj;jpd; eLepiyj; jd;ikahfTk;
guhkhpf;fpwJ
 ,uj;jj;jpd; msit epiy epWj;JfpwJ
 clypy; NrUfpd;w jpfg;gbahd cg;igAk; ePiuAk; ntspNaw;wp xOq;Fg;gLj;JfpwJ
 Guj tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpd; NghJ cz;lhff;$ba iel;u[d; mlq;fpa
$l;Lg;nghUis A+hpahthf ntspj;js;SfpwJ
 clypy; ePh; kw;Wk; vyf;Nuhiyl;Lfisr; rkepiyg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ
 mkpy fhur; rkepiyia xOq;Fg;gLj;JfpwJ
 ,uj;jj;jpYk;> jpRf;fspYk; rt;T+L guty; mOj;jj;jpid (Osmotic Pressure)
rkepiyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 gpsh];kh jputj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpg; nghUs;fshd FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk; mkNdh
mkpyq;fis kPz;Lk; gpsh];khtpy; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
15. ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTg;nghUs;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L caphpdq;fis 3
gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk; mit
 mNkhNdhnlyp]k;
 A+hpNahnlyp]k;
 A+hpf;Nfhnlyp]k;
 mNkhNdhnlyp]k;
mjpf mstpyhd bypah];l; kPdf
; s; (Ks; kPdf
; s;) jtisapd; jiyg;gpul;il
kw;Wk; ePht
; ho;g; G+r;rpfs; iel;u[d; mlq;fpa fopTg;nghUs;fis mNkhdpahthf
ntspj;js;Sfpd;wd
 A+hpNahnlyp]k;
tsh;rpij khw;wf; fopTfis A+hpahthf ntspj;js;SfpwJ. v.fh ghYhl;bfs; >
Kjph;e;j ePh; epytho;tpfs;> fly;kd
P f
; s;> kw;Wk; ed;dhP ; Mikfs;
 A+hpf;Nfhnlyp]k;
tsh;rpij khw;wf; fopTfis A+hpf; mkpykhf ntspj;js;SfpwJ. v.fh Ch;td
kw;wk; gwitfs;
16. tpyq;Ffspd; fopT ePf;f cWg;Gfs;
tpyq;Ffspd; fopT ePf;f cWg;Gfs;
mkPgh> GNuhl;NlhNrhth RUq;Fk; Ez;Fopo;fs;
kz;GO ne g;hpbahf;fs;
ehlhg;GO Rlh; nry;fs;
G+r;rpfs; khy;gp[pad; Foy;fs;
ghYhl;bfs; rpWePufq;fs;

163
 kdpj ehskpy;yh Rug;gp kz;lyk;

1. tpyq;fpdq;fspy; ,uz;L tifahd Rug;gpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

 ehsKs;s Rug;gpfs;(Exocrine)
 ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs; (Endocrine)
2. ehsKs;s Rug;gpfs; vd;irk;fis Ruf;fpd;wd
3. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs; `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;fpd;wd
4. Rug;gpfs; jq;fs; Rug;Gfis ehsq;fs; topahf ,uj;jj;NjhL fyg;gJ ehsKs;s Rug;gp
vdg;gLk;. v.fh ckpo;ePh; Rug;gpfs;> ghy; Rug;gpfs;> tpah;it Rug;gpfs; > ,iug;ig Rug;gpfs;
5. Rug;gpfs; jq;fs; Rug;Gfis Neubahf ,uj;jj;NjhL fyg;gJ ehskpy;yh Rug;gp
 gpl;A+l;lhp
jiyg;gFjp
 gpdpay;
 ijuha;L
fOj;Jg;gFjp
 ghuh ijuha;L
 ijk]; khh;G gFjp
 fizak;
 ml;hpdy;fs; tapw;Wg;gFjp
 tpe;Jr; Rug;gpfs;
 mz;lr; Rug;gpfs;
6. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgth; mbrd;
7. ek; cly; cWg;Gfspd; ,af;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;> mtw;wpd; xUq;fpize;j
nray;ghl;bw;fhfTk; ,uz;L Kf;fpa fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. mit
 euk;G kz;lyk; - kpd; Jhz;ly;fs; %ykhf fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd
 ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs; -`hh;Nkhd;fs; %ykhf fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd
8. `hh;Nkhd;fs; gpsh];kh rt;it Jisj;J nry;Yf;Fs; nry;Yk; jd;ikAilaJ
9. `hh;Nkhd;fs; tsh;rpij khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jhJ
10. `hh;Nkhd;fs; clypy; vq;Fk; jq;fhJ
11. `hh;Nkhd;fs; jz;zPhpy; Rygkhf fiuAk; jd;ikAilaJ
12. `hh;Nkhd;fs; kpf Fiwthf jhd; Ruf;Fk;. Mdhy; jpwDs;sitahFk;.
13. Ntjpapay; mbg;gilapy; `hh;Nkhd;fs; Gujq;fshfNth> mkpNdh mkpyq;fshfNth
];Buha;LfshfNth cs;sd
14. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfshy; ek; clypy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;;gLk; nray;fs;
 tsh;r;rp
 N`hkpNah];Nlh]p]; rPuhf;Fjy; cly; mikg;Gfspd; cs; #o;epiyia

164
  tsh;rpij khw;wk; - clypd; Mw;wy; epiyfs;
 ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 Jhz;LjYfSf;F Vw;wthW nray;gLjy;
15. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp (i`g;Nghigrp];)
 gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp gl;lhzp tbtpyhd jpul;rpahd nry;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
 gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpahdJ kz;ilNahl;by; %isg;gFjpapd; jiuapy; cs;s ];gPdha;L
vYk;gpy; nry;yh lhrpfh vDk; xH; gs;sj;jpy; cs;sJ.
 gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpahdJ ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ mit
 Kd; gpl;A+l;lhp (m) mbNdhi`g;Nghrp];
 gpd; gpl;A+l;lhp (m) epA+Nuh i`g;Nghrp];
 Kd; kw;Wk; gpd; gpl;A+l;lhpia ,izf;Fk; gFjp ghz;l;]; ,z;lh;kPbah vdg;gLk;
 gpl;A+l;lhp jiyik Rug;gp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp %isapd; mbg;gFjpapy; lad;nrgyhdpd; fPo;g;Gwj;jpy;
i`NghjyhkRld; gpl;A+l;lhp jz;bd; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 gpd; gpl;A+l;lhp i`g;Nghjyhkrpd; ePl;rpahFk;. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp 1 nr.kP FWf;fsTk;>
0.5 Kjy; 1 fpuhk; msT vilAk; nfhz;lJ.
 i`g;Nghjyhk]; gpl;A+l;lhpapd; %yk; nkhj;j ehkpy;yh Rug;gpfisAk; Neubahff;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf epANuhnrf;hpnlhp nry;fs; `hh;Nkhd;fisr;
Ruf;fpd;wd
 gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; jiytdhf nray;gl;L kw;w Rug;gpfis
fl;Lg;gLj;jpdhYk; gpl;A+l;lhp i`g;Nghjyhk]pd; fl;Lg;ghl;;by; jhd; cs;sJ
 i`g;Nghjyhk]pd; ntsptUk; fhuzp kw;Wk; jilnra;Ak; fhuzp %yk;
gpl;A+l;lhpapd; Rug;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; elj;Jdh; >Ring Master, Band Master vd;nwy;yhk;
miof;fg;gLtJ gpl;A+l;lhp
 gpl;A+l;lhp vd;W ngahpl;lth; ntrhypa];
 gpl;A+l;lhpapd; gzpfis gw;wp tpsf;fpath; ngh;dz;l];
gpl;A+l;lhp (m) i`g;Nghigrp];

mbNdh i`g;Nghigrp]; epANuh i`g;Nghigrp];

1. GH (or) STH 1. ADH
2. TSH (or) TT 2.OXYTOXIN
3. ACTH
4. LH

165
5. PRL (or) LTH
6. ICSH
7. FSH
16. Kd; gpl;A+l;lhp (m) mbNdhi`g;Nghrp]; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs; gpd;tUkhW
 „ Nrhkhl;Nlh bNuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd; (m) tsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhd;
 - ijNuhbNuhgpd; (m) ijuha;ilj; Jhz;btpLk; (];LKnyl;bq;) `hh;Nkhd;
 - ml;hpNdh fhh;bNfhNuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd; (m) ml;hpdy; Gwzpiaj; Jhz;Lk;
`hh;Nkhd;
 „ Yhl;bidrpq; `hh;Nkhd; (ngz;fs;)
 - GNuhyhf;bd; (m) Yhl;bNahNuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;
 - Mz; ,ilaPl;L tpe;jZ nry; cw;gj;jp (Mz;fs;)
 - ghypf;fps; nry;fisj; Jhz;btpLk; `hh;Nkhd;
17. „ Nrhkhl;Nlh bNuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd; (m) cly; tsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhd;
 jirfs; FUj;njYk;G kw;wk; vYk;Gfspd; tsh;r;rpiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.
 ,J nry;fspd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 ,J Foe;ijfSf;F Fiwe;jhy; Fs;sj;jd;ik (kpl;n[l; ) Vw;gLk;. Fd;wpa tsh;r;rp
> vYk;Gfs; cUthtjpy; jhkjk;> kw;wk; kd tsh;r;rp FiwghL Mfpait ,jd;
mwpFwpfs; MFk;.
 ,J mjpfkhdhy; ,uhl;r;rj; jd;ik nghpNahh;fSf;F (mf;Nuhnkfyp) Vw;gLk;
Kfk;> jiy> if fhy;fs; Mfpaitfspy; mjpfkhd tsh;r;rpia ngw;wpUg;gh;
18. - ijNuhbNuhgpd; (m) ijuha;ilj; Jhz;btpLk; (];LKnyl;bq;) `hh;Nkhd;
 ,J ijuha;L Rug;gpiaj; Jhz;b tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpw;F Njitahd ijuhf]pid
Ruf;fr; nra;fpwJ
19. - ml;hpNdh fhh;bNfhNuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd; (m) ml;hpdy; Gwzpiaj; Jhz;Lk;
`hh;Nkhd;
 ml;hpdy; Rug;gpapd; fhh;nlf;]; (Gwzp )Rug;gpfis fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 My;Nlh];bNuhd; kw;Wk; fhh;bN]hd; cw;gj;jp nra;a ml;hd
P y; Gwzpiaj; Jhz;Lk;
 Njhypd; nkyNdh irl;Lfisj; Jhz;b Njhy; epwkpfs; Njhd;Wjy;. ,d;Rypd;
Rug;ig Jhz;Lfpd;wJ. mbNgh]; jpRf;fspypUe;J nfhOg;Gfis ,lkhw;WfpwJ
 cly; gUkDf;F fhuzkhd jpR mbNgh]; jpR MFk;
(Fwpg;G : ,e;j %d;W `hh;Nkhd;fSk; Nrhkhl;Nlh bNuhgpf;
`hh;Nkhd; vdg;gLk;
20. „ Yhl;bidrpq; `hh;Nkhd; (ngz;fs;)
 fpuhgpad; ghypf;fpspypUe;J mz;lk; tpLgLjy; vd;w mz;l ntspaPl;L
epfo;r;rpia nra;fpwJ

166
  <];l;Nuh[d;> GNun[];BNuhd; Nghd;w ngd; ,d `hh;Nkhd;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;F
fhuzkhdJ Yhl;bidrpq; `hh;Nkhd; MFk;.
21. - GNuhyhf;bd; (m) Yhl;bNahNuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;
 ghy; Ruf;Fk; nraiyj; Jhz;Lfpd;wJ. fhh;g]; Yhl;baj;jpd; kPJ nray;gl;L mJ
Ruf;Fk; GNuhn[];buhid Jhz;Lfpd;wJ.
 ,J yhf;Nlh[dpf; `hh;Nkhd; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
22. - ,z;lh; nry;Yyhh; ];bKNyl;bq; `hh;Nkhd;
 Mz;fspy; ,ilaPl;Lr; nry;fs;> Mz; ,d `hh;Nkhdhd nl];Nlh];BNuhidr;
Ruf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ
23. ghypf;fps; ];bKNyl;bq; `hh;Nkhd;
 ngz;fspy; fpuhgpad; ghypf;fps; mz;lr;Rug;gpapd; Kjph;tiljiyj; Jhz;b
mz;l cw;gj;jpf;F topNfhYfpwJ. ,J Mz;fspy; tpe;J cUthjiyj; Jhz;b
tpLfpd;wJ
(Fwpg;G : ,;e;j %d;W `hh;Nkhd;fSk; nfhdNlh bNuhgpf;
`hh;Nkhd; vdg;gLk;)
24. gpd; gpl;A+l;lhp (m) epA+Nuhi`g;Nghrp];
 Mf;rpNlhrpd;
 thN]hgpu];]pd; (m) Mz;bilA+hpbf; `hh;Nkhd;
 %isapd; i`g;Nghjyhk]; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,e;j ,uz;L `hh;Nkhd;fisAk;
epANuhi`g;Nghrp]; Nrkpj;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L Njit Vw;gLk; NghJ
ntspNaw;WfpwJ. ,e;j `hh;Nkhd;fs; Mf;lh nggl;ilL kw;Wk; nlf;fh ngg;ilL
vd;w Gujq;fshy; MdJ
25. Mf;rpNlhrpd;
 ngz;fs;pd; Foe;ijg;Ngw;wpd; NghJ fUg;igia RUf;fpAk;> tphptilar; nra;Jk;
Foe;ijg;Ngw;Wf;F cjTfpwJ.
 gpwF ghy; Rug;gpfspy; ,Ue;J ghiy ntspNaw;Wtjw;F fhuzkhfpwJ.
26. thN]hgpu];]pd; (m) Mz;bilA+hpbf; `hh;Nkhd; ( )
 ePh; kPz;Lk; cwpQ;rg;gLjiyg; Jhz;b rpWePiuf; Fiwe;j msT cUthf;FfpwJ.
,uj;jf; Foy;fisr; RUq;fr; nra;J ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij cah;jJ
; fpwJ
 Fiwthf Rug;gjdhy; lahngB]; ,d;rpgpl]; Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf ePhj
; j
; rpWePiu mjpf msT ntspNaw;WfpwJ (ghypA+hpah)
 kJ mUe;Jgth;fs; mbf;fb rpWePh; fopf;ff; fhuzk; thNrhgpu];]pd; Rug;G FiwT
27. gPdpay; Rug;gp
 gPdpay; Rug;gp %isapd; fhh;g;g]; fNyhrk; mbapy; ,Uf;Fk;
 kdpjdpd; %d;whtJ fz; gPdpay; Rug;gp MFk;.
 7 taJ tiu `hh;Nkhd; mjpfkhf Ruf;Fk;

167
  gPdpay; Rug;gp nkyNlhdpd; vd;w nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ. ,J Kfg;gU
tl;lk;> khh;G fhk;G> tpijg;ig Nghd;wtw;wpd; epwj;jpw;F fhuzk; MFk;.
28. ijuha;L
 ijuha;L Rug;gp njhz;il gFjpapd; ,U Gwq;fspYk; mike;Js;sJ
 ijuha;L Rug;gpahdJ ,uz;L fJg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J %r;Rf;Foypd; Nky;
gFjpapy;,U gf;fq;fspYk; cs;sd. ,f;fJg;Gfs; FWfpa ,];Jk]; vDk; ijuha;L
jpRtpdhy; Mdit. ijuha;L Rug;gpahdJ 15 Kjy; 20 fpuhk; vil ,Uf;Fk;.
 ijuha;L Rug;gpapDs;s gy Nfhs tbt ghypf;fps;fs; cz;L. ,tw;wpd; Rthpy;
$k;G vgpj;jPypa nry;FSz;L. ghypf;fpspd; eLtpy; Xh; ,ilntsp cz;L.
mt;tplk; ijNuhFNshGypd; GNuhl;Bdhy; epuk;apUf;Fk;.
 ijuha;L Rug;gpahdJ ijuhf;rpd; vd;w `hh;Nkhid Ruf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy;
ilNuhrpd; mkpNdh mkpyKk;> mNahbDk; cs;sJ
 ijuhf;rpd; `hh;NkhdhdJ ,ay;ghd cly; tsh;r;rpiaAk;> vYk;G kw;Wk; euk;G
kz;lyj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; Jhz;b tpLfpwJ. mbg;gil tsh;r;rpij khw;w
tPjj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ijuhf;rpd; `hh;NkhdhdJ 211 mkpNdh mkpyq;fshy;
MdJ
 ijuha;L Rug;gpapy; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;
 l;iu mNahNlh ijNuhdpd; (T)
 nll;uh mNahNlh ijNuhdpd; my;yJ ijuhf;rpd; (T)
29. ijuhf;]pdpd; gzpfs;
 tsh;r;rpij khw;w tPjj;ij cah;jJ
; fpwJ
 clypd; ntg;gj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ
 jpR tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; khWghL miljiy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
 cly; tsh;r;rpia kiwKfkhfg; ghjpg;gjhy; ,J MSik `hh;Nkhd; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,uj;jj;jpy; mNahbd; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu msit xOq;Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
 rpWePufr; nray;ghl;ilAk;> rpWePufg; Nghf;ifAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
30. ijuhf;rpd; Fiwthf Rug;gjpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; i`g;Ngh ijuha;brk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fha;lh; - cztpy; mNahbd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Kd; fOj;Jf; fOiy Neha;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; ijuha;L Rug;gp tPq;fpf; fhzg;gLk; epiy fha;lh;
vdg;gLk;.
 kpf;]pbkh - ,J nghpath;fspy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. Fiwe;J tsh;rpijkhw;w tPjk;>
clystpYk;> kdjstpYk; tpiuT mw;Wf; fhzg;gLjy;> vil $Ljy;> Njhy;
fbdkhjy;> Fiwthd ,jaj; Jbg;G kw;Wk; kdr;Nrhh;T Mfpait ,jd;
mwpFwpfshFk;.

168
  fphpl;bdprk; - ijuha;L Fiwghl;bdhy; rpwpath;fSf;F fphpl;bdprk; Neha;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Fs;sj;jd;ik > Fd;wpa kdtsh;r;rp > FiwghLila gw;fs;>
JUj;jpa ehf;F> jsh;thd Njhy; Kjypad ,jd; mwpFwpfshFk;
31. ijuhf;rpd; mjpfkhd Rug;gjpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; i`gh; ijuha;b]k; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; fhuzkhf vf;Nrh g;jhy;kpf; fha;lh; my;yJ fpNutpd; Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ.
kpifahd tsh;r;rpij khw;w tPjk;> cah; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> glglg;G> mjpfkhf
tpah;jj
; y;> vil Fiwjy; (BMR – Basal Metabolic Rate ) fisg;giljy;> gpJq;fpa
fz;fs; Nghd;wit ,jd; mwpFwpfshFk;.
32. ghuhijuha;L Rug;gp
 ijuha;L Rug;gpapd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; ehd;F rpwpa tl;l tbtpyhd ghuhijuha;L
Rug;gpfs; mike;Js;sd. ,r;Rug;gpapd; Kjd;ikr; nry;fs; ghuhjhh;Nkhd; vd;Wk;
`hh;Nkhid Ruf;fpd;wd
 ,J kQ;rs; gOg;G epwj;jpy; ePstl;l tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ
33. ghuhijuha;L gzpfs;
 kdpj clypy; fhy;rpak; kw;wk; gh];gu]; tsh;rpij khw;wj;ij xOq;Fg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 ,uj;jj;jpy; fhy;rpak; msit guhkhpg;gjw;fhf vYk;G> rpWePufk; kw;Wk; Fly;
Mfpatw;wpy; nrayhw;WfpwJ.
34. ghuhijuha;L FiwghLfs;:
 ijuha;Lnlf;lkp vd;Dk; mWit rpfpr;irapy; (ijuha;L Rug;gp mfw;wg;gLtjhy;)
ghuhijuha;L Rug;gpapy; Ruf;Fk; ghuhjhh;Nkhd; Fiwthf Ruf;fpwJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf
 jir ,Wf;fk; vdg;gLk; nll;lzp Vw;gLk; (Kfk;> Fuy;tis> iffs; kw;Wk;
ghjq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; jirfs; ,Wf;f kiljy;)
 fhy; jirfspy; typAld; $ba jirgpbg;G cz;lhjy; Mfpa epiyfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.
35. ghuhijuha;L Rug;gpahdJ ,uz;L tifahd `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;fpd;wJ mitahtd
 ghuhjhh;Nkhd;
 fhy;rpNlhdpd;
 ghuhjhh;Nkd;
 ,J vYk;G k[;i[apypUe;J fhy;rpaj;ij tpLtpj;J ,uj;jj;Jld; fye;J
vYk;GfSf;F GJ tbtk; mspf;fpwJ.
 ,uj;jj;jpy; fhy;rpaj;jpd; msit mjpfhpf;fpwJ. ghuhjhh;Nkhd; Fiwe;j NeuNk
nray;gLk; `hh;Nkhd; MFk;.

 fhy;rpNlhdpd;

169
  ,uj;jj;jpy; fhy;rpaj;jpd; msit Fiwf;fpd;wJ
 ,ug;igapd; Ruf;Fk; i`l;NuhFNshhpf; mkpyj;jpd; msit Fiwf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;
,d;Rypd; kw;Wk; FSf;f`hd; Rug;gpfspd; msitf; Fiwf;fpwJ
36. ijk]; Rug;gp
 ijk]; Rug;gp ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpahfTk;> epzePh; cWg;ghfTk; nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,UfJg;Gfs; nfhz;l ijk]; rw;Nwwf;Fiwa Kf;Nfhz tbtKilaJ.ijk];
kPbah];bdk; gFjpapy; khh;ngYk;gpw;Fk; nghpfhh;baj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;sJ.
 ,jd; msT ekJ taijg;nghWj;J khWgLk;. gpwF Foe;ijapd; clypy; ijk]pd;
vil 10-15 fpuhk;fs; MFk;
 ijk]; ,uz;L mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ. cl;Gw mLf;F nkLy;yh vdg;gLk;.
ntspg;Gw mLf;F Gwzp my;yJ fhh;nlf;]; vdg;gLk;. ypk;Nghirl;Lfs;
fhh;nlf;f]; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; cUthjiyAk;> NtWgLjiyAk; Jhz;LfpwJ
 Neha; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyj;jpy; nray;ghLfis Jhz;LfpwJ
 ijk]; Rug;gpahdJ ,jaj;jpd; Nky; mike;jpUf;Fk; xU ngUk; epzePh; mikg;G
MFk;. ,J ijNkh]pd; vd;w `hh;Nkhid Ruf;fpd;wJ. ,q;F nry;fs;
Kjph;r;rpailfpd;wJ. ijk]; MdJ fU kw;Wk; Foe;ijfSf;F vjph;nghUs;
cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ
 ijNkh]pd; `hh;Nkhd; Fiwthf Rug;gjpdhy; ika];jd
P pah fpNutp]; Neha;
vw;gLfpd;wJ.
37. fizak;
 fizakhdJ ,ug;igAk; Kd;rpWFlYk; ,ize;Js;s ,lj;jpd; tisg;gFjpapy;
cs;sJ. fizaj;jpd; vil 85 Kjy; 100 fpuhKk;> 15 nr. kPl;lh; ePsKk; cilaJ
 fizakhdJ ehsKs;s Rug;gpahfTk;> ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahfTk; nray;gLfpd;wJ.
 ehsKs;s Rug;gp (vf;N]hfpiud;) gFjp fiza ePiur; Ruf;fpwJ. ,J czT
nrhpj;jypy; Kf;fpa ghq;fhw;WfpwJ
 ehsKy;yh Rug;gp (vz;Nlhfpiud; ) fizaj; jPTfs; my;yJ yhq;fh;`hdpd;
jpl;Lfs; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J 5 yl;rk; Kjy; 10 yl;rk; tiu fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,j;jpl;Lfspy; My;gh> gPl;lh kw;Wk; nly;lh nry;fs; cs;sd
38. fizaj;jpy; cs;s nry;fspd; msT kw;Wk; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; gpd;tUkhW
nry;fs; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; nry;fspd; msT
My;gh nry;fs; FSf;f`hd; 20 rjtPjk;
gPl;lh nry;fs; ,d;Rypd;> mikypd; 75 rjtPjk;
nly;lh nry;fs; NrhkhNlh];lhbd; 5 rjtPjk;

39. FSf;f`hd; `hh;Nkhd;

170
  fizaj;jpy; cs;s My;gh nry;fs; FSf;f`hd; `hh;Nkhid Ruf;fpwJ
 FSf;f`hd; `hh;Nkhd; 29 mkpNdh mkpyq;fshy; MdJ
 FSf;f`hd; `hh;Nkhd; fpisf;Nfh[id rpijj;J FSf;Nrhrhf khw;wp
,uj;jj;jpy; FSf;Nfh]pd; msitf; mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ
 fy;yPuy; FSf;NfhirAk;> FSf;Nfh`hidAk; rpijf;fpwJ
40. ,d;Rypd; `hh;Nkhd;
 Fizaj;jpy; cs;s gPl;lh nry;fs; ,d;Rypd; `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;fpwJ
 ,d;Rypd; 51 mkpNdh mkpyq;fshy; MdJ
 ,d;Rypd; jpR Mf;]pfuzj;jpw;fhf nry;fs; FSf;Nfhi] vLj;Jf;nfhs;tij
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ
 ,d;Rypd; ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s FSf;Nfhir fpisf;Nfh[dhf khw;wp fy;yPuypYk;>
jirfspYk; Nrkpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; ,uj;jj;jpy; FSf;Nfh]; msitf; Fiwf;fpwJ
 ,d;Rypd;; jpRf;fspy; FSf;Nfh]; mr;rpfuzk; milAk; tPjj;ij milar;
nra;fpwJ.
 mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; rpijAk; tPjj;ij xOq;Fg;gLj;JfpwJ
 NghJkhd msT ,d;Rypd; Ruf;fhtpby; jirfs;> fy;yPuy; ,tw;why; FSf;Nfhi]
fpisNfh[dhf khw;w ,ayhJ. ,jdhy; ,uj;jj;jpy; FSf;Nfh]; mjpfhpf;Fk; .
 ,uj;jj;jpy; FSf;Nfh]; msT mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; epiyf;F i`gh;fpisrpkpah
vd;W ngah;. ,jdhy; mjpf msT FSf;;Nfh]; rpWePUld; ntspNaw;wg;gLk;
,JNt ePhpopT NehahFk; (lhag;b]; nky;ypl];)
 jphprpah ,d;[f;rd; lagpb]; nky;ypl]; Neha;f;F fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUe;J
MFk;.
 ,d;Rypd; rhf; vd;gJ Fiw ,uj;j mOj;jk; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Neha; MFk;.
41. lahgB]; nkypl];]pd; mwpFwpfs;:
 ,uj;j rh;f;fiu msT mjpfhpj;jy; - i`gh;fpisrpkPah
 rpWePhpy; mjpfg;gbahd FSf;Nfh]; ntspNaWjy; - fpisf;Nfh#hpah
 mbf;fb rpWePh; fopj;jy; - ghypA+hpah
 mbf;fb jhfk; vLj;jy;- ghypbg;rpah
 mbf;fb grp vLj;jy; - ghyp Ng[pah
42. ml;hpdy; Rug;gp (Rg;uhhPdy; Rug;gp)
 xt;nthU rpWePufj;jpd; kPJk; ml;hd
P y; Rug;gp mike;Js;sJ. ml;hpdy; Rug;gpiar;
Rw;wpYk; mbg;Ngh]; jpR cs;sJ. ml;hd
P y; fhh;nlf;]; vd;w Gwg;gFjpiaAk;>
ml;hd
P y; nkLy;yh vd;w cl;gFjpiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
43. ml;hpdy; fhh;nlf;]; %d;W tifahd nry; mLf;Ffshy; MdJ.
 Nrhdh FNshkUNyhrh

171
  Nrhdh gh]pFNyl;lh\
 Nrhdh nubFyhhp];
44. ml;hpdy; Rug;gpapd; mikg;G
ml;hpdy; Rug;gp

ml;hpdy; fhh;nlf;]; ml;hpdy; nkLy;yh

(ntspg;gFjp) (cs;gFjp)

1. FSf;Nfhfhh;l;bfha;L 1. ml;hpdypd; (vgpne g;hpd;)

(Nrhdh gh]pFNyl;lhtpy;) 2. ehh; ml;hpdypd; (ehh; vgpne g;hpd;
 fhh;l;bNrhy;
 fhh;l;bNfh];buhd;
2. kpiuNyhfhh;l;bfha;L
(Nrhdh FshkUNyhrhtpy;)
 my;Nlh];Buhd;
45. Nrhdh ghrpFNyl;lhtpy; Ruf;Fk; FSf;Nfhfhh;l;bfha;Lfs; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;
(fhh;BNfh];BNuhd; > fhh;brhy;)
 ,e;jr; Rug;gpapy; ,Ue;J fhh;BNfh];bNuhd; > fhh;brhy; vd ,uz;L `hh;Nkhd;fs;
Ruf;fpd;wd
 nfhOg;G kw;Wk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fspy; ,Ue;J FSf;Nfh]; cw;gj;jpahtij
Jhz;LfpwJ. jpRf;fs; FSf;Nfh]; cgNahfpg;gij jLf;fpwJ
 ,e;j `hh;Nkhdpy; FiwT Vw;gl;lhy; cly; vil Fiwjy;> vYk;G nkypjy; Nghd;w
gpur;ridfs; tUk;
 fhh;bNrhy; `hh;Nkhd; Fiwthfr; Rue;jhy; the;jp tUk;> ,uj;j mOj;jk; kpfTk;
FiwAk;.
 Rug;gpapy; fl;b ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf mjpf mstpy; fhh;bNrhy; `hh;Nkhd;fs;
Rue;jhy; F\pq; rpd;l;Nuhk; (Cushing Sydroms) vd;Dk; gpur;rid Vw;gLk;
 ,uj;j mOj;jk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiu msT mjpfhpj;J fhrNeha; tUk;.
,th;fSf;F mWit rpfpr;ir %yk; fl;b mfw;wg;gLk;
46. Nrhdh FNshkUNyhrhtpy; cs;Ns kpd;uNyhfhh;l;bfha;L ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;
(my;Nlh];BNuhd;)
 ,e;j Rug;gpapy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; `hh;Nkhd;fspy; Kf;fpakhdJ
“my;Nlh];BNuhd;”

172
  clypy; nghl;lhrpak; msT rPuhf ,Uf;fTk;> ,uj;j mOj;jj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;
cjTfpwJ
 Nrhbak; kw;wk; nghl;lhrpaj;jpd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;ij fz;fhzpf;fpwJ
 ,e;j `hh;Nkhd; mjpfkhfr; Rue;jhNyh> Ruf;fhky; NghdhNyh ,uj;j mOj;jk;
mjpfhpf;Fk; . rkr;rPuhf ,y;iy vdpy; jirg;gpbg;G Kjyhd gpur;ridfs; tuyhk;
 ml;hpdy; Rug;gpapy; fl;bfs; ,Ue;jhy; my;Nlh];bNuhd; `hh;Nkhd; mjpfkhfr;
Ruf;Fk; ,jdhy; ,uj;j mOj;jk; mjpfhpg;gJld; nghl;lhrpak; rpWePhpy; mjpfsT
ntspNaWk;.
 ,jdhy; cly; gytPdk; milayhk;. ,uj;j ghpNrhjid kw;Wk; rp.b. ];Nfd; %yk;
ml;hpdy; Rug;gpapy; VNjDk; fl;bfs; ,Ug;gJ njhpe;jhy; . me;jf; fl;b
mWitrpfpr;ir %yk; mfw;wg;gLk;
47. Nrhdh nul;bFyhhprp]; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs; (nrf;]; ];Buha;l;];)
 ,e;jr; Rug;gpapy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; `hh;Nkhd; “nrf;]; ];Buha;l;];” vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 clypy; cs;s ,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyq;fspy; `hh;Nkhd; rPuhfr; Rug;gjw;Fj;
JizGhpfpwJ.
 Mz;fspd; `hh;Nkhd;fshd il `l;Nuhgpad;bNuh ];Buhd; ry;Ngl;
(Dihydroepiandrosterone Sulfate) Md;l;Nuh];BdpbNahd; (Androstenedione ) kw;Wk;
nl];Nlh];BNuhd; Mfpa `hh;Nkhd;fSk;> ngz;fSf;F nrf;]; ];Buha;l;];
`hh;Nkhd;fs;> <];l;Nuhn[d; `hh;Nkhd; MfpaitAk; ,e;j Rug;gpapy; ,Ue;Jk;
Ruf;fpd;wd
 Mjpfg;gbahd `hh;Nkhd; ,e;j Rug;gpapy; ,Ue;J ntspte;jhy;> rpwpa tajpNyNa
ngz;fs; G+g;nga;Jthh;fs; > Fiwthfr; Rue;jhy;> Neh;khwhfg; G+g;nga;JtJ
jhkjkhFk;.
48. ml;hd
P ypd; kw;Wk; vgp ml;hd
P ypd; ,it ,uz;L mtrufhy `hh;Nkhd;fs; vdTk; .
rz;il> gaKWj;Jk; my;yJ gwf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
49. ml;hd
P ypd; (vgpne g;hpd;) (Fight , Flight, Fright)
 ,jaj; Jbg;G kw;Wk; ,uj;j mOj;jk; Mfpatw;iw mjpfhpf;fpwJ
 %r;Rf; Foy; tphptiljy;> fz;ghh;it tphptiljy;> tpah;it cw;gj;jpia
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 cNuhkf; fhy;fSf;F nry;Yk; jirfspy; RUf;fj;ij cz;lhf;fp cNuhkk; Fj;jpl;L
(cly; rpyph;g;G) epw;fr; nra;fpwJ (muf;lh; igyp)
 ,uj;jr; rh;f;fiuapd; msit mjpfhpf;fpwJ
 ,J neUf;fb rkaj;jpy; jftikg;gpy; gq;Nfw;fpwJ. ,jdhy; ,e;j `hh;NkhDf;F
Nfhgk;> xl;lk; > gaKWj;jy; `hh;Nkhd; vd;W ngah;

173
  ml;hpypd; `hh;Nkhd; mturfhy; `hh;Nkhd; my;yJ gwf;Fk; rz;il `hh;Nkhd;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cly; ,af;fj;jpw;F kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ
50. ehh; ml;hPdypd; (ehh; vgpne g;hpd;)
 ,uj;j Foha;fisr; RUq;fr; nra;J ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ
 clypd; nghJ tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; mjpfk; gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy
 ehh; ml;hpdypd; cly; rkepiyia nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ
 ifNfhkh];bah „ Mz;fSf;F khh;gf tsh;r;rp mjpfkhf ,Uj;jy;
 tptpdprk; - Mz; ngz; Nghd;Wk; > ngz; Mz; Nghd;Wk; ele;J nfhs;Sjy;
,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyk;
(kdpjhpy; ghy; ,dg;;ngUf;fk;)
1. KOikaile;j fUKl;ilf;F irf;Nfhl; vd;W ngah;
2. ,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyj;jpd; cWg;Gfs; Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; cWg;Gfs; vd ,U
tifshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
3. Mz;fspy; tpe;jfq;fSk;> ngz;fspy; mz;lfq;fSk; Kjy;epiy ghy; ,dg;ngUf;f
cWg;GfshFk;.
4. Mz;fspd; Jiz ghy; cWg;Gfs;
 tpe;Jf;Foy; (Vas deferencs)
 vgpbilkp];(tpe;jZ Kjph;r;rpg;ig) (Scrotum)
 tpe;Jg;ig (nrkpdy; ntrpf;fps;)
 GNuh];Nll; Rug;gp (Kd;dpiyr; Rug;gp) (accessory giands)
 Mz;Fwp (gPdp];)(penis)
5. ngz;fspd; Jiz ghy; cWg;Gfs;
 ngNyhg;gpad; ehsk; (fUKl;ilf; Foha;)>
 fUg;ig
 nrh;tpf;]; (fUg;igtha;)
 Gzh;Foha; (fytpf; fhy;tha;)
6. ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; cWg;Gfspd; gq;F
 mz;lk; ntsptpL epfo;T
 Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; NfkPl;Lfspd; ,izT (fUTWjy;)
 fUTw;w Kl;il gpsTw;W fUthf khWjy;
 fUg;gjpj;jy;
 fU tsh;r;rp
 Foe;ij gpwg;G
7. Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G (tpe;jfj;ij gw;wpa rpy jfty;fs;)

174
  tpe;jfk; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f Rug;gpahFk;. tpe;jfk; Kl;il tbtKilaJ.
 tapw;Wf;Fopapd; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ig Nghd;w mikg;G tpijg;ig
(Scrotum) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 tpe;jfkhdJ nl];Nlh];Buhd; vd;Dk; `hh;Nkhidr; ( ,z;lh; nry;Yyhh;
];bKnyl;bq; `hh;Nkhd; ) vd;Dk; `hh;Nkhd; cjtpapdhy; Ruf;fpwJ.
 xt;nthU tpe;jfj;ijAk;> #oe;Js;s ehhpioj;jpR mLf;F bA+dpfh my;G[pah vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. tpe;jfk; ,e;j mLf;fpd; gy ,il Rthpdhy; gpukpL tbtKila
gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; nrkpdpngu]; Foha;fs;> nrh;Nlhyp nry;fs;
kw;Wk; yPbf; nry;fs; Mfpait (,ilaPl;Lf; nry;fs;) mike;Js;sd.
 xt;nthU tpe;jfj;jpd; cl;Gwj;jpy; RUl;lg;gl;l Ez;Foha;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sd.
mit vg;gpbbkp]; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 tpe;jZthf;f epfo;thdJ nrkpdpngu]; Foy;fspy; eilngWfpwJ.
 nrh;Nlhyp nry;fs; MjuT nry;fshFk;. ,it> tpe;J cUthf;fj;jpw;Fj;
Njitahd czT+l;lj;ij mspf;fpd;wd.
 yPbf; nry;fs; ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
 yPbf; nry;fs; nrkpdpngu]; Foy;fSf;fpilapy; mike;J nl];Nlh];Buhidr;
Ruf;fpd;wd. ,J tpe;jZthf;Fk; epfo;Titj; Jtf;fpwJ.
8. tpiug;ig
 tpiug;ig vd;gJ Njhyhyhd jsh;thd rpW ig Nghd;w mikg;GilaJ.
 ,J cl;Gwj;jpy; tyJ kw;wk; ,lJ gf;f tpiug;igahf xh; jirapdhy; ,uz;lhf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,uz;L tpe;jfq;fSk; me;;je;j tpiug;igapDs; mike;Js;sd.
 tpiug;ig gy euk;GfisAk; ,uj;j ehsq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ
 tpiug;ig ntg;g rPuhf;fpahf nrayhw;Wk; cWg;ghFk;.
 tpe;Jf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; Njhitahd cfe;j ntg;gepiyia tpiug;ig
toq;FfpwJ.
 rhjhuz cly; ntg;gepiyia tpl 1 Kjy; 3 Fiwthd ntg;gepiyapy;
tpe;jZtpd; tsh;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ.
9. tpe;Jehsj;jpy; gpuf;Nlh]; fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; nehjpfs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
10. tpe;jZtpw;F Mw;wiy mspf;Fk; Mjhukhf gpuf;Nlh]; ,Uf;fpwJ.
11. rpWePhg
; ;igapypUe;J rpWePUk; tpe;Jg;igapypUe;J tpe;jZTk; rpWePh; Gwtopf;Foha; jpwg;G
topahf ntspNaWfpwJ.
12. Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;Gld; njhlh;Gila ,izr;Rug;gpfs;> tpe;jZg;ig> g;Nuh];Nll;
Rug;gp k;wwk; Nfhg;gh; Rug;gpfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;jj; Rug;gpfspy; Ruf;Fk;
jputk; tpe;jZTld; ,ize;J tpe;jZ ,lk; ngah;e;J nry;yTk; Cl;lkspf;fTk;
cjTfpwJ.

175
13. Mz;l;Nuh[d; (nl];Nlh];bNuhd;) vd;w Mz; ghypd `hh;Nkhid tpe;jfj;jpYs;s yPbf;
nry;yhdJ Ruf;fpwJ.
14. Mz;l;Nuh[d; tpe;jZ cUthjiyAk; Mz; jd;ikapd; gz;Gfshfpa jhb> kPir>
clypYs;s Kb kw;Wk; Fuypy; Vw;gLk; (fdj;j Fuy; ) khw;wj;jpidAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
15. ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G
 mz;lfkhdJ <];l;Nuh[d; kw;wk; GNuhn[];buhd; Mfpa `hh;Nkhd;fis
Ruf;fpwJ
 <];l;Nuh[d; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G tsuTk;> ,uz;lhk; epiy ngz;
,dg;gz;Gfs; cUthfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ
 Xt;nthU mz;lfKk; ntspg;Gw fhh;nlf;i]Ak; (Gwzp)> cl;Gw nkLy;yhitAk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. ,izg;Gj;jpRthyhd tiyg;gpd;dy; mikg;Gila ];l;Nuhkhf;fshy;
fhh;nlf;]; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fpuhDNyhrh nry;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; vgpjPypak; nry;fs; mz;lfj;jpYs;s
mz;lj;ijr; #oe;J Kjy;epiy ghypf;fps;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd
 mz;lk; (Kl;il) tsh;r;rpAWk; NghJ. ghypf;fps;fSk; mstpy; nghpjhfp> jputk;
epuk;gp fpuh gpad; ghypf;fpspfshfpd;wd
 ngNyhg;gpad; Foypd; Kidg;gFjpahdJ Gdy; tbtKilajhfTk; tpuy; Nghd;w
gpk;gphpNa vd;w ePl;rpfSld; mz;lfj;jpd; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ
 gpkphpNah mz;lfj;jpypUe;J ntspahd fUKl;ilia vLj;J ngNyhg;gpad;
FoYf;Fs; js;SfpwJ.
 fh;g;gigahdJ xU Nghpf;fha; Nghd;w jirahyhd ntw;wplKs;s mikg;GilaJ
 fh;gg;ig ,Lg;Gf;Fopf;Fs; mike;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 fh;gg;igahdJ rpWePh;g;ig kw;Wk; kyf;FlYf;F ,ilNa cs;sJ
 fUtpd; tsh;r;rpahdJ fh;gg;igapd; cs;Ns eilngWfpwJ.
 fh;gg;igapd; FWfyhd mbg;gFjpahdJ fUg;igtha; (nrh;tpf;];) vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fh;gg;igahdJ Nahdp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ntw;wpl jirahyhd Fohahf
RUq;fj; Jtq;FfpwJ.
 Nahdpf; Foha; fUg;igtha; kw;Wk; ntsp gpwg;GWg;ig ,izf;fpwJ.
 Nahdpf;Foha; tpe;Jf;fisg; ngWfpwJ.
 Foe;ijg; gpwg;gpd; NghJ gpwg;gf; fhy;thahfTk; khjtplha; xl;lj;jpw;fhd
ghijahfTk; Nahdpf;Foha; gFjp nrayhw;WfpwJ.
 ngz; ghypd; `hh;Nkhdhfpa <];l;Nuh[d; fUKl;ilapd; fpuh gpad; ghypf;fps;
%yk; Ruf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 <];l;Nuh[d; Jiz ghypd cWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; ghy;rhh; gz;Gfs;
cUthjiyf; fl;Lg;gLfpwJ.

176
  <];l;Nuh[d; Rug;ghdJ khjtplha; Row;rpiaAk; fUTWjiyAk; xOq;fikf;fpwJ.
 <];l;Nuh[d; fh;gg;igapy; fUTw;w Kl;iliag; gjpa itj;jy;> eQ;Rf;nfhb
cUthjy; kw;Wk; fh;gj;jpidg; guhkhpj;jy; Nghd;w Ntiyfisr; nra;fpwJ.
16. ,dr;nry; cUthf;fk; (Nfkpl;Nlhn[dp]p];)
 Mz;fspd; tpe;JTk;> ngz;fspd; mz;lKk; (Kl;il ) cUthjy; vd;gJ
,dr;nrhy; cUthf;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 tpe;J nry;ypd; jiyg;gFjp mf;NuhNrhk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 mz;lj;jpDs; Eiotjw;Fj; Njirahd `aYuhdpNl]; vd;Dk; nehjpia
mf;NuhNrhk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 jiyiaAk;> eLg;gFjpiaAk; ,izf;fpd;w FWfpa fOj;Jg; gFjpahdJ
nrd;l;hpNahiy cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahthy; Md eLg;gFjp> thy;gFjp efh;tjw;F Njitahd
Mw;wiy mspf;fpwJ
17. mz;lj;jpd; mikg;G
 mz;lr;nry;yhdJ Nfhs tbtKilaJ.
 mz;lkhdJ fUTzT mw;wJ. ,J mjpfsT irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk;>
cl;fUitAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 mz;lkhdJ %d;W rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
 nfhNuhdh NubNal;lh ntspg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ghyf;fps; nry;fshy;
cUthd jbj;j ciw MFk;.
 itl;lypd; rt;T mz;lj;ij xl;bf; fhzg;gLk; nky;ypa xspGFk;
jd;ikAila rt;T
 Nrhdh ngYrplh itl;;lypd; rt;tpw;F mLj;jg;gbahff; fhzg;gLk; jbj;j
xspGFk; rt;T
 mz;lj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpw;Fk; Nrhdh ngYrplhtpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l jputk; epuk;gpa
,ilntsp nghptpl;lypd; ,ilntsp vd;w miof;fg;gLfpwJ
18. gUtkiljy;
 nghJthf Mz;fs; gUtkilAk; taJ 13 ypUe;J 14 tajpw;Fs;Sk; ngz;fs; 11
ypUe;J 13 (G+g;giljy; Menarche) tajpw;Fs;Sk; gUtkilfpd;wdh;.
 Mz;fspd; tpe;jfq;fspy; Ruf;Fk; nl];Nuh];Buhd; kw;wk; ngz;fspy; <];l;Nuh[d;
kw;wk; GNuhn[];buhd; `hh;Nkhd;fspd; Jhz;Ljyhy; gUtkiljy;
njhlq;FfpwJ.
 gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpapd; nfhNdhNlhl;Nuhgpd;> Yhl;bidrpq; `hh;Nkhd; (LH) kw;Wk;
ghypf;fps; nry;fisj; Jhz;Lk; `hh;Nkhd;fs; Mfpatw;why; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;
,dg;ngUf;f `hh;Nkhd;fspd; Rug;ghdJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

177
  gpl;A+l;lhpapy; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; ngz;fSf;F fhh;g;g]; Yhl;bak; cUthjiyj;
Jhz;LfpwJ
 mNlhy]d;]; (tshpsk; gUtk; )vd;fpd;w nrhy; ,yj;jPd; nkhopahd mNlhy]Nu
(tsh;r;rp) vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J te;jJ
 vd;gJ Fuy; tis
 gUtkiljypd; khw;wq;fs;
 cauk; mjpfhpj;jy;
 clyikg;G khw;wq;fs; - ngz;zpw;F ,Lg;G kw;Wk; ,Lg;G vYk;G nghpjhFk;>
Mzpw;F ngz;fistplj; Njhs;fs; mfd;W fhzg;gLtJld; cly;
jirfs; ed;F tsh;r;rp ngWk;.
 Fuy; xyp khw;wk; - gUt Kjph;r;rpapd; NghJ Fuy;tis (yhhpq;];) mfd;W
xyp khWgLk;
 tpah;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gpfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; - rpWfl;bfs;>
Kfj;jpy; gUf;fs; Njhd;Wjy;
 ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; tsh;r;rpailjy; - tpe;jfk; tpe;Jit cw;gj;jp
nra;a Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. ngz;fSf;F mz;lfk; Kl;ilia cw;gj;jp nra;a
Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
 ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; ,dg;ngUf;f `hh;Nkhd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a
Muk;gpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j `hh;Nkhd;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;Fk;> ,uz;lhk; epiy
ghy; gz;Gfs; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd
19. ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs;
 rpWth;fs;
 Kfj;jpy; mUk;G kPir kw;Wk; jhb Njhd;Wk;
 clypy; Mq;fhq;Nf cNuhkq;fs; tsh;r;rpAWk;
 Fuy; xyp khWgLk;
 jirfs; tsh;r;rpAWk;> Njhs;fs; mfykhFk;
 rpWkpfs;
 ghy;Rug;gpfs; tsh;r;rpAWk;
 clypy; Mq;fhq;Nf cNuhkq;fs; tsh;r;rpAWk;
 ,Lg;ngYk;G nghpjhFk;> ,Lg;G mfd;W fhzg;gLk;
 Kjy; khjtplha; epfo;r;rp Muk;gkhFk;
20. khjtplha; Row;rp
 ngz;fspd; tho;tpy; ,dg;ngUf;f fhyj;jpy; epfOk; Row;rp Kiwapyhd fhy
xOq;F khw;wk; khjtplha; Row;rp vdg;gLk;
 ngz;fspy; khjtplha; Row;rpahdJ 43 taJ Kjy; 50 tajpw;Fs; KbtilAk;
epiy khjtpilT (Menopause) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

178
  kdpj mz;lk; Vnyrpj;jy; tifiar; rhh;e;jJ. (fUczT mw;wJ)
 khjtplha; Row;rpapd; ehd;F epiyfs;
epiy ehl;fs; mz;lfj;jpy; epfOk; fUg;igapy; epfOk; `hh;Nkhd;fspy;
khw;wq;fs; khw;wq;fs; epfOk; khw;wq;fs;
khjtplha; 4-5 Kjy;epiy fUg;igapd; GNuhn[];buhd;
ehs;fs; ghypf;fps;fspd; vz;NLhnkl;hpaj;jpd; kw;Wk; <];l;Nuh[d;
tsh;r;rp cl;Rth; chpe;J msT Fiwjy;
Vw;gLk; ,uj;jg;
Nghf;F
ghypf;Fyhh; 6-13 Kjy;epiy ngUf;f epiyapdhy; kw;Wk;
ehs;fs; ghypf;fps;fs; vz;NLhnkl;hpak; <];l;Nuh[d;
tsh;r;rpaile;j Gj;jhf;fk; ngWjy; mjpfhpg;G
fpuhgpad;
ghypf;fps;fshjy;
mz;lk; 14 ehs;fs; fpuhgpad; ghypf;fps; vz;Nlhnkl;hpaj;jpd; „ d; cr;;repiy
tpLgLk; ntbj;J mz;lk; Rth; jbkdhfpwJ
epiy tpLgLjy;
Yhl;bak; 15-28 fhypahd fpuhgpad; Kl;ilapy; fUTWjy; kw;Wk;
epiy ehs;fs; ghypf;fps; epfo;e;jhy; Fiwjy;>
tsh;r;rpAw;W vz;;Nlhnkl;hpak; fhh;g];Yhl;baj;jpdh
fhh;g];Yhl;bakhjy; fUgjpTf;F y; cw;gj;jp
jahuhfpwJ fUTWjy; nra;ag;gl;l
epfohjNghJ GNuhn[];buhd;
fhh;g];Yhl;bak; msT Fiwe;J
rpije;J fUg;igapd; khjtplha; Vw;gLk;
Rth; chpe;J fUTwhj
Kl;il ,uj;jj;Jld;
ntspNaWk;

21. kdpjhpy; fUTWjy;

 mz;l mZTk; tpe;Jr; nry;Yk; xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J fUKl;il cUthtJ
fUTWjy; vdg;gLk;.
 ghypf;fpspypUe;J tpLgl;l mz;lk; 24 kzp Neuk; kl;LNk capUld; ,Uf;Fk;.
mz;lj;jpDs; EioAk; tpe;J mjDld; ,ize;J fUKl;il (irNfhl;)
cUthf;Fk; epfo;tpw;F fUTWjy; vd;W ngah;. ,e;j irNfhl; fUTw;w Kl;il
MFk;.
 fUTWjy; ,U tifg;gLk;

179
  ntspf; fUTWjy; - ,dr;nry;fspd; ,izT clYf;F ntspNa
eilngWfpwJ. v.fh jtis> Kl;Njhypfs;
 cl;fUTWjy; - ,dr;nry;ypd; ,izT clYf;Fs; eilngWfpwJ. v.fh
Ch;td > gwit> ghYhl;bfs;
22. fUTWjy; eilngWjy; tpjk;
 mz;l mZ ntspNaw;wj;jpd; NghJ Kjph;e;j mz;lkhdJ ntspg;gl;L> mz;l
ehsj;jpd; Jisg; gFjpapd; topahf Eioe;J Mk;Gy;yh gFjpia te;jilAk;>
,g;gFjpapy; fUTWjy; epfOk;
 xU tpe;jZ> mz;l mZtpd; Nky; ciwahfpa NrhdhngYrplhit
Jisj;Jf;nfhz;L cs;EioAk;> ,t;Tiwapd; kPJ tpiutpy; xU fUr;rt;T
Njhd;Wtjhy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tpe;jZf;fs; cs;EiotJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ
23. fUtsh;r;rp
 fUTw;w Kl;;il - fUKl;il vdg;gLk;
 fUtsh;r;rpapd; Kjy; epiy gpstpg;ngUf;fy; vdg;gLk;. gpstpg; ngUf;fypd; Kbtpy;
me;jf; fU gpsh];Lyh vdg;gLk;
 mjd; ntspg;Gwr; Rth; Cl;lg;glykhf khwpf; fUg;igapy; gjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Ff;
fUgjpj;jy; vdW ngah;
 gjpe;j fUitr; Rw;wp ntspf;fU rt;Tfshd Mk;dpahd;> myd;lha;];> Nfhhpahd;
kw;Wk; fUT+z;ig Mfpait cUthfpd;wd
 Mkdpad; jput Clfj;ij cUthf;fpf; fUTf;Ff; nfhLf;fpwJ. ,J fUit
cyuhkYk;> mjph;tpypUe;Jk; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 NfhhpahDk; myz;lha;Rk; jha; Nra; ,izg;Gj; jpRNthL ,ize;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fUTf;F thA ghpkhw;wj;ij epfo;jJ
; tNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;
iel;u[d; mlq;fpa fopTfisf; fUtpypUe;J ntspNaw;WfpwJ.
 jhiaAk; NriaAk; ,izf;fg; gad;gLk; jha;Nra; ,izg;Gj; jpR
myz;lha;]pdhy; cUthfpwJ
24. fUtsh;r;rpapd; gy;NtW epiyfs;
 kdpjf; fU tsh;r;rpapd; NghJ Kl;il fUTw;w ehspypUe;j Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; ehs;
tiu cs;s fhyk; 9 khjq;fs; (280 ehl;fs;) MFk;.
 fUtsh;r;rpapd; ,e;j xd;gJ khjq;fs; %d;W epiyfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L
xt;nthd;Wk; %d;W khjq;fs; nfhz;l gFjpfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 Kjy; gUtfhyk;
 ,e;epiyapy; xU nry; fUKl;il kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpsTg;gl;Lf; fUthf
khWfpd;wJ
 cWg;G cUthf;fj;jpd; %yk; gy;NtW cWg;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd
 ,uz;lhk; gUtfhyk;

180
  fU Ntfkhf tsh;r;rpailfpwJ Rthr> ,uj;j xl;l kz;lyq;fs; tsh;r;rpile;J
nray;glj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. jirfSk; vYk;gfSk; ed;whf cUthfpd;wd
 %d;whk; gUtfhyk;
 fU ePsthf;fpYk; > vilapYk; kpf Ntfkhf tsh;e;J tsh;r;rp KOikailfpwJ
25. Foe;ij gpwg;G
 Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; NghJ Mf;rpNlhrpd; `hh;Nkhdpd; nrayhy; fUg;ig rPuhfr;
RUq;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ
 fUg;ig njhlh;r;rpahf mjpfkhf RUq;Ftjpd; %yk; Mk;dpahd; vd;w gdpf;Flk;
cile;J gdpePh; fytpf;fhy;tha; %yk; ntspNaWfpwJ.
 gpwg;gpw;F gpd; Kjd; Kiwahf jhapd; ghy; Rug;gpypUe;J Ruf;Fk; ghy; rPk;ghy;
(nfhy];l;uk;) vdg;gLk;.
 gpl;A+l;lhp `hh;Nkhdhd GNuhyhf;bd; ghy; Ruj;jiyj; Jhz;LfpwJ
 rpw;Whh;fspy; jha;ghy; itu];fz;typf;Ff; fz;nrhl;L kUe;jhfTk; fz;Neha;f;F
KjYjtp rpfpr;irf;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ
 jha;g;ghypd; fNyhhp kjpg;G 70 fNyhhp /100 Mf cs;sjhy; Foe;ijapd;
Njitia Kw;wpYk; epiwT nra;fpwJ
 jha;g;ghypy; ,Uf;Fk; NyfNlhnghpd; vd;w Gujk;> Fly; kw;Wk; Rthrj;
njhw;wpypUe;J Foe;ijia ghJfhf;fpwJ
26. Nrhjidf; Foha;f; Foe;ij
 fUTWjiyAk; fUtpd; Kjy; fhy tsh;r;rpiaAk; xU nraw;ifahd Clfj;jpy;
epfo;jj
; p> mjd; gpd; mij xU jhapd; fUg;igapy; GFj;jp KOikahd
Foe;ijg;ngWk; epfo;thFk;
 ,jid gphpl;ld; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ];nl g;;nlh kw;Wk; vl;th;l; MfpNahh; Kjd;
Kiwahf ntw;wpfukhf 1978 y; cUthf;fpdh;> Foe;ijapd; ngah; Yhap gpnusd;
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Nrhjidf; Foha; Foe;ij 1986 y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ mjd;
ngah; Nghp M\h vd;fpw ,e;jpuh
27. ,dg;ngUf;f Rfhjhuk;
 (n[dPth ) njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 7 Vg;uy; 1948
 Njrpa FLk;g eyj;jpl;lkhdJ ,e;jpahtpy; 1952 y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ cyf
mstpy; FLk;g eyj;jpl;lj;;ij cUthf;fpa ehLfspy; xd;whf ,e;jpah epfo;fpwJ.
 fUj;jhpj;jiyj; jLf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJthd fUj;jil Kiwfs;:
 jLg;G Kiwfs;
 `hh;Nkhd;Kiwfs;
 fUg;igapDs; nghUj;jg;gLk; fUj;jil rhjdq;fs; ( IUDS)
 mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwfs;
 FwpAiwfs; (Condom) Nyl;lf;]; my;yJ gpsh];bf; nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

181
  ghypay; njhlh;gpdhy; cz;lhFk; Neha;fs; (STD) rpgpyp]; kw;Wk; va;l;];
 ,e;jpahtpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s ,uz;L fUj;jil rhjdq;fs; ypg;gp]; Yhg; kw;Wk;
fhg;gh; -b ,it jhkpuk; kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Mz;fspy; thnrf;lkp (tpe;J ehsj; Jz;bg;G) kw;Wk; ngz;fspy; bA+ngf;lkp
(mz;lehsj; Jz;bg;G ) (Kiwapy; fUj;jil nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,it epue;ju
Foe;ij gpwg;G fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwfshFk;.
 (Urinary Tract Infection) apd; tpisTfshtd:
 rpWePufg;ig mow;rp (Cystitis) (m) rpWePug;ig njhw;W
 rpWePufj; njhw;W
 Neha; mwpFjpaw;w ghf;BhpA+hpah
 Neha; mwpFwpaw;w ghf;BhpAhpah (Asymptomatic Bacteriuria) rpWePug;igapy;
fhzg;gLk; ,g;ghf;Bhpah ve;j Neha; mwpFwpapidAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
 rpWePufk; nray; ,og;Gf;fhd rpfpr;ir Kiw lahypr];

kdpj fz;zpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;

1. ,U fz;fSk; kz;ilNahl;bd; fz; Fopfspy; mike;Js;sd.
2. fz;Nfhsk; 3 mLf;Ffshy; MdJ
 ntsp mLf;F „ tpopntz; glyk; (];fpspuh)
 eL mLf;F „ tpopabf; fUk;glyk; (Nfhuha;L)
 cs;mLf;F „ tpopj;jpiu (nul;bdh)
 ntspaLf;F (];fpspuh)
 Gwj;Nj cs;s tpopntz;glykhdJ fz;zpd; Kd;gFjpiaj; jtpu kw;w gFjpfspy;
ntz;ik epwkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
 ,g;glyk; tpopapd; Kd;gFjpapy; xspia CLUtf;$ba tpopntz;glykhf khwpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 eL mLf;f „ tpopabf; fUk;glyk;
 eL mLf;fpy; cs;s ,uj;jf; Foha;fspy; cs;s ,uj;jkhdJ nrwpTkpf;f mlh;e;j
epwkpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 tpopabf; fUk;glykhdJ tpopapd; Kd; gFjpapy; rpypahp cWg;gpidAk;> Ihp]; vDk;
xspf; FWf;F mikg;gpidAk; tpopnyd;irAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
 Ihp];f;F eLtpy; fz;ghit vd;w Jthuk; cs;sJ
 cs;mLf;F „ tpopj;jpiu (nul;bdh)
 cs;mLf;fpy; tpopj;jpiu cs;sJ. tpopj;jpiuahdJ fz;zpd; czh;Ts;s
gFjpahFk;.
 tpopj;jpiuapy; cUis kw;Wk; $k;G tbtpy; xsp Vw;Gila ,U tif nry;fs;
cs;sd

182
  cUis nry;fshdJ gytpj xspfisg; ghh;f;fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ
 $k;G nry;fs; gy epwq;fisg; ghh;f;f cjTfpd;wd
 tpopj;jpiuapy; cs;s Nghgpah my;yJ kQ;rs;jhdk; gFjpapy; $k;Gr; nry;fs;
mjpfkhf cs;sd. ,g;gFjp $h;e;J ghh;f;fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ
 tpoptpy;iy (tpopnyd;];) tpopapd; Kd;gFjpapy; cs;sJ. ,J xsp
CLUtf;$baJk; ,UGwKk; Ftpe;J kps;jd;ikAilaJkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 tpoptpy;iy (tpopnyd;];) rpypahpj;jirfSld; jir ehh;fshy;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. tpoptpy;iy (tpopnyd;];) tpopnyd;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jputj;jpw;F tpopKd; miwj;
jputk; (Mf;Ft]; jputk; ) vd;W ngah;
4. nyd;Rf;Fk;> tpop ntz;glyj;Jf;Fk; Cl;lkspg;gJ mf;Ft]; jputk;
5. tpopj;jpiuf;Fk; tpopnyd;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jputj;jpw;F tpopgpd; miwj; jputk;
(tpl;hpa]; jputk;) vd;W ngah;. ,j;jputk; tpopapy; gpk;gk; mikg;gjpYk;> Nfhs
tbtj;ijf; fz; njhlh;e;J itj;Jf; nfhs;tjpYk; cjTfpd;wJ.
6. fz;jhdj;jpy; khw;wk; nra;ag;gLtJ fhh;dpah . ,J xsp CLUTk; gFjpahFk;
7. - fz;Neha;
8. fz;iz gw;wpa NkYk; rpy jfty;fs;
 fz; %d;W Kf;fpa gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. (fhh;dpah > Ihp];> fz;kzp>
gpA+g;gpy;)
 kdpjf; fz;zhy; 10 kpy;ypad; Kjy; 12 kpy;ypad; epwq;fs; NtWgLj;jpg; ghh;f;f
,aYk;.
 kdpjdpd; fz;zhdJ gy;NtW ghfq;fs; ,ize;J Nfhs tbtkhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l> clypd; rpf;fyhd GyDWg;G MFk;.
 cWjpahd> jbj;j ntz;zw ciwahf mike;J fz;zpd; cs;ghfq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gJ ];fpspuh (tpopntspg; glyk;)
 fz;zpd; tpopntspg;glyk; KOtJk; %bAs;s nky;ypa xsp CLUTk; rt;T
fz;[q;bth (Conjunctiva) MFk;.
 rpwpa mstpy; Nfhio kw;Wk; fz;zPiur; Rue;J> fz;iz <ukhfTk;>
njspthfTk; itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ fz;[q;;bth rt;T
 fz;ghit kw;Wk; fUtpopapd; (Ihp]; ) kPJ glh;e;Js;s xsp CLUTk; Njhy;
glyk; fhh;dpah (tpopntz;glyk;) MFk;.
 fhh;dpahtpd; gzp fz;fUf;Fs; EioAk; xspia tpyfyilar; nra;tJ
 fz;zpd; epwKs;s gFjpia cUthf;Fk; epwkpfshyhd jpRg;glyk; Ihp];
(fUtpop ) MFk;.
 Ihp];]pd; Kf;fpa gzp fz;zpDs; EioAk; xspapd; msTf;Nfw;g fz;
ghitapd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtjhFk;.

183
  xspia fz;zpd; cs;Ns mDg;GtJ fz;ghit
 xsp CLUTk;> ,U Ftpa (BiFocal) mt;tg;NghJ khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
jpwDila fz;zpd; ghfk; nyd;R (Lense) MFk;.
 fhh;dpahtpd; cjtpAld; cs;Eioe;j xspia tpyf;fp> tpopj;jpiu kPJ Ftpar;
nra;J> tpopj;jpiuapy; gpk;gj;ij cUthf;FtJ nyd;R
 fz;zpd; gpd; gFjpapy; mike;J> gpk;gq;fis cUthf;Fk; glyk; tpopj;jiu
(Retina) MFk;.
 fz;zpd; %d;whtJ kw;Wk; cs; mLf;F tpopj;jpiu MFk;.
 tpopj;jiuapy; xsp czh;thq;fpfs; ($k;G kw;Wk; Fr;rp nry;fs;) ,Ug;gjhy; mJ
xspahy; kpFe;j Jhz;ly; milaf; $baJ.
 tpopj;jpiuapd; gzp „ xspf;fjph;fis kpd; Jhz;ly;fshf khw;wp mtw;iw
ghh;it euk;gpd; topahf %isf;F mDg;GfpwJ.
 ghh;it euk;G fz;fspd; ,Wjpapy; tpopj;jpiuapd; gpd;Gwk; mike;Js;sJ
 ghh;it euk;G midj;J euk;Gj; Jhz;ly;fisAk; xsp czh;thq;fpfspypUe;J
ngw;W %isf;F vLj;Jr; nry;;fpwJ.
 nkl;uh]; I vd;w Neha; Kjd; Kjyhf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk; nrd;id 1918
 nkl;uh]; I xU tifahd itu]; njhw;whFk;. ,jw;F fhuzkhdJ mbNdh
iut]; MFk;.
9. nrtpahdJ %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ (Gwr;nrtp> eLr;nrtp> cl;nrtp)

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
1. ekJ clypy; fhzg;gLk; vYk;Gfspy; kpfr;rpwpaJ ekJ cs;fhjpy; cs;s mq;ftb vYk;G
(stapes) MFk;. ,J 2.8 kpy;yp kPl;lh; kl;LNk ePsk; cilaJ (ruhrhp ePsk;) . ekJ clypy;
ePskhd vYk;G njhil vYk;G MFk;.
2. Foe;ijfs; gpwf;Fk; nghOJ 300f;Fk; mjpfkhd vYk;GfSld; gpwf;fpd;wd. mth;fs;
tsUk; nghOJ rpy vYk;Gfs; ,ize;J xd;whf khwptpLfpd;wd. Mifahy;
Kjph;r;rpaile;jj kdpjdpd; vYk;Gf; $l;by; 206 vYk;Gf;s cs;sd.
3. kdpjdpd; xt;nthU EiuaPuYk; Vwf;Fiwa 300 kpy;ypad; Ez;fhw;wg;igfs; cs;sd.
4. nfhl;lhtp tpLjy; %yk; ehk; mjpf msT Mf;]p[id cs;thq;fp mjpf msT fhh;g;d
il Mf;irL ntspapLfpNwhk;.
5. Rhjhuzkhf Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s xU kdpjdpd; ruhrhp ehbj;Jbg;G xU epkplj;jpy; 72 y;
,Ue;J 80 tiu ,Uf;Fk;.
6. 18 taJf;F Nky; MNuhf;fpakhd xt;nthUtUk; ,uj;jjhdk; nra;ayhk;

184
7. %isapy; EhW kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd jfty;fis xUth; tho;ehspy; Nrkpj;J itf;f
KbAk;.
8. ekJ clypy; 70 ePh; cs;sJ . ekJ %isapy; cs;s rhk;gy; epwg; gFjpapy; mjpfsT (85%)
ePh; cs;sJ. nfhOg;G nry;fspy; Fiwe;j msT (15%) kl;LNk ePh; cs;sJ. ehk; cztpd;
%ykhfTk;> gUFk; ePh; %ykhfTk; xU ehisf;F 1.5 Kjy; 3.5 ypl;lh; tiu ePh;
mUe;JfpNwhk;.
9. 36 ntg;gepiyapy; Mz;fSf;F tpe;jZ cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
 - gr;Nrhe;jp epwk; khWjYf;F fhuzkhd `hh;Nkhd; MFk;.
10. gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gpia ePf;Fk; mWit rpfpr;irf;F i`g;Nghigrp];lkp vd;W ngah;
11. vz;NuhNf];bhpd; `hh;Nkhd; msitf; Fiwf;fpwJ
12. czit nrhpf;f Kjypy; tUtJ Nf];bhpd;
13. vz;Nlhifdpd; rpWFly; Rug;gpfis Jhz;lr; nra;fpwJ
14. nrf;ubd; Kjd; Kjypy; ngahplg;gl;l `hh;Nkhd;
15. tpy;ypifdpd; rpWFly; gFjpapy; cs;sJ. ,Jj rpWFlypypUe;J rj;ij vLj;J clYf;F
jUfpd;wJ. tpy;yp vd;gJ rpWFlypy; nrhunrug;ghf fhzg;gLk; gFjpahFk;.

185
 8 Mk; tFg;G Kjd;ik gUtk;
caphpdq;fs; mikg;G epiyfs;

1. NtWghLfs; caphpdq;fspd; mstpy; kl;Lky;yhJ mtw;wpd; rpf;fyhd nry;> jpRf;fs;>

cly; mikg;G Nghd;wtw;wpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F caphpdq;fspy; xUq;fikg;G
vd;W ngah;
2. xU nry; caphpfs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapd; midj;Jr; nray;ghLfisAk;> gpw nry;fspd;
cjtpapd;wp jhkhfNt nra;af; $bait MFk;. nry;fs; nghJthf caphpdq;fspd;
mikg;G myFfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
3. ghf;Bhpah> <];l; kw;Wk; mkPgh Nghd;w caphpfspd; clyhdJ xU nry;iyf;
nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,it xU nry; caphpdk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd
4. kdpjd;> gRf;fs; kw;Wk; kuq;fs; Nghd;w nghpa caphpdq;fs; gy nry;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,it gy nry; caphpdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
5. nry;fs; jpRf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. jpRf;fs; ,ize;J cWg;Gfis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.cWg;Gfs; ,ize;J cWg;G kz;lyq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
6. mikg;G xOq;Fghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; caphpdq;fs; GNuhNfhpahl;Lfs;> A+Nfhpahl;Lfs;
vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
7. ghf;Bhpah> raNdhghf;Bhpah kw;Wk; ikf;Nfhgpsh];kh Nghd;w caphpdq;fspy; cl;fU
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt ,t;Taphpdq;fs; GNuhNfhpahl;Lfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
8. mkPgh Nghd;w tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspy; rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l njspthd cl;fU
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j caphpdq;fs; A+NfhpNahl;Lfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
9. nry;fs; caphpdq;fspd; fl;Lkhdf; fw;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd
10. nry;fisg; gw;wpa gbg;G nry; caphpay; vdg;gLk;.
11. nry;fs; rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijf; nfhz;Lssd.
12. irl;NlhgpshrkhdJ Gujq;fs;> cl;fU mkpyq;fs; Nghd;w gy caphpay; %yf;$Wfisg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
13. ikaj;jpyike;j Nfhs tbt cl;fUitAk;> irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; mike;j mf;g;gpshrtiy
> ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah > Nfhy;if cly;fs;> nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;> hpNghNrhk;fs; Nghd;w gy
nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfis cs;slf;fpaJ nry;ypd; GNuhlNlhgpshrk;.
14. tpyq;Ffspy; nry;fspd; msT ikf;uhd; ( ) vd;w myfhy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ.
15. 1 vd;gJ 10 kp.kP

186
16. 1 kp.kP vd;gJ 1000 ikf;uhd
17. nry;fspd; ruhrhp msT 0.5 Kjy; 20 ikf;uhd; tpl;lk; tiu NtWgLfpwJ.
18. ghf;Bhpahtpd; msT kpfr;rpwpajhf (1-2 ) ,Uf;Fk;.
19. kdpj clypd; kpfr; rpwpa nry; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; (7 tpl;lk;)
20. kdpj clypy; kpf ePz;l nry; euk;G nry; (90-100 nr.kP)
21. kdpj mz;l nry; 100 msTilaJ.
22. gy nry; tpyq;Ffpsy; kpfg;nghpa nry; neUg;Gf; Nfhopapd; Kl;il MFk;
23. neUg;Gf; Nfhopapd; Kl;il 170 kp.kP 130 kp.kP msTilaJ
24. neUg;Gf; Nfhopapd; Kl;il> ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fis tpl 25000 klq;F nghpaJ.
25. 0.001 kp.kP msTila ikf;Nfhgpsh];khNt kpfr;rpwpa ghf;Bhpah MFk;.
26. mkPgh Nghd;w nry;fs; ntspg;Gwj;jpy; xOq;fw;w tbtk; nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
,ilntspfspy; jq;fs; tbtj;ijf; khw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
27. xUq;fpize;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpiar; nra;fpd;w xNu khjphpahd mikg;G nfhz;l
nry;fspd; njhFg;Ng jpR vdg;gLk;.
28. jpRf;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; (vspa jpRf;fs; > $l;Lj; jpRf;fs;)
29. xNu tifahd nry;fshy; Mdit vspaj; jpR
30. ntt;NtW tifahd nry;fis nry;fis nfhz;lit $l;Lj;jpR
31. vspa jpR xUkaj; (Homogeneous) jd;ik nfhz;lJ
32. $l;Lj; jpR gd;kaj; (Heterogeneous) jd;ik nfhz;lJ
33. mikg;G kw;Wk; gzpiag; nghWj;J jpRf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;
 vgpjPypay; (ciwaPl;L ) jpRf;fs; (ghJfhg;gpw;F)
 jir (RUq;Fjy;) jpRf;fs; (mirT kw;Wk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp)
 ,izg;Gj; (jhq;Fjy; )jpRf;fs; (clypd; ntt;NtW mikg;Gfis ,izj;jy;)
 euk;Gj;jpRf;fs; (euk;Gj; Jhz;ly;fisf; flj;Jjy;)
34. FlyhdJ jdJ cl;Gwr; Rthpy; vgpjPypaj; jpRf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
35. Flypy; nehjpfisr; Ruf;fTk;> Cl;lr;rj;Jfis cwpQ;rTk; gad;gLk; jpR vgpjPypaj; jpR
36. Flypy;> vgpjPypaj; jpR jirj;jpR mLf;Ffshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
37. Flypy;> czTf;$io miyapf;fj;jpd; %yk; fPo;Nehf;fp efh;jJ
; tjw;Fg; gad;gLk; jpR
jirj;jpR
38. Flypy; gha;eJ
; > Flyhy; cwpQ;rg;gl;l Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fis clypd; gy ghfq;fSf;Ff;
flj;j cjTk; jpR ,uj;jj; jpR
39. FlyhdJ euk;Gj;jpR %yk; %isAld; ,ize;J %is jUk; jfty;fis vLj;Jr;
nry;fpwJ.
40. kdpj clypd; Kf;fpakhd GyDWg;GfSd; xd;W fz;
41. nghJthf ghh;g;gjw;Fk;> epwq;fisg; gphpj;jwptjw;Fk; > kdpj clypd; caph;f;fbfhuj;ijg;
NgZtjw;Fk; gad;gLk; cWg;G fz;

187
42. kdpjf; fz;zhdJ xspia xUq;fpizj;jy;> Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; nghUspd; gpk;gj;ij
cUthf;Ftjw;fhf xspia nyd;R topNa nrYj;Jjy; Mfpa gzpfisr; nra;tjd; %yk;
Gifg;glf; fUtpfSld; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
43. kdpjdpd; fz;zhdJ gy;NtW ghfq;fs; ,ize;J Nfhs tbtkhf cUthf;fg;gl;l >
clypd; rpf;fyhd GyDWg;G MFk;.
44. kdpjf; fz;zpd; mikg;ghdJ cs;sikg;G> Gw mikg;G vdg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
45. fz;zpd; ntspg;Gwkhfj; njhpaf;$ba ghfq;fs; ,ize;J fzpzpd; Gw mikg;ig
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
46. cWjpahd> jbj;j ntz;zpw ciwahf mike;J fz;zpd; cs;ghfq;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ
];fpspuh (tpopntspg; glyk;)
47. fz;zpd; ntz;ikg; gFjp ];fpspuh (Sclera)
48. fz;zpd; tpopntspg;glyk; KOtJk; %bAs;s nky;ypa xsp CLUTk; rt;T fz;[q;fbth
( Conjunctiva) MFk;.
49. rpwpa mstpy; Nfhio kw;Wk; fz;zi
P ur; Rue;J> fz;iz <ukhfTk;> njspthfTk;
itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ fz;[q;bth rt;T.
50. fz;ghit kw;Wk; fUtpop ([hp]; ) apd; kPJ glh;e;Js;s xsp CLUTk; Njhy; glyk;
fhh;dpah (tpopntz;glyk;) MFk;.
51. fhh;dpahtpd; gzp fz;fSf;Fs; EioAk; xspia tpyfyilar; nra;tJ
52. fz;zpd; epwKs;s gFjpia cUthf;Fk; epwkpfshyhd jpRg;glyk; Ihp]; (fUtpop) MFk;.
53. Ihp];]pd; Kf;fpa gzp „ fz;zpDs; EioAk; xspapd; msTf;Nfw;g fz; ghitapd;
msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
54. fUtpopapd; ikaj;jpyike;j rpW Jis fz;ghit MFk;.
55. xspia fz;zpd; cs;Ns mDg;GtJ fz;ghit
56. xsp CLUTk;> ,U Ftpa (BiFocal ) mt;tg;NghJ khw;wpaikg;gj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwDila
fz;zpd; ghfk; nyd;R (Lense) MFk;.
57. fhh;dpahtpd; cjtpAld; cs;Eioe;j xspia tpyf;fp> tpopj;jpiu kPJ Ftpaj; nra;J>
tpopj;jpiu kPJ Ftpaj; nra;J> tpopj;jpiuapy; gpk;gj;ij cUthf;FtJ nyd;R
58. fz;zpd;gpd; gFjpapy; mike;J> gpk;gq;fis cUthf;Fk; glyk; tpopj;jpiu (Retina) MFk;
59. fz;zpd; %d;whtJ kw;Wk; cs; mLf;F tpopj;jpiu MFk;.
60. tpopj;jpiuapy; xsp czh;thq;fpfs; ($k;G kw;Wk; Fr;rp nry;fs; ) ,Ug;gjhy; mJ xspahy;
kpFe;j Jhz;ly; milaf; $baJ.
61. tpopj;jpiuapd; gzp „ tpopj;jpiuahdJ xspf;fjph;fis kpd; Jhz;ly;fshf khw;wp
mtw;iw ghh;it euk;gpd; topahf %isf;F mDg;Gk; gzpiar; nra;fpwJ.
62. ghh;it euk;G fz;fspd; ,Wjpapy; tpopj;jpiuapd; gpd;Gwk; mike;Js;sJ
63. ghh;it euk;G midj;J euk;Gj; Jhz;ly;fisAk; xsp czh;thq;fpfspypUe;J ngw;W
%isf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
64. ghh;it euk;G ,y;yhtpby; ghh;it vd;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy

188
65. nyd;Rf;Fk;> tpop ntz;glyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa epuk;gpAs;s ePhk
; ; jputk; mf;Ft]; jputk;
(Kd; fz;ziw jputk; ) MFk;.
66. nyd;Rf;Fk;> tpop ntz;glyj;Jf;Fk; Cl;lkspg;gJ mf;Ft]; jputk;
67. fz;;zpd; cl;gFjp KOtijAk; epiwe;Js;s miuj; jpz;k> xsp CLUTk;>
nfhonfhog;ghd nghUs; tpl;hpa]; jputk; (gpd; fz;ziw jputk;) MFk;
68. fz;zpd; tbtj;ijg; guhkhpg;gJ tpl;hpa]; jputk;
69. ,jaKk;> ,uj;jf; Foy;fSk; ,ize;J ,uj;j Rw;;Nwhl;l kz;lyj;ij cUthf;fpd;wd.
70. %f;F> njhz;il> Rthrf;Foha;> EiuaPuy;fs; kw;Wk; cjutpjhdk; Nghd;wit ,ize;J
Rthr kz;lyk; cUthfpd;wd.
71. czTf;Foha; > ,iug;ig> Rthr kz;lyq;fs;> Kd;rpWFly; kw;Wk; Fly;f;s ,ize;J
nrhpkhd kz;lyk; cUthfpd;wd.
72. ehsKy;yhr; Rug;gp kz;lyk; > vYk;G (rl;lf) kz;lyk;> rpWePuf kz;lyk;>
Neha;jj
; ilf;fhg;G kz;lyk;> Nghd;wit gpw cWg;G kz;lyk; kz;lyq;fshFk;
73. caph; tho;tjw;F VJthf kdpj clypay; kz;lyk; Rakhfj; jd;idj;jhNd
xOq;Fg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L rkepiyiag; guhkhpg;gJ jd;dpiy fhj;jypd; Kf;fpag;
gz;ghFk;.
74. elj;ij rhh; kw;Wk; clw;nraypay; Jyq;fy; Mfpa xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; nray;Kiwfs; %yk;
jd;dpiy fhj;jy; epfo;fpwJ.
75. rPuhd cly; epiyapy; jd;dpiy fhj;jy; ntw;wpfukhf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lhy; tho;f;if
njhlUk; my;yJ Njhy;tpAw;why; ,wg;G my;yJ rPuopT cz;lhFk;.
76. xUq;fpizT kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G gzpfs; euk;G kz;lyk; kw;Wk; ehskpy;yhr; Rug;G
kz;lyj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
77. fy;yPuy;> rpWePufk; kw;Wk; %is (`Nghjyhk];) jhdpaq;F euk;G kz;lyk; (kw;Wk; )
ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp kz;lyk; Mfpait rPuhd cly; epiyia xOq;FgLj;j cjTtJ
78. gy;NtW caph; ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; caph; Ntjpapay; nray;fspy; %yk; cly; jputj;jpy;
nrwpitf; fl;LgLj;Jjy;> cly; ntg;gepiyia xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
79. kdpjd; ntg;g ,uj;j tifiar; rhh;e;jtd;
80. jd;dpiy fhj;jYf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 cly; ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ clypypUe;J tpah;it cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L
mjpfkhd cly; ntg;gepiy Fiwf;fg;gl;L rPuhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 cly; ntg;gepiy FiwAk; NghJ jirr; nray;ghL kw;Wk; eLf;fj;jpd; %yk;
ntg;gk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L cly; ntg;gepiy rPuhf;fg;gLfpwJ
 ,uj;j rh;f;fiuapd; msTf; fl;Lg;ghL
81. %yf;$Wfs; mjpf nrwpTila gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;j nrwpTila gFjpf;Fj; jhdhfNt
,lg;ngah;r;rp miltJ guty; vdg;gLk;.

189
82. guty; Kiwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L vhpAk; CJgj;jpapd; kzk; miw KOtJk; guTjy;> nry;
rt;tpd; topNa %yf;$Wfs; CLUtpr; nry;Yjy;
83. ePhj
; j
; fiurypy; ,Ue;J nrwpT kpf;f fiurYf;F fiug;ghdpd; %yf;$Wfs; miu flj;jp
my;yJ Njh;Tf; flj;J rt;tpd; topNa ,lg;ngah;r;rp milAk; epfo;r;rp rt;T+Lguty;
vdg;gLk;.
84. nry;ypw;F cs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk; %yf;$Wfs; ,lk;ngah;tJ nry;fisr; #o;e;Js;s
fiury; nrd;wpitg; nghWj;jjhFk;> ,jidg; nghWj;J rt;T+L gutypd; epiyapid
%d;whf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
85. nry;ypd; cl;Gwf; fiurypd; nrwpTk; ntspg;Gwf; fiurypd; nrwpTk; xNu khjphpahf
,Ug;gJ xj;j nrwpT fiury; (isotomic)
86. nry;ypd; ntspapy; cs;s fiurypd; nrwpT cs;Ns cs;s fiurypd; nrwpit tpl FiwT.
mjdhy; ntspapypUe;J ePuhdJ> nry;ypd; cs;Ns nry;tJ Fiw nrwpT fiury;
(Hypotomic)
87. nry;ypd; ntspapy; cs;s fiurypd; nrwpT cs;Ns cs;s fiurypd; nrwpit tpl mjpfk;
. ,jdhy; epuhdJ nry;iytpl;L ntspNaWtJ kpif nrwpT fiury; (Hypertomic)
88. CLguty; xOq;FghL vd;w nrhy;yhdJ 1902 y; N`hgh; vd;gtuhy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
89. xU caphpahdJ mjd; clypd; ePhr
; ; rkepiyia xOq;Fg;gLj;jp mjd; jd;dpiy
fhj;jiyg; guhkhpf;Fk; nraNy CLguty; xOq;FghL vdg;gLk;.
90. CLguty; xOq;FghL %yk; clypy; cs;s jputq;fs; mjpfkhf ePh;j;Jg; NghfhkYk;
my;yJ mlh;T (nrwpT) kpFe;J tplhkYk; ,Ug;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
91. CLfyg;G xOq;FghL ,uz;L tifg;gLk; (CLfyg;G xj;jikthd;fs;> CLfyg;G
xOq;fikthdfs;)
92. caphpdq;fs; Rw;wpr;#oYf;Nfw;g jq;fs; clypd; CLfyg;G mlh;jj
; pia khw;wpf; nfhs;tJ
CLfyg;G xj;jikthdfs; MFk;.
93. KJFehzw;wit kw;Wk; fly; tho; caphpdq;fs; CLfyg;G xj;jikthd;fs; tifapy;
mlq;Fk;.
94. caphpdq;fs; Gwr;#oypd; jd;ik vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk; cly; nraypay; epfo;Tfs; %yk;
jq;fsJ CLguty; nrwpT> jkJ cg;Gw CLfyg;G mlh;jj
; pia epiyahd msTld;
guhkhpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ CLfyg;G xOq;fikthd;fs; vdg;;gLk;.
95. caphpdq;fs; czitf; nfhz;L Mw;wiyAk;> nry; nghUl;fisAk; cUthf;Fk; epfo;T
tsh;rpij khw;wk; %yk; rhj;jpahkhfpwJ.
96. tsh;rpij khw;wk; tsh;khw;wk; > rpij khw;wk; Mfpa epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
97. tsh;rpij khw;wk; vd;w nrhy;yhdJ czTg; nghUl;fis cilj;J Mw;wyhf khw;Wk;
epfo;r;rp vd;w nghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
98. tsh;khw;wk; vd;gJ cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Nrkpj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

190
 99. Gjpa nry;fspd; tsh;r;rp> clw;jpRf;fisg; guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; vjph;fhyj; Njitf;fhf
Mw;wiy Nrkpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;Fj; fhuzkhtJ tsh; khw;wk;.
100. tsh; khw;wj;jpd; NghJ fhh;Nghi`l;;Nul; > Gujk; kw;Wk; nfhOg;gpd; vspa
%yf;$Wfs; nghpa> rpf;fyhd %yf;$Wfshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
101. tsh; khw;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 FSf;Nfh];  fpisf;Nfh[d; gpw rh;f;fiufs;
 mkpNdhmkpyq;fs;  nehepfs;> `hh;Nkhd;fs;> Gujq;fs;
 nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs;  nfhOg;G kw;Wk; gpw ];Buha;Lfs;
102. nry;ypd; nray;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd Mw;wiy cUthf;Fk; epfo;r;rp rpij
khw;wk; MFk;.
103. rpij khw;wk; epfo;r;rpapd; NghJ nghpa %yf;$Wfs; nry;fshy; rpijf;fg;gl;L
Mw;wy; ntsptplg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Mw;wyhdJ tsh; khw;wj;jpw;fhd
vhpnghUshfTk;> cliy ntg;gg;gLj;jTk;> jir RUf;fj;jpw;Fk; kw;Wk; cly;
,af;fj;jpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
104. rpij khw;wj;jpy; rpf;fyhd Ntjp %yf;$Wfs; kpf vspa %yf;$Wfshf
rpijffg;gLtjhy; fopTg; nghUs;fs; cUthfp mit Njhy;> rpWePufq;fs; kw;Wk;
EiuaPuy;fs; topahf ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
105. rpijkhw;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
 fhh;Nghi`l;Nuhl;  FSf;Nfh];
 FSf;Nfh];  fhh;gd; il Mf;irL> ePh; kw;Wk; ntg;gk;
 Gujk;  mkpNdh mkpyk;
106. njhlh;r;rpahd tsh;rpij khw;w tpidfs; caphpapd; jd;dpiy fhj;jy; epiyiaj;
jf;f itf;fpd;wd
107. tsh;r;pij khw;w nrayhdJ clypd; madpr; rkepiyia guhkhpf;ff;
fhuzkhfpwJ
108. kdpj clypd; ,af;fk; tsh;r;rp> tshr;rp epiyfs;> nry;fs; kw;Wk; jpRf;fspd;
guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; rhp nra;jYf;F fhuzkhd epfo;r;rp rpijkhw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
109. caphpdq;fspd; gy;NtW cWg;GfspYk; tsh;rpij khw;w tpidfs; eilngWfpd;wd.

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. %yr;nry; vd;gJ xU mbg;gilnry; MFk;. ,r;nry; Njhy;nry; > jirr;nry; my;yJ

euk;Gr;nry; Nghd;w ve;j tif nry;yhfTk; khWghlilAk; jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ ,it kpf
Ez;zpa nry;fs; MFk;.
2. %yr; nry;fs; clypy; ghjpg;gile;j jpRf;fis Fzg;gLj;j my;yJ khw;wp mikf;f
cjTfpd;wd

191
3. Kdpj clypd; cs;NsNa mike;j rhpnra;Ak; mikg;ghf %yr; nry;fs; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
xU kdpjdpd; tho;ehs; ,Wjptiu ,it Gjpa nry;fis tUthf;fpf; nfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpd;wd.
4. ekJ clyhdJ fUKl;il (irNfhl;) vd;w xw;iw nry;ypypUe;Nj cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fUKl;ilahdJ njhlh;r;rpahd gy ikl;lhrp]; gpsTWjy;fs; mile;J ntt;NtW msT>
tbtk; kw;Wk; cl;nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l jpus; nry;fshyhd fUit cUthf;FfpwJ.
5. fUr;nry;fs; gbg;gbahf mtw;wpd; mikg;gpYk;> gzpapYk; khw;wq;fis milfpd;wd
,e;epfo;Tf;F nry; khWghLiljy; vd;W ngah;.
6. Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s xU tsh;e;j kdpjd; ruhrhpahf epkplj;jpw;F 15-18 Kiw %r;ir
cs;spOj;J ntsp tpLfpd;whd; fLK; clw;gapw;rpapd; NghJ ,r;Rthr tPjk; epkplj;jpw;F
25 KiwfSf;Fk; Nkyhf ,Uf;Fk;.
7. Gifgpbj;jy; EiuaPuy;fis Nrjg;gLj;JfpwJ. Gifg;gpbj;jy; Gw;W Neha;f;F fhuzkhfpwJ.
8. xNu msT FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J fhw;Ws;s Rthrk;> fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpid tpl 19
klq;F mjpf Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
9. fhw;Ws;s Rthrj;jpd; NghJ xt;nthU FSf;Nfh]; %yf;$Wk; 36 %yf;$Wfis
cUthf;fk;.
10. nuhl;b jahhpf;Fk; NghJ NfhJik khtpy; <];l; Nrh;f;fg;gLtjhy; 2 ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; nuhl;b kpUJthfTk; > cg;gpAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
11. xUth; G+uz Xa;T epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mtUf;F xU Fiwe;j mstpyhd Mw;wy;
Njitg;gLk;. me;j Mw;wiy msg;gJ mbg;gil tsh;rpij khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.

8 Mk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

tpyq;Ffspd; ,af;fk;

1. ,lk; ngah;jy; kw;Wk; ,af;fk; NtWghLfs;:

,lk; ngah;jy; ,af;fk;
Xh; caphpdk; Xhplj;jpypUe;J NtnwhU clypd; xd;W my;;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l

192
 ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;ngah;jj
; y; gFjpfshy; ,lk; my;yJ epiyia khw;Wk;
nray;
jd;dpr;irahf eilngWf;$baJ jd;dpr;irahdjhf my;yJ jd;dpr;ir
mw;wjhf ,Uf;fyhk;
,lk; ngah;jy; caphpd epiyapy; eilngWfpwJ caphpay; epiyapy; eilngWfpwJ
,lk; ngah;jYf;F Mw;wy; mtrpak; ,af;fj;jpw;F Mw;wy; Njit
Njitapy;iy

2. kz;GOtpd; cly;> xd;Wld;; xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;l gy tisaq;fshy; MdJ.

3. kz;GO ePs;tjw;Fk; RUq;Ftjw;Fk; Njitahd jirfis nfhz;Ls;sJ
4. kz;GO clypd; mbg;gFjpapy; > jirfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;l rPl;lh vdg;gLk; Vushkhd
ePl;rpfs; cs;sd.
5. kz;GOtpd; rPl;lh ePl;rpfs; jiuiag; gw;wpf; nfhs;s cjTfpd;wd
6. jirr;RUf;fk; kw;Wk; jsh;Tfis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epfo;jj
; p kz;GO kz;zpd; kPJ efh;e;J
nry;fpwJ.
7. clypy; Ruf;Fk; xU gpRgpRg;ghd jputk; kz;GO ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ
8. fug;ghd; G+r;rpapy; %d;W N[hb ,ize;j fhy;fs; cs;sd
9. fug;ghd; G+r;rpapy; %d;W N[hb fhy;fs; elf;fTk;> XlTk; kw;Wk; NkNy VwTk;
cjTfpd;wd.
10. fug;ghd; G+r;rp gwg;gjw;F ,uz;L N[hb ,wf;iffisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
11. fug;ghd; G+r;rp fhy;fspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F nghpa kw;Wk; tYthd jirfs; cjTfpd;wd
12. ifl;bd; vdg;gLk; xspg; ghJfhg;Gg; nghUshy; fug;ghd; G+r;rpapd; cly; KOtJk;
%lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
13. fug;ghd; G+r;rp clypd; rPuhd tsh;r;rpf;F cjTk; tifapy;> ifl;bd; U Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
,ilntspapy; chpfpd;wJ
14. gwitfshy; jiuapy; elf;fTk;> gwf;fTk; KbAk;.
15. gwitfspy; rPuhd cly; mikg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
16. gwitfspd; vYk;Gfs; vil Fiwe;Jk;> tYTlDk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
17. gwitfspd; vYk;Gfspd; cs;sPlw;Wk;> fhw;W ,ilntspfisf; nfhz;Lk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
18. gwitfspd; gpd;dq;fhy;fs; efq;fshf khwpAs;sd. mit gwitfs; elf;fTk; mkuTk;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
19. gwitfspd; ,wf;iffis NkYk; fPOk; mirg;gjw;F cjtf;$ba nghpa jirfisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; tifapy; khh;ngYk;Gfs; vYk;Gfs; khw;wkile;Js;sd.
20. gwitfs; gwg;gjw;Nfw;w rpwg;ghd jirfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
21. gwitfspd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs; rpwFfshf khw;wkile;Js;sd.
22. gwitfs; gwg;gjw;F cjtf;$ba ePz;l ,wFfs;> thy; kw;Wk; ,wf;iffs; nfhz;Ls;sd.
23. gwitfs; ,uz;L tifapy; gwg;gijf; fhz KbAk; (kpje;J Ch;jy;> fPopNehf;fpa; mirT )

193
24. kpje;J Ch;jy;
 kpje;J Ch;jypd; NghJ gwitapd; ,wf;iffs; kw;Wk; thy; tphpe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j mirtpy; fhw;wpd; cjtpAld; gwitfs; NkYk; fPOk; nry;fpd;wd
25. fPo;Nehf;fpa mirT
 gwitfspd; jPtpukhd gwj;jy; nrayhFk;.
 gwitfs; mtw;wpd; rpwif fPo;Nehf;fp mire;J fhw;iwj; js;Sfpd;wd.
 gwitfs; ,wf;iffis fPo; Nehf;fpa mirtpw;F gad;gLj;jfpd;wd
26. ghk;G
 ghk;gpd; cly; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd KJnfYk;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ
 mLj;jLj;j KJnfYk;Gfs;> tpyh> vYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; Njhy; Mfpait nky;ypa cly;
jirfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ghk;G efUk; NghJ mjd; gf;fq;fspy; gy tisTfis cUthf;FfpwJ.
 jiug;gug;gpd; kPJ ,e;j tisTfis ce;jpj; js;Stjd; %yk; ghk;G Kd;Ndhf;fp
efh;fpwJ. ghk;gpd; ,e;j ,af;fk; rWf;F ,af;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 gy ghk;Gfshy; ePhpy; ePe;jTk; KbAk;.
27. kPd;
 kPdf
; s; JLg;Gfspd; cjtpAld; ePe;Jfpd;wd.
 kPdf
; s; ,uz;L ,izahd JLg;GfisAk; xU ,izaw;w JLg;igAk;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ePhpy; jilapd;wp ePe;Jk; tifapy; ,jd; cly; ePz;L glFNghy; $h;ikahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 kPdf
; spd; tYthd jirfs; ePe;j cjTfpd;wd.
 kPdf
; s; ePe;Jk; NghJ mjd; Kd;gFjp xU Gwk; tise;Jk; > thy;gFjp mjw;F vjph;j;
jpirapYk; fhzg;gLk;
 kPdf
; s; mLj;j efh;tpy; Kd;gFjp vjph;gf;fkhf tisfpwJ. kPdpd; thy; gFjp
vjph;j;jpiria Nehf;fp efh;fpwJ
 kPdpd; “fhly;” vDk; thy;j; JLg;G jpiria khw;w cjTfpwJ
28. ekJ clyhdJ vYk;G kz;lyk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ rl;lf mikg;gpid cila vYk;Gg;
gFjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J clypd; ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.
29. kdpj cly; cWg;Gfspy; ,af;fq;fs;:
 fz; ,ikfspd; ,af;fk;
 ,jaj; jirfspd; ,af;fk;
 gw;fs; kw;Wk; jhilapd; ,af;fk;
 iffs; kw;Wk; fhy;fspd; ,af;fk;
 jiyapd; ,af;fk;

194
  fOj;jpd; ,af;fk;
30. ,lk;ngah;jy; kw;Wk; ,af;fk; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ %d;W tifahd
,af;fq;fs; cs;sd. (mkPgha;L ,af;fk;> rpypahp ,af;fk;> jirfspd; ,af;fk;)
31. mkPgha;L ,af;fk; Nghypf;fhy;fs; %yk; eilngWfpwJ. nry;ypy; cs;s GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
efUk; NghJ ,itAk; Nrh;e;J ,af;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd
32. Gwj;Njhypy; cs;s Nuhkk; Nghd;w ePl;rpfshfpa rpypahf;fs; vdg;gLk; ,iz cWg;Gfs;
%yk; rpypahp ,af;fk; eilnWfpwJ. ,t;tpU ,af;fq;fSk; epzePh; kz;ly nry;fspy;
eilngWfpd;wd.
33. kPdf
; spy; cs;s nrjpy;fs; Mikapd; ntspg;Gw fbd mLf;F kw;Wk; gwitfspd; ,wFfs;;
Mfpatw;iwg; Nghy Gwr;rl;lfk; clypd; cs; cWg;GfSf;F ghJfhg;gspf;fpwJ

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ )
1. ghk;GfSf;F fhy;fs; fpilahJ. Efh;tjw;Fg; mit jq;fsJ jir kw;Wk; nrjpy;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd
2. kPdf
; s; $h;;ikahd cly; mikg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd. vdNt mtw;why; ePhpd; xl;lj;Jld;
rPuhfr; nry;y KbfpwJ . cly; kw;Wk; thypy; cs;s jirfs; kw;Wk; nrjpfs; rkepiyiag;
NgZtjw;F mtw;wpw;F cjTfpd;wd.
3. rpWj;ij kzpf;F 76 fp.kP Ntfj;jpy; Xlf;$baJ
4. ePh; ahid kdpjid tpl Ntfkhf Xlf;$baJ
5. 6 fhy;fspy; elf;Fk; tpyq;FfSs; fug;ghd;G+r;rpNa Ntfkhf Xlf;$baj> mJ 1 kPl;lh;
Jhuj;ij fpl;lj;jl;l 1 tpdhbapy; flf;Fk;
6. kpf tpiuthf ePe;Jk; ghYhl;bahd lhy;gpd; xU kzp Neuj;jpy; 35 iky;fs; tiu epe;Jk;
7. %l;Lfs; vd;git ,uz;L vYk;Gfs; re;jpf;Fk; my;yJ ,izAk; ,lkhFk;. jirehh;fs;
vd;git ,izg;G jpRf;fspd; fbdkhd FWfpa gl;ilfs; MFk;. ,it xU vYk;Gld;
kw;nwhU vYk;ig ,izj;J %l;Lfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. nlz;lhd;fs; vd;git kPs;
jpRf;fshy; Mdit. mit %l;Lfspd; nray;ghl;by; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
8. %l;Lfspd; mow;rp vd;gJ nghJthf FUj;njYk;gpy; Vw;gLk; cuha;tpd; fhuzkhfNt
my;yJ %l;Lfspy; rpNdhtpay; jputk; ,y;yhjjhNyh Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; xUth;>
%l;Lfis efh;e;Jk; NghJ %l;Lfspy; fLikahd typia czh;fpwhh;. ,e;j Neha;
fPo;thjk; my;yJ %l;LtPf;fk; (Mh;j;iub];) vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. %l;Lfspy; A+hpf;
mkpyg; gbfq;fs; gbtjhYk; %l;LtPf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
9. gPkh; my;yJ njhil vYk;Ng kdpj vYk;Gf; $l;bd; kpf ePskhd kw;Wk; typikahd vYk;G
MFk;.
10. eLr;nrtpapy; cs;s “];Nlg];” vd;w vYk;Ng kdpj vYk;Gf;$l;bd; kpfr;rpwpa kw;Wk;
Nyrhd vYk;G MFk;.

195
11. kdpjd; kw;Wk; xl;lfr; rptpq;fpapd; fOj;jpy; xNu vz;zpf;ifapyhd vYk;Gfs; cs;sd.
Mdhy; Xl;lfr; rptpq;fpapd; KJnfYk;Gfs; kpf ePskhdit
12. Kbapd; Nth;fspy; jirfs; cs;sd. mit cq;fSf;F rpyph;g;Gfisf; nfhLf;fpd;wd
 Gd;diff;f 17 jirfSk;> Nfhgg;gl;l 42 jirfSk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd
 mjpfkhf Ntiy nra;Ak; jirfs; fz;zpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

9 Mk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

tpyq;Ffspd; cWg;G kz;lyq;fs;

1. cWg;G kzlyq;fspd; nray;ghLfs; :

cWg;G kz;lyk; cWg;Gfs; nray;ghLfs;
Gwr;rl;lf kz;lyk; Njhy; kw;Wk; Njhy; Rug;gpfs; ghJfhj;jy;> fopT ePf;fk;
,d;Dk; gpw
vYk;G kz;lyk; kz;ilXL> KJnfYk;Gj; Mjhuk;> tbtk; kw;Wk;
njhlh;> khh;ngYk;G> clYf;F Xh; mikg;igj;
tisaq;fs; %l;Lfs; jUjy;
jir kz;lyk; jir ehh;fs; RUq;Fjy; kw;Wk; jsh;T
fhuzkhf ,af;Fjy;
euk;G kz;lyk; %is> jz;Ltlk;> euk;Gfs; euk;Gj; Jhz;Lzh;itf;
flj;Jjy;.
,uj;j Xl;lk; kz;lyk; ,jak;> ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jk; Rthr thAf;fs; > Cl;lr;rj;Jg;

196
 Foha;fs; nghUl;fs; > fopTg;nghUl;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw flj;Jjy;
Rthr kz;lyk; Rthrg; ghij kw;Wk; EiuaPuy; Rthr
nrhpkhd kz;lyk; nrhpkhdg;ghij kw;Wk; nrhpkhdk;> cl;fpufpj;jy; kyk;
nrhpkhdr;Rug;gpfs; ntspNaw;wy;
fopT ePf;f kz;lyk; rpWePufk;> rPWePh;f; Foha;fs;> rpW Iel;u[d; fopTg;;nghUl;fis
ePh;g;ig> rpW ePh;g;Gw top ePf;fy;
,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyk; tpe;jfk; kw;Wk; mz;lfk; Ghypd capuZ cUthf;fk;
kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; ghypdg; gz;G
tsh;r;rp
czh;r;rp kz;lyk; fz;> Kf;F> fhJ > ehf;F kw;Wk; ghh;j;jy;> Efh;jy;> Nfl;ly;>
Njhy; Ritj;jy; kw;Wk; njhLjy;
ehskpy;yh Rug;gp kz;lyk; gPl;A+l;lhp> ijuha;L> midj;J cWg;G
ghuhijuha;L> ml;hpdy; > kz;lyq;fspd; nray;fisAk;
fizak;> gPdpay; Rug;gp > xUq;fpizj;jy;
ijk]; ,dg;ngUf;f Rug;gpfs;

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f > njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. ehf;F g;UDyk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; xU rt;T %yk; mbapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

thapd; fPo;gFjpf;Ff; ehf;fpwFk; ,ilNa ,J mike;Js;sJ. ekJ ehf;if ehNk
tpOq;fptplhjthW ,J jLf;fpwJ.
2. ,iug;igrhh; clw;nraypaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgth; tpy;ypak; gpA+khz;l;. mth;
,iug;igapYs;s nrwpTkpf;f i`l;NuhFNshhpf; mkpyk; jhd; nrhpkhdj;jpy; Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;Wtjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;
3. nud;dpd; xU nrhpkhd Cf;fpahFk;. Ghy; Gujkhfpa Nfrpd;id ciwa itf;fpwJ kw;Wk;
Gujk; nrhpkhdkhtij mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
4. nudpd; Md;[pNahNld;rpNdhn[d;id Md;[pNahNld;rpd;dhf khw;WfpwJ kw;Wk;
rpWePuf tbePhk
; j;jpypUe;J ePiuAk; Nrhbaj;ijAk; rPuhf cwpQ;rr; nra;fpwJ.
5. nrhpkhd kz;lyj;jpd; kpf ePskhd gFjpahd rpWFly; 5 kP ePsKilaJ. Mdhy; jbj;j
Fohahd ngUq;Fly; 1.5 kPl;lh; ePsKilaJ.
6. Kjy; rpWePuf khw;wk; 1954 Mk; Mz;by; gh];ld; efuj;jpYs;s gPl;lh ngz;l; gphpfhk;
vd;w kUj;Jtkidapy; N[hrg; , Kh;Nu vd;w kUj;JtUk; mtuJ rf Copah;fSk;
nuhdhy;L kw;Wk; hpr;rh;L n`hpf; Mfpa xj;j gz;Gila ,ul;ilah;fSf;fpilNa Kjd;

197
 Kjypy; ntw;wpfukhf rPWePuf khw;wj;ij nra;jdh;. rpWePufj;ijg;g ngw;Wf; nfhz;l
hpr;rh;L n`hpf; vl;L tUlq;fs; tho;e;J gpd; fhykhdhh;.
7. ,U rpWePufq;fSk; nkhj;jkhf 2 kpy;ypad; ne g;uhd;fisf; nfhz;L 1700 -1800 ypl;lh;
uj;jj;ij tbfl;Lfpd;wd.
8. rpWePufq;fshdJ ,uj;jj;jpd; mstpy; 99 msit kPz;Lk; cwpQ;rpf;nfhz;L kPs
toq;FfpwJ. ,uj;jj;jpYs;s kl;Lk; tbfl;lg;gl;L rpWePuhf khWfpwJ .
9. Mzpd; clypy; kpfr; rpwpa nry; tpe;J MFk;. xU rhjhuz Mzpd; tho;ehspy; 500
gpy;ypad; tpe;jZf;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf tpe;Jit cUthf;Fk; nraYf;F
tpe;jZthf;fk; (];ngh;kNlhn[dprp];) vd;W ngah;.
10. fUKl;iljhd; kpfg;nghpa kdpj nry; MFk;. fUKl;ilahdJ cUthjy; epfo;Tf;F
fUKl;il cUthf;fk; (Oogenesis ) vd;W ngah;.

10 Mk; tFg;G
jhtuq;fspd; flj;Jjy; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; Rw;Nwhl;lk;

1. ,iyfs; jahhpj;j czTg; nghUs; jhtu clypd; midj;J gFjpfSf;Fk; GNshak;

topahf flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. nry;fspd; cs;Ns kw;Wk; ntspNa nghUl;fs; flj;jg;gLtJ ,uz;L Kf;fpa Kiwfspy;
eilngWfpd;wd mit
 guty;
 Mw;wy; rhh;e;j flj;Jjy; (nray; kpF flj;Jjy;)
3. guty;
 jpl> jput> thAg; nghUl;fs; nrwpT mjpfKs;s gFjpapypUe;J nrwpT Fiwthd
gFjpf;F vt;tpj Mw;wypd; cjtpapd;wp flj;jg;gLk; epfo;r;rpNa guty; vdg;gLk;.
 ,J Xh; Mw;wy; rhuh flj;jy; epfo;r;rpahFk;.
4. nray;kpF flj;Jjy; (Mw;wy; rhh;e;j flj;Jjy;)
 Mw;wy; rhh;e;j flj;Jjypy; Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jp %yf;$Wfs; nrwpT thl;l
rhptpw;F vjpuhf flj;jg;gLfpd;wd
 Gujq;fs; Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jp nry; rt;tpd; topahf %yf;$Wfis flj;Jtjhy;
ce;jpfs; (Pumps) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

198
  ,t;tif ce;jpfs; %yf;$Wfis nrwpT Fiwthd gFjpapypUe;J nrwpT
mjpfkhd gFjpf;F flj;Jfpd;wd.(Uphill Movement)
5. rt;T+L guty; (M];kh]p];)
 ---xU miu flj;J rt;tpd; topahf fiug;ghd; my;yJ ePh; %yf;$Wfs; mjd;
nrwpT mjpfkhf cs;s gFjpapypUe;J nrwpT Fiwe;j gFjpf;F flj;jg;gLk;.
 rt;T+L guty; ePh; my;yJ fiug;ghd %yf;$wpd; Mw;wy; rhuh flj;jy;
epfo;r;rpahFk;
6. gpsh];kh rpijT (caph;kr; RUf;fk; - Plasmolysis)
 xU jhtur; nry;iy i`gh;lhdpf; fiurypy; (caph; cg;G mlh;T fiury;) itf;Fk;
NghJ nry;ypypUe;J ePh; ntspNaWtjhy; GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; nry; Rtiu tpl;L
tpyfp RUq;fp tpLfpwJ. ,jw;F gpsh];kh rpijT vd;W ngah;.
 capuw;w jhtug; nghUl;fs; ePhpy; itf;fg;gLk;NghJ ePhpid cwpQ;rp cg;Gfpd;w
epfo;r;rp cs;sPh;jj
; y; vdg;gLk;.
7. ePiu cs;nsLf;Fk; cWg;Gfs; - Nth;j;Jhtp
 xU jhtu Nthpd; Edpapy; gy Nfhbf;fzf;fhd Nth;jJ
; htpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,it kz;zpypUe;J ePiuAk; > fdpkq;fisAk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.
 Nthpd; Gwj;Njhy; nry;fspd; ePl;rpfNs Nth;j;JhtpfshFk;.
 Nth;jJ
; htpfs; nkd;ikahdit > nky;ypa RtUilait kw;Wk; xU nry;yhy;
Mdit
8. cwpQ;rg;gl;l ePh; Nthpy; nry;Yk; ghij
 ePuhdJ rt;T+L gutypd; fhuzkhf Nth;jJ
; htpapypUe;J Gwzp nry;fs; topahf
mfj;Njhypy; Eioe;J iryj;ij milfpwJ.
 gpd;G iryj;jpypUe;J ePuhdJ Nky; Nehf;fp jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfSf;F
flj;Jg;gLfpwJ.
9. Nth;jJ
; htpapd; %yk; cwpQ;rg;;gl;l ePuhdJ Nthpd; cl;Gw mLf;fpw;F ,uz;L jdpj;jdp
topfspy; nry;fpd;wd mit:
 mg;Nghgpsh];l; top
 rpk;gpsh];l; top
10. mg;Nghgpsh];l; top
 mg;Nghgpsh];l; topapy; ePuhdJ KOf;f nry;Rth; kw;Wk; nry; ,ilntspapd;
topahfr; nry;fpwJ.
 ,t;tif flj;Jjypd; ePuhdJ vt;tpj rt;tpidAk; flf;fhky; nry;fpwJ.
 ,e;j tif flj;Jjypy; nrwptpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
11. rpk;gpsh];l; top

199
  ,k;Kiwapy; ePuhdJ nry;ypd; topahf nry;fpwJ. mjhtJ nry;ypd; gpsh];kh
rt;tpy; Eioe;J irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpid fle;J gpsh];Nkh nl];Nkl;lh topahf
mUfpYs;s nry;fSf;F nry;fpwJ.
 rpk;gpsh];l; tif flj;Jjy; nrwpT rhptpd; mbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sd.
12. ePuhtpg; Nghf;F:
 jhtuj;jpd; Gw cWg;GfspypUe;J Fwpg;ghf ,iyapd; Gwj;Njhy; Jis topahf
ePuhdJ Mtpahf ntspNaWtNj ePuhtpg;Nghf;F vdg;gLk;.
 jhtuq;fspy; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fhdJ %d;W tifg;gLk; mit
 ,iyj;Jis ePuhtpg;Nghf;F „ mjpf msT ePuhtpg;Nghf;F
 fpA+l;bf;fps; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F „ Fiwe;j msT epuhtpg;Nghf;F
 gl;ilj;Jis ePuhtpg;Nghf;F- Fiwe;j msT ePuhtpg;Nghf;F
13. Nth; mOj;jk;:
 kz;zpYs;s fdpkq;fs; Nthpy; flj;Jk; jpRf;fSf;F Mw;wy; rhh; flj;jypd; %yk;
nry;Yk; NghJ mjDld; Nrh;e;J ePUk; flj;Jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; iryj;jpd; cs;Ns
mOj;jk; mjpfkhfpwJ. ,e;j mOj;jNk Nth; mOj;jk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,jd; fhuzkhf ePuhdJ jz;by; rpwpJ cauk; js;sg;gLfpwJ.
 ,uT Neuq;fspy; ePH; flj;Jtjw;F NtuOj;jk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ
14. fdpkq;fspd; cs;nsLg;G:
 Njitahd midj;J jdpkq;fisAk; Nth;fs; Mw;wy; rhuh flj;Jjy; %yk;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy;iy
 fdpkq;fs; kz;zpy; madpfshf cs;sjhy; mit rt;tpd; tpopahf vspjpy; Gf
KbahJ
 kz;zpYs;s fdpkq;fspd; nrwpT Nth;fspd; nry;fspy; cs;s nrwptpid tplf;
Fiwthf cs;sJ. MfNt ngUk;ghyhd fdpkq;fs; Mw;wy; rhh;e;j flj;Jjy;
%ykhf Nthpd; Gwj;Njhy; irl;Nlhgpshrk; topahf cs; EiofpwJ. ,jw;F
Njitahd Mw;wiy apd; %yk; ngWfpwJ.
 gpd;G ePuhtpg; Nghf;fpd; ,Otpirapd; fhuzkhf midj;J ghfq;fSf;Fk;
flj;Jg;gLfpwJ.
15. fdpk madpfs; flj;jg;gLjy;
 rpy jhtuq;fspy; %g;gile;j cjpUk; epiyapYs;s ,iyfspy; cs;s jdpkq;fs;
,sk; ,iyfSf;F ,lk; ngah;fpd;wd. ,e;epfo;r;rp ,iyAjph; jhtuq;fs;
eilngWfpwJ.
 gh];gu]; > ry;gh;> iel;u[d; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak; Mfpait kpf tpiuthf ,lk;
ngaUk; jdpkq;fshFk;. fhy;rpak; vspjpy; ,lk; ngah;tjpy;iy
16. GNshaj;jpy; flj;Jjy;:

200
  ,iyfspd; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l czthdJ GNshaj;jpd; topahf Nrkpf;Fk;
gFjpf;Nfh my;yJ Njitahd gFjpf;Nfh flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 GNshaj;jpd; flj;Jk; $Wfshf ry;yilj; jl;Lld; $ba ry;yilf; Foha;
cs;sJ.
 ry;;yilf; Foha; nry;fspy; cs;s ry;yilj; Jisapd; topahf czthdJ
irl;Nlhgpshr ,ioapd; %yk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 czT cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lkhd ,iyfs; Njhw;WthahfhTk; (Source) Nrkpf;Fk;
my;yJ Njitahd ,lk; Njf;fplkhfTk; (Sink) fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 czT ,lk; ngah;tJ Nky; Nehf;fpNah my;yJ fPo; Nehf;fpNah (,U jpirfspy;)
eilngWfpwJ. Mdhy; iryj;jpy; ePuhdJJ Nky;Nehf;fp (xU jpirapy; ) kl;LNk
,lk; ngah;fpwJ.
17. Rf;Nuh]; ,lk;ngah;jy;:
 Rf;Nuh]; Njhw;WthapypUe;J Njf;fplj;jpw;F ,lk;ngah;tJ mOj;j khWghl;L
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb eilngWfpwJ.
 Xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; %yk; cUthd FSf;Nfh]; Rf;N
; uh]hf khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
Rf;N
; uh]; Kjypy; GNshaj;jpd; Jiz nry;fSf;F flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 gpd;G Mw;wy;rhh; flj;jy; %yk; ry;yilf; FohapDs; nry;fpwJ. ,e;epfo;r;rpahy;
GNshaj;jpy; nry;fs; ,jd; fhuzkhf i`gh;lhdpf; ( cah; mlh;T fiury; )
epiyia milfpwJ.
18. rhNww;wk; (Ascent of Sap)
 Nth;fspd; %yk; cwpQ;rg;gl;l ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; Nky; Nehf;fpa flj;Jjy; %yk;
jhtuq;fspd; gpwgFjpfSf;F nry;tJ rhNww;wk; vdg;gLk;
 rhNww;wj;jpd; gbepiyfs;
 Nth; mOj;jk;
 Ez;Jis <h;g;G tpir (je;Jfpf; Foha; tpir)
 ePh; %yf;$Wfspd; $l;bizT kw;Wk; xl;bizT
 ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; tpir
19. Nth; mOj;jk;
 kz;zpy; cs;s ePh; Nth;jJ
; htpfSf;F rt;T+Lg;gutypd; fhuzkhfr; nry;fpwJ.
Nth; mOj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf ePuhdJ NthpypUe;J Nky; Nehf;fp jz;bd;
mbg;gFjpf;Fr; nry;fpwJ.
20. Ez;Jis <h;g;G tpir (je;Jfpf;Foha; tpir):
 ePh; my;yJ ve;j xU jputKk; Ez;Jisf; Foha;fspy; ,aw;gpay; tpirapd;
fhuzkhf NkNyWfpwJ. ,jw;F Ez; Jis <h;g;G tpir vd;W ngah;.
 mNj Nghy; jz;bYk; ePuhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l cauk; tiu Ez;Jis <h;g;G tpirapd;
fhuzkhf flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

201
21. ePh; %yf;$Wfspd; $l;bizT kw;Wk; xl;bizT:
 $l;bizT kw;Wk; xl;bizT tpirfspd; xUq;fpize;j nray;ghl;bd;
fhuzkhf ePuhdJ iryj;jpy; xU njhlh;r;rpahd ePhj
; j
; k;gkhf cs;sJ.
 ePh; %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa cs;s <h;g;G tpir $l;bizT vdg;gLk;.
 gy;NtW tifahd %yf;$WfspilNa fhzg;gLk; <h;g;G tpir xl;bizT
vdg;gLk;. ePh; %yf;$Wfs; iryf;Fohapd; RtUld; xl;biztpd; fhuzkhf
gpize;Js;sd
22. ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; ,Otpir:
 ,iyj;Jisapd; topahf eilngWk; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; fhuzkhf xU ntw;wplk;
cz;lhFk;. ,jdhy; xU ,Otpir cz;lhf;Fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tpirNa
ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; ,Otpir vdg;gLk;.
 ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; ,Otpirapd; fhuzkhf iryj;jpDs; cs;s ePhj
; j
; k;gkhdJ kpf
cah;e;j jhtuq;fspYk; NkNyWfpwJ.

epzePh; kz;lyk;
1. epzePh; kz;lykhdJ epzePh;> epzePh;j; je;Jfpfs;> epzePh; ehsq;fs;> epzePh; Kbr;Rfs;
kw;Wk; epzePhf
; ; Foha;fis cs;;slf;fpaJ.
2. rpwpa Kl;il my;yJ Nghpf;fha; tbtKila epzePh; Kbr;Rfs; epzePh; ehsq;fspd;
ghijapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. epzePh; je;Jfpfspd; nry; ,ilntspapy; epzePh; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. ,uj;jj; je;Jfpfspd; Rth;fspy; cs;s Jisfspd; topahf gpsh];kh> Gujq;fs; kw;Wk;
,uj;j nry;fs;> jpRf;fspd; nry; ,ilntspfSf;Fs; CLUTk; NghJ epwkw;w epzePuhf
cUthfpwJ.
5. ,J ,uj;j gpsh];khit xj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; epwkw;wJ kw;Wk; Fiwe;j msT Gujj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
6. epzePh; gzpfs;:
 ,uj;jk; vLj;Jr; nry;y ,ayhj gFjpfSf;F Cl;lg;nghUl;fisAk; kw;Wk;
Mf;rp[idAk; toq;FfpwJ
 ,J mjpfg;gbahd jpR jputj;ijAk;> tsh;rpij khw;wg; nghUl;fisAk; jpRf;fspd;
,ilntspfspypUe;J Gujq;fisAk; ,uj;jj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
 ,J rpW Flypdhy; cwpQ;rg;gl;l nfhOg;gpid ,uj;jj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
FlYwpQ;rpfspy; fhzg;glf;$ba epzePhj
; ; je;Jfpfs; nrhpf;fg;gl;l nfhOg;gpid
cwpQ;Rfpd;wd
 epzePhpy; cs;s ypk; Nghirl;Lfs; cliy Neha;jj
; hf;FjypypUe;J
ghJfhf;fpd;wd.

202
NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
1. mjpfhiyg; nghOjpy; Gw;fspy; Nky; gdpj;Jspfs; Nghy; ePhj
; J
; spfisg; ghh;jj
; pUg;Nghk;.
jhtuq;fspy; fhw;wpy; <ug;gjk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ePUhtpg;Nghf;fpd; tPjk; FiwAk;.
cwpQ;rg;gLk; ePh; jhtuj;jpd; Nthpy; xU mOj;jj;ij cUthf;Fk;. ,e;j mjpfg;gbahd ePh;
jhtu ,iyfspd; tpspk;Gfspy; ePuhf tbfpwJ. ,jw;F ePh; tbjy; ( Guttation) vd;W ngah;.
,t;thW ePh; tbjy; xU rpwg;ghd Jis topahf ntspNaWfpwJ. ,j;Jis ePhR
; ug;gp
my;yJ i`lNjhL vdg;gLk;.
2. ghYhl;bfspd; apy; nry; Ez;ZWg;GfSk; cl;fUTk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
3. ghYhl;bfspd; apy; cl;fU ,y;yhjpUg;gjpdhy; mr;nry;yhdJ ,UGwKk; Fope;j
mikg;igg; ngw;W> mjpfsT Mf;rp[d; ,iztjw;fhd Nkw;gug;gpidg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
4. y; ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah ,y;yhjpUg;gjhy; mjpf msT Mf;rp[d; jpRf;fSf;F
flj;Jtij mDkjpf;fpwJ.
5. vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; ,y;yhjpUg;gjpdhy; nky;ypa ,uj;jj; je;JfpfSf;Fs; mjpf
kPSk; jd;ik ngw;w vspjhf CLUTfpwJ.
6. ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwjy; mdPkpah
7. ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;jy; ypA+f;Nfhirl;Nlhrp];
8. ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwjy; ypA+f;Nfhgpdpah
9. ,uj;jj; jl;Lf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwjy; jpuhk;Nghirl;Nlhgpdpah
10. tpy;ypak; `hh;tp (1628) etPd clw;nraypaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,th; %ba
,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyj;jpidf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
11. `p]; (1893) Vl;hpNah ntz;l;hpf;Fyhh; fw;iwfisf; fz;lwpe;jhh; . mjdhy; ,J `p];
fw;iw vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
12. epA+Nuhn[dpf; kw;Wk; ikNahn[dpf; ,jaj; Jbg;G
 euk;Gj; Jhz;lypdhy; epA+Nuhn[dpf; ,jaj;Jbg;G cz;lhfpwJ. ,j;Jhz;ly;
,jaj;jpd; mUfpy; cs;s euk;G Kbr;rpdhy; Jhz;lg;gLfpwJ. v.fh tisjirg;
GOf;fs;> ngUk;ghyhd fZf;fhypfs;.
 ikNahn[dpf; ,jaj; Jbg;ghdJ khWghlile;j rpwg;Gj; jd;ik tha;e;j
,jaj;jir ehh;fshy; Jhz;lg;gLfpwJ. v.fh nky;Ylypfs;> KJnfYk;Gfs;.

203
 10 Mk; tFg;g
caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G epiyfs;

1. tpyq;Fyfk; vd;gJ KFJehz; cs;sjd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L gphpTfshfg;

gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (KJF ehZs;sit> KJF ehz; mw;wit)
2. ml;ilapd; tpyq;fpay; ngah; `pUbNdhpah fpuhDNyhrh (Hirdinaria Granulosa)
3. `pUbNdhpah fpuhZNyhrhtpd; (,e;jpaf; fhy;eil ml;il ) tifg;ghl;Lepiy:
njhFjp tisjirg; GOf;fs;
tFg;G `pUbdpah
Thpir Nej;Njhg;nlyplh
Nghpdk; `pUbdhpah
rpw;wpdk; fpuhZNyhrh

4. `pUbNdhpah fpuhDNyhrh (,e;jpaf; fhy;eil ml;il) ,e;jpah> tq;fNjrk;> ghfp];jhd;>

kpahd;kh;> ,yq;if MfpaehLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
5. Gw xl;Lz;zpfshfTk; > kPdf
; s; > jtisfs; fhy;eilfs; kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; ,uj;jj;ij
cwpQ;Rk; rhq;fpNthu]; (,uj;j cwpQ;rpfs; ) tifapdthfTk; ml;ilfs; cs;sd.
6. ml;il 35 nr.kP ePsk; tiu tsuf; $baJ.
7. ml;il clypd; KJFg;gFjpahdJ Mypt; gr;ir epwk; nfhz;lJ.
8. ml;ilapd; tapw;Wg; gFjpahdJ MuQ;R kQ;rs; (m) MuQ;R rptg;G epwk; nfhz;lJ.
9. ml;ilapd; clypy; nkl;lhnkhprf; fz;l mikg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
10. ml;ilapd; cly; 33 fz;lq;fs; (m) Nrhikl;Lfs; vd;w gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
11. ,dg;ngUf;f fhyj;jpy; $l;il (ff;$d; )cUthf;Ftjw;fhf 9 Kjy; 11 MtJ fz;lk;
tiuapy; jw;fhypf fpisnly;yk; cUthfpwJ.
12. ml;il clypd; KJFg;Gwj;jpy; Kjy; Ie;J fz;lq;fspy; Ie;J ,iz fz;fs; cs;sd.
13. ml;ilapd; tisa czh;Ntw;gpfs; xt;nthU tisaj;jpYk;> fz;l czh;Ntw;gpfs;
xt;nthU fz;lj;jpd; Kjy; tisaj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
14. ml;ilapd; ,uz;L xl;LwpQ;rpfs; cs;sd. (Kd; xl;LwpQ;rp> gpd; xl;LwpQ;rp)
15. ml;il clypd; Kd; Kidapy; cs;s xl;LwpQ;rp Kd; xl;LwpQ;rp (m) tha; xl;LwpQ;rp
Kjy; Ie;J fz;lq;fis Mf;fpukpj;J mike;Js;sJ
16. clypd; ,Wjp VO fz;lq;fs; xd;wpize;J gpd; xl;LwpQ;rpia cUthf;Ffpd;wd

204
17. Kd; xl;LwpQ;rp > gpd; xl;LwpQ;rp ,uz;Lk; xl;bf; nfhs;sTk;> ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;Fk;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
18. ml;ilapd; > Kd; xl;LwpQ;rpahdJ czT+l;lj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.
19. ml;ilapd; Gwj;Jisfs; tha;> kyj;Jis> neg;hb
P aj;Jis> Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jis>
ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; Jis
20. ml;ilapd; Kd; xl;LwpQ;rpapd; ikaj;jpy; tha; fhzg;gLfpwJ
21. kyj;Jis: rpWJisahdJ ,J 26 MtJ fz;lj;jpy; KJFg;Gw ika (Mid dorsal)
gFjpapy; jpwf;fpwJ.
22. neg;hPbaq;fs; 17 ,iz neg;hb
P aj; Jisfs; %yk; clypd; ntspg;gFjpapy; jpwf;fpd;wd.
,j;Jisfs; 6 Kjy; 22 tiuapyhd fz;lq;fspy; xt;nthU fz;lj;jpd; filrp
tisaj;jpd; tapw;Wg;gFjpapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
23. Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jis 10 MtJ clw;fz;lj;jpd; ,uz;L kw;Wk; %d;whtJ
tisaq;fspd; tapw;Wg;gFjpapd; ikaj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
24. ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jis 11 MtJ fz;lj;jpd; ,uz;L kw;Wk; %d;whtJ
tisaq;fspd; tapw;Wg; gFjpapd; ikaj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
25. ml;ilapd; cly; MW gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
gFjpfs; fz;lq;fs;
jiyg;gFjp Kjy; Ie;J fz;lq;fs; (1-5) tiu
Kd; fpisnly;yg; gFjp 6>7> kw;Wk; 8 MtJ fz;lq;fs; tiu
fpisnly;yg; gFjp 9>10 kw;Wk; 11 MtJ fz;lq;fs; tiu
eLg;gFjp 12 Kjy; 22 tiu
gpd; my;yJ thy; gFjp 23 Kjy; 26 tiu
gpd; xl;LwpQ;rpg;gFjp 27 Kjy; 33 tiu

26. ml;ilapd; clw;Rth; Ie;J mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;lJ

fpA+l;bfps; ntsp mLf;F
Gwj;Njhy; fpA+l;bfpis xl;b mbapy; fhzg;gLtJ
Njhy; Gwj;NjhYf;F mbapy; fhzg;gLtJ
,izg;G jpRthy;
jir mLf;F tl;l kw;Wk; ePs;thl;Lj; jirfshy; MdJ
Nghl;hpaha;ly; jpR ePs;jirfSf;Ff; fPNo cs;sJ. czTf;
Fohiar; Rw;wp> clw;Fop KOtJk;
epuk;gpAs;sJ

27. ml;il ,uz;L Kiwapy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;fpwJ.

 jsj;jpy; tisjy; my;yJ Ch;jy; Kiwapy;
 ePhpy; ePe;Jjy; Kiwapy;

205
28. ml;ilapd; rPuhd kz;lykhdJ ePz;l czTg;ghijiaAk;> rPuhd Rug;gpfisAk;
nfhz;lJ.
29. ml;ilapd; czTf;Foy;:
 ml;ilapd; czTg;ghij tha; Kjy; kyj;Jis tiu ePz;Ls;s Neuhd FoyhFk;.
 %d;W Muj; Jisahyhd tha; Kd; xl;LwpQ;rpapd; ikag;gFjpapy;; mike;J rpwpa
tha;f;FopapDs; ePs;fpwJ.
 tha;f;Fohapd; RtuhdJ xU thpirapyike;j Ez;zpa gw;fisf; nfhz;l %d;W
jhilfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ckpo;ePhr
; ; Rug;gpfspd; jpwg;Gfisf; nfhz;l ghg;gpy;yhf;fSk; jhilfspy; cs;sd.
 thAk;> tha;f;FopAk; Kjy; Ie;J fz;lq;fs; Mf;fpukpj;Js;sd.
 ,uj;jk; ciwe;JNghtijj; jLf;Fk;; `pUbd; vd;w nghUs; ml;ilapd; copo;ehP py;
cs;sJ.
 njhz;ilahdJ FWfpa Fl;ilahd czTf;Foha; %yk; jPdpg;igAld;
,izfpwJ.
 czTg;ghijapd; kpfg;nghpa gFjp jPdpg;ig MFk;. ,J njhlh;r;rpahf mike;j 10
miwfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 xt;nthU miwapd; gf;fthl;bYk; gpd;Ndhf;fp ePz;l> Xhpiz ig Nghd;w
Fly;thy;fs; my;yJ ilth;bFyh mike;Js;sd.
 nkJthf nrhpg;gjw;F jPdpg;igAk;> mjd; Fly;thYk; mjpfsT cwpQ;rg;gl;l
czthd ,uj;jj;ij Nrkpj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
30. czT> czT+l;lk; > [Puzk;:
 tha;f;F ntspg;Gwkhf JUj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;s jhilfspd; %yk; tpUe;Njhk;gpapd;
Njhypy; %d;W Mu my;yJ tbt fhaj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 [Puzkhfhj czthd ,uj;jk; jPdpg;ig miwfspYk;> Fly;thypYk;
Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jPdpg;igapypUe;J RUf;Fj;Jisfs; %yk; tapw;Wf;F ,uj;jkhdJ > nrhl;L
nrhl;lhf mDg;gg;gLfpwJ.
 Guj;r; [Puz nehjp %yk; tapw;wpy; [Puzk; eilngWfpwJ. nrhpf;fg;glhj czT
kyf;Flypy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;L> kyj;Jis topNa ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ.
31. ml;ilapd; fz;l mikg;G
Gw kw;Wk; mf mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;
fz;l mikg;G 33 fz;lq;fs;
Kd; xl;LwpQ;rp> tha;> fz;fs; 1 Kjy; 5 tiuahd fz;lq;fs;
gpd; xl;LwpQ;rp 27 Kjy; 33 tiuahd fz;lq;fs;
njhz;il 5 Kjy; 8 tiuahd fz;lq;fs;
jPdpg;ig 9 Kjy; 18 tiuahd fz;lq;fs;

206
 tapW 19 MtJ fz;lk;
Fly; 10 Kjy; 22 tiuahd fz;lq;fs;
kyf;Fly; 23 Kjy; 26 tiuahd fz;lq;fs;
kyj;Jis 26 MtJ fz;lk;
neg;hb
P aj; Jisfs; 6 Kjy; 22 tiuahd fz;lq;fs;
Mz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; Jis 10 MtJ fz;lk;
ngz; ,dg;ngUf;fj; Jis 11 MtJ fz;lk;

32. ml;il xh; ,Ughy; caphp Vnddpy; xNu caphpay; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f
kz;lyq;fs; cs;sd.
33. fU tsh;r;rp
 mf fUTWjy; eilngWfpwJ. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J ff;$d; cUthfpwJ. ff;$d;
Kl;ilf;$L vdg;gLk. ,J 9>10 kw;Wk; 11 MtJ fz;lq;fisr; Rw;wp cUthfpwJ.
 fU tsh;r;rp NeubahdJ. Kl;ilf; $l;bDs; 1 Kjy; 24 fUf;fs; tsh;fpd;wd.
34. Kaypd; tpyq;fpay; ngah; xhpf;NlhNyf]; fpA+dpFy];
35. Xhpf;NlhNyf]; fpA+dpFy]; (Kay;) tifg;ghl;L epiy:
njhFjp KJF ehzpfs;
Jizj; njhFjp KJnfYk;gpfs;
tFg;G ghYhl;bfs;
Thpir NyNfhkhh; gh
Nghpdk; Xhpf;NlhNyf];
rpw;wpdk; fpA+dpFy];

36. Kaypd; gy;yikg;G

 gw;fs; fbdkhd> vYk;G Nghd;w mikg;G ,it czTg; nghUl;fis
ntl;Ltjw;Fk;> nky;Ytjw;Fk; miug;gjw;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 Kay; jd; tho;ehspy; ,U njhF gw;fisg; ngWfpwJ. ,t;thW xU tpyq;fpd;
tho;ehspy; ,U njhFjp gw;fs; fhzg;gLk; epiy “,U Kiw” Njhd;Wk; gy;yikg;G
vdg;gLfpwJ
 Kaypd; gw;fs; ntt;NtW tifapid nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifa gy;yikg;Gf;F
“khWgl;l gy;yikg;G” vd;W ngah;
 ghYhl;bfspy; ehd;F tifg; gw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 ntl;Lk; gw;fs; (I)> Nfhiug; gw;fs; (c) > Kd;filtha; gw;fs; (PM)> gpd; fil
tha;g;gw;fs; (M)
 Kaypd; gy tha;g;ghL (I 2/1> C 0/0, PM 3/2, M3/3 ) ,J gpd;tUkhW vOjg;gLk;
2033/1023 KaYf;F Nfhiug; gw;fs; fpilahJ.

207
  Kaypd; ntl;Lk; gw;fSf;Fk; Kd; filtha;g; gw;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
,ilntspg; gFjp lah];Bkh my;yJ gy; ,ilntsp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
37. Kaypd; Rthr kz;lyk;:
 xt;nthU EiuaPuYk; g;Suh vd;w ,ul;ilr; rt;Tfshy; Md ciwahy;
#og;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ntspg;Gwf; fhw;W> Gw ehrpj;Jisfs; topahf Rthrg; ghijapy; Eioe;J
njhz;ilia milfpwJ.
 Kr;Rf; Fohapd; Nkw;gFjp mfd;W Fuy; ngl;bahf khwpAs;sJ. Nyhpq;]; vdg;gLk;
,f;Fuy; ngl;bapd; Rth; ehd;F FUj;njYk;Gj; jfLfshy; tYT+l;lg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 Fuy; ngl;bapDs; cs;s Fuy; ehz;fs; mjph;tiltjhy; xyp cUthfpwJ .
 Fuy; ngl;b buf;fpah my;yJ %r;Rf; Fohahfj; njhlh;fpwJ.
38. Kaypd; Rthrr; nraypay;:
 Rthr epfo;Tfs; cl;Rthrk; (fhw;iw cs;spOj;jy;) kw;Wk; ntspr;Rthrk; (fhw;iw
ntspj; js;Sjy;) Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ. ,e;epfo;Tfs; %yk; thA ghpkhw;wk;
epfo;fpwJ. cl;Rthrk; xU nray;kpF epfo;thFk; Mdhy; ntspr;Rthrk; xU ke;j
epfo;thFk;.
39. Kaypd; Rw;Nwhl;l kz;lyk;:
 Kaypd; ,jak; Nghpf;fha; tbtk; cilaJ
 Kaypd; ,jak; nghpfhh;bak; vd;w ,ul;ilr; rt;Tfshy; Md ciwahy;
#og;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Kaypd; ,jak; ehd;F miwfisf; nfhz;lJ
 Kaypd; ,jaj;jpy; %tpjo; thy;T> <hpjo; thy;T my;yJ kpl;uy; thy;T> miur;re;jpu
thy;T Mfpa thy;Tfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
40. Kaypd; euk;g kz;lyk;:
 Kaypd; euk;G kz;lyk; ika euk;G kz;lyk; ( ) >Gw mikg;G euk;G kz;lyk;
(PNS) kw;Wk; jhdpaq;F euk;G kz;lyk; (ANS) Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
 ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpy; %isAk; jz;LtlKk; mlq;fpAs;sd.
 GwmikT euk;G kz;lyj;jpy; 12 ,iz %is euk;GfSk;> 37 ,iz jz;Ltl
euk;GfSk; cs;sd.
 jhdpaq;F euk;G kz;lykhdJ NkYk; ghpT kw;Wk; ,izg; ghpT euk;G
kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 %is kz;ilNahl;bDs; mike;Js;sJ. ,J %d;W rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
ntspr;rt;T bA+uhNkl;lh; vdTk;> cl;rt;T gahNkl;lh; vdTk;> ,ilr;rt;T
muf;dha;L ciw vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 %isahdJ Kd;%is> eL%is kw;Wk; gpd;%is vdg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

208
  Kd;%is Xhpiz Efh;r;rpf; fJg;Gfs; ngU %is miuf;;Nfhsq;fs; kw;Wk;
ilad; nr gyhd; Mfpa gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ngU%is miuf;Nfhsq;fs; ,uz;Lk; fhh;g]; fNyhrk; vd;w FWf;F euk;Gg;
gl;ilahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
 eL%is> ghh;itf; Nfhsq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpd; %isap; rpW%is> ghd;];>
ntNuhyp kw;Wk; KFsk; Mfpait cs;sd.
41. Kaypd; fopTePff
; kz;lyk;:
 rpWePufq;fs; fUQ;rptg;G epwKk;> mtiu tpij tbtKk; nfhz;L tapw;wiwapy;
mike;Js;sd. xt;nthU rpWePufKk; gy ne g;uhd;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l
nkl;lhne g;hpf; tifiar; Nrh;e;jjhFk;.
 rpWePufq;fs; ,uj;jj;jpypUe;J iel;u[d; rhh; fopTg; nghUs;fisg; gphpj;njLj;J>
A+hpah tbtpy; ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd.

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J
nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
1. ml;ilfSf;F fhJ ,y;;iy. mit mjph;Tfisj; Njhy; %yk; czh;fpd;wd.
2. ml;ilfs; 2 Kjy; 10 rpwpa fz;fs; %yk; czit milahsk; fhz;fpd;wd.
3. ml;il jkJ cly; viliag; Nghd;W Ie;J klq;F mjpf ,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;Rk; msTf;Fg;
ngUk; grp nfhz;lit.
4. ml;il jdJ KO czitAk; nrhpj;J> cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;s Xuhz;Lf;Fk; NkyhfpwJ.
5. ml;ilfs; ,uj;j ciwitj; jLj;J> ,uj;j Xl;lj;ij tpiuTgLj;Jtjpy; nray;jpwd;
kpf;fit. Rw;Nwhl;lf; FiwghLfisAk;> ,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyk; njhlh;ghd Neha;fisAk;
ml;ilfs; Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; ml;ilapd; ckpo;ePhpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gLk;
Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; cah; ,uj;j mOj;jj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
6. Fs;s KayhdJ mopAk; mgha epiyapYs;s tpyq;F vd 1990 ,y; th\pq;ldpy;
gl;bayplg;gl;lJ. thopl ,og;ghy; ,k;Kaypd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> guTYk; Fiwe;J NghdNj
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; . khh;r; 2003 ,y; nfhyk;gpah tbepy Fs;s Kay; mopAk; epiyapYs;s
tpyq;F vd mwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
10 Mk; tFg;G
euk;G kz;lyk;

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

209
1. xt;nthU epA+uhDk; 1000 euk;G Jhz;ly;fis xU tpdhb Neuj;jpy; flj;jf; $bait.
NkYk; gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd euk;gpil ,izg;Gfis gpw epA+uhd;fNshL
cUthf;ff; $bait
2. “nkdpQ;irb];” vd;gJ %is ciwfspy; Vw;gLk; tPff
; k; MFk;. %is ciwiar; Rw;wp
cs;s jputj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Neha;j; njhw;why; ,e;j tPf;fk; cz;lhfpwJ. itu]; kw;Wk;
ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; Neha;j; njhw;W ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhfpwJ.
3. kdpj %isapd; 60 gFjp nfhOg;ghyhdJ > ekJ %isia xd;wpizf;Fk; kw;Wk;
nray;gLk; jpwDf;F fhuzkhdit mj;jpahtrpakhd nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs;. ,it ek;khy;
cw;gj;jp nra;a ,ayhj fhuzj;jhy; cztpy; %yNk ngw KbAk;. kPd>; gr;ir fha;fwpfs;>
ghjhk;> thJik nfhl;il Mfpatw;wpy; mj;jpahtrpakhd nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; (EFA)
mjpfk; cs;sJ.
4. vyf;Nuh vd;nr g;Nyh fpuhk; (EEG) vd;gJ %isapy; cz;lhff;$ba kpd; mjph;Tfis
gjpT nra;Ak; fUtp. ,J %isapd; nray;ghl;by; Vw;gLk; mrhjhuzkhd %is
miyfis fz;LzuTk;> %isapy; Vw;gLk;. cldb khw;wq;fs; > %isf;fl;b jiyapy;
Vw;gLk; fhaq;fs;> typg;G Nghd;w Neha;fis fz;LzuTk; gad;gLfpwJ..

10 Mk; tFg;G
jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F `hh;Nkhd;fs;

1. fpsh;r;rp vd;W nghUs;gLk; `hh;kd; vd;Dk; fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J `hh;Nkhd; vd;w
nrhy; cUthfpaJ.
2. jhtu `hh;Nkhd;fspd; tiffs; Ie;J
 Mf;rpd;fs; (jhtu tsh;r;rpf;fhf)

210
  irl;Nlhifdpd;fs; (jhtu %g;ig jhkjg;gLj;Jjy;)
 [pg;uy;ypd;fs; (tpij Kisf;f)
 mg;rprpf; mkpyk; (tpijapd; Xa;T fhyj;jpy; gad;gLk;)
 vj;jpypd; (gok; gOg;gjw;F)
3. Mf;rpd;
 jhtu `hh;Nkhd;fs;py; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lgpbf;fg;gl;lit Mf;rpd;fs;
 Mf;rpd; vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfk; nra;tjh; fhy; kw;Wk; `h[d; ];kpj; (1931)
 Mf;rpd;fs; Nth; kw;Wk; jz;bd; Edpapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 Nth;fspd; Gtpehl;lj;jpw;F gad;gLtJ Mf;rpd;
 cjph;jiy jLj;jYf;F gad;gLtJ Mf;rpd;
 jz;L ePl;rpia fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ Mf;rpd; kw;Wk; [pg;uypd;
 rhh;y]; lhh;tpd; 1880 y; Nfdphp Gy;( gyhhp]; fdhhpad;]p];) jhtuj;jpy;
%isf;FUj;J ciwahdJ xspapd; jpiria Nehf;fp tsh;tijAk;> tistijAk;
fz;lwpe;jhh;.
 Mf;rpd; vd;w `hh;Nkhidf; fz;lwpe;jth; ntz;l; (lr;R ehL> fhyk; 1903-1990)
 jhtu tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpg;gJ Mf;rpd;fs;> irl;Nlhifdpd;fs;> kw;Wk;
[pg;uy;ypd;fs;
 jhtu tsh;r;rpia jil nra;tJ mg;rprpf; mkpyk;> vj;jpypd;
 mf;rpd; vd;gjw;F tsh;;r;rp vd;w nghUs;
 ntz;l; jdJ Kjy; Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jhtuk; Xl;]; (mtpdh)
 ntz;l; jdJ ,uz;lhtJ Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jhtuk; mfhh; Jz;L
 Mf;rpd;fisj; njspg;gjhy; fUTWjy; eilngwhkNyNa tpijapyhf; fdpfs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. (fUTwhf;fdpahjy;) (v.fh) jh;G+rzp> jpuhl;ir vYkpr;ir
Nghd;wit.
4. Mf;rpd;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
 ,aw;if Mf;rpd;fs; v.fh (,d;Nlhy; - 3-mrpl;bf; mkpyk;)
 ,iyfs;> fdpfs; cjph;tij jLf;Fk;
 tpijapy;yh fdpfs; cUthtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
 jhtu Rthrj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ
 nraw;if jpR tsh;g;gpd; NghJ nry;gFg;ig Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ
 nraw;if Mf;rpd;fs; v.fh 2>4 (2>4 il FNshNuh gPdhf;rp mrpl;bf; mkpyk;)
 ,J jhtu fisfis mopf;f gad;gLfpwJ
5. irl;Nlhifdpd;
 jhtu nry;fspy; nry;gFg;G my;yJ irl;Nlhifdrp]; epfo;it Cf;Ftpf;Fk; jhtu
`hh;Nkhd;fNs irl;Nlhifdpd;fs; MFk;.

211
  ,J n`h;hpq; fly; kPdpd; tpe;jpd; tpypUe;Jk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,ij cld;
Nrh;jJ
; g; gad;gLj;jpdhy; jpR tsh;g;gpd;NghJ fhy]; jpRf;fspy; Nth;> nkhl;L
cUthf;fk; Mfpatw;iwj; Jhz;lyhk;.
 rpahl;bd; vd;gJ rpah nka;]; (kf;fhr;Nrhsk; ) jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J
gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;l irl;Nlhifdpd; MFk;.
 irl;Nlhifdpd; Njq;fhapd; ,sePhpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,sk; fdpfspd; tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpg;gJ irl;Nlhifdpd;
 irl;N;lhifdpd;fs; kw;Wk; [pg;uypd; mkpyq;fs; nry; gFg;igj;
(irl;Nlhifdrp];) fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ
 irl;Nlhifdpd;fs; nry;fis ePl;rpailar; nra;fpd;wd.
 jpR tsh;g;G Kiwapy; fhy]py; ,Ue;J Gjpa cWg;Gfs; Njhd;w Mf;rpd;fSk;
irl;Nlhifdpd;fSk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. (cUtj;Njhw;wtpay;)
 Edp nkhl;L ,Uf;Fk; NghNj gf;fthl;L nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpia
irl;Nlhifdpd;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
 irl;Nlhifdpd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ jhtu KJikailtJ
jhkjg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F hpr;khz;l; yhq; tpisT vd;W ngah;.
 ,J “6 „ gh;g;G+iuy; mkpNdh gpA+hpd;” my;yJ ifdl;bd; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 ifdl;bidg; gad;gLj;jp tpdhy; Vw;gLk; jhtu Edp Mjpf;fj;ij Nghf;f
KbAk;
 jhtu tsh;r;rpia msf;f gad;gLtJ Mf;]Ndh kPl;lh;
 xsprhh;G ,af;fk; - xsprhh;G ngl;b
 jhtu <h;g;G rhh;G ,af;fk; - fpspNdh];lhl;
6. [pg;uy;ypd;
 [pg;uy;ypd;fNs mjpf msT fhzg;gLk; jhtu `hh;Nkhd;fshFk;.
 FUNrhth 1926 y; ney; gaphpy; gf;fhNd Neha; my;yJ Nfhkhspj;jd Nehia
fz;lwpe;jhh;
 ney;ypd; fZtpilg; gFjpapd; ,j;jifa ePl;rp [pg;hpy;yh gpA+[pFuha; vd;Dk;
G+Q;irahy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 jhtuq;fspd; kPJ [pg;uy;ypd;fisj; njspf;Fk; NghJ> mJ fZtpilg; gFjpapd;
mrhjhuz ePl;rpiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ. (v.fh ) kf;fhr;Nrhsk; kw;Wk; gl;lhzp
 neUq;fpa ,iyaLf;fk; gl;lhzp jhtuq;fspd; kPJ [pg;uy;ypd;fisj; njspf;Fk;
NghJ> jpBnud jz;L ePl;rpailtJk; mjd; njhlh;r;rpahf kyh;jYk; epfo;fpd;wd.
,jw;F Nghy;bq; vd;W ngah;.
 [pg;uy;ypd;fs; ,Ughypize;j jhtuq;fspy; (Xhpy;yj; jhtuq;fspy;) Mz; kyh;fs;
Njhd;Wtij Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd (nts;shp)

212
  [pg;uy;ypd;fs; cUisf; fpoq;fpd; cwf;f epiyia ePf;Ffpd;wd
 tpijfsw;w fdpfisj; (fUTwhf;fdpfs; - fUTWjy; eilngwhkNyNafspfs;
cUthjy; ) Jhz;Ltjpy; Mf;rpd;fis tpl [pg;uy;ypd;fs; jpwd; kpf;fit (v.fh)
jf;fhsp
 jhtuq;fs; kyh;tjw;F Njitahd ntg;gepiy 2
 ,J jhtuj;jpd; Nth;fs;> jz;Lg;gFjp > nkhl;Lfs;> ,iyfs;> Nth;%l;Lfs; Mfpa
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 [pg;uypid gad;gLj;jp xspj;Njitg;gLk; tpijfSf;F xspfpilf;fhky; NghFk;
rkaq;fspy; tpij Kisj;jiy Jhz;l cjTk;
 ghh;yp tpijapy; [pg;uypd; mikNy]; nehjp Rug;gij Jhz;Ltjhy; ,J gPh;
jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 [pg;uypid gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; rhjfkw;w #o;epiyapYk; jhtuj;ij G+f;f nra;a
KbAk;. vdNt ,jid Njhl;lf;fiyapy; gad;gLj;jp moFj;jhtuq;fis tpiutpy;
G+f;ff; nra;ayhk;
7. mg;rprpf; mkpyk;
 mg;rprpf; mkpyk; ( ) cjph;jy; kw;Wk; cwf;f epiyia xOq;Fg;gLj;JtJ tsh;r;rp
mlf;fp MFk;.
 mg;rprpf; mkpyk; gy;NtW tifahd ,Wf;f epiyfSf;F vjpuhf jhtuq;fspd;
rfpg;Gj; jd;ikia mjpfhpf;fpwJ. vdNt ,J ,Wf;fepiy `hh;Nkhd; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jhtuq;fspd; gRq;fzpfq;fspy; ,Wf;f epiy `hh;Nkhd; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 cjph;jy; epfo;it (,iyfs;> kyh;fs;> kw;Wk; fdpfs; Mfpait fpisapypUe;J
jdpj;J cjph;e;J tpLtJ) Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
 ePh; ,Wf;fk; kw;Wk; twl;rpf; fhyq;fspy; ,iyj;Jisia %lr; nra;fpwJ.
 ,iyfspy; gr;iraj;ij ,of;fr; nra;J %g;giltij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
 Fsph;fhyq;fspd; NghJ gph;r; Nghd;w kuq;fspy;> nkhl;L cwf;fj;ijj;
Jhz;LfpwJ.
 jf;fhsp jhtuj;jpy; gf;fthl;L nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpiaj; jilnra;Ak; tPhpakpf;f
tsh;r;rp mlf;fp MFk;
8. vj;jpypd;
 vj;jpypd; xU thA epiyapy; cs;s jhtu `hh;Nkhd; ,J xU tsh;r;rp mlf;fp
MFk;.
 nghJthf fdpfs; Kjph;;r;rpailtjpYk; gOg;gjpYk; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
 vj;jpypd; fdpfs; gOg;gij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ (v.fh) jf;fhsp> Mg;gs;> kh> thio
 vj;jpypd; ,Utpijapiyj; jhtuq;fspy; Nth; kw;Wk; jz;L ePl;rp miltijj; jil
nra;fpwJ

213
  vj;jpypd; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; kyh;fs; %g;giltij tpiuTgLj;JfpwJ.
 vj;jpypd; ,iyfs;> kyh;fs; kw;Wk; fdpfspy; cjph;jy; mLf;F cw;gj;jpahtijf;
Jhz;LfpwJ. ,jdhy; ,it Kjph;r;rp milAk; Kd;dNu cjph;e;J tpLfpd;wd
 vj;jpypd; nkhl;Lfs;> tpijfspd; cwf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.
NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f > njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
1. gpidy; mrpbf; mkpyk; ( ) kw;Wk; ,z;Nlhy; 3 mrpNlh iel;iuy; Mfpait
,aw;if Mf;rpd;fshFk;
2. ,z;Nlhy; 3 gpA+l;hpf; mkpyk; ( ) ,z;Nlhy; GNuhg;gpahdpf; mkpyk;> ehg;jypd; mrpbf;
mkpyk; ( ) kw;Wk; 2>4>5 „ (2>4>5 „ l;iuFNshNuh gPdhf;rp mrpl;bf; mkpyk;)
Nghd;wit rpy nraw;if Mf;rpd;fshFk;.
3. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp kz;lyk; kw;Wk; mjd; nray;ghLfisg; gw;wpa caphpay; gphpT
“vd;Nlhfpiudhyh[p” vdg;gLk;.
4. jhk]; mbrd; vd;gth; “ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp kz;lyj;jpd; je;ij” vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;.
5. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;L clw;nraypay; ty;Ydh;fshd Nga;yp]; kw;Wk; ];lhh;ypq;
MfpNahh; “`hh;Nkhd; ” vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; 1909 Mk; Mz;L
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh; mth;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;j `hh;Nkhd; “nrf;hpbd;;” MFk;.
6. Nkyl;Nlhdpd; vd;Dk; `hh;Nkhd; gpdpapy; Rug;gpapy; Ruf;fpwJ. ,e;j `hh;Nkhd; “fhyj;
JhJth;fs;” vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ> Vnddpy; cly; KOikf;Fk; ,uT Neuj;jpid
czh;jJ
; k; gzpia ,e;j `hh;Nkhd; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. ,uT Neuq;fspy; xsp> Fwpg;ghf
Fiwe;j miy ePsk; nfhz;l xsp gLtjhy; nkyl;Nlhdpd; `hh;Nkhd; cw;gj;jp
FiwfpwJ.
7. nkyl;Nlhdpd; cw;gj;jp Fiwtjhy; ,aw;ifahd cwf;fr; Row;rp ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; cz;lhFk; cwf;fkpd;ikapd; fhuzkhf tsh;rpij khw;w FiwghLfs;
Vw;gLfpd;wd
8. vl;th;l; nfz;ly; vd;ghh; 1914 Mk; Mz;by; Kjd; Kiwahf ijuhf;rpd; `hh;Nkhid
gbf epiyapy; jdpj;Jg; gphpj;jhh;.
9. rhh;y]; `hhpq;ld; kw;Wk; [hh;[; ghh;[h; MfpNahh; ijuhf;rpd; `hh;Nkhdpd; %yf;$W
mikg;ig 1927 Mk; Mz;by; fz;lwpe;jdh;. xt;nthU ehSk; ijuha;L Rug;gpahdJ
ijuhf;rpidr; Ruf;f “120 ” mNahbd; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
10. kdpj ,d;Rypd; `hh;Nkhd; 1921 Mk; Mz;by; gpnul;hpf; ghd;bq;> rhh;y]; ng];l; kw;wk;
nkf;yhl; MfpNahuhy; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ 1922 Mk; Mz;L [dthp 11 Njjp
md;W Kjd; Kjypy; ePhpopT Nehia Fzg;gLj;jtjw;fhf ,d;Rypd; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
11. ml;hpdy; fhh;nlf;]; Ruf;Fk; “fhh;l;bNrhy;” `hh;Nkhd;fs; cliy caph;g;G epiyapy;
itj;jpUf;fTk;> kpFe;j ghjpg;G kw;Wk; kd mOj;jq;fspypUe;J kPz;L tuTk; cjTfpwJ.
12. fhh;l;bNrhy; vd;gJ caph; fhf;Fk; gzpia kpFe;j mOj;j epiyfspy; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
vdNt ,J “caph; fhf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

214
 7 Mk; tFg;G Kjy; gUtk;
jhtuq;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; khw;WUf;fs;

1. jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; ,sk; caphpfis cUthf;fpj; jk; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;Fk;

epfo;;r;rpNa ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
2. Gy;yp tl;lk;
 nghJthfg; Gy;ypfs; ,iyNghd;W gRikahd kyhpd; ntspmLf;fpy; fhzg;gLk;
 kyh; nkhl;lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kyiug; ghJfhf;ffpwJ
3. my;yp tl;lk;
 epwKila kyhpd; gFjpNa my;yp ,jo; MFk;
4. kfue;jj; jhs; tl;lk;
 ,J kyhpd; Mz;ghfkhFk;
 fhk;Gg; gFjp kfue;jf; fk;gp vdg;gLk;
 igNghd;w gFjp kfue;jg;ig vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;
 kfue;jg;igapy; kfue;jj;Jhs;fs; vd;w Mz; Nfkpl;Lfs; cUthfpd;wd
 kfue;jJs;fs; rpwpa mstpy; cs;sjhy; ikf;Nuh];NghNuhgpy;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
5. #yf tl;lk;

215
  ,J kyhpd; cs; mLf;F MFk;
 ,J kyhpd; ngz; ghfkhFk;
 #yfj;jpd; Kidg;gFjp #y;Kb vdTk;> ikaePz;l gFjp #y; jz;L vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;
 #yf %bahdJ kfue;jj;Jfs;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,J kyhpd; ehd;fhtJ
tl;lkhFk;.
 fPNo cs;s mfd;w gUj;j gFjp #y;ig vdg;gLk;. #y;igapypUe;J tpijfs;
cUthfpd;wd.
 #y;fspypUe;J ngz; Nfkpl;Lfs; cUthfpd;wd
 ngz; Nfkpl; (m) #y;fs; nkfh];NghNuhgpy;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
6. kyhpd; gzpfs;
 ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;L fdp kw;Wk; tpijiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ
 rpy kyh;fs; thirid jputpaq;fis jUfpd;wd
7. FwpQ;rp kyh;
 FwpQ;rp vd;gJ kpf mhpa tif kyuhFk;
 ,J 12 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw kl;LNk G+f;Fk;
 ,J jkpo;ehl;by; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk; xU ,dkhFk;
 ePy epwf; FwpQ;rp kyh;fs; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; kiyf;F ePyfphp vd;W ngah; te;jJ
8. Ckj;ij kyhpy; Ie;J kfue;jhs;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
9. xU kyhpy; Gy;yp> my;yp> kfue;jjhs; kw;Wk; #yfk; vd;w ehd;F tl;lq;fs; fhzg;gl;lhy;
mJ KOikahd kyh; vdg;gLk;
10. KOikahd kyh; nghJthf ,Ughy; kyh;fshf ,Uf;Fk;.
11. xU kyhpy; Gy;yp> my;yp > kfue;jj;jhs; kw;Wk; #yfk; vd;w ehd;F tl;lq;fspy; VNjDk;
xU rpy tl;lq;fs; ,y;yhj kyh;fs; KOikaw;w kyh;fs; vdg;gLk;
12. KOikaw;w kyh;fs; nghJthf xU ghy; kyh;fshf ,Uf;Fk;. mit (Mz;kyh;> ngz;kyh;)
13. kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if
 kfue;jg; igapypUe;J kfue;jj; Jfs;fs; #yf %biar; nrd;wilAk; nraNy
kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if vdg;gLk;.
 fdp kw;Wk; tpij cUthf;fj;jpd; Kjy; Kf;fpa epfo;r;rp kfue;jr;Nrh;f;ifahFk;.
 kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ifiaj; njhlh;e;J fUTWjy; eilngWfpwJ
 kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
 jd; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if
 may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if
14. jd; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if (Ml;NlhNfkp) v.fh i`gp];f];.
 jd; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if vd;gJ Ml;NlhNfkp vdg;gLk;

216
  xU kyhpd; kfue;jj; Jhs;> mNj kyhpy; cs;s #yf %biar; nrd;wiltNjh mNj
jhtuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j kw;nwhU kyhpd; #yf %biar; nrd;wilAk; epfo;r;rpf;F jd;
kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if vdg;gLk;
 NgNg]p FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j mtiu> nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j
jf;fhspapy; jd; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if elf;Fk;.
15. may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if (my;NyhNfkp)
 xU kyhpd; kfue;jj; jhs; kw;nwhU jhtuj;jpd; kyhpy; cs;s #yf %biar;
nrd;wiltNjh mNj ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j kw;nwhU jhtuj;ij nrd;wtiltNjh
may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if my;yJ my;NyhNfkp vdg;gLk; v.fh Mg;gps;> jpuhl;ir
gpsk;
 may; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iffhd fhuzpfs;
 gwitfs; top kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if „ Mh;dpjNjh gpyp
 G+r;rpfs; top kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if „ vz;lNkh gpyp (NjdP> <f;fs;)
 tpyq;Ffspd; top kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if - # gpyp (Njd;rpl;L gwit „
fy;thio> fpshbNahyp> mzpy; - ,ytk; gQ;R)
 fhw;W top kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if - mdpNkh gpyp (v.fh kf;fhr; Nrhsk;> Gw;fs;
kw;Wk; igd;> fs;spr; nrbfs;)
 ePhpd; top kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if „ i`bNuh gpyp (v.fh i`l;hpy;yh>
yhyp];ePhpah)
 vWk;Gfs; top kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if „ kph;kpNfh gpyp
 ntsthy;fs; top kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if „ rpug;lNuh gpyp
16. fUTWjy;
 xt;nthU kfue;jj; JhSk; vf;ird;> ,d;ild; vd ,U ghJfhg;G ciwfisg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ntspAiw vf;ird; jbj;Jk;> gy rpwpa tsh;Jisfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cs;Siw
,d;ild; nky;ypa kPs;jd;ik cilaJ
 kfue;jj; Jhs; jFe;j #yf %bapy tpOe;jJk; Kisf;fj; njhlq;fptpLk;
 Kjph;e;j kfue;jj; Jhs; ,uz;L nry;fisf; nfhz;lJ. nghpa nry; clyr; nry;
vd;Wk;> rpwpa nry; cw;gj;jp nry; (n[dNubt; nry; ) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 kfue;jf; Foy; fUg;igf;Fs; #y; Jisapd; topahf Eioe;J kfue;j Foy; ntbj;J
Mz; Nfkpl;Lfs; mz;lj;Jld; ,izAk; epfo;T fUTWjy; vdg;gLk;.
 KOikaile;j fUTw;w Kl;ilf;F irNfhl; vd;W ngah;. ,J fUthf tsh;fpd;wJ.
 ,uz;lhtJ Mz; NfkPl; ,uz;lhk; epiy cl;fUTld; ,izfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; epiy
cl;fU ,ul;ilikaj; jd;ikAilaJ

217
  ,e;j ,Uka cl;fUTld; kw;Nwhh; Mz; Nfkpl; ,iztJ %tpizT vdg;gLk;.
%tpiztpy; %yk; cUthFk; cl;fU fUT+z; cl;fU vdg;gLk; Vnddpy; ,J
fUT+iz (vz;Nlh];gh;k;) cz;lhf;FfpwJ
 ,uz;L Mz; Nfkpl;Lfspy; xd;W mz;lj;Jld; ,ize;J (rpd;Nfkp ) ,ul;ilka
irNfhl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. kw;nwhU Mzpd; nry; ,ul;ilka cl;fUTld;
,ize;J Kjd;ikf; fUT+z; cl;fUitj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,J Kk;ka cl;fU
MFk;. ,q;F ,uz;L ,izTfs; (i) rpd;Nfkp (ii) %tpizT eilngWtjhy; ,J
,ul;ilf; fUTWjy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
 rpidahw;wpak; (rpd;u[
; pl;) kw;Wk; gf;fthl;L nry;fs; mope;J tpLfpd;wd
17. fUTWjYf;Fg; gpd; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
 #yhdJ tpijahf khWfpwJ
 #Yiwfs; tpij ciwfshf khWfpd;wd
 #yfg;ig tsh;e;J nghpjhfpf; fdpahf khWfpd;wJ
18. fdp cUthjy;
 fUTw;w Kjph;e;j #w;ig fdp vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; ,uz;L ghfq;fs; cs;sd
 fdpj;Njhy; (nghpfhh;g;)
 tpijfs;
 fUTWjy; eilngwhkNyNa rpy jhtuq;fspy; fdpfs; cUthfpd;wd. ,j;jifa
fdpfSf;Ff; fUTwhf; fdpfs; (m) ghh;jj
; pNdhfhh;gpf; fdpfs; vd;W ngah; v.fh
tpijapy;yhj; jpuhl;ir> nfha;ah> md;dhr;rp > thio
19. fdpfspd; tifg;ghL
 goq;fis gw;wp gbg;G - fhh;Nghyh[p > NghNkhyh[p
 fdpfs; %d;W tifg;gLk;
 jdpf;fdp
 jpus;fdp
 $l;Lf;fdp
20. jdpf;fdp
 jdpf;fdp ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
 rijg;gw;Ws;s jdpf;fdp
 cyh;fdp
21. rijg;gw;Ws;s jdpf;fdp
 rijg;gw;Ws;s jdpf;fdpapd; NjhyhdJ fdp ntspj;Njhy; (vgpfhh;g;)> fdpeLj;Njhy;
(kPNrfhh;g;)> fdp cs;Njhy; (vz;Nlhfhh;g;) vd Kg;gFjpfshf NtWgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
 rijg;gw;Ws;s fdp gf;Nfl; (KOr;rijf;fdp) kw;Wk; l;Ug; (cs;xl;Lr; rijf;fdp ) vd
,Utifg;gLk;
 gf;Nfl;lhdJ (KOrijf;fdp ) ngh;hp> n`];nghpbak;> Nghk;> ngg;Ngh vd 4 tifg;gLk;

218
 fdpfspd; tifg;ghL
fdp

jdpf;fdp jpus;fdp $l;Lf;fdp

rijg;gw;Ws;s fdp cyh; fdp NrhNuhrp]; irNfhd];

KOr; rijf;fdp cs;xl;Lr; cyh; ntbfdp cyh;ntbahf; gpsTf; fdp

1 ngh;hp rijf;fdp 1. ,UGwntbfdp fdp 1 nyhnkz;lk;
2 n`];nghpbak; (l; Ug;) (ny$k;) 1 mfPd; 2 fphpNkhfhh;g;
3 Nghk; 2 xUGwntbfdp 2 Nfhpahg;rp]; 3 nuf;kh
4 ngg;Ngh 3 fhg;#y; 3 rpg;nry;yh
(i) miw ntbfdp 4 nfhl;il
(ii) jLg;Gr; Rth; miw
ntbfdp
22. cyh;fdp
 cyh;fdpfspd; ntspj;Njhy; cyh;e;J fhzg;gLk;
 cyh;f;fdpfd; ntbg;gjd; mbg;gilapy; 3 tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit
 cyh; ntbf;fdp „ fdp Kjph;e;j gpd; ntbj;J tpijfis ntspNaw;Wk;
 cyh;ntbahf; fdp „ fdp Kjph;e;jhYk; ntbg;gjpy;iy. fdp mOfpa gpd;
tpijfs; ntspNaWk;
 gpsTf;fdp „ fdp Kjph;e;j gpd; xU tpij nfhz;l gy ghfq;fshfg;
gphpAk;. ,e;jg; ghfq;fSf;F nkhpfhh;g; vd;W ngah; . gpsTf;fdpahdJ
cyh;ntb kw;Wk; cyh;ntbahfdpapd; gz;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sJ
23. jpus; fdp
 Nky;kl;l #w;ig nfhz;l ,izahj #y; ,iyf;s cs;s jdpkyhpypUe;J cUthFk;
fdp jpus;fdpahFk;. v.fh nel;bypq;fk;
 mNdhdh ];FthNkhrh (rPjhgok;) jhtuj;jpd; fdpapy; #ypiyfspd; tpspk;Gfs;
,ize;J xU OOf;fdpahf Njhd;Wk;
24. $l;Lf;fdp
 gy kyh;fd; nfhz;l xU kQ;rhpapy; ,Ue;J cUthFk; xw;iwf;fdp
$l;Lf;fdpahFk;.

219
  $l;Lf;fdp ,Utifg;gLk;
 NrhNuhrp];
 irf;Nfhd;];
25. fdpfSf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
 rijg;gw;Ws;s fdp
 ngh;hp „ jf;fhsp
 n`];nghpbak; - MuQ;R
 Nghk; - Mg;gps;
 ngg;Ngh „ nts;shp
 cs; xl;L rijf;fdp
 l;Ug; - kh
 cyh; ntbf;fdp
 ,UGw ntbf;fdp (ny$k;) „ gl;lhzp
 xUGw ntbf;fdp „ vUf;F
 fhg;#y;
 miwntbf;fdp „ gUj;jp
 miw jLg;Gr;Rth; ntbf;fdp „ ntz;il
 cyh; ntbahf; fdp
 ntbah cyh; rpW fdp (mfPd); „ fpspkhl;b]; > me;jpke;jhiu
 ntbah cyh; jhdpak; (Nfhpahg;rp];) „ ney;
 rpg;;nryh „ biulhf;];
 nfhl;il „ Ke;jphp
 gpsTf;fdpfs;
 nyhnkz;lk; - fUNtyk;
 f;hpNkhfhh;g; - nfhj;Jky;yp
 nuf;kh „ Mkzf;F
 $l;Lf;fdp
 NrhNuhrp]; - gyh
 irNfhd]; - mj;jp
26. tpijfs; guTk; fhuzpfs;
 jhdpaq;F Kiw (Ml;NlhNfhhp)- jpBnud;W ntbj;J tpijfs; guTjy;
 fhw;wpy; guTjy; (mdpNkhNfhhp)- v.fh vUf;F> KUq;if> biulhf;;];
 ePhpy; guTjy; (i`bNuhNfhhp)- v.fh jhkiu
 tpyq;Ffshy; guTjy; (#Nfhhp)- v.fh ]he;jpak;> ehAUtp

jhtuq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;

220
 tpyq;Ffspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; Kiw jhtuq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw
gpsthjy; - GNuhl;NlhNrhthf;fd; gpsthjy; - ghf;Bhpah
mUk;Gjy; - Fopclypfs; mUk;Gjy; - <];l;
Jz;lhjy; -jl;ilg;GOf;fs; Jz;lhjy; - My;fhf;fs;> ];Nghh;fs; -
G+Q;ir
Ghypdg;ngUf;fk; - ghYhl;bfd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if kw;Wk; fUTwjy; G+f;Fk;
jhtuq;fs;

1. Kjd; Kjypy; G+kpapy; Njhd;wpa ghf;Bhpak; MFk;. mjhhtJ ,Nahghf;Bhpak; vd;gJ Rkhh;
ehd;F gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng G+kpapy; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; njd;
Mg;gphpf;f njhy;Yaph;g; gbkq;fspd; %yk; mwpag;gLfpd;wd
2. ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfs;
 ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw - xU nry; caphp
 xU nry; caphpfshd mkPgh kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ,Urk gFjpfshfg;
gpsf;fg;gl;Lg; Gjpa caphpfisj; Njhd;Wtpf;fpd;wd
 ,k;Kiwf;F ,uz;lhfg; gpsj;jy; my;yJ ,Urkg;gphpT vd;W ngah;
 ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; bA+gh;FNshrp]; vd;w ghf;Bhpaq;fs; vYk;GUf;fp Nehiaj;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd
 vspa caphpfshd mkPgh kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; vspa Kiwfis gpsj;jy;>
Jz;lhjy; Kiwfspd;; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd.
gy nry; caphpfspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;

cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; ghypd ,dg;ngUf;fk;

];Nghh;fs; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if

Jz;lhjy; nkhl;LtpLjy; fUTWjy;

3. cly ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ ghypdg; ngUf;fk; ,y;yhky; jhtuq;fs; Vw;fdNt
cs;s cly; cWg;GfspypUe;J Gjpa jhtuq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
KiwahFk;.
4. Jz;lhjy;

221
  ];igNuhifuh ghrpapy;> jhtu clyk;> rpWrpW Jz;Lfshf cile;J> cile;j
xt;nthU Jz;Lk; xU Gjpa ];igNuhifuhit cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
5. mUk;Gjy; (m) nkhl;LtpLjy;
 i`l;uhtpy; nry;fs; njhlh;e;J gFg;giltjd; fhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy;
nkhl;lhdJ Gwtshpfshfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
 ,k;nkhl;Lfs; Kjph;r;rp milAk; nghOJ jha; clyj;jpypUe;J gphpe;J Gjpjhfr;
rpWrpW i`l;uhf;fshf tsh;r;rp milfpd;wd.
 gpiuNah gpy;yk; (fl;bg;Nghl;lhy; Fl;bg;NghLk; ) jhtuq;jj
; py; ,iy tpspk;Gfspy;
nkhl;Lf;fs; Njhd;wpa gpd;dh; mit kz;zpy; tpOe;J Gjpa jhtuq;fshf tsh;r;rp
milfpd;wd
 nkhl;L tpLjy; my;yJ mUk;GjYf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L <];l;
6. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 fPo;epiyj; jhtuq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fkhdJ ];Nghh;fspd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ
7. ];Nghh;fspd; tiffs;
 VgpshNdh];Nghh;
 My;fhf;fspy; clyr; nry;fspd; GNuhl;NrhgpshrkhdJ xd;W jpuz;L
nky;ypa ciwahy; #og;gl;L Kl;il tbt mikg;Gfshf cUthfpd;wd
 ,j;jifa nky;ypa Rtiu cila efUk; jd;ikaw;w ];Nghh;fs;
VgpshNdh];Nghh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 #];Nghh;fs;
 #];Nghh;fs; vd;gJ firapiofisg; gad;gLj;jp efUk; jd;ikAila
ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f ];Nghh;fs; MFk;.
 ,j;jifa ];Nghh;fis rpy My;fhf;fs;> G+Q;irfs; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
jq;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhf cUthf;Ffpd;wd
 VifdPl;Lfs;
 ghrpfspy; rhjfkw;w #o;epiyapy; clyr; nry;fs; jq;fisr; Rw;wpYk;
mjpfg;gbahd Rth; mLf;Ffisr; Ruf;fpd;wd
 nry;ypDs; czTg; nghUs;fs; Nrfhpj;J itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J
VifdPl;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.
 nfhdpbah
 ngdprpypak; Nghd;w G+Q;irfspy; cUthFk; xU nry;yhyhd efUk;
jd;ikaw;w ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f ];Nghh;fs; nfhdpbNah ];Nghh;fs; MFk;.
8. Nth; jz;L ,iyapd; khw;WUf;fs;
 Nrkpg;G Nth;fs;
 $k;G tbtk; v.fh Nful;
 fjph; tbtk; v.fh Ks;sq;fp

222
  gk;gu tbtk; v.fh gPl;Ul; > lh;dpg;
 Mjhukspf;Fk; Nth;fs;
 Jhz; Nth;fs; v.fh Mykuk;
 Kl;L Nth;fs; v.fh Nrhsk;> fUk;G
 gw;WNth; v.fh ntw;wpiy> kpsFnfhb
 Ntw;wpl Nthpd; khw;WU
 Nth; fpoq;Ffs; v.fh rh;f;fiu ts;spf; fpoq;F
 Nfhj;J Nth;;fs; v.fh lhypah
 Rthr Nth;fs; (m) epkl;Nlh Ngh;fs;
 flw;fiu Xuk; cs;s rJg;G epyq;fspy; cs;s jhtuq;fspy; cg;G epiwe;j
ePUf;Fs; Gije;jpUf;Fk;
 NthpfspypUe;J nrq;Fj;jhd Nth;fs; fpsk;gp jiuf;F Nky; tsh;fpd;wd.
,itNa Rthr Nth;fs; vdg;gLk;
 ,itNa thAghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpd;wd
 v.fh mtprpd;dpah (nts;is miyahw;wp) jkpo;ehl;by; gpr;rhtuj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 xl;Lz;zpNth; (cwpQ;R Nth; (m) `h];Nlhhpah)
 xl;Lz;zp jhtuq;fs; xk;Gaphpj; jhtuq;fs; jpRf;fspy; Nth;fis cs;Ns
Eioj;J czit cwpQ;Rfpd;wd. ,t;Nth;fs; xl;Lz;zp Nth;fs;
vdg;gLk; v.fh f];Fl;lh
 njhw;W Nth;fs;
 rpy jhtuq;fs; NtW kuq;fspd; fpisfspy; tsh;git
 ,it cztpw;fhf md;wp ,Ug;gplj;jpw;fhf kl;LNk rhh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;
 ,tw;wpd; Nth;fs;fhw;wpy; mire;J fhzg;gLk;
 fhw;wpy; cs;s <ug;gjj;ij Nthpy; cs;s ntykd; jpR cwpQ;RfpwJ
 ,t;tif Nth;fs; njhw;W Nth;fs; vdg;gLk; v.fh thz;lh (Mh;fpl;)
9. jz;bd; khw;WU
 jiuNky; jz;L
,iyj;njhopy; jz;L
 rpy twz;l epyj; jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfs; Kl;fshf khwpAs;sd
 jz;L jl;ilahf ,iyg;Nghy; khwp ,iyapd; gzpiar; nra;fpd;wJ
 ,j;jz;Nl ,iyj;njhopy; jz;L vdg;gLk;. v.fh rg;ghj;jpf;fs;sp
 jiu xl;ba jz;L khw;WU
 ,it cly; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jw;fhf khw;wk; mile;Js;sd
 ,it jiuapy; fpilkl;lkhf my;yJ jiuapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; Gije;J
fhzg;gLk;.

223
  fZf;fspy; ,Ue;J jiuia xl;b fpisfSk; mbg;gFjpapy; Ntw;wpl
Nth;fSk; Njhd;Wfpd;wd
 ,it glh;nfhb vdg;gLk;. ,J ehd;F tifg;gLk;
 XL jz;L v.fh Gy;> G+rzp > ty;yhiu
 ];Nlhyd; (jz;bd; nkd;ikahd ,iy) v.fh ];l;uhngh;hp
 jiufPo; XL jz;L my;yJ rf;fh; - fpiurhe;jpak;
 Fl;ilahd XL jz;L „ ntq;fhaj;jhkiu
 jiufPo; jz;L khw;WU
 fpoq;F „ jiufPo;j; jz;Lfspd; gUj;j EdpNa fpoq;F vdg;gLk; (v.fh)
cUisf;fpoq;F
 kl;lepyj; jz;L - ,it jbj;j fpilkl;lkhd jiufPo;j; jz;L v.fh. ,Q;rp>
kQ;rs;
 fe;jk;- ,it tl;l tbtpy; Nky; kw;Wk; fPo; gFjpahdJ jl;ilahff;
fhzg;gLk; v.fh Nrhidf; fpoq;F> Nrg;gf;fpoq;F
 Fopok; - ,it rijg;gw;whdit czit Nrkpf;ff; $bait. v.fh
ntq;fhak; > G+z;L
10. ,iyapd; khw;WU
 ,iy Kl;fs; - rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp
 ,iyg; gw;Wf;fk;gp
rpy jhtuq;fspy; ,iy eype;j RUs; fk;gp Nghd;W mike;J gw;wp Vw cjTk;
gw;Wf; fk;gpahf khWghL mile;J ,Uf;Fk;.
v.fh . gl;lhzp (igrk; rl;iltk;)- jhtuj;jpd; Edpr; rpw;wpiyfs;
gw;Wf;fk;gpfshf khwpAs;sJ
nrq;fhe;js; - (FNshhpNahrh #g;gh;gh) ,iyapd; Edp gw;Wf;fk;gpfshf
khwpAs;sJ
 ,iyj;njhopy;> ,iyf;fhk;G (m) gpy;NyhL v.fh mNf\pah MhpFypghh;kp];
 nfhy;ypfs; v.fh neg;ge;j]; (FLitj; jhtuk;)

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

224
 #hpaf; fhe;jp vd;gJ jdpkyh; md;W. gy kyh;fs; xd;wpize;J cUthd njhFg;Ng
#hpaf;fhe;jpahFk;. ,g;gbg; gy kyh;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;J fhzg;gl;lhy; mjw;F
kQ;rhp vd;W ngah;.
 ntl;Lf;fhag; G+z;L vd;Wk; fpzw;wbg; G+z;L vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; l;iulhf;];
GNuhFk;gd;]; vd;w jhtuj;jpy; jdp kyh; Nghy; fhzg;gLtJ kQ;rhp MFk;. ,jd;
,iyr;rhW ntl;Lf;fhaq;fisf; Fzkhf;Fk;.
 cyfpd; nghpa kw;Wk; mjpf vilAs;s tpij> ,ul;ilj; Njq;fha; MFk;. ,jd; tpij
,uz;L Njq;fha; xd;Nwhlnlhd;W ,ize;J cUthdJ Nghy ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tpij
Nrrpy;yp]; (Seychelles) vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;s ,uz;L jPTfspy; kl;LNk Kisf;Fk;. xU
tpijapd; ePsk; 12 mq;Fyk;> mfyk; 3 mb> vil 18 fpNyh cs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 jhtu cyfpd; kpfr; rpwpa tpijfs; vdg;gLgit Mh;f;fpl; tpijfs;. 35 kpy;ypad;
Mh;f;fpl; tpijfspd; vil ntWk; 25 fpuhk; kl;Lk;jhd;.
 rpy jhtuq;fspy; Nth;fs; epykl;lj;jpw;F Nky; jz;bNyh> ,iyfspNyh fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,it khw;wpl Nth;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 thz;lh jhtuk; njhw;Wj; jhtukhf kuq;fspy; tsUk;. ,jd; njhw;W Nth;fspy; cs;s
ntykd; jpR fhw;wpd; <ug;gjj;ij cwpQ;rp xspr;Nrh;f;iff;F cjTk;.

10 Mk; tFg;G
jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;

225
 1. jhtuq;fspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; %d;W tifg;gLk;
 clypd; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 ghypdg; ngUf;fk;
2. cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; (Fd;wy; gFg;G (ikl;lhrp];) kl;Lk; eilngWk;)
 ,iy cly ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F v.fh. ,uzf;fs;sp (gpiuNah gpy;yk;)
 jz;L cly ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F v.fh ];l;uhngu;up
 Nth; cly ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F v.fh m];guhf];> rh;f;fiu ts;spf;fpoq;F
 Fopok; (gy;gpy;];) cly; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F v.fh fw;whio
 gpwtif cly ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 Jz;lhjy; v.fh ];igNuhifuh
 gpsj;jy; v.fh mkPgh
 nkhl;L tpLjy; my;yJ mUk;Gjy; v.fh <];l;
 ,og;G kPl;ly; v.fh i`l;uh gpsNdhpah
3. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;
 Fd;whg; gFg;G nry; gphpjy; kl;LNk eilngWfpwJ.
 Fd;wy; gFg;G eilngWtjpy;iy.
 tpijj;Jfs;fs; (SPORES) %yk; eilngWfpwJ.
 ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; ngUk;ghYk; G+Q;irfs; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpahf;fspy;
eilngWfpwJ.
 ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; NghJ G+Q;ir ,ioapypUe;J xU tpj;jfk;
(];NghuhQ;rpak;) Njhd;WfpwJ.
 tpj;jfk; vd;Dk; ];NghuhQ;rpak; ntbj;J tpijj;Jfs;fs; ntspNaw;Wg;gLfpd;wd.
,it epyj;jpy; tpOk;NghJ Gjpa cly ,ioiaj; (i`gh)Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
4. jhtuq;fspy; ghypdg;ngUf;fk;
 ghypdg;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ jhtuq;fspd; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; ,dr;nry;fs;
(Nfkpl;Lfs; ) ,ize;J jd;id xj;j Gjpa jhtuj;ij cUthf;Fk; KiwahFk;
 G+f;Fk; jhtuj;jpd; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G kyh; MFk;.

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. ngz; Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpd;w NghJ Jtf;fepiy ghypf;fps;fspd; vz;zpf;if 7 kpy;ypad;

MFk;. gUtkilAk;NghJ 60000 ypUe;J 70000 khff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngz;fspd; tho;
ehspy; 1-2 kpy;ypad; mz;lj;jpy;> 300 -400 mz;lk; kl;LNk mz;lk; tpLgLk; epfo;tpd;

226
 %yk; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ. khwhf> Mz;fspd; tho;ehspy; 500 gpy;ypad; tpe;jZf;fs;
ntspNaWfpd;wd.
2. khjtplha; Row;rp vd;gJ gUtkiljypy; njhlq;fp khjtpilT tiu eilngWk; njhlh;
epfo;thFk;. tpLgl;l mz;lkhdJ tpe;Jthy;fUTwr; nra;ag;glhjtiu ,e;epfo;T
eilngWk;. nghJthf fUTw;w epiyapy; khjtplha; epfo;tjpy;iy.
3. nghJthf xt;nthU khjKk; xU Kl;ilahdJ mz;lfj;jpy; Kjph;r;rpAWfpwJ. mz;lk;
tpLgLk; epiy (Ovulation) vdg;gLk;. fUTw;w Kl;iliag; ngWtjw;F fUg;igahdJ
xt;nthU khjKk; jd;idj; jahh;gLj;JfpwJ. fUTw;w Kl;il gjptjw;F VJthf
fUg;igapd; cl;Rth; jbdkdhfTk;> kUJthfTk; khWfpwJ.
4. fUTw;w kw;Wk; fUTwh epiyiaj; njhlh;e;J Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
 fUTw;w fhyk; Kjy; fh;g;gfhyk; KbAk; tiu fhh;g];Yhl;baj;jhy; Ruf;fg;gLk;
GNuhn[];bud; vd;Dk; `hh;Nkhd; fUg;igapd; Rtiu jbkdhfTk; kw;Wk; kw;w
ghypf;fps;fs; Kjph;;r;rpailtijj; jLj;Jk; guhkhpf;fpwJ.
 fUTwh epiyapy; fhh;g];Yhl;bak; moptjd; fhuzkhf Kl;il rpijTw;W
fUg;igapd; cl;Rth; nkJthf chpe;J ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; Nfhiog; nghUis
khjtplha; Row;rpapd; %yk; ntspNaw;WfpwJ.
5. rpy rkaq;fspy;> mz;lfj;jpdhy; ,uz;L Kl;ilahdJ ntspaplg;gl;L> ,U NtWgl;l
tpe;Jthy; fUTWjy; eilngw;W NtWgl;l ,ul;ilah;fs; (Fraternal Twins) cUthfpd;wdh;.
xU Kl;ilahdJ xU tpe;Jthy; fUTwr; nra;ag;gl;L> ,uz;L fUthf gpsTgl;lhy; xj;j
,ul;ilah;fs; cUthfpd;wdh;
6. Foe;ij gpwg;gpw;Fg; gpwF Kjy; 2 ehl;fspypUe;J 3 ehl;fSf;Fs; khh;gfq;fshy;
Ruf;fg;gLk; ghy; rPk;ghy; (nfhy];l;uk;) vdg;gLk;. gpwe;j Foe;ijf;Fj; Njitahd Neha;
vjph;g;Gj; jpwid mspf;ff;$ba Neha; vjph;g;Gg; nghUs;fis ,J nfhz;Ls;sJ.
7. jiyfPohd rptg;G tbt Kf;Nfhz FwpaPL ,e;jpahtpy; FLk;g ey Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd
FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J Fwpg;ghf midj;J kUj;Jtkidfs; >
Muk;g Rfhjhu epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; FLk;g ey ikaq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njitg;gLNthUf;F FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL njhlh;ghf cjtp kw;wk; MNyhridfs;
,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ. “rpW FLk;gNk rPuhd tho;T” vd;w thrfj;Jld; ,e;j
jiyfPohd rptg;G Kf;Nfhz FwpaPL fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8. xt;nthU tUlKk; Nk 28 Mk; Njjp khjtplha; Rfhjhu ehshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
,J ngz; Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspilNa khjtplha; Rfhjhu gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;it
Vw;gLj;jp mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;jJ
; tjhFk;. khjtplhia ikag;gLj;jp jw;NghJ
jpiug;glq;fs;> tpthjq;fs; kw;Wk; Kfhk;fs; %yk; tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
9. Rfhjhu mikr;rfj;jhy; 2011 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;glj;jg;gl;l khjtplha; Rfhjhuj;
jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ehg;fpd;fSf;F khdpak; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

227
10.jkpo;ehl;by; Adpnr g; mikg;ghdJ gs;spfspy; ehg;fpd;fis vhpg;gjw;fhd kypT tpiy
vhpA+l;bfis toq;fpaJld;> mtw;iw rpijg;gjw;fhd (kl;fr; nra;jy; ) FopfisAk;
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

6 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;

cly; eyKk;> RfhjhuKk;

1. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) “cly; eyk; vd;gJ > xU kdpjdpd; KOikahd cly;>
kdk; kw;Wk; rKfk; rhh;e;j ,lh;ghLfs; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk; epiyiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. NkYk;
clw;FiwghL> NehAw;W ,Ug;gij kl;Lk; Fwpg;gJ MfhJ” vd;w tiuaWj;Js;sJ.

228
2. cly; eyk; vd;gJ cly; Rw;WGwj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mOj;jq;fSf;Fk; khw;wq;fSf;Fk ; Vw;w
tifapy; jftikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ %yk;> clypDs; rkepiyiag; NgZfpd;w rpwg;ghd
epiyahFk;. ,e;epiy N`hkpNah];Nlrp]; vdg;gLfpwJ
3. cztpy; cs;s Ntjpg; nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy; rj;Jg;nghUl;fs; MW Kf;fpa
tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;.
 fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;
 Gujq;fs;
 nfhOg;Gfs;
 itl;lkpd;fs;
 jhJ cg;Gf;fs;
 ePh;
4. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; (khTr;rj;J)
 Mw;wy; jUk; Mf;ff; $Wfs; MFk;.
fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lf;fspd; epiy %yg;nghUs;
rh;f;fiu goq;fs; > Njd;> fUk;Gr; rh;f;fiu> gPl;Ul;
];lhh;r; mhprp> Nrhsk;> cUisf;fpoq;F
ehh;r;rj;J czT KOjhdpaq;fs; nfhl;il czTfs;

5. nfhOg;G:
 Mw;wy; jUk; Xh; czT
 fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;il tpl mjpf Mw;wiy juf;$baJ
 nfhOg;Gr;rj;J cs;s rpy czTg; nghUl;fs; ntz;nta;> nea;> ghy;> \
ghyhilf;fhl;b> gd;dph;> nfhl;ilfs;> khkprk;> kPd>; Kl;ilapd; kQ;rs; fU>
 nfhOg;G ekJ clYf;F Mw;wy; jUtJ kl;Lky;yhJ> ekJ cliyg; ghJfhj;J ek;
nry;fisAk; ghJfhf;fpd;wd.
6. Gujq;fs;:
 cly; tsh;;r;rpf;F cjTfpd;wd
 cly; tsh;r;rp > nry; gOJ ghh;jj
; y; kw;wk; nrhpkhdk; Nghd;w gy;NtW tpjkhd
clw;nray;fSf;F Gujq;fs; kpfTk; mtrpak;
 Kl;il > kPd; > ghy; Nfhop> ,iwr;rp> NrhahgPd]
; ;> nfhl;ilfs;> gUg;Gfs;
Nghd;witfspy; ,Ue;J Gujq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
7. itl;lkpd;fs; / caph;r;rj;J
 MW Kf;fpa itl;lkPdf
; s; kw;Wk;
 ePhpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
 nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
itl;lkpd;fs; %yq;fs; Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;

229
 itl;lkpd; A kPd; vz;nza;> Kl;il> ghy;> nea;> Nrhsk;> khiyf;fz; Neha;
kQ;rs; epw goq;fs;> fPiufs;
itl;lkpd; B KO jhdpak;> jPl;lg;glhj mhprp> ghy;> kPd;> Nghpnghp
,iwr;rp gl;lhzp> gaW tiffs;> gr;irf;
fha;fwpfs;
itl;lkpd; C MuQ;R> ney;ypf;fha;> gr;irkpsfha;> jf;fhsp ];fh;tp

itl;lkpd; D kPd; vz;nza;> Kl;il> ghy;> #hpa xsp %yk; Hpf;nfl;];

ekJ Njhypy; cUthfpwJ
itl;lkpd; E jhtu vz;nza;fs;> gr;irf; fha;fwpfs;> euk;G gytPdk;> kq;fyhd
KOf;NfhJik> khk;gok;> Mg;gps;> fPiufs; fz;ghh;it> kyl;Lj;jd;ik
itl;lkpd; K gr;irf; fha;fwpfs;> jf;fhsp> Kl;ilf;Nfh]; gytPdkhd vYk;Gfs;>
Kl;il kw;Wk; ghy; nghUl;fs; gw;fs;

8. jhJ cg;Gfs;:
 jhJ cg;Gfs; cly; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> nghJthd cly; nray;ghLfis xOq;Fg;gLj;j
Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
 jhJ cg;Gfs; epiwe;j czTg;nghUl;fs; fPiu tiffs;> gUg;G tiffs; > Kl;il >
ghy;> kPd;> kw;Wk; goq;fs;
 jhJ cg;Gfs; ghJfhg;G czTfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. jhJ cg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
jhJ cg;Gfs; gzpfs;
fhy;rpak; tYthd vYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; gw;fs;> ,uj;jk; ciwjy;
gh];gu]; tYthd vYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; gw;fs;
mNahbd; ijuha;L `hh;Nkhd; cw;gj;jp
,Uk;Gr;rj;J `PNkhFNshgpd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; %is tsh;r;rp

10. jpde;NjhWk; ehk; Fiwe;jJ 2 ypl;lh; my;yJ 8 lk;yh;fs; ePiu Fbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
11. gy;NtW rj;Jf;fs; NghJkhd msT ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;tJJ rhptpfpj czT vdg;gLk;.
12. Gujr;rj;J Fiwghl;L Neha;fs;
Neha;fs; mwpFwpfs;
Fth\pNahh;fs; tsh;;r;rpf;FiwghL> Kfk;> fhy;fspy; tPf;fk;>
tapw;Wg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; cg;gpa tapW
kuh];k]; vYk;gpd; kPJ Njhy; %bAs;sJ Nghd;w
epiyNjhd;Wk; > nkJthd cly; tsh;r;rp> nghpa
jiy> Fiwthd %is tsh;r;rp

13. jhJ cg;Gfs; Fiwg;ghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;

jhJ cg;Gf;fs; Neha;fs;

230
 fhy;rpak; Hpf;nfl;];
gh];gu]; M];bNahkNyrpah
mNahbd; fphpl;bdprk; (Foe;ijfSf;F)
,Uk;Gr;rj;J ,uj;jr; Nrhif

14. Ez;Zaphpfs; mwpKfk;

 Ez;Zaphpfshy; Vw;gLk; rpy Neha;fs; rPjNgjp> gw;nrhj;ij> Nrw;Wg;Gd;> nghLF
 ngUk;ghyhd Ez;Zaphpfs; ehd;F Kf;fpa gphpTfshf cs;sd.
 ghf;Bhpah
 itu];
 GNuhl;NlhNrhth
 G+Q;irfs;
 ghf;Bhpah
 kpfr; rpwpa GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; Ez;Zaphpfs;
 nry;fspy; cl;fU fpilahJ
 nry; rt;Tfs; mw;w Ez;ZWg;Gf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 ghf;Bhpahtpy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;
ghf;Bhpah Neha;fs; guTk; Kiw
fhyuh / tapw;Wg;Nghf;F mRj;jkhd ePh;
epNkhdpah / fha;r;ry; ,Uky; kw;Wk; Jk;kypd; NghJ ntspg;gLk;
fhw;W jptisfis Rthrpj;jy;
Nll;ld];/ff;Fthd; ghf;Bhpahf;fspdhy; jhf;fg;gl;l fhaq;fs;
fhreNeha; ,Uky; kw;Wk; Jk;kypd; NghJ ntspg;gLk;
fhw;W jptisfis Rthrpj;jy;
ilg;gha;L / fha;r;ry; mRj;jkhd czT my;yJ ePh;
 itu];fs;
 itu]; vd;git my;yJ it kuGg;nghUshf nfhz;lit
 kw;nwhU caphpdq;fspd; nry;fspy; GFe;J ngUf nra;fpd;wd
 itu]hy; guTk; Neha;fs; gpd;tUkhW
1. rhjhuz rsp 5. ,d;GSad;rh
2. fy;yPuy; xt;thik 6. rpd;dk;ik
3. ,sk;gps;isthjk; 7. nghpak;ik
4. jl;lk;ik

NkYk; mwpe;Jnfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

231
1. mjpfkhd Gujk; cs;s czT NrhahgPd]
; ; MFk;.
2. #hpaj; jpiug;G+r;R (Sun Screen Lotion) Njhypd; itl;lkpd; cw;gj;jpia Fiwf;fpwJ.
vdNt itl;lkpd; Fiwghl;L Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ
3. ney;ypf;fdpfspy; MuQ;R goq;fistpl 20 klq;F mjpf “itl;lkpd; ” fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. KUq;if ,iyapy; epiwe;Js;s rj;Jf;fs; itl;lkpd; itl;lkpd; nghl;lhrpak;>
fhy;rpak;> ,Uk;Gr; rj;J kw;Wk; Gujk;. ,J Mf;]p[Ndw;wj; (Antioxidants) jLg;ghdhfTk;
cs;sJ.
5. cyfpy; 80 KUq;if ,iy cw;gj;jp ,e;jpahtpy; jhd; cs;sJ. KUq;if ,iyfis
ngUk;ghYk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;af; $ba ehLfshtd rPdh> mnkhpf;fh n[h;kdp> fdlh>
njd; nfhhpah kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; MFk;.
6. rkPgj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; elj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpd; gb 14.4 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs; cly; gUkhdhf
,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;. ,e;j tifapy; ,e;jpah rPdhtpw;F mLj;jhf> cyf mstpy; ,uz;lhk;
,lj;jpy; cs;sJ
7. itu]pdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fis ekJ clypd; Neha; vjph;g;Gr; rf;jp nray;gl;L mopg;gjw;F
Kd; me;Nehapd; mwpFwpfis itj;J Fzg;gLj;j KbAk;. Ez;Zaphp nfhy;ypfshy;
itu]pd; jhf;fj;ij mopf;f KbahJ.
8. Neha; vd;gJ clypy; NehA+f;fpfspd; nray;ghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; milahsq;fs; kw;Wk;
mwpFwpfspd; ntspg;ghl;by; Vw;gLk; njhFg;G.
9. Kuz;ghL my;yJ NfhshW cly; nray;ghLfspy; Vw;gLk; xOq;fw;w jd;ik.
10. xU itu]; Tf;F gjpyhf it ngw;wpUe;jhy; mjw;F hpl;Nuh itu]; vd;W ngah;.

7 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;

cly; eyKk; RfhjhuKk;

1. gw;fis ghjpf;Fk; Neha;fs;:

t.vz; Neha;fspd; ngah; fhuzpfs; jhf;fq;fs;/ jPh;Tfs;
tpisTfs;
1 <Wfspy; ,uj;jf; itl;lkpd; FiwghL <Wfspy; Rpl;u]; goq;fs;
frpT ,uj;jg;Nghf;F rhg;gplyhk;
2 gw;rpijT gw;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ghf;Bhpahf;fs; gy; Jyf;Fjy;
ghf;Bhpahf;fs; mkpyq;fis kw;Wk; g;Nsh];
cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd nra;jy;
Mfpait
rpijitf;

232
 jLf;fpd;wd
3 Gwj;jpR Neha; Gifapiy nky;Yjy; <Wfspy; Vw;gLk; Gifapiy
Nehapd; Kw;wpa nky;Yjy;
epiyapy; vYk;Gfs;> jtph;jj
; y;
<Wfs; kw;Wk; gpw rhptpfpj
jpRf;fis czit
mopf;fpd;wJ cz;Zjy;

2. fz;iz ghjpf;Fk; Neha;fs; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd jPhT

; fs;:
t.vz; Nehapd; ngah; fhuzpf;s jhf;fq;fs;/ jPh;Tfs;
tpisTfs;
1 ,uT FUl;Lj;jd;ik (Night itl;lkpd; V ,utpy; my;yJj Md;b
Bindness) FiwghL> kq;fyhd xspapy; Mf;]pld;l;>
tpopj;jpiu ed;F ghh;g;gJ itl;lkpd;fs;
nry;fspd; fbdk; kw;Wk; jhJf;fs;
FiwghL epiwe;j
czTfisf;
rhg;gpLq;fs;
2 ,sk; rptg;Gf; fz;Neha; itu]; kw;Wk; Xd;W my;yJ Neha; vjph;g;G
(tpopntz;gly ghf;Bhpahthy; ,uz;L fz;fs; rf;jp nfhz;l
mow;rp)Conjunctivitis cz;lhfpwJ ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. fz; nrhl;L
(Pinkeys) kpfTk; njhw;W kUe;J my;yJ
,Uky; kw;Wk; fspk;Gfs;> ghl;b
Jk;ky; %yk; itj;jpak;
guTfpwJ
3 tz;zf; FUl;Lj;jd;ik kugZ epiy tz;zq;fis ,jw;Fj; jdpahd
(Color bindness) NtWgLj;jp rprpr;ir Kiw
mwptjpy; ,y;iy
,lh;ghL xNu ,th;fSf;F
epwj;jpd; cjtf; $ba
NtWgl;l tifapy;>
nrwpTfisg; gpuj;Naf
ghh;f;f ,ayhik tbfl;bfSld;
kw;Wk; fhd;lhf;l;
nyd;];fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd

3. Neha;j; jLg;G kw;Wk; rpfpr;irfs; Mfpatw;wpidf; nfhz;L Nehapd; tiffs; - ,uz;L

(njhw;WNeha;fs;> njhw;wh Neha;fs;)
4. ghf;Bhpahthy; Vw;gLk; njhw;W Neha;fs; fhrNeha; > fhyuh> ilgha;L

233
5. fhrNeha;
 fhrNeha; vdg;gLk; b.gp (TB - Tuberculosis) xU njhw;WNeha;
 fhrNeha; vd;gJ fhw;wpy; guTk; Neha; tifiar; rhh;e;jJ
 fhrNeha; EiaPuiyAk; clypd; gpw cWg;Gfshd vYk;Gfs;> %l;Lfs;> ePzePhr
; ;
Rug;gpfs;> nrhpkhd cWg;Gfs;> fy;yPuy; kw;Wk; rpWePufj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ
 ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; bA+gh;FNshrp]; vd;Dk; Fr;rp tbt ghf;Bhpthy; fhrNeha;
cUthfpd;wJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: fha;r;ry;> vil ,og;G> njhlh;e;J ,Uky;> rspAld; ,uj;jk; kw;Wk;
Rthrpg;gjpy; rpukk;.
 fhrNeha;f;fhd jLg;G Crp „
 fhrNehia fz;Lgpbj;jth; ,uhgh;l; Nfhr;
 Nghd;w njhlh;r;rpahf mspf;fg;gLk; kUe;Jfisg; gad;gLj;jJy;
 fhrNeha; xopg;G jpdk; khh;r; 24
6. fhyuh:
 tpg;ghpNah fhyNu vd;w ghf;Bhpahtpy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 mRj;jkhd czT my;yJ ePh; %yk; guTf; $baJ
 mwpFwpfs; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F> jirtyp> the;jp
 nfhy;yg;gl;l jLg;G+rpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L fhyuh
7. ilgha;L
 rhy;Nkhndy;yh il gp vd;w ghf;Bhpaj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 mRj;jkhd czT kw;Wk; ePh; %yk; guTfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs; : grpapd;ik> jPtpuj; jiytyp mbtapw;wpy; Gz; my;yJ jbg;Gfs;>
jPtpuf; fha;r;ry; (mjhtJ 104 tiu fha;r;ry;)
8. itu]; %yk; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; - kQ;rs; fhkhiy> rpd;dk;ik> NugP];
9. kQ;rs; fhkhiy (n`ghbl;b];)
 kQ;rs; fhkhiy n`ghbl;b]; itu]; apdhy; Vw;gLk; Mgj;jhd kw;Wk;
,wg;G Vw;gLj;Jk; NehahFk;.
 mRj;jkhd ePh; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;Fg; Nghlg;gl;l Crpfs; %yk; > ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpd;
,uj;jk; gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ Nghd;wptw;wpd; %ykhf ,e;Neha; guTfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs; : grpapd;ik (mNdhnuf;]pah) kQ;rs; epwKila rpWePh; > fz;fs;
kQ;rs; epwk; Fiwthd nrhpj;jy; kw;Wk; the;jp
10. jl;lk;ik:
 thhpnry;yh vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 thpnry;yh N[h];lh; vd;w itu]hy; Vw;gLk; jPtpu njhw;W Neha; MFk;.
 fhw;wpd; %ykhfNth> ghjpf;fg;gl;l eghplkpUe;Njh kw;wtUf;F vspjpy; guTk;

234
  mwpFwpfs; : ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpd; cly; KOtJk; jbg;Gfs;> fha;r;ry;> mk;ik
nfhg;gsq;fs;
 rpd;dk;ik (Nthpnry;yh) jLg;G+rp
11. NugP]; (ntwpeha;f;fb)
 ntspeha;fb ,wg;ig Vw;gLj;jf;$ba xU mgahfukhd NehahFk;.
 Neha;j; njhw;Wila eha;> Kay;> Fuq;F> G+id Mfpait fbg;gjd; %ykhf
guTfpwJ.
 eha;fspd; ckpo;ePhpy; cs;s itu]; euk;Gfs; topahf %isf;Fs; EiofpwJ
 mwpFwpfs;: NugP]; itu]hy; jhf;fg;gl;lhy; mth;fsf;F i`l;NuhNghgpah (ePiu
fz;L gak;) ,uz;L Kjy; gd;dpuz;L thuq;fshf fha;r;ry;> elj;ijapy; khw;wk;
 ntwpeha;f;fbf;F jLg;G+rp fz;Lgpbj;jth; Yhapgh];bah;
12. njhw;whNeha;fs;
 cly; ghfq;fs; gOjiltjhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; v.fh thjNeha;> khuilg;G>
typg;G gf;fthjk;> xw;iwj;jiytyp> fz;Giu> Gw;WNeha;
 jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$ba ntspg;Gwf; fhuzpfs; clypy; Vw;gLj;Jk; rpf;fy;fs;: v.fh
xt;thikfs;> M];Jkh> eQ;Rfs;> ghk;G fbj;jy;> Gifj;jyhy; Vw;gLk; ,Uky;>
tapw;Wg;Gz;> kJ mUe;Jjy;
 cly; Ez;Zhl;lh; jdpkf; Fiwghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfs;: v.fh ,uj;j
Nrhif> ngyhf;uh> khiyf;fz;Neha;> rPNuhg;jhy;kpah fOj;Jf;foiy Neha; kw;wk;
i`g;Nghijuha;brk;.
 Cl;lr;rj;jpd;ik fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;: gy nghJthd Neha;fs;
Cl;lr;rj;jpd;ik fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;wd.
13. Foe;ijfspd; jdpg;gl;l Rfhjhuk; gpur;ridfs; : ,uj;j Nrhif:
 ,Uk;Gr;rj;J Fiwthd czTfis rhg;gpLtjhy; Vw;gLk;
 `PNkhFNshgpd; Fiwtjhy; mdpkpah vd;w ,uj;jNrhif Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ
 jPtpu ,uj;j Nrhifapdhy; > ,sk; Foe;ijfSf;F nfhf;fpg;GO njhw;W> ehs;gl;l
tapw;Wg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; tapw;Wf;fLg;G Vw;glyhk;.
14. ,uj;j Nrhifapd; mwpFwpfs;:
 Ntsph; my;yJ vspjpy; Gyg;gLfpw Njhy;> ntspj;j fz;zpikapd; cs;gug;G>
ntspj;j tpuy;efk;> ntsph;e;j <Wfs;> gytPdk; kw;Wk; Nrhh;T >
 ,uj;j Nrhif jPtpukilAk; NghJ > KfKk; fhy;fSk; tPq;fpapUf;Fk; ,jaj;
Jbg;g tpiuthf ,Uf;Fk;> %r;R jpzwYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,uj;j Nrhif rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; jLg;G Kiw : kPd; vz;nza; khj;jpiufs;> ,Uk;G
ry;Ngl; khj;jpiufs;
 ,Uk;G rj;J fhzg;gLk; czTfs; - KUq;iff; fPiu> NhPr;rk;gok;> fy;yPuy; (ML>
Nfhop) fPiufs;> gPd]
; ;> gl;lhzp > gUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gr;ir thiog;gok;.

235
 15. jP ghjpg;gpd; tPhpaj;jpw;F Vw;g jPf;fhaq;fs; %d;W tifg;gLk;
 Kjy; epiy jPf;fhaq;fs; vd;gJ Njhy; ntspg;Gw mLf;F (Nky;Gwj;Njhy;)
ghjpg;gilAk; epiy
 ,uz;lhk; epiy jPf;fhaq;fs; vd;gJ Nky;Gwj; Njhy; kw;Wk; mjw;Ff; fPo; cs;s
cl;NjhYk; (nlh;kp];) jPahy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 %d;whk; epiy jPf;fhaq;fs; vd;gJ Njhypd; KO Moj;jpw;F Njhypid mopj;Jk;
kw;Wk; mbg;gil jpRf;fisAk; rpijf;Fk; epiy> ,j;jifia jPf;fjph;fshy;
ghjpf;fg;gLth;fSf;F ngUk;ghYk; Njhy; xl;Ljy; (Skin grafting) Njitg;gLfpwJ.
16. mnyhf;rhz;lh; gpskpq; (1881-1955)
 mnyf;rhzh; gpskpq; jd;Dila gs;spg; gbg;ig yz;ldpYs;s
kUj;Jtg;gbg;gpid nrapz;l; Nkhp]; gs;spapy; gapd;whh;.
 nrapdl;; Nkhp]; kUj;Jtf; fy;Yhhp kUj;Jtkidapy; kUe;Jtg;gbg;gpid gapd;whh;
 Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd;NghJ fhakile;j ,uhZt tPuh;fspd; kUj;JtFOtpw;F
jiytuhf gpskpq; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
 1928 k; Mz;L cyfpNyNa Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jp kUe;J
ngd;rpypd;. ,jid fz;Lgpbjw;fhf 1945 y; Nehghy; ghpR ngw;whh;
 ngd;rpypd; vDk; Neha; vjph;g;G kUe;J epNkhdpah > bg;jhP pah Nghd;w gy;NtW
Neha;fs; kw;Wk; fhaq;fisf; Fzkhf;fpaJ.
 ngd;rypd; “kUe;Jfspd; ,uhzp” vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ
17. KjYjtpapd; Njit vd;gJ
 capiug; ghJfhf;f
 Nehahspapd; ,uj;jf; frpitj; jLf;f kw;Wk; epiiyia cWjpgLj;j
 typ epthuzk; mspf;f
 Muk;gepiyf;fhd xU mtru kUj;Jtr; Nrit

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. nlq;F fha;r;ry; itu]; tifiar; Nrh;e;j itu]; (,J gpnytp itu]; tifiar;
rhh;e;jJ) Vb]; v[pg;b vd;w nfhRf;fspdhy; nlq;F guTfpwJ. ,J ,uj;jj; jl;Lfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwf;fpwJ. ,e;j nfhRf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpypUe;J mjpfgl;rkhf 50-
100 kPl;lh; Rw;wsitr; Rw;wp ,Ug;gth;fSf;F tuf;$baJ.
2. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpahjpf;nfjpuhf Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wiy cUthf;fp> me;Neha;f;nfjpuhfg;
Nghuhl ek; cliyj; jahh;nra;jNy jLg;G+rp NghLjypd; Nehf;fkhFk;. jLf;f$ba
Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhf;f Kd;$l;bNa jLg;G+rp ( > NghypNah> ) Foe;ijg;
gUtj;jpNyNa nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

236
3. YNfhnlh;kh Njhypy; rpy gFjp my;yJ nkhj;jg; gFjpapy; epwkp (nkydpd; epwkp)
,og;Gfshy; Vw;gLk; xU njhw;wh NehahFk;. ,e;j epiy midj;J taJ. ghypdk; kw;Wk;
,dj;ijg; ghjpf;fpwJ. ,jw;F vt;tpjr; rpfpr;irAk; ,y;iy. ,J njhLjy;> czT gfph;jy;
kw;Wk; xd;whf cl;fhh;tjhy; guthJ.
4. ,Uk;Gr;rj;ij khj;jpiufshf tha;topahf cl;nfhs;syhk;. Crpfshf vLg;gJ Mgj;jhd
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;

8 Mk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; gUtk;

tshpsk; gUtkiljy;

1. tshpsk; gUtk; vd;w nry;yhdJ “mNlhyrh; (Adolescere)” vd;w ,yj;jd

P ; nkhop
thh;ji
; japypUe;J te;jjhFk;;.
2. gjpd;k taJ (Teen Age) vd;gJ 13 Kjy; 19 taJ tiu
3. gUtkiljypd; NghJ clypy; Vw;gLk; ehd;F khw;wq;fs;
 cly; mstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
 cly; mikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
 Kjy;epiy ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsh;r;rp
 ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsh;r;rp
4. cly; mstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
 gUtkilAk; Neuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Kjy; nghpa khw;wk; tsh;r;rpahFk;. ,J clypd;
cauk; kw;Wk; vilapy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;ghFk;
 tof;fkhf ngz;fspd; vil mjpfhpj;jy; 10 Kjy; 12 tajpy; Jtq;fp 17 Kjy; 19
tajpy; Kbtilfpd;wd
 Mz;fspd; vil mjpfhpj;jy; 12 Kjy; 13 tajpy; Jtq;fp 19 Kjy; 20 tajpy;
Kbtilfpd;wJ
 tshpsk; gUtj;jpy; Mz;fspd; cauj;jpy; ruhrhpahf 23 nr.kP mjpfhpg;Gk;>
ngz;fspy; ruhrhpapy; 26 nr.kP mjpfhpg;Gk; Vw;gLfpwJ
 ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ruhrhp vil mjpfhpg;ghdJ ngz;fspy; 17 fpNyhfpuhkhfTk;
Mz;fspy; 19 fpNyhfpuhkhfTk; cs;sJ.
5. cly; mikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

237
  Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; cly; gFjpia tpl fhy;fs; mjpfkhf tsh;r;rpAWfpd;wd.
Mdhy; gUtkiljypd; NghJ cly; gFjpAk; tsh;r;rpAWfpd;wJ.
 NkYk; cly; gFjpapy; ,Lg;G kw;Wk; Njhs; gl;il Mfpait tphptile;J clyhdJ
taJ te;Njhhpd; Njhw;wj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.
6. Kjy; epiy ghy; gz;Gfspd; tsh;r;rp:
 gUtkiljypd; NghJ Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs;
KOikahf nray;gLfpd;wd.
 fUg;igapd; msT kw;Wk; mz;lfq;fspd; vil Mfpait ,g;gUtj;jpy;
mjpfhpf;fpd;wd.
7. ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs;:
 Mz;fspy; tpe;jfq;fshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; nl];l;Nlh];Buhd; my;yJ Mz;l;Nuh[d;
vdg;gLk; `hh;NkhdhYk; > ngz;fspy; mz;lfq;fshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; <];l;Nuh[d;
vdg;gLk; `hh;NkhdhYk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 Fuy; tisapd; tsh;r;rp> jir tsh;r;rp vYk;gpd; msT kw;Wk; cly; kw;Wk;
me;juq;fg; gFjpapy; cNuhkj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tpah;it Rug;gpfspd; tsh;r;rpf;F
fhuzkhf cs;sJ.
8. Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs;:
ngz;fs; Mz;fs;
cauk; kw;Wk; vil mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. cauk; kw;Wk; vil mjpfhpf;fpd;wd
nfhOg;G kw;Wk; NjhYf;fbapy; jpRf;fs; jirfs; cUthfpd;wd
cUthfpd;wd.
,Lg;Gg; gFjp tphptilfpd;wJ Njhs;gl;il tphptilfpd;wJ
mf;Fs; kw;Wk; me;juq;fg; gFjpapy; cNuhkk; mf;Fs;> me;juq;fg; gFjp kw;Wk; Kfj;jpy;
tsh;fpwJ. cNuhkk; tsh;fpwJ
FuyhdJ cuj;j kw;Wk; fPr;rpLk; xypahfpd;wJ Funyhypg; ngl;lfj;jpd; ePl;rpapdhYk;>
Fuy;tis nghpjhtjhYk; Fuy; xyp
jilgLfpd;wJ.

9. tshpsk; gUtj;jpdhpd; Cl;lr;rj;Jj; Njitfs;> fdpkq;fs;> fhy;rpak;> mNahbd; ,Uk;G

10. fdpkq;fs;:
 tshpsk; gUtj;jpy; vYk;gpd; vil kw;Wk; ,uj;jj;jpd; fd msT mjpfhpg;gjhy;>
clYf;F fhy;rpak;> gh];gu]; kw;Wk; ,Uk;G Nghd;w fdpkq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
11. fhy;rpak;
 ekJ tho;tpd; gpe;ija gFjpapy; cz;lhFk; M];bNahNghNuhrpi]j; (vYk;G
cilAk; jd;ik) jLf;f fhy;rpaj;ij mjpf mstpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;.
 ,J ghy; kw;Wk; ghy; nghUs;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ghy; xU rhptpfpj czthFk;.

238
 12. mNahbd;: ijuha;L Rug;gp njhlh;ghd Neha;fisj; jLf;f cjTfpwJ.
13. ,Uk;G:
 ,uj;jj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; ,Uk;G Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ ,Uk;Gr;rj;J epiwe;j
czTfshd gr;ir ,iyf; fha;fwpfs;> fPiufs; nty;yk;> ,iwr;rp> rpl;u];
goq;fs;> ney;ypf;fha; kw;Wk; KO gUg;G tiffs; Mfpait tshpdk;
gUtj;jpdUf;F cfe;jitahFk;.
 cztpy; cs;s ,Uk;Gr; rj;Jf; FiwghL ,uj;j Nrhifia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Mz;fspy; jirfspd; tsh;r;rp mjpfsT Vw;gLtjhy; ,Uk;Gr;rj;Jf; FiwghL
Vw;gLfpwJ. khwhf> ngz;fspy; ,J jir tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; khjtplhapd; fhuzkhf
Vw;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
1. tpe;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; mz;lfq;fs; KiwNa Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;zpd; Kjy;epiy ghy;
cWg;Gfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. gUtkiljy; epfOk; NghJ> Fuy;tisapd; tsh;r;rpahdJ ngz;fistpl Mz;fspy;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
3. Mz;fspy; tsh;e;J nghpjhfp ntspNa JUj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Fuy; xypg; ngl;lfkhdJ
Mlk;]; Mg;gps; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;> FuyhdJ MokhfTk;> fufug;ghfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kf;fpakhf tshpsk; gUtj;jpy; Ruf;ff;$ba rpy Mz; ,d
`hh;Nkhd;fshy; (xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fs;) Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf>
FUj;njYk;Gld; ,ize;Js;s jirfs; (Fuy;tis) jsh;r;rpAw;W jbkdhfpd;wd. ,e;j
jsh;r;rpAw;w jbj;j Fuy;tisg; gFjpf;Fs; fhw;W EioAk; NghJ fufug;ghd xypahdJ
cUthfpwJ
4. ngz;fspy; Fuy;tis rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy; mJ ntspapy; njhptjpy;iy. vdNt FuyhdJ
cuj;j RUjpAld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
5. tshpsk; gUtj;jpy; tpah;it kw;Wk; NjhYf;fbapy; (vz;nza; Rug;gpfs;) fhzg;glf;$ba
Rug;gpfspd; nray;ghL mjpfhpg;gjhy; mtw;wpd; Rug;G mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Njhypy;
fhzg;glf;$ba ,r;Rug;gpfspd; mjpfg;gbahd Rug;gpd; fhuzkhf gy Mz;fs; kw;Wk;
ngz;fspd; Kfj;jpy; gUf;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd $Ljy; Rug;G fhuzkhf rpy Neuq;fspy;
m;th;fspy; clypypUe;J ehw;wKk; cUthfpwJ.
6. <];l;Nuh[d; xU jdpj;j `hh;Nkhd; my;y. mJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;Gila gy
];Buha;L `hh;Nkhd;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
7. rkPg fhyq;fspy; ngz;fs; kpfr;rpwpa tajpNyNa gUtk; milfpd;wdh;. ,J czTgl
gof;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. ePq;fs; mjpf mstpy; rj;jw;w nehWf;Fj;jPdp czit
cz;Zk;NghJ > cly; tsh;r;rp mjpfhpj;J nghpath;fisg; Nghd;w Njhw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
8. tshpsk; gUtj;jpdhpd; eykhd tho;tpw;F Jhf;fk; kpfTk; mtrpak; MFk;. Njitahd
msT Jhtf;fk; gjpd;k tajpy; Vw;gLk; kd mOj;jj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. ,e;j

239
 tajpdh; rpwg;ghf nray;gl xt;nthU ehs; ,utpYk; Rkhh; 8 Kjy; 10 kzpNeuk; Jhq;FtJ
mtrpakhdjhFk;. Mdhy; gjpd;k tajpNdhhpy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; NghJkhd msT
Jhq;Ftjpy;iy.
9. khjtplha; Nuej;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ig <L nra;a ngz;fs;> mjpf mstpy; ,Uk;Gr;rj;J
epiwe;j czit vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
9 Mk; tFg;G Kjyhk; gUtk;
Rj;jk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk; - caph;tho czT

1. Cl;lr;rj;Jfspd; MW tiffs;:
 fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;
 Gujq;fs;
 nfhOg;Gfs;
 itl;lkpd;fs;
 jhJ cg;Gfs;
 ePh;
2. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;fs;
 fhh;gd; > i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; Mfpait 1:2:1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; nfhz;l
mq;ff; $l;Lg;nghUs;fis nfhz;ljhFk;.
 Mw;wiy juf;$baJ.
 fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;fSf;F v.fh cz;Zk; rh;f;fiu> ];lhh;r;> nry;YNyh];
 cztpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;
fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; tiffs; mlq;fpAs;sg; nghUs;fs;
NkhNdh rhf;fiul;fs; (xw;iwr; FSf;Nfh]; > gpuf;Nlh];> Nfyf;Nlh];
rh;f;fiufs;)
ilrhf;fiul;fs; (,ul;ilr; rh;f;fiufs;) Rf;Nuh];> yhf;Nlh];> khy;Nlh];
ghyp rhf;fiul;fs; ($l;Lr; rh;f;fiufs;) mikNyh];> mikNyh ngf;bd;>
];lhh;r;Rfs; nry;YNyh];>
n`kpnry;YNyh]; fpisf;Nfh[d;

 FSf;Nfh]; - xw;iw rh;f;fiu

 cz;Zk; rh;f;fiu - ,ul;ilr; rh;f;fiu
 fha;fwpfspy; fhzg;gLk; nry;YNyh]; - $l;Lr;rh;f;fiu
 Rf;Nuh]; - Njd; > fUk;G> fdpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 gpuf;Nlh]; - gor;rhwpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 gpuf;Nlh]; xspia fbfhu Ks;Sf;F vjph;jpirapy; Row;Wk;
 ];lhh;r; - mhpr> cUisf;fpoq;F kw;Wk; nuhl;bapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

240
  fpisf;nfh[d; ek;Kila fy;yPuy; kw;Wk; jirfspy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jhtu nry;Rth; nry;YNyh]; kw;Wk; gpw mq;ff;$l;Lg;nghs;fis MdJ.
3. Gujq;fs;:
 cly; jpRf;fs; cuthf;fj;jpw;F Njitahd mbg;gil nghUshfTk;>
vhpnghUshfTk; nray;gLfpwJ.
 Gujq;fshdJ rf;jpia fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; (4 fpNyh fNyhhp /fp ()17 KJ)) kw;Wk;
nfhOg;Gfis (9 fpNyh fNyhhp /fp (37 KJ)) tpl mjpfkhd mstpy; nfhLf;fpwJ.
 Cl;lr;rj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Gujq;fspd; jdpg;gl;l kpf Kf;fpa gz;Gfis
jPhk
; hdpg;gJ mtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;.
 Gujq;fshdJ gy mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ngg;ill; ,izg;ghy;
,ize;J cUthd xU ghypg;ngg;ill; njhluhFk;.
 ,g;Gujq;fshdJ> ,iug;ig kw;Wk; rpWFly; gFjpfspy; GNuhl;bNar];fshy;
rpijf;fg;gl;L vspa %yf;$Wfshf khWfpd;wd.
 ekJ clYf;F Njitahd Gujq;fshdJ mkpNdh mkpyq;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jpahtrpakhd mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; (Essential Amino Acids
- EAA) clypy; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy . ,e;j mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cztpy;
,Ue;J jhd; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 ek; clypy; xd;gJ mj;jpahtrpakhd mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; cs;sd. mit
 gpidy; myidd;
 Ntiyd;
 jphpNahidd;
 bhpg;Nlh Ngd;
 nkj;jpNahidd;
 Yird;
 INrh Yird;
 Iyrpd;
 `p\;bild;
4. nfhOg;Gfs;:
 cly; mikg;G kw;Wk; tsh;rpij khw;w Ntiyfisr; nra;fpwJ.
 nfhOg;Gfs; “Kf;fpspriuLfs;” my;yJ “%d;W fpspriuLfs;”
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 %d;W nfhOg;G mkpy rq;fpypfs ; kw;Wk; fpsprhpd; v];lh;fNs nfhOg;GfshFk;.
 nfhOg;Gfs; rpW Flypy; nrhpkhdk; milAk; nghOJ ypg;Ng];fs; vd;Dk;
nehjpahy; nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; kw;Wk; fpspruhyhf tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

241
  rpy nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; “mj;jpahtrpa nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; ” vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ ,e;j nfhOg;G mkpyq;fis clyhy; cUthf;f Kbtjpy;iy
 ,uz;L tpjkhd mj;jpahtrpa nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; (EFA- Essential Fattey Acids)
kdpj czT Cl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit My;gh ypNdhypapf; mkpyk; (XNkfh
-6 nfhOg;G mkpyk;) kw;Wk; ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; (XNkfh „ 6 nfhOg;G mkpyk;)
 xNkfh -3 nfhOg;G mkpykhdJ kPdt
; iff;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
5. itl;lkpd;fs;:
 rpwpa mstpy; Njitg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpakhd Cl;lr;rj;J
 itl;lkpd; xU mq;f$l;Lg; nghUshFk;.
 rpl;u]; goq;fs; ];fh;tp Nehia Fzkhf;Fk; vd;W $wpath; N[k;]; tpz;l;
 nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
itl;lkpd; mjd; %yq;fs; FiwghL Neha;fs; mwpFwpfs;
itl;lkpd; Nful;> gg;ghsp ,iy tif rPNuhg;jhy;kpah (Njhy; cyh;e;j fhh;dpah> kw;Wk;
(nul;bdhy;) fha;fwpfs; (kPd; fy;yuP y; Neha;fs;) epf;lNyhgpah ,utpy; ghh;f;f Kbahj
vz;nza;) Kl;ilapd; cl;fU (khiyf;fz; Neha;) epiy> nrjpy; Nghd;w
ghy; nghUl;fs; Njhy;
itl;lkpd; Kl;il> fy;yuP y;> ghy; Hpf;nfl;]; ftl;ilf;fhy;fs;
(fhy;rp nguhy;) nghUl;fs;> kPd; > nghUl;fs;> (Foe;ijfsplk; FiwghL cila
kPd; #hpa ntspr;rj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ) khh;ngYk;Gfs> Gwh
NjhypypUe;J cUthFjy; Nghd;w khh;G tsh;r;rp
itl;lkpd; KO NfhJik > ,iwr;rp> Vypfspy; kl;Lj;jd;ik> kyl;Lj;jd;ik
(NlhNfh nguhy;) jhtu vz;nza;> ghy; ,dg;ngUf;f
NfhshWfs;
itl;lkpd; ,it tif fha;fwpfs;> ,uj;j ciwjy; jhkjkhf ,uj;jk;
(Ntjpg;nghUs; NrhahgPd;];> ghy; eilngwhJ ciwjypd; fhuzkhf
FapNdhdpypUe;J mjpf ,uj;jk;
ngwg;gLfpwJ) ntsptUk;

6. ePhpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;

itl;lkpd; mjd; %yq;fs; FiwghL Neha;fs; mwpFwpfs;
itl;lkpd; KO jhdpaq;fs;> nghp nghp jirfs; typikaw;wg; Nghjy;>
(jakpd;) <];l;> Kl;il> gf;fthjk;> euk;Gfspy;
fy;yPuy; Kisfl;ba rpijTWk; khw;wq;fs;
gUg;G tiffs;
itl;lkpd; ghy; > Kl;il> vhpNghgpshtpNdh fz;fspy; vhpr;ry;> twl;rpahd
(hpNgh gpNstpd;) fy;yPuy;> ]p];(fPypahrp];) Njhy;> cjLfspy; tPf;fk;>
gr;irf;fha;fwpfs;> thapd; Xuq;fspy; gpsT
KOjhdpaq;fs;

242
 itl;lkpd; ghy;> Kl;il> ngyhf;uh thapd; Xuq;fspy; gpsT>
(epahrpd;) fy;yPuy;> Njhy; jbj;jy;> Qhgfkwjp>
Nth;f;fliy> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F
nfhOg;G Fiwe;J
fhzg;gLk;
,iwr;rp> ckp
itl;lkpd; ,iwr;rp > kPd; nlh;khbl;]; nrjpy;fs; Nghd;w Njhy; euk;G
(ighplhf;]pd;) >Kl;il FiwghLfs;
jhdpaq;fspd; jtpL
itl;lkpd; ghy;> ,iwr;rp Capiug; Nghf;Fk; Mjpf mstpyhd
(ighplhf;]pd;) fy;yPuy;> gUg;G ,uj;j Nrhif ,uj;jNrhif> jz;Ltl euk;G
tiffs;> FiwghLfs;
jhdpaq;fs;> kPd;
itl;lkpd; ,iy tif ];fh;tp <Wfs; tPf;fkile;J ,uj;j
(m];fhh;gpf; mkpyk;) fha;fwpfs;> Kis tbjy;> Gz;fs; Fzkhtjpy;
fl;ba jhdpaq;fs; jhkjk;> gw;fs; kw;Wk; vYk;G
ney;ypf;fha;> FiwghLfs;
vYkpr;ir> MuQ;R
Nghd;w rpl;u];
goq;fs;

7. jhJ cg;Gr; rj;Jf;fs;:

 czT+l;l Kiwapy; > jhJ cg;G vd;gJ xU Ntjpaj; jdpkk; MFk;.
 Ntjpaj; jdpkk; caphpdq;fs; caph; tho;tjw;F Njitahd Ntiyfis nra;tjhy;
jhJ cg;G xU mj;jpahtrpa Cl;lr;rj;jhf caphpdq;fSf;F Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
 jhJ cg;Gf;fs; kz;zpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; caphpdq;fshy; jhJ
cg;Gf;fis cUthf;f KbahJ
 ekJ clypy; clw;nraypay; epfo;r;rpfis epiyepWj;Jtjw;F jhJ cg;Gf;fs;
mlq;fpAs;sd.
 gw;fs;> vYk;Gfs;> ,uj;jk;> jir kw;Wk; euk;G nry;fspy; jhJ cg;Gf;fs;
mlq;fpAs;sd.
 kdpj clYf;F mjpfkhf Njitg;gLk; Ie;J ngUk; jdpkq;fs; fhy;rpak;> gh];gu];
> nghl;lhrpak;> Nrhbak; > nkf;dr
P pak;
 kdpj clYf;F Fiwthf NjitAila jdpkq;fs;: fe;jfk;> ,Uk;G> FNshhpd;
Nfhghy;l;> jhkpuk;> Jj;jehfk;> khq;fdP]; khypg;gbdk;. mNahbd; nrypdpak;.
8. kdpj clYf;F mjpfkhf Njitg;gLk; 5 ngUk; jdpkq;fs; (Nkf;Nuhjdpkq;fs;)
jhJf;fs; FiwghL Neha;fs;
fhy;rpak; vYk;G tsh;r;rp Fd;Wjy;> kpff; Fiwthd vYk;G rl;lf tsh;r;rp

243
 vYk;Gj;Jis Neha;> gy; tsh;r;rpapd;ik
gh];gu]; vYk;G tsh;r;rp FiwT> cly; tsh;r;rpapd;ik
nghl;lhrpak; euk;G rPh;FiyT> Fiw ,uj;j mOj;jk;> jirr; Nrhh;T> euk;G Jhz;ly;fs;
flj;j ,ayhik (gf;fthjk;)
Nrhbak; Fiwe;j ,uj;j mOj;jk;> Fiwe;j euk;G nray;ghL> ghrpapd;ik >
jirg;gpbg;G > euk;G Jhz;ly;fis flj;j ,ayhik
nkf;dPrpak; vYk;G kw;Wk; jpRf;fspy; tsh;r;rpapd;ik

kdpj clYf;F Fiwthf Njitg;gLk; jdpk rj;Jf;fs; (ikf;Nuh jdpkr; rj;Jf;fs;)

jhJf;fs; FiwghL Neha;fs;
ry;gh; (m) fe;jfk; Gujr;rj;J jilgLfpwJ
,Uk;G ,uj;jNrhif> Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jp Fiwjy;
FNshhpd; jirapd; nray;ghL Fiwe;j typ Vw;gLk;
Nfhghy;l; mdpkpah
jhkpuk; (m) fhg;gh; ,uj;jNrhif> gytPdkhd ,uj;j ehsq;fs; kw;Wk; ,izg;G jpRf;fs;
Jj;jehfk; (m) [pq;f; ,uj;jNrhif > Neha; vjph;g;G rf;jp FiwT> kyl;Lj;jd;ik
khq;fdPR vYk;Gfspy; xOq;fw;w tsh;r;rp> jpRf;fs; tsh;r;rpapd;ik
khypg;Bdk; fopTePf;f kz;lyk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ
mNahbd; Kd; fOj;Jf; foiy (fha;lh;)> fphpl;bdprk; (Foe;ijfspy; Vw;gLfpwJ)
nryPdpak; jirtyp> gytPdkhd ,ja jirfs;
FNuhkpak; tsh;r;rpij khw;w nraiy xOq;fw;wjhf;FfpwJ
g;ShPd; gy; tsh;r;rpapd;ik > gw;fspy; fiw vw;gLjy;

9. clypd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpw;F ePh; ,d;wpahikahjjhFk;.

10. Gujf; Fiwghl;L Neha; FthrpNahh;fh; (Kwashiorkar)> kuh];k]; (Marasmus)
Cl;lr;rj;J Fiwghl;L Neha; mwpFwpfs;
Gujk; Fthh;\pNahh;fh; (1-5 taJ nkype;jNjhw;wk;
Foe;ijf;F tUk;)
Gujk; kuh];k]; (m) rtiy Neha; nghpajiy> Fiwthd
(1 taJf;Fl;gl;l %is tsh;r;rp
Foe;ijf;F tUk;)

11. Fthh;rpNah;fh; : 1 Kjy; 5 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; cztpy; Kf;fpakhf

fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; fhzg;gLk; . Mdhy; Gujq;fs; kpf kpf Fiwe;j msNt
fhzg;gLk;.
12. kuh];k];: ,e;j tajpy; ,th;fSila cztpy; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; > nfhOg;Gfs;>
Gujq;fs; kpf kpff; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLk;.
13. xU Foe;ijf;Fj; Njitahd ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; msT

244
 Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; jpdrhp Njitapd; msT (fpuhk;)
fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; 150- 200
Gujq;fs; 40
nfhOg;Gfs; 35
14. itl;lkpd;fspd; msT mjpfhpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; itl;lkpNdhrp];
15. i`gh; itl;kpNdhrp]; vdg;gLtJ tof;fj;ij tpl mjpfg;gbahd itl;lkpd;fs; msT
,Ug;gJ MFk;. ,e;j epiyapdhy; er;Rj;jd;ikapd; mwpFwpfs; Njhd;wyhk;.
16. mjpfg;gbahd msT itl;lkpd; ,Ug;gJ “i`g;gh; itl;lkpNdhrp]; ”
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ
17. ey;y MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; czTfspd; tiffisAk; kw;Wk; tpfpjj;ijAk;
Njh;e;njLf;f rpwe;j topfhl;bahf cjTtJ czTf;NfhGuk;
18. czT nfl;Lg;NghjYf;F fhuzkhd fhuzpfs;:
 cs; fhuzpfs; (cztpd; cl;GwkpUe;J nfLjy;)- nehjpfspd; nray;ghL> <ug;gjk;
 ntspf;fhuzpfs; (cztpd; ntspg;GwkpUe;J nfLjy;)- fyg;glk;> Ez;Zaphpfs;
19. czTg; ghJfhg;G Kiwfs;:
 ePiu ntspNaw;Wjy;/ cyh;jj
; y;
 #hpa xspiag; gad;gLj;jp cyh;jj
; y; (v.fh jhdpaq;fs; > kPd);
 ntw;wplk; %yk; cyh;jj
; y; (v.fh ghy; nghb> ghyhilf;fl;b)
 #lhd fhw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp cyh;jj
; y; (v.fh. jpuhl;ir> cyh;fdpfs;>
cUisf;fpoq;F rPty;fs;)
 GifapLjy; (m) GifA+l;ly; - ,iwr;rp kw;Wk; kPd; Nghd;w czTg;nghUs;fs;
 fjphpaf;fk; %yk; cyh;jJ
; jy; (Fsph; gh];lh; gjdk;)
 - fjph;fs;> fhkhf;fjph;fs; my;yJj GwCjhf;fjph;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;L jPq;F
tpistpf;Fk; ghf;Bhpahf;fs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpfisf; nfhd;W
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh ntq;fhak; kw;Wk; cUisf;fpoq;F Nghd;wit Kisfl;Ltij
jLf;Fk; Kiw
 ke;j thAitg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
 fhw;Wg;Gfhj igfspy; iel;u[d; thA epug;gLtjd; %yk; mjpy; G+Q;ir
kw;Wk; G+r;rpfs; tsh;tJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh cUisf;fpoq;Ffs; kw;Wk; ,ju czTg; nghUs;fs;
 Fsph; Kiwapy; ghJfhj;jy; (Fsph; rhjdg; ngl;b)
 ciwa itj;jy; - czit 0 ntg;gepiyf;Ff; fPNo Nrkpj;J itj;jy; v.fh
,iwr;rp
 gh];lh; gjdk; (gh];l;LiuNr\d;)
 Yhap]; gh];lhpd; epidthy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

245
  ,e;j Kiwapy; ghy; 63 ntg;gepiyapy; 30 epkplq;fs; nfhjpf;f
itf;fg;gl;L clNd Fsp&l;lg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; ghypy; cs;s
Ez;Zaph;fs; mopf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 fyd;fspy; milj;jy; v.fh ngl;bapy; milf;fg;gl;l czT gz;lq;fs;
20. ,aw;if czTg; ghJfhg;G nghUs;fs;
 cg;gpidr; Nrh;j;jy; v.fh ,iwr;rp> kPd; ney;ypf;fha;> vYkpr;ir kw;Wk; khq;fha; >
CWfha; kw;Wk; fyd;fspy; milf;fg;gl;l czTfs; Nghd;witfis ghJfhf;fTk;
cg;G gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 rh;f;fiuiar; Nrh;jj
; y; v.fh [hk;fs; > n[y;ypfs; > gor;rhWfs;
 vz;nza; Nrh;;j;jy; v.fh CWfha;
21. nraw;if czTg; ghJfhg;Gg; nghUs;fs;
 Nrhbak; ngd;NrhNal;> rpl;hpf; mkpyk;> tpdpfh;> Nrhbak; nkl;lhigry;Ngl; kw;Wk;
nghl;lhrpak; ig ry;Ngl; Nghd;witfs; rh];> [hk;fs;> n[y;ypfs;> gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l
czTfs; kw;Wk; Jhpj czTfSld; kpfTk; rpwpjsT Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ
22. czTf; fyg;gl nghUl;fspd; tiffs; : %d;W
 ,aw;ifahd fyg;gl nghUs;fs;
 njhpahky; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; fyg;gl nghUs;fs;
 njhpe;Nj Nrh;f;fg;gLK; fyg;gl nghUs;fs;
23. ,aw;ifahd fyg;glnghUs;fs;
 er;Rf; fhshdfspy; fhzg;gLk; er;Rg;nghUs;fs;
 Mg;gps; tpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; G&rpf; mkpyk;
 nrh;hp kw;Wk; gPr; goq;fspd; Fopfs;
 fly; er;Rf;fs;> kPd; vz;nzapd; er;Rg;gLj;Jjy;
24. jw;nrayhf / njhpahky; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; fyg;glg; nghUs;fs;
 G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;Jfspd; vQ;rpa Ntjpg;nghUs;fs;
 czTg; nghUs;fs; Nrkpf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; nfhwpf;Fk; gpuhzpfs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpfspd;
ky [yq;fs;> vypf;fbfs; kw;Wk; yhh;thf;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.
 fdpfs;> fha;fwpfs; > cldbahf cz;Zk; ,iwr;rp kw;Wk; Nfhopg;gz;id
jahhpg;Gfspy; v];nrhpr;rpah Nfhyp> rhy;Nkhdy;yh ,dk; Nghd;w Neha;
tpistpf;Fk; Ez;Zaphpfspd; jhf;fk;.
25. njhpe;Nj Nrh;f;fg;gLk; fyg;glg; nghUs;fs;
 tpdpfh;> rpl;hpf; mkpyk;> Nrhbak; ig fhh;Ndl; (rikay;Nrhlh)> ghypy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk;
i`l;u[d; nguhf;irL> nraw;if khTg;nghUs;> czT eWkzg;nghUs;fs; >
nraw;if Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;if ,dpg;G+l;L nghUl;fs;.
 thiog;goq;fs; kw;Wk; khk;goq;fis gOf;f itg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhy;rpak;
fhh;igL Nghd;w Ntjpg;nghUs;fs;

246
  gr;irf; fha;fwpfs;> ghfw;fha; gr;irg; gl;lhzp Nghd;wtw;wpy; gRik epwj;ij
nfhLg;gjw;Fk; thba epiy Njhd;wkhypUf;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj czT epw%l;bfspy; fhzg;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fshd cNyhff;
fhhPak;.
 Mg;gps; kw;Wk; Nghpf;fha; Nghd;w fdpfspd; Nky; gsgsg;ghd Njhw;wj;ijf;
nfhLg;gjw;fhf G+rg;gLfpd;w cz;zf;$ba Mdhy; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;
nraw;if nkOfhd nry;yhf; my;yJ fhh;Ndhgh
 fha;fwpfs;> fhy;eilfs;> MLfs; kw;Wk; Nfhopg;gz;izfspy; Jhpj tsh;r;rp
kw;Wk; gRf;fspd; ghy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tsh;r;rpiaj;
Jhz;Lk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;> ];Buha;Lfs;> Neha; vjph;g;G kUe;Jfs;
26. czTnghUl;fspy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; fyg;gl nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfs;
nghUs; fyg;glg;nghUs; tpisT
thiog;gok; fhyprpak; fhh;igl; (CaC) Gw;WNeha;> rPuz cWg;G kw;Wk;
(nraw;ifahd goj;ij gOf;f fy;yPuy; ghjpg;G
itf;f gad;gLtJ)
Mg;gps; nkOF G+r;R rPuzf;NfhshW > mow;rp
thAnjhy;iy
khk;gok; fhyprpak; fhh;igl; (CaC) jiytyp> kaf;fk;> the;jp> euk;G
(nraw;ifahd goj;ij gOf;f gpur;ridfs;
itf;f gad;gLtJ)
gr;ir fha;fwpfs;>ghfw;fha;> khyirl; gr;ir (epwj;jpw;fhf) Gw;WNeha;
gr;irkpsfha;
cg;G Rz;zhk;G thA njhy;iy
kpsfha;jJ
; hs; nrq;fy;nghb ghh;itf; FiwghL > Rthr
kw;Wk; rPuzf;NfhshW
Njapiy epyf;fhp jhh; Gw;WNeha;
[];fPhpk; ryitj;Jhs; jPtpu tapw;W kw;Wk; fy;yuP y;
gpur;ridfs;

27. tPLfspy; fyg;glg; nghUs;fis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy vspa Kiwfs;

 ghy;
rha;thd tOtOg;ghd Nky; gFjpapy; xU Jsp ghypid itf;fTk;>
fyg;glkw;w ghyhf ,Ue;jhy; nkJthf topAk; kw;Wk; tbe;j ,lj;jpy;
ghy;jlk; fhzg;gLk;. mNj rkak; eph; fyf;fg;gl;l ghyhf ,Ue;jhy; Ntfkhf
tbe;J ghypd; jlk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 Njd;:

247
 Njdpy; gUj;jpapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l xU jphpapid Kf;fp vLj;J jPf;Fr;rpahy;
nfhSj;j Ntz;Lk;. fyg;glkw;w Njd; vhpAk;> Mdhy; rh;f;fiu fiury;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;l Njd; glglntd;W ntbf;Fk;
 rh;f;fiu
rh;f;fiuia ePhpy; fiuf;fTk;> rhf;gP]; nghb rh;f;fiuAld;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;> mg;nghb rh;f;fiuf; fiurypd; mbg;gFjpapy; tPo;
gbthFk;
 fhg;gpj;Jhs;:
xU fz;zhb lk;shpy; ePhpid vLj;J mjpy; xU rpy fuz;bfs;
fhg;gpj;Jhis Jht Ntz;Lk;. fhg;gpj;Jhs; ePhpy; kpjf;Fk; . Mdhy;
Gspf;nfhl;il nghbAld; fyg;glk; nra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jhy; Gspf;nfhl;il
nghbahdJ ePhpy; mbapy; gbAk;.
 czT jhdpaq;fs;:
,tw;wpy; fw;fs;> kzy; kw;Wk; gspq;Ffw;fs; fhzg;gLK; ,tw;iw gphpj;jy;
fOTjy; Kiwg;gb Jha;ikg;gLj;jyhk;.
28. ,e;jpa murhq;fsk; “czTf;fyg;glk; jLg;Gr; rl;lj;ij ” ,aw;wpa Mz;L „ 1954
29. czT fyg;gl jLg;G tpjpfs; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L 1955
30. Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;G jpdk; khh;r; 15
31. juf;fl;Lg;ghL nra;Ak; epWtdq;fs;:
epWtdk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Gzp
Mz;L
ISI (OR) (Bureau of Indian 23 brk;gh; 1986 Njhopw;rhiyfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
Standard) kpd;rhjdg;nghUs;fSf;F jur;rhd;W
mspf;fpwJ
AGMARK ( Agriculture njhlf;fk; Ntshz; nghUl;fSf;F jur;rhd;W mspf;fpwJ
Marking) 1937 > jpUj;jk;
1986
FPO (Furit Product Order) 1955 go cw;gj;jp rk;ge;jg;gl;l nghUl;fSf;F
rhd;wspf;fpwJ
FSSAI (Food Safety and 2011 czTg; ghJfhg;ig fz;fhzpf;fpwJ
Standards Authority of India)
FCI (Food Corporation of India) 1965 czT jhdpaq;fis nfhs;Kjy; nra;jy;
kw;Wk; tpepNahfk; nra;jy;

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f > rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
1. mkpNdh mkpyq;fisf; nfhz;l Guj %yq;fs;

248
 czTg;nghUs; iyrpd; (kp.fp/fp jphpNahidd; l;hpg;Nlh ghd; fe;jfk; nfhz;l
Gujk;) (kp.fp/fp Gujk;) (kp.fp/fp Gujk;) mkpNdh
mkpyq;fs;
(kp.fp/fp Gujk;)
nyf;A+k;fs; 64 38 12 25
jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; 31 32 12 37
KO kzpfs;
nfhl;ilfs; 45 36 17 46
kw;Wk; tpijfs;
fdpfs; 45 29 11 27
tpyq;Ffs; 85 44 12 38

2. lhf;lh; g;df
; ; vd;gtuhy; tpl;lkpd; vd;w thh;ji
; j mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. itl;lkpd; f;F Mq;fpy vOj;jpd; Kjy; vOj;jhd nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Vndd;why;
Kjd; Kjypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l itl;lkpd; ,JthFk;
4. itl;lkpd; fhy;rpak; cwpQ;RjYf;F cjTtjhy; vYk;gpd; gyj;ij mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ.
5. ,iwr;rpapy; cs;s ,Uk;Gr;rj;J (`Pk; cs;s ,Uk;Gr;rj;J ) kw;Wk; jhtu %yg;nghUs;fspy;
(`Pk; my;yhj ,Uk;Gr; rj;J) cs;s ,Uk;Gr;rj;J cly; ntt;Ntwhf cwpQ;rg;gLfpwJ. mNj
rkak; `Pk; my;yhj ,Uk;Gr;rj;ij cwpQ;Rtjw;F itl;lkpd; Njitg;gLfpwJ
6. kdpjdpd; Njhyhy; itl;lkpd; I cUthf;f KbAk;. kdpjdpd; Njhypy; #hpaf;fjph;fs;
tpOk;NghJ (Fwpg;ghf mjpfhiyapy; ) itl;lkpd; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. #hpaf;fjph;fs;
Njhypd; Nky; tpOk;NghJ bi`bNuh Nfhy];l;uhy; vDk; nghUs; itl;lkpd; Mf
khWfpwJ. vdNt> itl;lkpd; #hpa xsp itl;lkpd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. mf;Nlhgh; 21 Mk; Njjp cyf mNahbd; Fiwghl;L jpdkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8. Kd;fOj;Jf; foiy (fha;lh;)- ijuha;L Rug;gp nghpjhtjhy; fOj;jpd; fPo;gFjp tPq;fp
fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j Neha; mNahbd; Fiwg;ghl;lhy; tUfpwJ
9. <ukhd jpuhl;irfs; miw ntg;gepiyapy; nfl;Lg;Nghfpd;wd. Mdhy;
cyh;e;jjpuhl;irfs; (nua;rpd;fs;) mNj ntg;gepiyapy; nfl;Lg;Nghtjpy;iy.
10. mjpf Fsph; Kiw ghJfhg;G vd;gJ czTg;ghJfhg;G Kiwfspy; xd;whFk;. ,q;F
cztg;nghUl;fs; Fsph;e;j miwapd; cs;Ns -23 Kjy; -30 ntg;gepiy tiu itj;J
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpijfshdJ 0 ntg;gepiyf;F fPNo Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLfpwJ
11. thiog;goj;ij Fsph;rhjdg;ngl;bapy; itj;jhy;> gOf;fr; nra;tjw;F Njitg;gLk;
nehjpahdJ nraypoe;J tpLfpwJ. mjw;F gjpyhf nry;fis nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
mjdhy; goj;jpd; Njhy;> kQ;rs; epwj;jpypUe;J ,Uz;l gOg;G epwj;jpw;F khWfpwJ.
12. Yhap gh];lh; (1822 - 1895) mwptpaypd; xU gphpthd Ez;Zaphpapiyj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
,th; gpuhd;]; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j Ntjpapay; kw;wk; Ez;Zaphpay; ty;Yeh;. Mth; nehjpj;jy;
kw;Wk; Neha;fSf;F Ez;ZaphpfNs fhuzk; vdf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. gh];lh; gjdk;

249
 KiwapidAk;> ntwp eha;f;fb (Nugp];) kw;Wk; Me;ju; hf;]; Neha;fSf;F jLg;G
kUe;JfisAk; cUthf;fpdhh;.
13. 1970 Mk; Mz;L Njrpa ghy; Nkk;ghl;L thhpak; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l “Mg;Nu\d; gpsl;
eltbf;if ntz;ikg;Gul;rp “ ia ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fpaJ . Mde;j; ghy; $l;LwTr;
rq;fj;ij ( ) epWtpa Kidth; th;fP]; Fhpad; ,e;j ntz;ikg;Gul;rpapd; ntw;wpf;Fg;
nghpJk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;.
14. nkj;jpyPd; rha xLf;f Nrhjid - ghy; gjg;gLj;Jk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; few;j kw;Wk;
gjdg;gLj;Jjy; nra;ag;gl;l ghypy; cs;s Ez;Zaphpfspd; msit kjg;gPL nra;tjw;Fg;
ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
15. ghypd; juk; Nkd;ikahdjh my;yJJ Nkd;ikaw;wjh vd;gij mwptjw;F nkj;jpyPd; ePy
rhaf;fiury; ghypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L gpd;> ghy; epwk; khWtjw;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Neuk;
mbg;gilahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j epwkhw;wk;clNd ele;jhy;> ghypd; juk;
FiwthfTk; mjpy; ghf;Bhpahf;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt ghy;
gjg;gLj;jy; KiwahdJ Nkw;nfhz;L mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
16. mf;Nlhgh; 16 k; Njjp cyf czT jpdk; filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. czT tPzhFjiyf;
Fwpj;j tpopg;Gzh;T typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
17. czTg; ghJfhj;jiy Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfTk; kw;Wk; mjd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfTk; 2015
Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 7 Mk; Njjp cyf Rfhjhu jpdj;jd;W “gz;iz Kjy; cz;Zk; tiu
ghJfhj;jpLtPh”; vd;w KOf;fk; vOg;gg;gl;lJ
18. Nfhlf;]; mypnkd;khhpa]; (,yj;jd
P ; nkhopapy; “czT tpjp”)vd;gJ czTfs;> czT
cw;gj;jp nghUl;fs; nra;jy; kw;Wk; czTg; ghJfhg;gpw;F rh;tNjr mstpy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jueph;zaq;fs; > tpjpKiwfs;> topKiwfs;> kw;Wk; ,ju ghpe;Jiufs;
mlq;fpa xU njhFg;ghFk;.
19. rh;tNjr mstpy; Vw;gLk; czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;gpy; vOk;
tpthjq;fis jPhj
; J
; itg;gjw;F cyf th;jj
; f epWtdj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l xU
mikg;Gjhd; Nfhlf;fp]; mypnkd;lhhpa];
9 Mk; tFg;G %d;whk; gUtk;
Ez;Zaphpfspd; cyfk;

1. ikf;Nuhigahy[p (Ez;Zaphpay;) fpNuf;f thh;ji

; jahd ikf;Nuhy; vd;gJ Ez;zpa
vd;Wk;> igNah]; vd;gJ capUs;s vd;Wk;> yh[p vd;gJ gbg;G vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. Ez;zpaphpfs; xU nry; caphpdshfNt (ghf;Bhpah) my;yJ gynry; caphpfshfNth
(G+Q;ir ) my;yJ nry;fsw;w caphpfshfNth (itu];) fhzg;gLfpd;wd
3. Ez;Zaphpfspd; tiffs;:
 ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
 itu];fs;

250
  G+Q;irfs;
 Ez;Nzhf;fpahy; fhzf;$ba ghrpfs; kw;Wk; GNuhb];Lfs;
4. ghf;Bhpah
 Ez;zpa xU nry;Yila > cl;fU kw;Wk; gpw nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfsw;w
GNuhNfhpahl;bf; caphpdq;fs; ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
 ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ePsj;jpy; 1 Kjy; 10 (ikf;NuhkPl;lh; f;Fk; FiwthfTk;>
mfyj;jpy; 0.2 Kjy; 1 f;Fk; FiwthfTk; NtWgLfpd;wd.
 ghf;Bhpahtpd; ,lk; ngah;fpd;wdthfTk; ,lk; ngauhjitfshTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ghf;Bhpahtpd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp cWg;G firapio
 ghf;Bhpa nry;ypd; nry;rt;thdJ ngg;bNlhfpisf;fhdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
cWjpahd nry;Rtuhy; %lg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; nry; Rthpidr; Rw;wp gy$l;Lr; rh;f;fiufshy;
(ghyprhf;fiuL) cUthd $Ljyhd nky;ypa glyk; Nghd;w mikg;G
ghJfhg;gpw;fhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it Nfg;];A+y; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 ghf;Bhpah nry;ypd; gpsh];kh glykhdJ irl;Nlhgpshrj;ijAk;> njsptw;w
cl;fUtpidAk; (epA+f;spaha;L) iuNghNrhk;fisAk; kw;Wk; kugZg;nghUshfpa
itAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
 ghf;Bhpahtpy; Guj cw;gj;jpf;fhd ikaq;fshf fhzg;gLtJ iuNghNrhk;fs;
 jq;fSf;F Njitahd czit> fdpk Mjhuq;fs; %yk; (CO2 kw;Wk; i`l;u[d;
toq;fpfs; ) jhq;fNsh jahhpj;J nfhs;Sk; ghf;Bhpahq;fs; - jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiw
ghf;Bhpahq;fs; (Ra[Ptpfs;) vdg;gLk; v.fh iel;NuhNrhNkhd]; rpw;wpdq;fs;
 jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiw ghf;Bhpahq;fspd; ,U Jizg;gphpTfs; xsprhh;G ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
> Ntjprhh;G ghf;Bhpaq;fs;
 rhh;GT+l;l Kiw ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (rhh;Gaphpfs; tiffs;)
 xl;Lz;zp ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
 rhWz;zp ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
 $l;Laph; ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
 capUs;s jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpjh;fs; Nghd;w xk;Gaphpfisr; rhh;e;J
thOk; ghf;Bhpahf;fs;: Xl;Lz;zp ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
 ,w;ej caphpfisr; rhh;e;J fhpkg; nghUs;fisg; ngw;W thOk; ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
rhWz;zp ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
 Xk;Gaphpfspd; cs;Ns thoe;J> mitfspkpUe;J Cl;lj;ijg; ngw;W> Xk;Gaphpfspd;
nrhpj;jYf;Fk;> iel;u[d; epiyepWj;jYf;Fk; (iuNrhgpak;) cjTtJ $l;Laph;
ghf;Bhpahf;fs;
5. itu];

251
  itu]; vd;w yj;jd
P ; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; er;R (m) tp\j;jd;ikAila jputk;
 nry; mikg;gw;w > jd;idj;jhNd ngUf;fpf;nfhs;Sk; xl;Lz;zpfs;
 itu];fs; Gujj;jhy; #og;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;GujkhdJ itu]pd; Kf;fpa ika
epA+f;spf; mkpy %yf;$Wfshfpa Mh;. vd;.V itNah my;yJ itNa
#oe;Js;sJ.
 itu];fspy; 60 Kjy; 95 GNuhl;Bd;fSk; kPjp epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 itu];fspy;> epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fs; thfNth ( 4 „ Ngf;BhpahNg[;) my;yJ
thfNth (Gifapiy gy tz;z itu]; ) fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 xU vspa itu]; Jfs; tPhpahd; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 tPhpahd; capUs;s nry;fspy; kl;LNk tsh;e;J ngUFfpd;wd.
 tPhpahdpd; cUt msT 18 Kjy; 400 (ehNdhkPl;lh;)
 itu];fspd; capUs;s gz;Gfs;:
 iu];fs; ngUf;fkilAk; jd;ikapyhd kugZg; nghUl;fisAila ( )
my;yJ epA+f;spf; mkpyj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ
 Xk;Gaphpfspy; cs;s capUs;s nry;fspy; ngUf;fkilfpd;wd.
 ,e;j itu];fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Xk;GaphpfisNa jhf;ff;$bait.
 itu];fspd; capuw;w gz;Gfs;:
 iu];fs; Xk;GaphpfSf;F ntspNa ke;jkhd nghUs;fshfNth
,Uf;fpd;wd.
 itu];fs; nry; rt;T kw;Wk; nry; Rth; mw;wit> mijg;Nghy; nry;
Ez;ZWg;Gfshfpa iuNghNrhk;fs;> ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah KjypaitfSk;
itu]py; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 itu];fspd; tiffs;:
 jhtu itu];fs; v.fh Gifapiy nkhirf; (gy tz;z itu];)> fhspgpsth;
nkhirf; itu];> cUisf;fpoq;F itu];
 tpyq;F itu];fs; v.fh mbNdh itu]; > nul;Nuh itu]; (vr;.I.tp)>
,d;GSad;rh itu];> NghypNahitu];
 ghf;Bhpa itu]; (ghf;BhpahNg]; v.fh ghf;Bhpah mopg;G itu]; (T4)
6. G+Q;irfs;
 gr;irakw;w caphpdkhFk;. Mit capUs;s my;yJ capuw;w Xk;Gaphpfis jq;fsJ
czTj; Njitf;fhf rhh;e;J tho;fpd;wd
 G+Q;irfspd; clyk; jhy]; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 G+Q;irfs; ghf;Bhpahf;fis tpl nghpjhditahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 xU nry; caphpahd <];l; (nuhl;bf;fhshd; ) mfyfk; 1 Kjy; 5 ikf;NuhkPl;lh;

252
  ikf;NuhkPl;lh; vd;gJ 10-16 msTilajhFk;
 <];l; Nfhs tbtj;jpy; fir ,iofsw;W fhzg;gLtjhy; ,lk;ngah;tjpy;iy.
 gy nry; caphpfspd; mikg;gpy;> jhy]; vd;gJ ikrPypak; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ikrPypak; vd;gJ gy Ez;zpa Ehy; tbt i` Ng vd;w ,iof;fspd;
njhFg;ghFk;
 xt;nthU i` ghf;fSk; 5 Kjy; 10 ikf;Nuh kPl;lh; mfyKilait.
 i` ghf;fspd; nry;RtuhdJ nry;YNyh]; kw;Wk; n`kpnry;YNyh];
nghUs;fshy; MdJ.
 G+Q;irapd;irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; czTg; nghUshdJ fpisf;Nfh[d; my;yJ
nfhOg;Gf; Fkpop (FNshGA+y;];) tbtpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 G+Q;irfs; jiytop ,dg;ngUf;fk; (nt[pl;Nlbt;)> ,uz;lhf gpsj;jy;> nkhl;L
tpLjy;> Jz;lhjy;> ghypd ,dg;ngUf;fk; (nfhzpba tpj;Jf;fs; cUthjy; )> ghy;
,dg;ngUf;fk; (Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; NfkPl;Lfs; cUthjy; ) Mfpa Kiwfspy;
,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd.
 rpytif G+Q;irfs; kdpjj; Njhypy; tho;e;J nful;bdha;L glyj;ij ghjpf;fpd;wd
7. gphPahd;fs;
 gphPahd;fs; Nehia cz;lhf;fty;y Gujj;Jfs;fs; (jPikahf khwpg;Nghd Gujk; )
MFk;.
 gphPahd; vd;w gjj;jpid cUthf;fpath; ];lhd;yp gp g;&a;];dh; ( 1982 k; Mz;L)
 gphPahd;fs; Gujq;fis kl;LNk nfhz;Ls;s itu]; Jfs;fshFk;.
 gphPahd;fspy; epA+f;spf; mkpykhdJ fhzg;gltpy;iy.
 epA+uhd;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gphPahd;fs; Nfhy; tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 gphPahd;fs; rhjhuzkhd kbe;j Gujq;fis Jhz;b khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 gphPahd;fspy; jtwhf kbf;fg;gl;l Gujq;fs; $l;lhfr; Nrh;e;J Ftpf;fg;gl;L jOk;G
(gpNsf; ) Nghd;W cs;sd. ,e;epiy euk;Gj; jpRf;fis rPh; Fiytilar;
nra;fpd;wJ
8. Ez;Zaphpfspd; gad;fs;
 Ez;Zaphpfs; caphpaf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fhuzpfshfTk;> caphpd cuq;fshfTk;>
tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
 Ez;Zaphpfs; fhh;gd;> iel;u[d; > Mf;rp[d; fe;jfk; kw;Wk; gh];gu]; Nghd;w
jdpkq;fspd; Row;rpapy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
 caphpay; Jg;Guthsh;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ Ez;zpaphpfs;
 Ez;Zaphpfs; caphpaf; fl;Lg;ghl;L fhuzpfs; (caphp G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp) vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

253
  Ngrpy]; Jhpd;rpnad;rp]; (Bt) vd;w ghf;Bhpaj;jpd; rpw;wpdj;jpypUe;J “gbkGujk;”
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; GujkhdJ cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,J G+r;rpfis nfhy;fpwJ
 epyj;jpYs;s kz;zpid rj;Jkpf;fjha; tsg;gLj;Jk; Ez;Zaphpfs; caphp cuq;fs;
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
 caphp cuq;fspd; Kf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; ghf;Bhpah> raNdh ghf;Bhpah> G+Q;ir
 jhtu Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspy; iel;u[d; kpf Kf;fpakhd MjhukhFk;.
 tspkz;lyj;jpy; thAthff; fhzg;gLk; iel;u[id gad;gLj;jg;glf;$ba
tpjj;jpy; khw;wgit jdpj;J thOk; Ez;Zaphpfshd iel;NuhNrhNkhdh];>
eh];lhf; kw;Wk; $l;Laphpfshd iel;NuhNrhNkhdh];> eh];lhf; kw;Wk; $l;Laph;
tho;f;if KiwAila Ez;Zaphpfshd iuNrhgpak;> g;uhd;fpah> ikNfhiurh
 nehjpf;f itf;fg;gl;l jpuhl;ir urq;fs; (itd;) rhf;fNuhikrp]; nrhptpNa (<];l; )
vd;w caphpay; nehjpahy; jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; goq;fspypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 fhgp kw;Wk; Nfhf;Nfh jhtuj;jpd; tpijfs;> Njapiyr;nrb kw;Wk; Gifapiyr;
nrbapd; ,iyfis nehjpf;f itj;J FbePh; rhW jahhpg;gjw;F Ngrpy;y];
nkfhnlhpak; vd;w ghf;Bhpah gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J rpwg;ghd eWkzj;ij
jUfpwJ.
 yhf;Nlh Ngrpy;y]; rpw;wpdq;fs; ghiy japuhf khw;Wfpd;wd
 Mf;]hypf; mkpyk;> mrpbf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; rpl;hpf; mkpyk; Nghd;witfs;
M];gh;[py]; iefh; vd;w G+Q;ir %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
 ypg;Ngh];> ,d;nth;Nl];> GNuhl;bNa]; kw;Wk; FSf;Nfh]; Mf;]pNl]; Nghd;w
nehjpfs; Ez;ZaphpfspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd
 <];l;fs; itl;lkpd; $l;Lg;nghUs;fis (fhk;g;sf;];) mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
Mjhuq;fshf cs;sd.
 Ez;Zaphpfspd; tsh;r;pij khw;wj;jpd; tpisnghUs;fNs Ez;Zaphp
vjph;nghUs;fs; (Mz;bgNahbf;) MFk;.
 ngd;rpypd; vd;w Ez;Zaph; vjph;nghUspid Kjd; Kjypy; jahhpj;jth;
mnyf;rhz;lh; gpsk;kpq; (1929)
 kdpjh;fspy; Ez;Zaph; vjph;nghUs;fs; the;jpNghjp (fhyuh)> njhz;il
milg;ghd; (bg;jhP pah)> ePNkhdpah> ilgha;L Nghd;w Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j
gad;gLfpd;wd.
9. Neha;fSf;nfjpuhf cUthf;fg;gLk; jLg;ghd;fs;:
jLg;ghd;fspd; tif jLg;ghdpd; ngah; Neha;fs;
capUs;s Neha; MMR jl;lk;ik> nghd;Df;F
cz;Lgz;Zk; tPhpak; tPq;fp> &ngy;yh
Fiwf;fg;gl;lit (Ngrpy]; fhy;nkl; fhrNeha;

254
 Fa;hpd;)
nray;glhj jLg;ghd;fs; Nray;glhj jhf;fg;gl;l ,sk;gps;is thjk;
(Md;b[d; ePf;fg;gl;lit) NghypNah itu]; ( ) (NghypNah)
JizayF jLg;ghd;fs; n`g;gill;b]; jLg;ghd; n`g;gill;b];
(Jha;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Md;b[d;)
tPhpakpoe;j er;R (lhf;rha;L nll;ld]; lhf;rha;L nll;ld;];
)(nray;glhj Md;b[d;) bg;jhP pah lhf;rha;L njhz;il milg;ghd;
Neha; (Bg;jPhpah)

10. Neha; vd miof;fg;gLk; gjkhdJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; vdg;gLfpwJ> vd;gJ

“vjpuhdJ( )” vd;w nghUisAk; vd;gJ “trjpahf (Comfort)” vd;w
nghUisAk; ngw;W “trjpf;F vjpuhdJ” vdg;gLfpwJ.
11. Ez;Zaphpfshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Ez;Zaph; vjph;nghUs;fs;:
Ez;Zaphp tFg;G Ez;Zaphp tif cUthf;fg;gLk; vjph;nghUs;
ghf;Bhpah ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fPhprpa]; ];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;
];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; vhpj;hpa]; Vhpj;Nuhikrpd;
Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp]; Ngrpl;urpd;
G+Q;ir Ngd;rpypak; nehl;Nll;lk; Ngdprpypd;
nrgNyh];Nghpak; nrgNyh];Nghhpd;
mf;hpNkhdpak;

Neha;fspd; tiffs;

1. tl;lhu Neha;
(vd;nlkpf) v.fh fha;lh;
2. nfhs;is Neha;
1. gutpapUf;Fk; epiy (vgpnlkpf; ) v.fh ,d;GSnad;rh
3. ngUq;nfhs;is Neha;
(ghd;nlkpf;) v.fh va;l;];
4. njhlh;;r;rpaw;w Neha;
(];nghuhbf;) v.fh kNyhpah > fhyuh

255
 1. njhw;Wk; Neha;fs; v.fh ,d;GSad;rh > fhrNeha;>
nghpak;ik>fhyuh> kNyhpah> epkpNkhdpah
2 guTk; epiy
2. njhw;whj Neha;fs; v.fh ePuopT Neha;> ,jak; rhh;e;j Neha;> cly;
gUkd;> Gw;WNeha;> Kd;fOj;J foiy

1. ghf;Bhpah
3 Neha;f;fpUkpfs;
2. itu];
3. G+Q;ir
GNuhl;NlhNrhth

1.fhw;W
4 Nehiaf; flj;Jk;
fhuzpfs; 2. ePh;
3flj;jpfs; v.fh nfhR
12. njhw;Wk; jd;ikAila Neha;fs; guTk; Neha;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
13. njhw;Wk; jd;ikAila Neha;fspd; Gwf;fhuzpfshd; (ghf;Bhpah> itu];> flj;jpf;s>
xl;Lz;zpfs; ) jPq;Faphpfspd; %ykhf clypy; CLUtp Nehapidj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
14. guTk; Neha;fs; (njhw;Wk; jd;ikAila Neha;fSf;F) v.fh ,d;GSad;rh> fhrNeha;>
nghpak;ik> fhyuh epNkhdpah> kNyhpah kw;Wk; gy
15. njhw;whj Neha;fSf;F v.fh ePuopT Neha;> ,jak; rhh;e;j Neha;fs; cly; gUkd;> Gw;WNeha;
Kd;fOj;Jf; foiy
16. Neha;j; njhw;wpd; Njf;fk; vd;gJ Neha;f;fpUkpfs; Nehiag; gug;ghky; ey;y Kiwapy;
tsKld; jq;fp gy;fpg; ngUFk; Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
17. Neha; njhw;Wk; fhyj;jpw;Fk; Nehapd; Kjy; ;mwpFsp ntspg;gLk; fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
Neuk; Neha; milfhf;Fk; my;yJ NehaUk;Gk; fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
18. Ez;Zaphpfspd; jPq;fhd tpisTfs; jpRf;fs; ghjpj;jy;> eQ;R Ruj;jy; vd ,uz;L
topfspy; jPq;Faphpfs; Nehapid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
19. jpRf;fis ghjpj;jy;:
 EiuaPuy; rhh;e;j fhrNehia Vw;gLj;Jk; ghf;Bhpahf;fs; EiuaPuy; nry;fis
Nrjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 kQ;rs; fhkhiyia Vw;gLj;Jk; itu];fs; fy;yPuy; jpRf;fis mopf;fpd;wd
20. eQ;R Ruj;jy;:

256
  rpy Ez;Zaphpfs; tp\j;jd;ikAila nghUs;fisr; Ruf;fpd;wd. ,J er;R vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Gwer;R (vf;Nrhlhf;rpd;) vd;gJ Ez;Zaphpfshy; Neubahf Ruf;fg;gLk;
nghUshFk;.
 mfer;R (vz;Nlhlhf;rpd;) vd;gJ Ez;fpUkpfs; rpijTWfpwNghJ
ntspaplg;gLfpwJ.
21. ghf;Bhpahthy; guTk; fhw;Wtop Neha;fs;
 fhrNeha; (Tuberculosis)
 b g;jhP pah (njhz;il mow;rp Neha;)
 ff;Fthd; ,Uky; (Whooping Cough)
22. fhrNeha;
 ikNfhghf;Bhpak; bA+gh;FNshrp]; vd;w ghf;Bhpaj;jhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,it ngUk;;ghYk; EiuaPuy;fisj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
 ghjpf;fg;gl;l eghpd; rspapypUe;J guTfpwJ
 mwpFwpfs;: njhlh; ,Uky;> neQ;Rty;yp > cly; vil FiwT kw;Wk; grpapd;ik
23. b g;jhP pah (njhz;il mow;rp Neha;)
 Nfhh;dpghf;Bhpak; b g;jPhpa;Na vd;W Ez;Zaphpfshy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 ,e;Neha; nghJthf Nky; Rthrf;Foha; gFjpapid (%f;F> njhz;il ) ghjpf;fpwJ
 mwpFwpfs;: fha;r;ry;> njhz;il typ kw;Wk; fhw;W nry;Yk; ghijia milj;jy;
Nghd;w njhe;juTfisAk; mspf;fpd;wJ.
24. ff;Fthd; ,Uky; (Whooping Cough)
 Nghh;nlnly;yh ngh;Lrp]; vd;w Ez; fpUkpahy; ff;Fthd; ,Uky; cUthfpwJ
 Rthrg;ghijapd; Nky; gFjpiag; ghjpj;J kpjkhd fha;r;ry; fLikahd ,Ukypd;
tpisthf mjpf %r;R ,iug;G Nghd;wtw;iw vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
25. itu];fshy; guTk; fhw;Wtop Neha;fs;
 rhjhuz rsp
 ,d; GSad;rh
 jl;lk;ik
 nghd;Df;F tPq;fp
 rpd;dk;ik
26. rhjhuz rsp
 iuNdh itu]hy; guTk; xU njhw;W Neha;
 Rthr kz;lyj;jpd; Nky; gFjpapid ghjpf;fpw kpfTk; Rygkhf gutf;$ba Neha;
 mwpFwpfs;: ,Uky;;> typepiwe;j njhz;il> %f;F xOFjy;. rpyNtisfspy;
fha;r;ry;> jiytyp

257
27. ,d; GSad;rh ( GS fha;r;ry;)
 Foe;ij gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; nghJthd Neha;
 kpf;Nrh itu]hy; cUthfp> Fuy;tis kw;Wk; ehrpapy; tPf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs; : fha;r;ry;> cly;typ> ,Uky;> njhz;iltyp> ehrpapypUe;J
ntspNaw;wk;> %r;Rj;jpzwy;
28. jl;lk;ik (Measles)
 &ngy;yh itu]hy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 Rthrf;Foha; gFjpia ghjpf;fpwJ
 mwpFwpfs;: clypy; Gs;spfs; Nghd;w nfhg;Gsq;fs; Njhypy; jbg;Gfs;> ,Uky;>
Jk;ky;> fz; rptg;ghjy;> epNkhdpah kw;Wk; %r;Rf;Foha; mow;rp
29. nghd;Df;F tPq;fp (Mumps)
 kpf;Nrhitu]; gNuhbb]; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L Nky; Rthrf; Foha; gFjpapid
ghjpf;fpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs; : fha;r;ry; > jiytyp> njhz;iltyp kw;Wk; jhil miritf;
fbdkhf;Fk; fd;d ckpo; ePh; Rug;gpfspy; tPf;fk;
30. rpd;dk;ik (Chicken Pox)
 thhpnry;yhN]h];lh; itu]pdhy; vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 Rthrf;Foha; gFjpia ghjpf;fpwJ
 mwpFwpfs;: Njhypy; tPff
; k; Vw;gl;L> nfhg;Gsq;fs;> my;yJ Gs;spfs; clypYk;
Kfj;jpYk; cUthf;fpd;wd
31. ePh; top Neha;fs;:
fhyuh> ilgha;L > Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; n`g;ghbb]; > NghypNahikypb];> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F
Nghd;w Neha;fs; xU rpy nghJthd ePh; top Neha;fs; MFk;.
32. ghf;Bhpahtpy; Vw;gLk; ePh;top Neha;fs; fhyuh> ilgha;L
33. fhyuh (Cholera):
 fhyuh xU nfhs;is NehahFk;.
 tpg; hpNah fhyNu vd;w caphpahy; nfl;Lg;Nghd czT> ePh; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ
 Rfhjhukw;w czT kw;Wk; ePh;> tPl;L <f;fspdhy; guTfpwJ
 Fly; gFjpahdJ ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ
 mwpFwpfs;: fLikahd ePh; Nghd;w tapw;Wg;;Nghf;F (Ngjp)> the;jp> jirg;gpbg;g>
jiyr;Rw;W kw;Wk; ePhr
; ;rj;Jf;FiwT Nghd;w mwpFwpfs; fhzg;gLk;.
34. ilgha;L (Typhoid):
 1 Kjy; 15 taJ tiuAs;s Foe;ijfSf;F nghJthf guTfpwJ

258
  Xt;nthU tUlKk; Vwf;Fiwa 15 yl;rk; (2.5 kpy;ypad;) kf;fs; ilgha;L Nehahy;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;
 rhy;Nkhndy;yh il gp vd;w ghf;Bhpaj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 rpWFly; gFjpia ghjpf;fpwJ
 ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpd; fopTfs; fyf;fg;gl;l ePh; kw;Wk; cztpdhy; ilgha;L
NehahdJ gug;gg;gLfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: fha;rr
; y;> gytPdk;> the;jpnaLj;jy;
35. itu]hy; Vw;gLk; ePh;top Neha;fs;:
 NghypNah ikypb];
 n`g;ghbb];
 mjPj tapw;Wg;Nghf;F my;yJ Ngjp
36. Nghypah ikypb]; (Poliomyelitis)
 ,e;Neha; NghypNah itu]hy; cUthfp xU eghplkpUe;J kw;nwhUtUf;F guTfpwJ.
 khrile;j ePh>; czT> ghy; %yk; guTfpwJ.
 ,e;j itu]; ,uj;j xl;lj;jpy; fye;J %is my;yJ jz;Ltlj;jpy; Eioe;J kj;jpa
euk;G kz;lyj;ijg; ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpwJ.
 ,e;j tpisthf jirehh; gFjpahdJ Klkhf;fg;gl;L elg;gJ fbdkhfpd;wJ.
 jLg;G Kiw: rhy;f; vd;w jLg;G kUe;J (m) tha;top NghypNah jLg;G kUe;J
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ
37. n`g;ghbb]; (Hepatitis A)
 n`g;ghbb]; ( ) vd;w vd;bNuh itu]pdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,e;NehahdJ fopTfshy; khRghlile;j ePh; kw;Wk; cztpd; %yk; tha;topahfg;
guTfpwJ.
 fy;yPuyhdJ tPf;fkile;J kQ;rs; fhkhiy Neha; Njhd;WfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: Fkl;ly;> grpapd;ik> mjPj fha;r;ry;> kw;Wk; kQ;rs; fhkhiy
38. mjPj tapw;Wg;Nghf;F my;yJ Ngjp (Acute Diarrhoea)
 Nuhl;lh itu]hy; cUthfp > jPBnud mbf;fb Vw;gLk; tapw;Wg;Nghf;fpid xU
ehisf;F %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Kiw cUthf;FfpwJ.
 khrile;j czT kw;Wk; ePhpdhy; vnyf;l;Nuhiyl;Lfs; vdg;gLk; nghUs;fSk;
ntspNaWfpd;wd> the;jp> fha;r;ry;
 Fly; gFjpia ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: mjpfsT ePh; ntspNaw;wk; kw;Wk; Fly; mirtpdhy; clypypUe;J
mjpfsT ePhr
; ;rj;Jk; vnyf;l;Nuhiyl;Lfs; vdg;gLk;. nghUs;fSk;
ntspNaWfpd;wd. the;jp> fha;r;ry;

259
39. gy; G+r;rpfSk; tpyq;ffSk; flj;jpfshf nrayhw;Wfpd;wd. ,t;thW flj;jpfshy;
gug;gug;gLk; Neha;fs; flj;jp top Neha;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
40. flj;jp top guTk; Neha;fs; : kNyhpah> igNyhpah> rpf;Fd;Fdpah > nlq;F kw;Wk;
tpyq;Ffshy; gug;gg;gLk; gwitf; fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; gd;wpf;fha;r;ry;
41. kNyhpah
 gpsh];Nkhbak; vd;w GNuhl;NlhNrhitf; rhh;e;j xl;Lz;zpahy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 gpsh];Nkhbaj;jpd; tifs;:
 gpsh];Nkhbak; itthf;];
 gpsh];Nkhbak; kNyhpNa
 gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;]pNguk;
 gpsh];Nkhbak; XNty;
 gpsh];Nkhbak; ghy;]pNguk; kpfTk; nfhbaJk;> capiug; gwpf;f $bajhFk;.
 cyfk; KOtijAk; fzf;fpLk;NghJ. Xt;nthU tUlKk; Njhuhakhf 300 kpy;ypak;
(30 Nfhb ) kf;fs; kNyhpah Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;
 ,e;NehahdJ ge;J ehs;fSf;F Fiwthf kl;LNk thof;$ba> kdpjh;fspd;
,uj;jj;ij Fbf;Fk; ngz; nfhRthfpa mNdhgpny]; nfhRthy; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: jiytyp> kaf;fk;> cly;jir typ> Fsph; kw;Wk; eLf;fk;> mijj;
njhlh;e;J fLk; fha;r;ry; (ntg;gk; mjpfhpj;jy;)
 Fapidd; - kNyhpah xl;Lz;zpfisf; nfhy;YfpwJ.
 Njrpa kNyhpah xopg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1958 (NMEP – National Malaria Eradication Program)
42. rpf;Fd;Fdpah:
 xw;iw ,io Mh;.vd; .V ( ) vd;w itu]hy; gug;gg;gLfpwJ.
 Vb]; va;[pg;b vd;w nfhR gfy;Neuj;jpy; fbg;gjhy; gug;gg;gLfpwJ.
 ,t;itu]pd; milfhf;Fk; fhykhdJ 2 Kjy; 12 ehl;fs;
 mwpFwpfs;: Fsph;> mjpf fha;r;ry; > the;jp> fbdkhf czh;jy; njhlh;r;rpahd
%l;Ltyp kw;Wk; elg;gjw;Nf fbdkhf czh;jy;
 ghuhrpl;lkhy; kUe;jhdJ typiag; Nghf;fTk; fha;r;riyf; Fiwf;fTk;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
43. nlq;F
 nlq;F NehahdJ “vYk;G Kwpg;G” fha;r;ry; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 %l;Lf;fspYk; > jhirehh;fspYk; fLikahd typ Njhd;Wtjhy; Vw;gLk;
jpUfg;gl;l mikg;gpdhy;> ,jw;F vYk;G Kwpg;G fha;rr
; y; vd;w ngah; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,uj;jg; Nghf;Fila nlq;F fha;r;ry; (n`kNu[pf; fha;r;ry;) vd;gJ kpff;
fLikahd kw;Wk; capiug; gwpf;f $ba NehahFk;.
 Vb]; va;[pg;b vd;w nfhR fbg;gjd; %yk; guTfpwJ
 ,e;Neha;fhd itu]pd; milfhf;fk; fhyk; 5-6 ehs;fs;

260
  mwpFwpfs; : mjpfkhd fha;r;ry;> fLikahd jiytyp> jirehh; kw;Wk;
%l;Lf;fspy; typ (vYk;G Kwpg;G fha;r;ry; ) mhpg;G kw;Wk; ,uj;jg;Nghf;fpis
ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> ,uj;jj; jl;Lf;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwjy;
 the;jp kw;Wk; tapw;Wtyp > %r;Rtpl rpukg;gLjy;> kpfr;rpwpa Gs;spfs; Njhypy;
Njhd;Wjy; (mjhtJ NjhypDs; ,uj;jf;frpit ntspf;fhl;ly;) Mfpait nlq;Ff;
fha;r;rNyhL njhlh;Gilait.
 ghurpl;lkhy; kUe;jhdJ cly; typiaAk;> fha;r;riyAk; Fiwf;f gad;gLfpwJ
44. igNyhpah (Filarial)
 ,e;Neha; Ehy; Nghd;w GOthfpa (nekNlhLfs; ) cr;rNuhpah ghd;f;uhg;B vd;w
GOtpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 Kjph;r;rpaile;j ,g;GOf;fs;> kdpjdpd; epzePh; kz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 fpA+sf;]; vd;w nfhR fbg;gjd; %yk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 igNyhpah GOtpd; milfhf;Fk; ehl;fs; 8 -16 khjq;fshFk;.
 ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; fLikahd njhw;W > fha;rr
; y; kw;Wk; epzePh; Rug;gpfs;
tPff
; kiljy; Mfpa mwpFwpfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
 ehs;gl;l njhw;wpd; Kf;fpa ntspg;ghL ahidf;fhy; NehahFk;. ,J fhy;fs;>
tpiug;ig> fuq;fis mjpfk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
45. nfhRf;fs; %yk; guTk; flj;jptop Neha;fisj; jLj;jy; kw;wk; jtph;jj
; y; :
 nfhRit vjph;f;Fk; kUe;Jfs; (repellents) Nky; G+Rk; kUe;Jfs; (Oliment) kw;Wk;
nfhR tiyfisg; gad;gLj;jp nfhRf;fs; fbg;gijj; jLf;fyhk;.
 Njq;fp epw;fpw ePh; epiyfspd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; nfhRf;fspd; GOf;fisj; (yhh;th )
jLg;gjw;fhf vz;nza; njspj;jy;.
 rpl;Nuhndy;yh vz;nza; my;yJ A+f;spg;l]; vz;nza; Nghd;wtw;iw Njhypd;
kPJ G+Rjy;.
46. tpyq;Ffshy; guTk; Neha;fs;: v.fh gd;wpf;fha;r;ry;> gwitf;fha;rr
; y;
47. gd;wpf;fha;r;ry; (Swine Flu)
 Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;Nehapid cUthf;Fk; itu]hdJ gd;wpfsplkpUe;J
cUthdjhy; gd;wpf;fha;r;ry; vd ngahplg;gl;lJ
 Rthrpj;jiy jPtpukha; ghjpf;Fk; fhw;wpd; %yk; caphp ,e;Neha; guTtjw;F
fhuzkha; cs;sJ.
 ,d; GSad;rh itu]; vr;1 vd;1 ( ) vd;w caphp ,e;Neha; guTtjw;F
fhuzkha; cs;sJ
 Jk;ky; kw;Wk; ,Uky; %yk; ntspNaWk; Neha;f;fpUkp fye;j jptiyfis
Rthrpj;jy; my;yJ cs;spOj;jy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfshy; Neha;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lthplkpUe;J kw;wth;fSf;F gug;gg;gLfpwJ.

261
  mwpFwpfs;: fha;r;ry; > ,Uky> %f;fpypUe;J jputk; cUthjy;> fisg;G> jiytyp >
njhz;iltyp> clypy; mhpg;G> cly; typ my;yJ Ntjid> Fsph;> kaf;fk;> the;jp>
kw;Wk; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F KOikaw;w %r;RtpLjy; .
 1970 y; cyif Ml;bg;gilj;j xU nfhLikahd Neha; itu]; Neha;
48. gwitfspd; %yk; guTk; ,d; GSad;rh (gwitf;fha;rr
; y;)
 gwit ,d; GSad;rh vd;w gwitf; fha;r;ryhdJ> gy;NtW vz;zpf;ifapyhd
itu];fshy; njhw;Wk; NehahFk;.
 ,e;NehahdJ ntspg;gl;l NghJ Mrpah> Mg;ghpf;fh> kj;jpa fpof;F kw;Wk;
INuhg;ghtpy; rpy ,lq;fspYs;s kf;fisg; ghjpj;jJ.
 ,e;NehahdJ ,d; GSad;rh itu]; vr;5 vd; 1 (H5N1) kw;Wk; vr; 7 vd; 9 (H7N9)
Nghd;w Ez;Zaphpfshy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,e;Neha;f;fpUkpapd; milfhf;Fk; fhyk; 2 Kjy; 7 ehl;fs;
 ghjpf;fg;gl;l gwitfs; my;yJ mtw;wpd; tha;> fz;fs;> Nfhio kw;Wk;
%f;fpypUe;J tUk; rsp my;yJ vr;rq;fs; Mfpatw;why; khrile;j gFjpfSld;
njhlh;G nfhz;l egh;fs; %yk; ,e;Neha; guTfpd;wJ
 mwpFwpfs;: fha;r;ry;> ,Uky; > njhz;il typ > tope;NjhLk; %f;Fr;rsp >
jirehh;fs; kw;Wk; clypy; typ> fisg;G jiytyp> fz;fs; rptg;G epwkhFjy;
(tpopntz;gly; mow;rp ) kw;Wk; Rthrpf;f rpukg;gLjy;
49. ghypay; guTjy; Neha;fs;: v.fh Nkfntl;il Neha; (nfhNdhpah) > gpwg;GWg;gpy; nfhg;Gsk;>
gpwg;gWg;gpy; mf;fpfs;> fpue;jpNeha; (rpgpyp];) kw;Wk; va;l;]; .
50. va;l;]; ( )
 va;l;]; vd;w (Kad;W ngwg;gl;l Neha; vjph;g;Gjpwd; FiwTgLjypd; Neha;f;FwpaPL)
Neha;j; jd;ikahdJ nul;Nuh itu]hy; ( itu]; ) Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jid kdpjNeha; vjph;g;G FiwTgLj;Jk; itu]; ( ) vd;fpNwhk;.
 ,e;j itu]; ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fis my;yJ ypk;Nghirl;Lfisj; (T
ypk;Nghirl;Lfs; ) jhf;fp clypid gytPdkilar; nra;fpwJ. NkYk;> clypy;
jhdhfNt Nehapid vjph;f;Fk; jpwidf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
 ,e;j itu];hdJ ghypay; cwT> ,uj;jj;jpid toq;Fjy;> mWitr; rpfpr;irf;
fUtpfs;> jhaplkpUe;J Nra;f;F (ghjpf;fg;gl;l jhaplkpUe;J tsUk; fUTf;F )
guTjy; Nghd;w topfspy; guTfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs; : vilf;FiwT ePz;l ehs;fshf fha;r;ry;> ,utpy; tpah;jj
; y;>
fLikahd tapw;Wg;Nghf;F
51. n`g;ghbb]; gp my;yJ rPuk; n`g;ghbb];
 vz;bNuh itu]; vdg;gLk; n`g;ghbb]; gp itu]hy; (vr;.gp.tp) Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;Nehapid Vw;gLj;Jk; itu]hdJ fy;yPuy; nry;fis ghjpj;J fLikahd
fy;yPuy; tPf;fj;jpid ghjpf;fpwJ.

262
  ,J ghjpf;fg;gl;l jhaplkpUe;J mth;fSila Foe;ijfSf;Fk; my;yJ ghypay;
cwT %ykhfTk; guTfpwJ.
 ,e;NehahdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpd; vr;rpy;> tpah;it> fz;z;hP >; jha;g;ghy;> kw;Wk;
,uj;jNjhL njhlh;G nfhs;s NehpLk;NghJ guTfpwJ.
 mwpFwpfs;: fha;r;ry; > grpapd;ik> kaf;fk;> the;jp> fz;fs; k w;Wk; Njhy; kQ;rs;
epwkhjy;> ntsphpa epwf;fopT> Njhypy; mhpg;G jiytyp kw;Wk; %l;Ltyp
52. ghypay; njhlh;G %yk; guTk; Neha;fs;:
Neha; Neha; Neha; gug;Gk; Neha; guTk; Kiw ghjpf;fg;gLk; mwpFwpfs;
gug;Gk; Ez;Zaphp / jpRf;fs;
fhuzpfs; cWg;Gfs;
ghf;Bhpah nfhNdhpah ePa];nrhpah Neub ghypay; rpWePh; ghYWg;G
nfhNdh;hpah njhlh;G Gwtopf; topahf jputk;
Foha; ghjpg;G ntspNaWjy;>
rpWePh; fopf;Fk;
NghJ top
rp gpyp]; l;nug;Nghepkh Neub ghypay; Gpwg;G Gpwg;GWg;gpy;
gy;yplk; njhlh;G cWg;gpd; Gz;> Njhypy;
Njhy; kw;Wk; tPf;fk;
KNfhrh
gFjpapy;
Nja;khdk;
itu]; gpwg;GWg;gpy; n`h;g]; ghYwT %yk;> jdpj;jdpNa tha;> cjL >
nfhg;Gsk; rpk;g;nsf; gpwg;GWg;gpy; Mz; kw;Wk; Kfk;>gpwg;GWg;G
(mf;fp) ]; itu]; ,Ue;J tUk; ngz;fspd; Mfpatw;wpy;
nfhOnfhOg;ghd gpwg;GWg;Gfs; typAila
rt;tpd; topahf nfhg;Gsq;fs;
gpwg;GWg;gpy; Kdpj ghypay; cwT %yk; jdpj;jdpNa ngz;
nfhg;Gsk; ghg;gpNyhkh (Njhy;ypUe;J Mz; kw;Wk; gpwg;GWg;gpd;
(mf;fp) itu]; NjhYf;F) ngz;fspd; top
gpwg;GWg;Gfs; ntspNaw;wk;
mhpg;G ,uj;jg;
Nghf;F kw;Wk;
vhpr;ry; czh;T

53. Neha; vjph;g;G jpwDhl;lk; vd;gJ Md;bn[d;fisNah my;y;J Md;bghbfisNah (Neha;

vjph; caph;nghUs; ) nfhLj;J Neha;f;F vjpuhf jLg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; nrayhFk;.
54. jLg;G+rp kUe;Jfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit
 capUs;s jLg;G+rp kUe;Jfs; v.fh jLg;G+rp > tha;top> NghypNah nrhl;L
kUe;J

263
  nfhy;yg;gl;l jLg;G+rp kUe;Jfs; (v.fh) ilgha;L jLg;G+rp> fhyuh jLg;G+rp
ff;Fthd; jLg;G+rp
55. Neha; vjph;g;G jpwDhl;lk; ml;ltiz:
 1970 Mk; Mz;L cyf Rfhjhuk; epWtdk; Foe;ijfSf;fhd Neha; vjph;g;G
jpwDhl;ly; ml;ltizia toq;fpaJ
 (Ngrpy;y]; fhy;nkl;nlFaphpd;)
 fhy;nkl;Nl kw;Wk; Faphpd; vd;w ,U gpuhd;R ehl;L Copah;fshy; 1908
Kjy; 1921 tiu 13 Mz;Lfspy; Kbtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Ngrpy;iy tYT+l;lg;gl;L fhrNeha;f;nfjpuhd Neha;jj
; Lg;G jpwDhl;lyhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
 bgpB (%d;W Neha; jLg;G) „ bg;jhP pah (njhz;ilahilg;ghd;)> ngh;^rp];
(ff;Fthd; ,Uky;) kw;Wk; nll;ld]; Nghd;w %d;W Neha;fisj; jLf;f ,f;$l;L
kUe;J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 vk;. vk;. Mh; - nghd;Df;F tPq;fp> jl;lk;ik kw;Wk; &ngy;yh jLg;G kUe;Jfs;
itu]; jhf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf ghJfhg;ig mspf;;fpd;wd.
 b.B - ,ul;il Md;bn[d; my;yJ xUq;fpize;j Md;bn[d; vdg;gLk; ,J
bg;jhP pah (njhz;il milg;ghd ) khw;wk; nll;ld]; Nghd;w Neha;f;nfjpuhd
ghJfhg;igj; jUfpwJ
 BB (nll;ld;]; lhf;rha;L ),J nll;ld]; ghf;Bhpahtpd; er;rhFk;.
 BVgp ( ) ilgha;L > ghuhil gp V kw;Wk; ghuhil gp Nghd;w Neha;fSf;fhd
jLg;G kUe;jhFk;.
56. Foe;ijfSf;F Neha; vjph;g;Gj; jpwDhl;ly;:
taJ jLg;G+rp msT
gpwe;j Foe;ijfSf;F Kjy; jtiz
15 ehs; NghypNah nrhl;L Kjy; jtiz
kUe;J
6 tJ thuk; (njhz;il milg;ghd;> Kjy; jtiz
fhf;Fthd; ,Uky;>
nll;lhd;]; )
Kj;jLg;G+rp ( )
10 tJ thuk; Kj;jLg;G+rp kw;Wk; 2 tJ jtiz
NghypNah
14 tJ thuk; Kj;jLg;G+rp kw;Wk; 3tJ jtiz
NghypNah
9- 12 khjk; kPry;]; (jl;lk;ik) Kjy; jtiz
18 -24 khjk; Kj;jLg;G+rp kw;Wk; Kjy; Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jtiz

264
 NghypNah
15 khjk; -2 Mk; Kjy; jtiz
Mz;L
2-3 Mz;L ilg;gha;L ( ) 1 khj ,ilntspapy; ,U
jtizfspy;
4-6 Mz;L kw;Wk; NghypNah ,uz;lhtJ Cf;Ftpg;Gj; jtiz
10 tJ Mz;L kw;Wk; ilg;gha;L Kjy; jtiz
16 tJ Mz;L kw;Wk; ilg;gha;L ,uz;lhtJ jtiz
NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. Mz;ld; thd; Yhtd; `Pf; vd;w Ez;Zaphpayhsh; Kjd; Kjypy; jd;Dila

Ez;Nzhf;fpia tbtikj;jhh;.
2. itu]pYs;s Gujj ciwaw;w jPq;fspf;Fk; MdJ tPuha;L vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,itfs; jhtu nry;fspy; fhzg;gl;L mj;jhtuq;fSf;F Nehapid cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.
3. ghf;Bhpahf;fspd; tbtq;fs;
Nfhs; tbt ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
mikT Kiw
bg;NshNfhf;if (,ul;ilf; Nfhf;iffs; N[hbahf ];l;nug;NlhNfhf;f];
Nfhsk;) mike;Js;sd epNkhdpah
];nlnug;Nlh Nfhf;if Nfhf;iffs; rq;fpypfshf ];l;nug;NlhNfhf;f];
(rq;fpypf; Nfhsk;) mike;Js;sd igNahn[d;];
nll;uh Nfhf;if(ehd;F Nfhf;iffs; ehd;F njhFg;Gfshf VNuhNfhf;f]; rpw;wpdq;fs;
Nfhsk;) mike;Js;sd
];nl igNyhNfhf;if Nfhf;iffs; jpuhl;irf; nfhj;Jfs; ];nl igNyh Nfhf;f];
(nfhj;Jf; Nfhsk;) Nghy nfhj;J nfhj;jhf Mt;hpA];
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
Nfhy; tbt ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
mikT Kiw
bg;Nsh Ngrpy;iy Ngrpy;iyfs; N[hbahf fPa;g;rPa;yh rpw;wpdq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
];nlnug;NlhNgrpy;iy Ngrpy;iyfs;> rq;fpypfshff; ];nlnug;Ngh Ngrpy;y];
fhzg;gLfpd;wd rpw;wpdq;fs;
Nfhf;Nfh Ngrpy;iy Fl;ilahd> jbj;j> Kl;il tbtpy; `PNkh gPyp]; rpw;wpdq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
jput tbt ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L
mikT Kiw
tpg;hpNah fhw;Gs;sp tbt ghf;Bhpak; tpg;hpNah fhyNu
];ighpy;yh jplkhd RUs; tbtKila n`ypNfhghf;nlh; igNyhhp

265
 ghf;Bhpak;
];igNuhf;fPl;]; jpUfpa Vzp tbt kw;Wk; l;nu g;nghpdpkh gy;yplk;
nefpo;jd;ikAila
clyKilait

4. fp&apl;]; ngy;l; N[f;fg; Neha; (Cretzfeldt Jakob disease - CJD) euk;G kz;lyj;ij rpijf;Fk;
xU Neha; MFk;. ,e;j Nehapd; tpisthf nrhpg;uy; fhh;nlf;]; (%isapd; Nkw;gl;il )
vd;w gFjp ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Kw;wpf;nfhz;Nl nry;Yfpw %isf;NfhshW Nehahd
epidit ,oj;jy;> elj;ijapy; khw;wq;fs; > FiwTgl;l xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; ghh;itapy;
,ilA+W Vw;gly; Nghd;w gpur;ridfs; ,jdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wd .
5. cyf Rfhjhu jpdk; Vg;uy;
6. cyf kNyhpah jpdk; Vg;uy; 25
7. cyf va;l;]; jpdk; brk;gh; 1
8. cyf fhr Neha; vjph;g;G jpdk; khh;r; 24
9. ,uhgh;l; fhr; (ghf;Bhpahtpaypd; je;ij)- ,th; Kjd; Kjypy; Ez;fpUkpfs; vg;gb
Neha;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd vd;gij fw;wtuhthh;.
 1876 Mk; Mz;L nrk;kwp MLfspy; fhzg;gl;l Me;ju; hf;]; vd;w NehahdJ
Ngrpyy]; Me;juhrp]; vd;w caphpahy; cUthfpwJ vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;.
 ,e;jNehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nrk;kwp MLfspd; ,uj;j ehsq;fspy; Nfhy; tbt
ghf;Bhpahf;fs; fhzg;gl;lijf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. nrk;kwp MLfs; kw;Wk; khLfs;
Nka;r;ry; epyq;fspy; Nka;fpwNghJJ ,t;tifg; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; mitfspd;
clYf;Fs; nry;fpd;wd vd;w KbTf;F mth; te;jhh;
10. fhrNehiag; gug;Gk; ikf;Nfh ghf;Bhpak; bA+gh;FNshrp]; ghf;BhpahthdJ uhgh;l; Nfhr;
vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
11. khz;lhf;]; NrhjidahdJ fhrNehiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd xU Fwpg;gpl;l bA+gh;Fspd;
Njhy; NrhjidahFk;.
12. Njrpa fhrNeha;j; jLg;Gj; jpl;lkhdJ 1962 k; Mz;L Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
13. fhyuh Neha; tp g;hpNah fhyNu vd;w caphpahy; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij Kjd; Kjypy;
ntspapl;lth; uhgh;l; fhr; Mthh;.
 ,e;j ghf;Bhpaj;jhy; cUthf;fg;l;l fhNyhu[d; vd;w jPq;fpiof;Fk; er;Rg; nghUs;
,e;Nehia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
14. NghypNah itu]hdJ vd;bNuh itu]; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J czTf;Foha;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; Vw;gLk; Neha;j; njhw;whFk;. 3 Kjy; 6 taJ tiuAs;s
Foe;ijfis ,J mjpfkhfg; ghjpf;fpwJ.
15. ,e;jpahtpy; 1995 Mk; Mz;L NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J toq;Fk; epfo;thdJ
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

266
16. 2011 [dthp 13 Mk; NjjpapypUe;J NghypNah Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; vd;W
xUtUk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,y;iy vd mwtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 %d;W tUlq;fspy; xU ehl;bYs;s ve;j xU egUk; NghypNahthy;
ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iynadpy; cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; NghypNah ,y;yhj ehL vd
me;ehl;il mwptpf;Fk;.
 vdNt> ,e;jpahthdJ 2014 Idthp 13 Mk; Njjp me;j rpwe;j epiyia
mile;jjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
17. rh; nuhdhy;l; uh]; vd;gth; ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;j gphpl;b\; kUj;Jtuhthh;. ,th; jdJ
kNyhpah gw;wp Ma;tpw;fhf Gfo;ngw;whh;
18. rh; nuhdhy;l; uh]; kNyhpah guTk; tpjk; gw;wpa jdJ fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fhf 1902 y; Nehgy;
ghpirg; ngw;whh;.
19. 2009 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; gd;wpf;fha;r;ryhdJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ . ,e;Neha; gy kpy;ypad;
kf;fisj; jhf;fpaJ . vdNt [{d; 2009 Mk; Mz;L cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk;
gd;wpf;fha;r;ry; Nehia ngUk; nfhs;is Neha; vd mwptpj;jJ.
 2015 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; 31>000 kf;fs; ,e;Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L mjpy; 1900
Ngh; ,we;JNghdjhf jfty;fs; cs;sd.
 2017 Mk; Mz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; kNyhj;Ptpy; ,e;Neha;f;F rpwpa mstpy; guT
Muk;gpj;jJ ,e;j gd;wpf;fha;r;ry; NehahdJ cyfpy; 20 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfspy;
gutpAs;sJ
 cyf Rfhjhu epWtdkhdJ ,e;j Neha;f;F ngUk; nfhs;is Nehapd; mstpy; 5
Mk;Mz;L vr;rhpf;ifiaf; nfhLj;Js;sJ. ,e;j msthdJ kdpjh;fsplkpUe;J
gpw kdpjDf;F Neubahf gd;wpf;fha;r;ry; guTtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;
cs;sijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
20. gwit ,d; GSad;rh itu]; V (vrl 5 vd; 1 1996 Mk; Mz;L Njhd;wpaJ. ,e;j
itu]hy; Kjd; Kjypy; njw;F rPdh kw;Wk; `hq;fhq;fpy; Neha; Njhd;wpajhff;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;j itu]; mjpf mstpy; tsh;g;Gg; gwitfisj; jhf;fpaJ.

21. vd;w itu]hdJ 1997 Mk;Mz;L cyf Rfhjhu epWtdj;jhy; Kjyhtjhf

kdpjdpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjd; Kjy; ,e;Nehapd; ntspg;ghL 2003y; brk;ghpy;
mwpag;gl;lJ.

22. mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s Njrpa Rfhjhu epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; uhgh;l; fhNyh vd;gtUk;

ghhp]; ehl;bYs;s gha;];lh; epWtdj;jpYs;s Yhf; khz;lf;ndh; vd;gtUk; 1983 Mk;
Mz;L va;l;]; Vw;gLj;Jk; Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wiyf; Fiwf;Fk; itu];fis (vr;.I .tp)
gphpj;njLj;jdh;.

267
23. jLg;G+rpapLjy; epfo;it vl;th;L n[d;dh; vdgth; 1791 y; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. cyf
Rfhjhu epWtdj;jpd; mwpf;ifapd; gb> kdpj Fyj;jpdpilNa ,Ue;j nghpak;ikahdJ
n[d;dhpd; jLg;G+rp %yk; KOtJkhf mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ.

24. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdj;jpd; fUj;Jg;gb> Neha; vjph;g;G jpwDhl;lyhy; xt;nthU tUlKk; 2
Kjy; 3 kpy;ypad; (20-30 ,yl;rk;) kf;fs; ,wg;gpypUe;J jLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

25. 2018 Mk;; Mz;L %d;W Mg;gphpf;f ehLfspy; cs;s Foe;ijfis kNyhpah NehapypUe;J
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Kjd; Kjypy; Neha;j; jLg;G kUe;jhdJ Kd;Ndhl;lkhf toq;fg;gl;l
cs;sJ.

26. cyfstpy; jl;lk;ikahy; ,we;jth;fspd; tpfpjkhdJ 7 rjtPjkhff; Fiwe;Js;sJ.

27. Yhap]; gha;];lh; (gpuhd;]; ) Neha;j; jLg;G kUe;jspj;jy; kw;Wk; gh];LiuNr\d; vd;w
epfo;tpw;F ngah; ngw;wth; . ,th; fhyuh> Me;ju; hf;]; kw;Wk; gpw Neha;fSf;F kUe;ij
cUthf;fpdhh;.

28. gha;];lh; jhd; fz;lwpe;j Kjy; jLg;G kUe;jpid Neha;tha;g;gl;l uhgpl; ehahy; gyKiw
fbgl;l N[hrg; nka;];lh; vd;w xU ,isQDf;F nrYj;jpdhh;.

10 Mk; tFg;G
cly; eyk; kw;Wk; Neha;fs;

268
1. My;f`hy; Gifgpbj;jy; kw;Wk; kUe;Jfis cz;Zjy; cly; kw;Wk; kdk; rhh;e;jpUg;gJ
mbikahjy; vdg;gLk;.
2. epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk;> epf;Nfhl;bahdh u];bfh Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; ,Ue;J
Gifapiy ngwg;gLfpwJ
3. Gifapiyf;F xUth;> mbikahjiy Vw;gLj;JtJ epf;N
; fhl;bd;
4. epf;Nfhl;bd; fpsh;r;rpiaj; Jhz;Lk;> kpfTk; jPq;F tpistpf;fpd;w er;Rj;jd;ik tha;e;j
nghUshFk;
5. Gifg;gpbj;jypd; Mgj;Jfs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs;:
 Gifgpbj;jypd; NghJ ntspg;gLk; Gifapy; cs;s ngd;Nrhighpd; kw;Wk;
ghypirf;spf; i`l;Nuhfhh;gd;fs; vDk; Gw;WNeha;f; fhuzpfs; EiuaPuy;
Gw;WNehiaf; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.
 Gifgpbj;jypdhy; njhz;il kw;Wk; %r;Rf;Foypy; Vw;gLk; tPff
; k; %r;Rf;Foy;
mow;rp (bronchitis) kw;Wk; EiuaPuy; fhrNeha;f;F (Pulmonary tuberculosis)
toptFf;fpwJ.
 EiuaPuypd; %r;R rpw;wiufspy; (lung Alverli ) Vw;gLk; tPff
; k; thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;fhf
Nkw;gug;ig Fiwe;J vk;igrPkh vDk; Nehia cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
 Gifgpbj;jypd;NghJ cz;lhFk; Gifapy; cs;s fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L ,uj;j
rptg;gZtpy; cs;s `PNkhFNshgpDld; gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jp mjd; Mf;rp[d;
vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jpwid Fiwf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; cly; jpRf;fspy; i`ghf;rpahit
cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
 Gifgpbj;jypdhy; Vw;gLk; mjpf ,uj;j mOj;jk; ,ja Neha;fs; cz;lhtjw;fhd
Mgj;ijj mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 ,iug;ig Rug;gpid mjpfhpj;J> ,iug;ig kw;Wk; Kd;rpWFly; Gz;fis (my;rh; )
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Gifapiy nky;Yjy; tha; Gw;WNehia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
6. kJtpdhy; cly; eyj;jpw;F Vw;gLk; jPikahd tpisTfs;:
 kq;fyhd> Fiwe;j ghh;it rhiyfspy; tpgj;Jfspy; KbfpwJ.
 ,uj;j ehsq;fspd; tphptiljy; ,jaj;jpy; nray;ghl;il ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
 fy;yPuy; Nrjj;jpdhy; fy;yPuypy; mjpf msT nfhOg;G Nrkpf;fg;gl;L rph;Nuh]p];
kw;Wk; ehh;j; jpRf;fs; cUthjiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
7. ePh;opT Neha; (lahgB]; nky;ypl];)
 lahgB]; nky;ypl]; xU ehs;gl;l tsh;rpij khw;wf; NfhshwhFk;.
 fpNuf;fj;jpy; lahgB]; nky;ypl]; vd;gjd; nghUs; lahgB]; - xLfpd;w>
nky;ypl]; - ,dpg;G
 ,d;Rypd; Rug;gpapd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 1 kw;Wk; 2 Mk; tif ePhpopT Neha;jj
; hf;fk; cyf mstpy; mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.

269
 tif 1 kw;Wk; tif 2 ePhpopT Nehapd; NtWghLfs;
fhuzpfs; tif 1 ,d;Rypd; rhh;e;j tif 2 - ,d;Rypd; rhuhj
lahgB]; nky;ypl]; ( ) lahgB]; nky;ypl]; ( )
Nehapd; jhf;fk; 10 -20 80-90
njhlq;Fk; gUtk; 20 taJf;F Fiwthd 30 taJf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhh;
,sk;gUtk;
cly; vil cly; vil Fiwjy; cly; gUkd;
FiwghL gPl;lh nry;fs; moptjhy; ,yf;F nry;fs; ,d;RypDf;F
,d;Rypd; gw;whf;Fiw gjpy; tpid GhpahkypUg;gJ
Vw;gLfpwJ
rpfpr;ir ,d;Rypid vLj;Jf; czT> clw;gapw;rp kw;Wk;
nfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhfpwJ kUe;Jfshy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ

 ,d;Rypd; rhh;e;j ePhpopT Nehapw;fhd fhuzq;fs; : kugZ kuGtop kw;Wk;

Rw;Wr;#oy; fhuzpfs; (itu]; fhuzkhf njhw;Wfs;> fLikahd kd mOj;jk;)
 tajhNdhhpd; ePhpopT Neha; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ ,d;Rypd; rhjhu ePhpopT Neha;
( )(Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)
 ,uj;jj;jpy; FSf;Nfh]pd; msT mjpfhpj;jy; i`gh;fpisrPkpah
 mjpfsT rpWePh; ntspNaWjy; ghypA+hpah
 ePhpog;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; jhfk; ghypbg;rpah
 mjpfg;gbahd FSf;Nfh]; rpWePhpy; ntspNaw;wg;gLjy; fpisNfh#hpah
 mjpfg;gbahd FSf;Nfh]; rpWePhpy; ntspNaWtjd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;
mjpfg;gbahd grp ghypNg[pah
8. ePhpopT czTf; fl;Lg;ghL Nkyhz;ik
 fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;fs; ];lhh;r; kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd rhf;fiu tbtj;jpy; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;l rhf;fiu (Rf;Nuh]; > FSf;Nfh];) vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
jtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 ehs;NjhWk; KO jhdpaq;fs; > rpW jhdpaq;fs; (Nrhsk; > fk;G> Nfo;tuF) fPiu
tiffs;> NfhJik kw;Wk; jPl;lg;glhj mhprp Nghd;wtw;iw cs;s
; lf;fpajhf czT
Kiw mika Ntz;Lk;.
 nkhj;j fNyhhp kjpg;gpy; 50 - 55 msT fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; %yk; guhkhpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
 mkpNdh mkpyq;fis ngw 10 -15 Gujk; nfhz;l czit vLj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;
 nkhj;j fNyhhpapy; 15 „ 25 nfhOg;igf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;

270
  epiwTw;w nfhOg;gpid FiwthfTk;> epiwTwhj gy;nfOg;G mkpyq;fis
mjpfkhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
9. cly;gUkd;
 mjpfg;gbahd nfhOg;G Nrh;tjhy; clypd; vil mjpfhpf;fpwJ
 cly; gUkdpd; FwpaPL vil (fp.fp/cauk; kP2)
 cly;gUkd; mjpfhpg;gpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; : kugpay; fhuzpfs; > cly; ciog;gpd;ik>
czT gof;f tof;fq;fs; ehskpy;y;h Rug;gpf; fhuzpfs;
 tpisTfs;: cah; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> ePhpopT Neha;> gpj;jg;ig Neha;fs;> fNuhdhp ,ja
Neha; > fPy;thjk; (%l;L tPff
; k; - Mh;ji
; ub];)
 ( )
Underweight = < 18.5
Normal Weight = 18.5 – 24.9
Overweight = 25 – 29.9
Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater
10. ,jaNeha;fs;
 ,uj;j ehsq;fspy; nfhy]buhy; gbtjhy; Vw;gLtJ ,jaf;Foy; Neha; (fNuhdhp
,jaNeha; - CHD)
 nfhOg;G gbjyhdJ > ,ja jirfSf;F ,uj;jj;ij toq;Ffpd;w nghpa kw;Wk;
eLj;ju msTila jkdpfisr; RUq;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; Mh;jN
; uh];fpspNuhrp];
Neha;f;F toptFf;fpwJ.
 ,jaj; jirfsf;F Fiwthd ,uj;j xl;lk; nry;tJ ,];fpkpah
 ,jaj; jir jpRf;fspd; ,wg;G vd;gJ ,jaj; jir erpTwiy Fwpf;fpwJ.
 ,ja Neha;f;fhd fhuzpfs;: i`gh;nfhy];BNuhyPkpah (,uj;jnfhOg;G
mjpfhpj;jy;)> kpif ,uj;j mOj;jk; (i`gh;nld;rd;)
 ,ja Neha;f;fhd fhuzq;fs;: ghuk;ghpak;> mjpfsT epiwTw;w nfhOg;G kw;Wk;
nfhy];l;uhiyf; nfhz;l czT> cly;gUkd; > Gif gpbj;jy;> kdmOj;jk;>
mjpfsT My;f`hiy cl;nfhs;Sjy;> cly; ciog;gpd;ik
 mwpFwpfs;: %r;Rj;jpzwy;> jiytyp> Nrhh;T > jiyr;Rw;wy;> neQ;Rtyp> fhy;tPff
; k;>
,iug;ig Fly; njhe;juTfs;
11. Gw;WNeha;
 cyfstpy; Mz;L NjhWk; 4 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; Gw;WNehapd; fhuzkhf
,wf;fpd;wdh;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;Lf;F xU kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; Gw;WNehapd;
ghjpg;gpw;F cs;shfpd;wdh;
 Gw;WNeha; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,yj;jd
P ; nkhopapy; ez;L vd;W nghUs;

271
 Gw;WNehiag; gw;wpa gbg;gpd; ngah; Md;fhy[p (Md;Nfh „ fl;b)
 Md;Nfh itu]; Gw;WNehia cUthf;Fk; itu]; MFk;.
 fl;Lg;ghlw;w > mgphpkpjkhd nry; gphpjNy Gw;WNeha; MFk;.
 Gw;WNeha; nry; mUfpYs;s jpRf;fSf;Fs; CLUtp> fl;bfs; my;yJ
epNahgpshrj;ij (Gjpatsh;r;rp) cUthf;fp jpRf;fis mopf;fpwJ.
 Gw;W nry;fs; clypd; njhiytpYs;s ghfq;fSf;Fk; ,lk; ngah;e;J Gjpa
jpRf;fis mopf;fpd;wd. ,e;epfo;T nkl;lh];lhrp]; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 nkl;lh];lhrp];]pdhy; mbf;fb ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shFk; cWg;Gfs; EiuaPuy;>
vYk;Gfs;> fy;yPuy;> Njhy; %is
 nghJthf Gw;WNehapd; epiy nkypf;dd;rp vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
 Gw;WNehapd; tiffs;:
Gw;WNehapd; ngah; ghjpf;fg;gLk;cWg;Gfs;
fhh;rpNdhkh vgPjpypak; kw;Wk; Rug;gpfspd; jpR> EiuaPuy;> khh;G>
kyf;Fly;> %is
rhh;Nfhkh vYk;G> FUj;njYk;G > nfhOg;Gg; gFjp ,izg;Gj;
jpRf;fs;> jir > jhq;Fj;jpRf;fs;> mbg;Ngh]; jpR
ypk;gNghkh epzePh; Kbr;Rfs; > Neha;j; jilf;fhg;G kz;lyj;
jpRf;fs;
Yf;Nfkpah vYk;G k[;i[ > ,uj;j Xl;lk;
mbNdhkh ijuha;L> gpl;A+l;lhp> ml;hpdy; gpw Rug;gpfs;
nkyNdhkh Njhy;

 Rkhh; 8 Gw;WNeha;fs; fhh;rpNdhkh tifia rhh;e;jit

 Gw;WNehapy; 1 rhh;Nfhkh tifia rhh;e;jit
 15 taJf;Fk; Fiwthd Foe;ijfspy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JtJ ypA+f;Nfkpah tif
Gw;WNeha; MFk;.
 tpyq;FfSf;F Vw;gLk; Gw;WNehapd; ngah;fs;
ghypNahkh vyp
rpkpad; Fuq;F
gg;Nghth tpyq;F
Md;Nfhn[dpf; FNuhNkhNrhk;

 Gw;Wf;fl;bfspd; ngUf;fk; fpnug; Row;rpapd; %yk; eilngWfwpJ

 Gw;WNehia cz;lhf;Fk; fhuzpfs; fhh;rpNdhn[d;fs; my;yJ
Gw;WNeha;f;fhuzpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 Gw;WNeha;f;fhuzpfs; ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> madpahf;Fk; fjph;tPrR
; fs; kw;Wk;
caphpay; fhuzpfshFk;.
 Gw;WNeha; ,aw;gpay; fhuzpfs;:

272
  mjpfsT Gifgpbj;jypdhy; EiuaPuy;> tha;f;Fop> njhz;il kw;Wk;
Fuy;tis Gw;WNeha; cz;lhfpwJ.
 ntw;wpiy kw;Wk; Gifapiy nky;Yjy; tha;g;Gw;WNehia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
 Njhypd; kPJ gLk; mjpf #hpa xspapdhy; Njhy; Gw;WNeha; Vw;glyhk;.
 Gw;WNeha; Ntjpapay; fhuzpfs;: Gifapiy > fh gpd;> epf;;Nfhbd; >
ijNahGNuhikL > epyf;fhp kw;Wk; vz;nza; Mfpaw;iw vhpg;gjhy cUthFk;
nghUl;fs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;> fy;ehh;> epf;fy;> rpy rhaq;fs;> nraw;if
,dpg;G+l;bfs; Nghd;wit Gw;WNehiaj; Jhz;Lfpd;wd
 fhh;rpNdh[d; (Carcinogen) Gw;WNeha;f;F fhuzkhd Ntjpay; fhuzp MFk;.
 Gw;WNeha;fhd fjphpaf;fk;: madpahf;Fk; fjph;tPrR
; fshd vf;]; - fjph;fs;> fhkh
fjph;fs;> fjphpaf;f nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; madpahfhj fjph;tPrR
; fshd fjph;fs;
it ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shf;fp Gw;WNeha; cz;lhf toptFf;fpwJ.
 Gw;WNeha;f;fhd caphpay; fhuzpfs; : Gw;WNehia cz;lhf;Fk; itu];fs;
Md;Nfhn[dpf; itu];fs; vdg;gLk;
 Gw;wNeha; rpfpr;ir:
 mWit rpfpr;ir : Gw;Wf;fl;bfis mWit rpfpr;irapd; %yk; ePf;Ftjhy;
,J mUfpYs;s nry;fSf;F NkYk; guthky; jLf;fyhk;.
 fjphpaf;f rpfpr;ir : Rw;wpAs;s rhjhuz nry;fis ghjpf;fhky; Gw;WNeha;
nry;fis kl;LNk fjph;tPrr
; pd; %yk; mopg;gJ.
 NtjpkUe;J rpfpr;ir (fPNkhnjugp): vjph;g; Gw;WNeha; kUe;Jfis
cs;slf;fpaJ. ,J nry;gphpjiyj; jLg;gjd; %yk; Gw;W nry;fis
mopf;fpwJ.
 jilfhg;G rpfpr;ir : caphpay; Jyq;fy; khw;wpfshd ,z;lh;nguhd;fs;
jilfhg;G kz;lyj;;ij Jhz;Ltjd; %yk; fl;bfis mopf;fpd;wd.
12. va;l;];
 kdpj jilfhg;G FiwT itu]hy; ( ) Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; xU nfhba Neha;
 ypk;Nghirl;Lfisj; jhf;fp ghjpg;gile;jj egh;fspy; Neha;j; njhw;wpid
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 va;l;]; Neha;f;fhd itu]; rpWePh;> fz;zPh>; ckpo;ePH > jha;g;ghy;> fytpf;fhy;tha;
Rug;Gfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,uj;jj;jpd; %yk; eykhd xUtUf;F guTfpwJ.
 njhLjy; my;yJ cly; jPz;ly; topahf /va;l;]; guTtjpy;iy
 cly; jputq;fs; kw;Wk; ,uj;j njhlh;gpd; %yk; guTfpwJ.
 ghjpf;fg;gl;l jhaplkpUe;J Nra;f;F jha;Nra; ,izg;Gj;jpR %yk; guTfpwJ.

273
  mwpFwpfs; : epzePh; Kbr;Rfspy;> tPff
; k;> %isr;Nrjk;> epidthw;wy; FiwT >
grpapd;ik > vil Fiwjy> fha;r;ry;> ePbj;j tapw;Wg;Nghf;F ,Uky;> Nrhk;gy; >
njhz;il mow;rp> the;jp kw;Wk; jiytyp>
 fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidfs;: viyrh(ELISA – Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay )
kw;Wk; nt];lh;d; gpshl;
 rpfpr;ir : nul;Nuh itu]pw;F vjpuhd kUe;Jfs;> Neha; vjph;g;G kz;lyj;ij
Jhz;Lfpd;w rpfpr;irapd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l eghpd; tho;ehis ePl;bf;fyhk;

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;fs (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f > njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; Foe;ijfSf;F vjpuhd ghypay;

Fw;wq;fspypUe;Jj mth;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf 2012 y; Nghf;Nrh (POCSO – Protection of
Children from Sexual Offences) rl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Ghypay; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
Foe;ijfis flj;jpr; nry;Yk; egh;fSk; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fpo; jz;lidf;F cs;shfpd;wdh;
2. Nghf;Nrh rl;lj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; 2012 „ ghypay; jhf;Fjy;> ghypay; Jd;GWj;jy; kw;Wk;
Mghrk; Nghd;w Fw;wq;fspypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;> ,j;jifa Fw;wq;fis tpiue;J tprhhpf;f
rpwg;G ePjpkd;wq;fis mikj;jy;.
3. Foe;ij chpikfs; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd Njrpa Mizak; (NCPCR) khh;r; 2007 ,y; Foe;ij
chpikfs; rl;lk; (CPCR) 2005 d; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;lJ .,e;jr; rl;lk; nghJTilikf;
nfhs;if> Foe;ij rl;lq;fis kPw Kbahik kw;Wk; ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; Foe;ijfs;
njhlh;ghd nfhs;iffspd; mtruj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ,
4. 18 taJ tiuapyhd midj;J Foe;ijfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; rkkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
cs;sJ. ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba tha;g;Gfs; mjpfKs;s Foe;ijfSf;F Kd;Dhpik
eltbf;if nfhs;iffis tiuaWf;fpwJ.
5. kUe;Jfspd; jtwhd gad;ghL kw;Wk; rl;ltpNuhj flj;jy; kPjhd rh;tNjr ehs; [{d;
26
6. 1985 Mk; Mz;L NghijA+l;Lk; kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; kNdhtpay;kUe;Jfs; rl;lk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
7. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO)1984 kUe;Jfspd; Nghij (mbikahjy;) my;yJ
kUe;Jfspd; jtwhf gad;ghL vd;w thh;ji
; jf;Fg; gjpyhf kUe;Jfis rhh;e;jpUj;jy;
vd;w thh;ji
; jiag; gad;g:Lj;j MNyhrid toq;fpAs;sJ.
8. ntspapl;l cj;jutpd;gb midj;J rpfnul; tpsk;guq;fspYk; kw;Wk; rl;lHpjhd
vr;;rhpf;if ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
9. Gifapiy vjph;g;G rl;lk; Nk 1 2004 ,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ . 2030 Mk; Mz;by;
cyfstpy; Mz;Lf;F 10 kpy;ypad; mstpy; ,wg;gpid Vw;gLj;jJtjw;fhd kpfg;nghpa
xw;iwf; fhuzpahf Gifapiy jpfOk; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
10. Nk 31 Gifapiy vjph;g;G ehshff; fUjg;gLfpwJ .(cyf Gifapiy vjph;g;G ehs;)

274
11. ,e;jpahtpy; vl;L Nghpy; xUth; ePhpopT Nehahsp Mthh;. tpd; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;l
Gs;sp tptug;gb 2025 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; 57.2 kpy;ypad; ePhpopT Nehahspfs; ,Uf;fyhk; vdf;
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ePhpopT Neha; Vw;gLtjw;fhd ruhrhp taJ 40 MFk;. gpw ehLfspy;
55 tajhFk;.
12. 2030 ,y; ,wg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w fhuzpfspy; ePhpopT Neha; 7 tjhfj; jpfOnkd cyf
Rfhjhu (WHO) mikg;G njhptpf;fpwJ.
13. tpd; mstPl;bd;gb czTz;zh epiyapy; ,uj;j FSf;Nfh]pd; msT 140
kpfp/nlrpyp tpl mjpfkhfTk; my;yJ rPuw;w ,uj;j FSf;Nfh]; msT 200 kpfp/nlrpyp I
tpl mjpfkhfTk; ,uz;L re;jh;g;gq;fSf;F Nky; fhzg;gl;lhy; lahgBi]f; fz;lwpe;J
cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
14. fiuahj ehh;r;rj;J nfhz;l Msp tpijfs;> nfha;ah> jf;fhsp kw;Wk; fPiufs; ,uj;j
rh;f;fiu msit Fiwg;gjpy; cjTfpd;wd
15. msTf;fjpfkhf cz;Zfpd;w xt;nthU 7 fNyhhp cztpYk; 1 fp nfhOg;G clypy;
Nrfukhfp> cly; gUkd; mjpfhpf;f toptFf;fpwJ. mbNgh]; jpRf;fspy; mjpfkhf NrUk;
nfhOg;G cly; vilia 20 msTf;F $l;LfpwJ.
16. ruhrhp cly; vilia tpl 10 f;Fk; mjpfkhd vil nfhz;lth; mjpf vil cilNahh;
kw;Wk; 20 f;Fk; mjpfkhd vil nfhz;lth; cly;gUkd; cilNahh; vdg;gLth;.
17. ,e;jpah;fspd; ,uj;jj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba tpUk;gj;jf;f nfhOg;gpd; msthdJ 200
kpfp/nlrpyp MFk;. ,uj;jj;jpy; nfhOg;gpd; msT 200 ypUe;J 300 kpfp/nlrpyp Mf
mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ ,jaf; Foy; (fNuhdhp ,ja Neha; ) Neha;f;fhd Mgj;Jk;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
18. (mjpf mlh;jj
; p nfhz;l ypg;NghGujk; ) my;yJ ey;y nfhy];l;uhy; ,ja Neha;f;fhd
Mgj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ. khwhf (Fiw mlh;jj
; p nfhz;l ypg;NghGujk; ) ,ja Neha;f;fhd
Mgj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
19. cyf Gw;WNeha; ehs; gpg;uthp 4
20. Njrpa Gw;WNeha; tpopg;Gzh;T ehs; etk;gh; 7
21. fl;bfspd; tiffs;:
 jPq;fw;w my;yJ Nkypf;dd;l; tif my;y;hj fl;bfs; cWg;GfSf;Fs;shfNt
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;> clypd; kw;w ghfq;fSf;F guthJ
 Nkypf;dd;l; fl;bfs; ngUf;fkile;J nry; FOf;fs; Ntfkhf tsh;r;rpaile;J
Rw;wpAs;s ,ay;ghd jpRf;fspy; CLUtp ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
22. ,e;jpahtpd; lhf;lh; Rdpjp rhy;Nkhd; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; rpfpr;irapd; Kd;Ndhb Mthh;.
,th; nrd;idapy; 1980 fspy; va;l;]; Muha;r;rpf;fhd Kjy; jd;dh;t Nrhjid kw;Wk;
MNyhrid ikaq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhh; . ,tuJ FOtpdh; 1985 y; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;
Kjypy; njhw;Wf;fhd Mjhuj;jpid Mtzg;gLj;jpdhh;fs; (,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; va;l;];
Nehahsp nrd;idiar; Nrh;e;jth; Mthh;)

275
23. kf;fspy; gyh; va;l;]; gw;wpa mwpahikapy; cs;sdh;. ,jd; %yk; ehk; $WtJ
“mwpahikapdhy; ,wf;ff; $lhJ ” ek; ehl;by; Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G ( )
kw;Wk; gpw muR rhuhj njhz;L mikg;Gfs; (NGO ‘S) kf;fSf;F va;l;]; gw;wpa fy;tpiag;
Gfl;Lfpd;wd. xt;nthU tUlKk; brk;gh; 1 Mk; ehs; “cyf va;l;]; jpdk; ” Mf
mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

10 Mk; tFg;G

,df;fyg;G kw;Wk; caphpj;njhopy; El;gtpay;

1. 2050 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif 1.7 gpy;ypaid vl;btpLk; vd

fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j> cah;e;j juKila jhtuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; fiy
jhtug; gaph;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;
cyf gRik Gul;rpapd; je;ij ehh;kd; Nghh;yhf; (mnkhpf;f Ntshz;
tpQ;Qhdp)
,e;jpa gRik Gul;rpapd; je;ij kh.rh Rthkpehjd;

3. 1960 -2000 f;Fk; ,ilNa gRikg; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf NfhJik kw;Wk; mhprp cw;gj;jp
mjpfmstpy; mjpfhpj;jJ.
4. Kjyhk; gRikg;Gul;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1967
5. ,uz;lhtJ gRikg;Gul;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1983 -84
6. ehh;kd; Nghh;yhf; mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghprpid ngw;w Mz;L 1970
7. lhf;lh; Nghh;yhf;Fld; ,ize;J ,e;jpahtpy; nkf;rpd; NfhJik tiffis mwpKfk;
nra;jth; kh.rh Rthkpehjd;
8. nkf;rpNfhtpd; mjpf kf#y; jUk; NfhJik tiffspy; ,Ue;J Nrhdhypfh kw;Wk;
fy;ahz;Nrhdh Nghd;w miuf;Fs;s NfhJik tiffs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld.

276
9. rh;tNjr ney; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpd; jiyikaplk; gpypg;igd;]py; cs;s y;
mike;Js;sJ.
10. rh;tNjr ney; Muha;r;rp epWtdj;jpd; Mrpa jiyikaplk; thuzhrpapy; mike;Js;sJ
11. ,e;jpa ney; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; fl;lhf;fpy; (xbrh) mike;Js;sJ
12. gpypg;igd;]; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j rh;tNjr ney; Muha;rr
; p epWtdk; ( ) (mjpra mhprp)
vd;w mjpf kf#y; jUk; miuf;Fs;s ney; tifia cw;gj;jp nra;jJ. ,J 1966 k;
Mz;L Kjd;Kjypy; gpypg;igd;]; ehl;bYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
13. ney; tifahdJ ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; gPl;lh (kw;Wk; ) rPdhtpd; B-[pNah-T+- n[d;
(Dee – geo –Woo –gen- DGWG)cld; ,ize;J cUthd fyg;gpdkhFk;.
14. Njrpa vjph;g;Gj;jpwd; ngw;w gaph; ufq;fs;:
gaph; ufk; ve;j Neha;f;nfjpuhd vjph;g;Gj;
jd;ik ngw;wJ
NfhJik `pk;fphp ,iy kw;Wk; gl;ilj; JUNeha;>
`py; gz;l;
fhyp gpsth; G+rh Rg;uh G+rh gdpg;ge;J fWg;G mOfy; Neha;
jl;ilg;gapW G+rh Nfhky; ghf;Bhpa fUfy; Neha;

15. G+r;rpfs;/ jPq;Faphpfs; vjph;g;Gj;jpwd; ngw;w gaph; ufq;fs;:

gaph; ufk; ve;j G+r;rp/jP;q;Faphp tiffSf;fhd
vjph;g;Gj;jd;ik ngw;wJ
fLF G+rh fTut; cwpQ;rp cz;Zk; G+r;rpahd
mRtpdp
mtiuf;fha; G+rh nrk; 2 ,iyj; jj;Jg; G+r;rp „ mRtpdp>
G+rh nrk; 3 fdp Jisg;ghd;
Ntz;il G+rh rthdp G+rh 4 jz;L kw;Wk; fdp Jisg;ghd;

16. tpUk;gj; jf;f Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fshd itl;lkpd;fs;> Gujq;fis kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs; epiwe;j
gaph; jhtuq;fis cw;gj;jpr; nra;a gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mwptpay; KiwNa
cap&l;lr;rj;Njw;wk; (Bio fortification)
17. iyrpd; vd;w ,e;jpahtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mkpNdh mkpyk; nrwpe;j fyg;gpd kf;fhr;Nrhs
ufq;fs; GNuhl;;bdh> rf;jp> uj;dh
18. cap&l;lr;rj;Njw;wk; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l Gujk; nrwpe;j NfhJik ufk; ml;y]; 66
19. gaph; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd gaph;g;ngUf;f Kiwfs;
 Gjpa tifj; jhtuq;fspd; mwpKfk; (may; ,dk;)
 Njh;T nra;jy;
 gd;ka gaph;g;ngUf;fk;
 rLjpkhw;wg; gaph;ngUf;fk;

277
  fyg;gpdkhf;fk;
20. Gjpa tifj; jhtuq;fspd; mwpKfk;
 mjpf kf#y; jUk; jhtu tiffis xU ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F
mwpKfk; nra;jy.
 ,j;jifa jhtuq;fs; may; ,dk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
may; ehl;L ,dq;fs;
 v.fh NgrpNahy]; Kq;Nfh vd;w cSe;J ufk; rPdhtpy; ,Ue;J mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
21. Njh;T nra;jy;
 Gwj;Njhw;wj;ij mbg;gilahfj; nfhz;L rpwe;j jhtu ufq;fisj; gphpj;njLf;Fk;
gok; ngUk; Kiw
 Njh;T Kiwfspd; tiffs; 3
 $l;Lj; Njh;T Kiw
 Jha thpirj; Njh;T Kiw
 Nghj;Jj; Njh;T Kiw (FNshdy; Njh;T Kiw)
 $l;Lj; Njh;T Kiw:
 tpUk;gj;jf;f gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l rpwe;j jhtuq;fspd; tpijfs;
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw jhtuq;fs; VO my;yJ vl;L
jiyKiwfSf;F njhlh;e;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd
 Nth;f;fliy ufq;fshd kw;Wk;
 Jha thpirj; Njh;T Kiw:
 Jdp caphpay; ,Ue;J jw;fyg;G %yk; ngwgg;gl;l re;jjp jdpj;jhtuj;Njh;T
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;iff;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l jhtuj;jpd; mWtil
nra;ag;gl;ltw;wpy; rpwe;jij Njh;T nra;Ak; Kiw
 ,t;tif re;jjpfs; Gwj;Njhw;wj;jpYk; > [Pdhf;f gz;GfspYk; xj;Jf;
fhzg;gLk;.
 Nghj;Jj; Njh;T Kiw (FNshdy; Njh;T Kiw)
 xU jdpj;j jhtuj;jpypUe;J cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; my;yJ ghypyh
,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l jhtuq;fspd; $l;lk; FNshd;fs;
 clyg; ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; cUthd gytifj; jhtuq;fspd;
$l;lj;jpypUe;J tpUk;gj;jf;f Nghj;;Jfisj; Njh;T nra;Ak; Kiw
22. gd;kaj; gaph;g;ngUf;fk;
 ghypdg; ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jhtuq;fspy; cly; nry;fspy; ,uz;L KOikahd
njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; cs;sd. ,JNt ,ul;ilkak; (2n) vdg;gLk;

278
  NfkPl;Lfspy; (,dr;nry;fspy;) xNu xU njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk; kl;LNk cs;sJ.
,J xw;iw kak; (n) vdg;gLk;.
 ,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf; nfhz;l caphdk; gd;kak;
(Greek: Polys. Many + aploos = one fold + eidos = form) vdg;gLk;. ,e;j epiy “
gynjhFjpahf;Fk; ,ay;G“ vdg;gLk;. ,it ntg;gk;> Fsph;>
Ntjpf;fhuzpfshYk; > fhy;rprpd; Nghd;w Ntjpf;fhuzpfshYk; Jhz;lg;gLfpwJ
23. gd;k gaph;ngUf;fj;jpd; rhjidfs;:
 tpijfsw;w jh;G+rzp (3n) kw;Wk; thio (3n)
 nghpa jz;Lk;> twl;rp vjph;g;Gj; jd;ikAk; nfhz;l Kk;ka Njapiy
 bhpl;bf;Nfy; (6n) vd;gJ NfhJik (bhpl;bfk; bA+uk; ) kw;Wk; iu ( rPNfy;
rphpNay; ) Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa fyg;G nra;J ngwg;gl;l fyg;Gaphp
MFk;. ,ij tsKilajhf khw;w gd;kak; Jhz;lg;gl;lJ . ,J mjpf ehh;r;rj;Jk;
GujKk; nfhz;lJ.
24. rLjp khw;wk;
 xU caphpdj;jpd; tpd; epA+f;spNahilL thpirapy; jpBnud Vw;gLk;
ghuk;ghpaj;Jf;F cl;gLk; khw;wNk rLjp khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
 rLjpkhw;wj;ij Jhz;Lk; fhuzpfs; kpA+lhn[d;fs; (m) rLjpkhw;wj; Jhz;bfs;
vdg;gLk;.
 rLjpkhw;wj; Jhz;bfspd; tiffs; 2
 ,aw;gpay; rLjp khw;wj; Jhz;bfs;
 Ntjpapay; rLjp khw;wj; Jhz;bfs;
25. ,aw;gpay; rLjp khw;wj; Jhz;bfs;: v.fh fjph; tPrR
; fshd fjph;fs; > kw;Wk;
fjph;fs;> Gw Cjhf; fjph;fs; kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy
26. Ntjpapay; rLjp khw;wj; Jhz;bfs;: v.fh „ fLFthA kw;Wk; iel;u]; mkpyk;
27. Fwpg;G : fLF thA vd;gJ njhopy;El;g hPjpahf xU thA my;y. ,J fe;jfj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l irl;Nlh lhf;rpf; kw;Wk; ntrpf;fd;l; nfkpf;fy;
28. rLjpkhw;w gaph;g;ngUf;fj;jpd; rhjidfs;:
 n]hdhuh „ 64 vd;w NfhJik ufj;jpy; ,Ue;J fhkhf;fjph;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
rh;gjp n]hdhuh vd;w NfhJik ufk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 cth; jd;ikiaj; jhq;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; jPq;Faphp vjph;g;Gj; jd;ik ngw;w
ml;lhkpl;lh 2 mhprp ufk;
 fbdkhd fdp ciw nfhz;l epyf;fliy ufk;
29. fyg;gpdkhf;fk;
 ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tifj; jhtuq;fisf; fyg;G nra;tJ fyg;gpdk;
MFk;. mtw;wpd; tpUk;gj;jf;f gz;Gfis fyg;Gaphp vd;w xNu re;jjpapy; nfhz;L
tUk; nray;KiwfahFk;.

279
  Kdpjd; cUthf;fpa Kjy; fyg;gpd jhdpak; bhpl;bf;Nfy; (NfhJik ) ,J bhpl;bfk;
bA+uk; kw;Wk; iu rpNfy; rphpNay; Mfpatw;iwfyg;G nra;jjhy;
fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ.
 ,jdhy; cUthd 1 fyg;Gaphp tskw;wJ (2n =21)
 gpd;dh; fhy;r;rprpidg; gad;gLj;jp mjd; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifia
,ul;bg;gilar; nra;J cUthf;fg;gl;lNj bhpl;bf;Nfy; (2n =42) vd;w
n`f;rhgpsha;L MFk;.
 n`f;rhgpsha;b NfhJikapy; (2n = 6x =42) xw;iw kak; (n) kw;Wk; mbg;gilj;
njhFjp ( X) FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if KiwNa kw;Wk; MFk;.
30. tpyq;fpdf;fyg;G ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
 cl;fyg;G
 ntspf;fyg;G
31. cl;fyg;G
 neUq;fpa njhlh;Gila kw;Wk; xNu ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j caphpdq;fis 4 Kjy; 6
jiyKiwfSf;F fyg;G nra;tNj cl;fyg;G Kiw MFk;.
 v.fh. gQ;rhigr; Nrh;e;j `p];]h;Nly; vd;w Gjpa nrk;kwp Ml;bdk; gpf;fhdphpd;
(khf;uh) ngz; Ml;ilAk; > M];jpNuypahtpd; (khpNdh) Mz; Ml;ilAk; fyg;gpdk;
nra;J cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;
32. ntspf;fyg;G
 ,t;tifahd fyg;G njhlh;gw;w ,U tpyq;Ffis fyg;G nra;jhFk;
 v.fh Mz; fOij ngz; Fjpiu NfhNtW fOij
 FjpiuAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ,t;tif fOijfs; typik> Ez;ZwpT> Ntiy
nra;Ak; jpwd; kw;Wk; Neha; vjph;g;Gj;jpwd; Mfpatw;w;py; tPhpakpf;fjhf
fhzg;gLfpwj
 ,t;tifahd fOijfs; kyl;Lj; jd;ikAilait
33. n`l;bNuhrp];
 fyg;gpd; Nrh;f;if %yk; cah;jug; gz;Gfis cila fyg;gpdq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;tJ
n`l;bNuhrp]; (m) fyg;gpd tPhpak; vdg;gLk;.
 tpyq;F ngUf;fj;jpy; fyg;gpd tPhpaj;jpd; tpidTfs;:
 fhy;eilfspy; ghy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;jy;
 Nfhopfspy; Kl;il cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;jy;
 cah;ju ,iwr;rpia cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
 tPl;L tpyq;Ffspd; tsh; tPjj;ij mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;
34. kug; nghwpapay;
 kuGg; nghwpapay; vd;gJ caphpapd; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; tpy; Gjpjhf kugpay;
jd;ikfisr; Nrh;jN
; jh> Fiwe;Njh khw;wk; nra;tjhFk;

280
  kuGg; nghwpapypd; mbg;gil njhopy;El;gj;jpy; it gy Jz;Lfshf ntl;b
xl;litf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
 tiuaiw nehjpfs; kw;Wk; nu];l;bhpf;\d; vz;NlhepA+f;spNa]; vd;Dk; nehjp>
xU %yf;$W fj;jhpf;Nfhyhfr; nray;gl;L it Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy;
ntl;Lfpd;wJ.
 ypNf]; nehjp (%yf;$W gir) tpd; ntl;lg;gl;l Jz;Lfis
xl;litg;gjw;F gad;gLfpd;wJ
35. kuG nghwpapaypd; ed;ikfs;
 mjpf msT ,d;Rypd; cUthf;fk;> ,d;lh;nguhd; (itu];fSf;F vjpuhd Gujk;)>
kdpj tsh;r;rp `hh;Nkhd;> fhy;eilfspy; tha;> Fsk;G Neha; (Nfhkhhp Neha;)
Nghd;wtw;wpw;F vjpuhd jLg;G+rp cw;gj;jpr; nra;a gad;gLfpd;wd
 tptrhapfSf;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapy; ep g; [Pidg; ghf;BhpahTf;F khw;wp
iel;u[id epiy epWj;jr; nra;fpd;wd
36. [Pd; FNshdpq;
 FNshd; vd;gJ xU caphpdj;jpd; efy;
 FNshdpq; vd;gJ kunghj;j caphpfis gpujpfshf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; KiwahFk;
37. kUj;Jtj;jpy; caph;j;njhopy; El;gtpay;
 kuGg;nghwpapay; njhopy;El;gj;jpid gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gLgit> Gujq;fs;
my;yJ ghypng;gilLfs;
 njhopy; El;gj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jtg; nghUl;fs; :
 ,uj;j rh;f;fiu Neha; rpfpr;irf;fhd ,d;Rypd;
 tsh;r;rp FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfspd; Fiwghl;bid ePf;Fk; kdpj tsh;r;rp
`hh;Nkhd;
 `PNkh gpypah vd;w ,uj;jk; ciwjy; Fiwghl;LNeha;f; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd
,uj;j ciwjy; fhuzpfs;
 jpR gpsh];kpNdh[d; Jhz;b (,uj;jk; ciwjiyj; jLf;Fk; fhuzp)
,uj;jf; fl;bfisf; fiuj;J ,ja milg;igj; jtph;f;f cjTfpd;wJ.
 n`g;ghbb]; kw;Wk; ntwp eha;f;fb (Nugp];) Nehia jLf;Fk; jLg;G+rpfs;
38. [Pd; rpfpr;ir eilKiwg;glj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1990
39. FUj;jZf;fs; (Stem Cells)
 %yr;nry;fspd; ,U Kf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
 %yr;nry; vd;gJ rpwg;gilahj nry; FOkk; MFk;. ,it ikl;lhrp];
Kiwapy; gpsTw;W kpf mjpf nry;fis cUthf;Fk; jd;ikAilait
 %yr;nry;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l xU nray; jd;ikAilaJ
 %yr;nry;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;

281
  fUtpd; %yr;nry;tif „ Ma;tfj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l #o;epiyapy;>
clYf;F ntspNa nraw;ifKiwapy; fU cUthf;fg;gl;L mf;fUtpypUe;J
fUtpd; %yr;nry;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd
 Kjph;e;j my;yJ cly;%yr; nry;fs;
 kdpjd; kw;Wk; cah;epiy tpyq;Ffspd; tsh;r;rp epiyapy; jha;
vgpjPypay; jpR> ,izg;Gj;jpR> jirj;jpR> ,uj;jf; Foy;> euk;G
kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fj; jpRf;fhd Nghd;w ed;F NtWgLj;jg;gl;l
jpRf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghL milahj nry;fSf;F cly; %yr;
nry;fs; vd;W ngah;
 cly; %yr;nry;fs; nghJthf vYk;G k[;i[> fUr;nry; > gdpf;Flj;
jputk; (mk;dpahl;bf; jputk;)> njhg;gs;nfhb ,uj;jj;jpypUe;J
ngwg;gLfpd;wJ
40. FUj;jZ rpfpr;ir gad;gLk; ,lq;fs;:
 ghh;f;fpd;rd; Neha; kw;Wk; my;rk
P h; Neha; Nghd;w euk;Gr; rpijT FiwghLfis
Fzg;gLj;j euk;Gf; FUj;jZf;fs; (Neuronal stem Cells) gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
rpijtile;j my;yJ ,oe;j epA+uhd;fSf;F gjpyhf gjpyPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; gy;NtW rpfpr;irf;F ,k;Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.
41. tpuy; Nuifj;njhopy;El;gk;
 tpuy; Nuifj; njhopy;El;gj;ij tbtikj;jth; myf; n[ g;nu
 kdpj [PNdhk; 3 gpy;ypad; fhu ,izfisf; nfhz;lJ. xw;iwf;fU
,ul;ilah;fisj; jtpu ve;j ,U kdpjhpd; mikT xd;whf ,Ug;gjpy;iy
 xt;nthU kdpjhpd; tpYk; xU rpW NtWgLk; epAf;spNahilL thpir
fhzg;gLk; .
 tpy; cs;s khWgLk; vz;;zpifapyike;j njhlh; thpir mikg;G (Variable
Number Tandem Repeat Sequenus - VNTRs) kdpjh;fis milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd
%yf;$W FwpPlhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
 kdpjhpy; 99 thpir njhlh;fs; midtUf;Fk; nghJthff; fhzg;gLk;
,jw;F nkhj;j [PNdhkPf; b.vd;.V vd;W ngah;
 kPjKs;s 1 thpir njhlh; xt;nthU kdpjhpYk; NtWgLfpwJ. ,e;j 1
thpirj; njhlh; xU rpwpa gFjpahff; njhlh;e;J fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;F
rhl;biyl; vd;W ngah; . ,J kdpjDf;F kdpjd; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLk;
 tpuy; Nuifj; njhopy;El;gk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; tUk;; njhlh; thpiria
milahsk; fhZk; nfhs;ifapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ
42. tpuy; Nuifj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; eilKiwg; gad;ghLfs;:

282
  tpuy; Nuifj; njhopy;El;gkhdJ jltpay; gad;ghLfspy; Fw;wthspfis
milahsk; fhzg; gad;gLfpwJ. NkYk; xU Foe;ijapd; je;ijia milahsk;
fhz;gjpy; Vw;gLk; rh;r;irfSf;F jPhT
; fhz gad;gLfpwJ.
 caphpdj; njhifapd; kugpay; NtWghLfs;> ghpzhkk; kw;Wk; ,dkhjy;
Mfpatw;iw mwpa cjTfpwJ.
43. kuGg; gz;G khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs;

kuGg; gz;G khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l tpyq;Ffs;

Nehf;fk; GFj;jg;gl;l [Pd; rhjid
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gsp juk; rp];Bd; mkpNdh mkpyk; may; [Pidg; ngw;w nrk;kwp
kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp cw;gj;jpf;fhd [Pd;fs; ML ([Pd; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ)
kPd;fspy; mjpf tsh;r;rp Rhy;kd; my;yJ nuapd;Ngh may; [Pidg; ngw;w kPd; ([Pd;
l;nusl; my;yJ jpNyg;gpah ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ)
tsh;;r;rp `hh;Nkhd; [Pd;

kuGg; gz;G khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l jhtuq;fs;

Nehf;fk; GFj;jg;gl;l [Pd; rhjid
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Cl;lr;rj;J gPl;lh fNuhl;bd; [Pd; “Nfhy;ld; iu];” (itl;lkpd;
juj;jpw;fhd mhprp (kdpjh;fspy; itl;lkpd; ) Fiwghl;ilj; jtph;f;Fk; >
cw;gj;jpf;F gPl;lh fNuhl;bd; gPl;lh fNuhl;bid cw;gj;jpr;
[Pd; Njit) nra;Ak; kugZ khw;wk;
nra;g;gl;l mhprp
Mjpf gaph; cw;gj;jp Ngrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpad;rp]; G+r;rp vjph;g;Gj;jpwd; ngw;w
ghf;BhpahtpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l jhtuq;fs; (,j;jhtuq;fs;
[Pd; ( [Pd; G+r;rpfSf;F G+r;rpfSf;F vjpuhd er;Rj;
vjpuhd er;Rj; jd;ikAila jd;ik tha;e;j Gujj;jpid
Gujj;ij cw;gj;jpr; nra;fpwJ) cw;gj;jp nra;J> G+r;rpj;
jhf;Fjiyj; jLf;f ty;yit)

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. lhf;lh; kh.rh Rthkpehjd;

 ,e;jpa gRikg;Gul;rpapy; Kd;dzpg; gq;F tfpj;jth;> ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhdpahd lhf;lh;.
khd;nfhk;G rhk;grptd; Rthkpehjd; Mthh; cUisf; fpoq;F> NfhJik> ney;
kw;Wk; rzy; Mfpa gaph;fspy; mth; Nkw;nfhz;l gaph;ngUf;f Ma;Tfs; kpfTk;
Gfo;ngw;witahFk;.

283
  mtuJ ngUk; Kaw;rpfshy; 1960 Mk; Mz;by; 12 kpy;ypad; ld;dhf ,Ue;j
NfhJik cw;gj;jp> jw;NghJ 70 kpy;ypad; ld;dhf cah;e;Js;sJ. vdNt ,th;
,e;jpa gRikg;Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd nghUj;jkhf miof;fg;gLfpwhh;
2. lhf;lh; Nfh. ek;kho;;thh;.
 lhf;lh; Nfh. ek;kho;thh; (1938-2013) xU jkpo; tptrha tpQ;Qhdp > Rw;Wr; #oy;
Mh;tyh; kw;Wk; ,aw;if Ntshz; ty;Yeh; Mthh;. ,th; “thdfk; - ek;kho;thh;
caph; #oy; eLtk;> cyf czT ghJfhg;gpw;fhd gz;iz Muha;r;rp ikak;
”( - thdfk;) vd;w mwf;fl;lis cUthf;fp mjd; %yk; ,aw;if
Ntshz;ikapd; gad;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T kf;fspilNa cUthf;fpdhh;
3. fhkhj; Njhl;lk;
 fhkhj; Njhl;lk; my;yJ mZg; G+q;fh vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F gpwF
mZ rf;jp Mw;wiy gaph; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; xU gpugykhd
fUj;jhf;fk; MFk;.
 ,J xU Jhz;lg;gl;l rLjpkhw;w gaph;g;ngUf;fk; KiwahFk;. ,jpy; Nfhghy;l; - 60
my;yJ rPrpak; -137 y; ,Ue;J fhkhj;fjph;fs; gaph; jhtuq;fspy; tpUk;gj;jf;f rLjp
khw;wq;fisj; Jhz;Ltjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
4. gwitfspy; FWf;Ff; fyg;G
 nts;is nyf;`hd; gpisnksj; uhf;

mjpf Kl;ilfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; fyg;gpdf; Nfhop ,dk;

5. gRf;fspd; FWf;Ff; fyg;G
 may; ,df; fhisfs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L gR Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNa eilngWk; fyg;G
 gpuTd; ];tp]; rhfpthy;

fud; ];tp]; - cs;ehl;L gRf;fis tpl 2 Kjy; 3 klq;F mjpfkhf ghy; cw;gj;jp
nra;git.

6. gpsh];kpL vd;gJ ghf;Bhpa nry;ypd; irl;;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. FNuhNkhNrhk; rhuhj>

rpwpa> tl;l tbt> ,uz;L ,iofshd MFk;. ,J FNuhNkhNrhk; tpypUe;J
NtWgl;lJ. ,J jd;dpr;irahf ,ul;bg;gilAk; jpwDilaJ.
7. Nu];l;hpf;];d; nehjp tpy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhu thpiria
(Ngypd;l;Nuhk; thpir ) milahsk; fz;L> mt;tplj;jpy; cs;s gh];Nghil v];lh;
gpizg;Gfisj; Jz;bg;gjd; %yk; itj; Jz;bf;fpwJ.
8. lhyp cUthf;fk;

284
  1996 Mk; Mz;b [_iy khjk; ];fhl;yhe;J ehl;L Nuhrypy; epWtdj;jpidr; rhh;e;j
lhf;lh; mahd; tpy;kl; kw;Wk; mtuJ FOtpdUk; ,ize;J lhyp vd;w FNshdpq;
Kiwapyhd ngz; nrk;kwp Ml;Lf;Fl;bapid Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fpdhh;.
 ,e;j Ml;Lf;Fl;b cly nry; cl;fU khw;wpg; nghUj;Jjy; Kiwapy;
cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. Mwiu Mz;Lfs; caph; tho;ej
; ,e;j Ml;Lf;Fl;b EiuaPuy;
Nehapdhy; 2003 Mk;; Mz;L ,we;jJ.
9. 1977 Mk; Mz;L mhprp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah jd;dpiwT mile;Jtpl;lJ

285
 8 Mk; tFg;;G %d;whk; gUtk;

gaph; ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik

1. Ntshz;ik nray;Kiw
ngah; fhyk;/ gad; gaph; tiffs;
fhhp g; [{d;- nrg;lk;gh; (m) ney;> Nrhsk;> Nrhah nkhr;ir >
[_iy „ mf;Nlhgh; gUj;jp> epyf;fliy rzy;>
fUk;G> vs;
uhgp gaph;fs; (Fsph;fhyk;) etk;gh; - khh;r; (m) mf;Nlhgh; NfhJik> ghh;yp> gUg;G>
- Vg;uy; gl;lhzp> fLF> Msp tpij
Gifapiy
iraj; (rahL) gaph;fs; khh;r; - [{d; fha;fwpfs;> goq;fs; >
(Nfhil fhyk;) fha;fwpfs;> jh;G+rzp>
nts;shpf;fha;> ghrpg;gapW>
cSe;J
czTg; gaph;fs; kdpj gad;ghl;bw;F ney;> Nrhsk;> rpWjhdpaq;fs;
jPtdg; gaph;fs; fhy;eilfSf;F kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> rpWjhdpaq;fs;
ehh;g; gaph;fs; fapW jahhpf;f gUj;jp> rzy;> Gspr;ir
vz;nza; gaph;fs; kdpjd; kw;Wk; epyf;fliy> vs;
myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs; myF gad;ghL FNuhl;lhd;> A+Nghh;gpah

2. gaph; cw;gj;jpapy; cs;s nray; Kiwfs;:

 kz;iz jahh; nra;jy;
 cOjy;
 Vh;
 fisf;nfhj;jp
 ,ae;jpuf; fyg;ig
 rkg;gLj;Jjy;
 mb cukpLjy;
 tpij tpijj;jy;
 iffshy; tpijj;jy;
 cOrhy; tpijj;jy; (tpijf;fUtp)
 Cd;Wjy;
 vU kw;Wk; cukpLjy; (v.fh nraw;if cuk; iel;u[d; > gh];gu]; nghl;lhrpak;)
 ePh; ghrdk;
 ghuk;ghpa Kiwfs; (fhy;tha;> Vj;jk;)

286
  etPd Kiwfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;
1. njspg;G ePh; ghrd mikg;G
2. nrhl;L ePh; ghrd mikg;G
 fisePf;fk;
 ,ae;jpu Kiwfs;
 cOjy; Kiefs;
 gaph; Row;rp Kiwfs;
 Nfhil coT
 caphpay; fisf; fl;Lg;ghL
 Ntjpapay; Kiwfs;
 xUq;fpize;j fis Nkyhz;ik
 gaph; mWtil nra;jy;
 ifahy; gpLq;Fjy;
 fUtp nfhz;L mWtil nra;jy; (v.fh fjph; mhpths; nfhz;L mWj;jy;)
 ,ae;jpuj;jhy; mWtil nra;jy;
 fjpubj;jy;
 czT jhdpa Nrkpg;G
 Nrkpg;G fplq;Ffspy; rpW G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpfis Fiwg;gjw;F Ntjpa
Jhtpfs; njspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F GifA+l;lk; vd;W ngah;
3. gaph;r; Row;rp
 xw;iw gaph;tsh;g;G v.fh Nrhsk;
 $l;L gaph; tsh;g;G (fyg;Gg; gaph;) v.fh Nrhsk; kw;Wk; cSe;J
 ny$k; my;yhj gaph;fis njhlh;e;J ny$k; gaph;fs; gapug;gLtjhy; mLj;jLj;J
tUk; gaph;fSf;F tspkz;ly iel;u[id mspf;fpwJ kz;zpy; xU ey;y fdpk
Cl;l rkepiyia fhj;jpl cjTfpwJ
 ,UGw ntbf;fdp (ny$k; )- gl;lhzp
4. tpij tq;fp:
 tpijfs; EhW Mz;LfspypUe;J Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; tiu capNuhL
,Uf;ff;$bait. Mifahy; ,it tpijtq;fpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ
 muR jhtutpay; Njhl;lk; nfhy;fj;jhtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j mikg;gpd; %ykhf
Kjy; Kiwahf tpij tq;fpfSf;fhf tpijfis Nrkpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ
 muR rhuh epWtdkhd etjhdpa tpij tq;fp GJnly;ypapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,it
50000 gaph; ghJfhj;J tUfpwJ.
5. tpijg;ge;J
 tpijg;ge;Jfs; vdg;gLtJ kz;> kl;fpa Fg;ig kw;Wk; jhtu tpijfspd;
fyitahFk;.

287
6. ghuk;ghpa tpij
 ghuk;ghpa tpijfs; fhpk tpijfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
 ,t;tpijfs; jpwe;j epiy kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if jhtuq;fspy; ,Ue;J cUthfpwJ .
NkYk; jdpj;Jt gz;Gfis topj;NjhwYf;F mDg;GfpwJ
7. caphp - Rl;bf; fhl;bfs;
 iyf;fd;fs; fhy epiy khw;wj;jpidAk; fhw;W khRgLjypd; tpisTfisAk;
tpsf;Fk; xU caphp fl;bahFk;.
 iyf;fd; vd;gj ghrp kw;Wk; G+Q;ir caphpfspd; xUq;fpize;j Xh; mikg;G
 ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjk;> fhw;W kw;Wk; fhw;W khRgLj;jpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
Fwpf;ff;$ba Rw;Wf;#oy; mstp iyf;fd;fs; MFk;.
 fhyepiy> fhw;wpd; juk; kw;Wk; caphpay; nray;Kiwfspd; khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa
jfty;fis iyf;fhd;fs; mspf;fpwJ
8. ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;(IARI)
 ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; 1 Vg;uy; 1905 y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
 (G+rh> nly;yp)
 vd;gJ G+rh epWtdk; vd;W nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rp fofk; ( )

 MdJ 16 [_iy 1929 y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ (GJnly;yp)
 ,e;jpahtpy; 1970 k; Mz;by; gRikg; Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l Muha;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf
,Ue;jJ.
 ,e;epWtdj;jpd; %ykhf thdtpy; Gul;rpahdJ 1986 -1990 fhyfl;lj;jpw;fhd
njhiyNehf;F jpl;lk; grp> tWik> Cl;lr;rj;J FiwghLfis fistjw;fhf
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ
10. f;hp\p tpQ;Qhd Nfe;j;uh( )
 f;hp\p tpQ;Qhd Nfe;ju; h xU Ntshz; mwptpay; epiyakhFk;.
 d; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfis cs;Sh;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ ,jd; Kf;fpa
gzpahFk;.
 Kjy; 1974 y; ghz;br;Nrhpapy; epWtg;gl;lJ
11. ,iyapy; njspg;G :
 ,iyapy; njspg;G vdg;gLtJ jput epiy cuq;fis ,iyfspy; Neubahf nrYj;jp
jhtuq;fSf;F Cl;lkspf;Fk; El;gk; MFk;.
12. nray;kpf;f Ez;Zaph;fs; ( )
 nray;kpf;f Ez;Zaph;fs; vdg;gLk; ,it nghJthf ,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gLk;
gy;NtW nray;kpf;f Ez;Zaph;fspd; tsh;g;ghFk;.

288
  iel;u[d; epiyg;gLj;jpfs;>gh];Ngl; epiyg;gLj;jpfs;> xspr;Nrh;f;if
Ez;Zaph;fspd; yhf;bf; mkpy ghf;Bhpah> <];l;> Nthpghf;Bhpah> gy tif
G+Q;irfs; kw;Wk; Mf;bNdhikrPl;fs; jpwd; kpf;f Ez;ZaphpfshFk;
13. kz;GO fiury;
 kz;GOf;fspd; nray;ghLfis nfhz;l xU mikg;gpd; topahf ePh; fle;j gpwF
Nrfhpg;gLk; jputk; kz;GO fiury; vdg;gLk;.
 gaph;fSf;F ,iyapy; njspg;ghdhf kz;GO fiury; gad;gLfpwJ.
14. gQ;rfht;ah:
 tsh;r;rpia Jhz;Lk; gRtpypUe;Jj ngwg;gl;l Ie;J nghUl;fspd; fyit
gQ;rfht;ah . ,J khl;Lr;rhzk;> khl;bd; rpWePh;> ghy; > japh;> nea; Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;lJ. ,e;j Ie;JJ nghUl;fSf;F nkhj;jkhf gQ;rfht;ah vd;W
ngahplg;gLfpwJ.
15. caphp „ fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwfs;:
 caphp nfhd;Wz;zpfs; v.fh mRtpdp G+r;rpfis cl;nfhs;Sk; nghwptz;L
 caphpG+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfs;
 G+Q;ir caphp G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; v.fh l;iuNfhLnlh;kh tpU\
 ghf;Bhpah caphp G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; v.fh nygplhg;Buh G+r;rpfis nfhy;y
Ngrpy;y]; Jhpd;[pnad;rp]; ghf;Bhpah gad;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; gQ;rfht;ah
 caphp „ G+r;rp tpul;bfs; v.fh mrhbuf;bd; (Ntk;G tpij)> kdpjdhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjy; G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp khh;Nfhrh ,iyfs;
 caph; cuq;fs;
 v.fh mNrh];ighpy;yhk; jdpj;J thOk; iraNdhghf;Bhpah
xspr;Nrh;f;ifAld; iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;JjypYk; <LgLfpwJ
 v.fh mdgPdh > eh];lhf; $l;Laph; ghf;Bhpah tspkz;ly iel;u[id
epiyepWj;JfpwJ
 v.fh iuNrhgpak; Ntjp cuq;fs; czT cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;jhYk; mit
,aw;if thoplq;fis ghjpf;fpd;wd

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f > rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. thio kw;Wk; khq;fdp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah kpfg;nghpa ehlhFk;. NfhJik> ney;

cw;gj;jpapy; kpfg;nghpa kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.
2. gaph; elT nra;jy; my;yJ ehw;W eLjy;> ehw;wq;fhypy; ,Ue;J ,sk;ehw;Wf;fis vLj;J
tsh; epyg;gFjpapy; mWtil tiu kPj tsh;r;rpf;F eLjy; ehw;W eLjy; vdg;gLk;
3. ehw;W eLjYf;F Muk;g ,sk; tsh; jhtuq;fs;> ehw;Wfs; my;yJ jhtu cly;
ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; cUthd efy;fs; ,jw;F gad;gLfpwJ.

289
4. cyf kf;fs; njhif 2050 Mk;; Mz;by; 9 gpy;ypadhf ,Uf;fyhk;. vd;W vjph;
ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ekJ jiyKiwf;Fk; kw;Wk; vjph;fhy jiyKiwf;Fk; fpilf;f
$ba mstpy; ePhpd; gad;ghL jpwd; kpf;fjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; ed;dhP ; tsj;jpy; 70
tpOf;fhL tptrhaj;jpw;F gad;gLfpwJ.vdNt nrhl;L ePh; ghrdk; ,jw;F kpfTk;
gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
5. cyfk; KOtJk; 30000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fisr; rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sJ. mtw;wpy; 18000
rpw;wpdq;fs; gaph;fSf;F jPtpu ,og;gpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ njhlh;e;J gpd;gw;wg;gLk; xNu
tpjkhd gaphpLk; Kiw fis jhtu ,dq;fSf;F nghUe;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikia
cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
6. ,e;jpa czTf; fofk; ( ) 1965 Idthp 14 y; nrd;idapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ehL
KOtJk; nghJ tpepNahf jpl;lj;jpd; ( ) fPo; czT jhdpaq;fis toq;Fk;
Fwpf;NfhSld; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ . Njrpa czT ghJfhg;gpid cWjp nra;tjw;F czT
jhdpaq;fs; NghJkhd msT itg;G kw;Wk; NghJkhd msT nray;ghl;bid
eph;zapg;gjw;fhf Vw;gLj;g;gl;lJ ,g;nghOJ ,jDila jiyikafk; GJ nly;ypapy;
cs;sJ.
7. nfhy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s Mr;rhh;a n[jP]; re;jpu Ngh]; ,e;jpa jhtutpay; Njhl;lk;
Muk;gj;jpy; uhay; jhtutpay; Njhl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ . ,e;j Njhl;lk; nghpa
mstpyhd mhpjhd jhtuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd kw;Wk; 12000 khjphpj; jhtuq;fspy;
nkhj;j Nrfhpg;gpid nfhz;Ls;sJ. Njhl;lkhdJ 109 n`f;Nlh; epyg;gug;G msTilaJ
8. ,iy top Cl;lkpsj;jypy; Cl;lg; nghUl;fSf;F Vw;w Jyq;fy; jhtuq;fspy; tpiuthf
ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,iyapd; Cl;lg;nghUs; cs;nsLg;gpd; jpwd; kz;;zpy; mspf;fg;gl;l
Cl;lg; nghUs;fis xg;gpLk;nghOJ gy klq;Ffs; mjpfk; ,Ug;gjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Nthpdhy; Cl;lg;nghUs; cwpQ;Rjy; #o;epiyf; fhuzpfshy; jLf;fg;gLk;nghOJ ,iy
top Cl;lkspj;jy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. jhk; tsUkplj;jpd; fdpktsj;ijf; fhl;Lk; jhtuq;fs; - epiyf;fhl;b jhtuq;fs; (Indicator
Plants)
10. Kf;fpa epiyf;fhl;ba jhtuq;fs; - <FrPllk; > M];l;uhfhy];
11. jq;fk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; fhl;Lk; jhtuk; - <FrPl;lk; Mh;td;rp];
12. nts;sp ,Ug;gijf; fhl;Lk; jhtuk; - M];l;uhfhy];
9 Mk; tFg;G %d;whk; gUtk;
nghUshjhu caphpay;
1. ePH caphp tsh;;g;G : kPd; > ,why; ez;L> Kj;J kw;Wk; cz;zj;jf;f rpg;gpfs;
caphpfs; tsh;g;gpd; ngah;
kPd; gprpfy;r;rh;
Njhl;lf;fiy `hh;bfy;rh;
gotpay; Nghkhy[p

290
 fha;fwp tsh;g;G xyphpfy;r;rh;
G+ tsh;g;G GNshhpf;fy;r;rh;
ePh; tho caphpfs; tsh;g;G Mf;thfy;r;rh;
NjdP tsh;g;G vgpfy;r;rh;

2. Njhl;lf;fiy (`hh;bfy;rh;)
 Njhl;lk; vdg; nghUs;gLk; “`hh;l];” kw;Wk; tsh;g;G vdg; nghUs;gLk; “fyNu”
vd;w yj;jd
P ; thh;ji
; jfspypUe;J cUthdJ
 Njhl;lf;yitapd; ehd;F gphpTfs;:
 gotpay; (Pomology)
 fha;fwpg; gz;iz (Olericulture)
 G+e;Njhl;lg; gz;iz (Floriculture)
 epy mikg;Gj; Njhl;lq;fs;
3. gotpay; (Nghkhy[p)
 gok; vdg; nghUs;gLk; “Nghkk;’ kw;Wk; gbg;G vdg;nghUs;gLk; “yh[p” vd;w
yj;jd
P ; thh;ji
; jfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
4. fha;fwp tsh;g;G (xyphpfy;r;rh;)
 gphpTfs;
 rikayiw my;yJ czTj; Njhl;lq;fs; v.fh „ gPd]
; ; > Kl;ilNfh];>
ntz;ilf;fha; > jf;fhsp> fj;jhpf;fha;> Nful;> fPiufs;
 tzpfj; Njhl;lq;fs; (re;ij tpw;gid)
 nraw;if fha;fwpj; Njhl;lq;fs; v.fh „ Kl;ilf;Nfh];> jf;fhsp>
fj;jphpf;fha;
5. G+ tsh;g;G ( GNshhpf;fy;rrh;)
 Njhl;lr; nrbtif kyh;fs; (nghyh;Nfhdpak;)
 G];rpypq;]p]; (,k;nga;\d;];)
 rhke;jp
 ngl;^dpah
6. tpyq;F cuq;fs;
 njhOg;gz;iz cuk;
 njhOg;gz;iz cukhdJ ruhrhpahf 0.5 iel;u[idAk;>
gh];Ngl; kw;Wk; nghl;lhirAk; nfhz;ljhFk;.
 nrk;kwp ML kw;Wk; nts;shl;Lr; rhz cuq;fs;
 ,J njhOg;gz;iz cuj;ijf; fhl;bY; mjpf rj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;ljhFk;.

291
  ,J iel;u[d; gh];gu]; ngd;lhf;irL> 2 nghl;lhrpak;
Mf;irL Mfpatw;iw nfhz;Ls;sJ.
7. fyg;G cuk; (vUthf;Fjy; (or) ComPost)
 fhpkg; nghUs;fshd gaph;f; fopTfs; > tpyq;F vr;rq;fs;> czTf; fopTfs;>
njhopw;$lq;fs; kw;Wk; efuhl;rpf; fopTfs; Mfpatw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
#oypy; Ez;Zaphpfshy; ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; rpijtilAk; nra;tjd; %yk;
,J cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh nth;kpfk;Ngh];l;
8. gRe;jhs; cuq;fs;
 gRe;jhs; cukhdJ gr;ir ,iyfs;> kuf; fpisfs;> Gjh;r; nrbfs;> Njitaw;w
epyq;fspy; tsUk; nrbfs;> tay; ntsp ePhN
; jf;fq;fspy; tsUk; jhtuq;fs;
,d;Dk; gytw;iw Nrfhpj;J kl;fr; nra;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; cukhFk;
 nyFkpd]; (NgNgrp) FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspd; rpijtilahj ,iyfspypUe;J
,e;j cukhdJ Neubahf ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.
 vLj;Jf;fhl;L
rzy; FNuhl;lNyhpah [d;rpah
kiyKUq;if nr];ghdpah Mf;Fypl;lh
mfj;jp nr];ghdpah ];gPrpNahrh

9. caphp cuq;fs;
 caphp cuq;fs; vd;git Ez;Zaphpfs; fye;j nghUs;fshFk;
 caphp cuq;fspd; tiffs;
 iuNrhgpak;
 mNrh];ighpy;yk;
 mNrhl;Nlhghf;lh;
 G+Q;ir Nth;fs; (ikf;Nfh iurh)
 mNrhiyh
 iuNrhgpak;
 ,it kz; tho; ghf;BhpakhFk;
 ny$kpd;]; jhtuq;fspd; Nth;fspy; Nth;Kz;Lfis
cUthf;Ftjw;fhf $l;Laph; tho;f;ifia elj;Jfpd;wd.
 ,e;j ghf;Bhpaq;fs; tspkz;ly iel;u[id epiyepWj;jp mtw;iw
mNkhdpahthf khw;wp toq;Ffpd;wd
 mNrh];ighpy;yk;
 ,it tspkz;ly ieul;u[id gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;ngw;wit. NkYk;
mtw;iw gaph;jhtuq;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wd.

292
  kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> ghh;yp> xl;]; kw;Wk; Nrhsk; Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; kPJ
Neha;jLg;G cukhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd
 ,itfs; jhdpaq;fspy; 5 Kjy; 20 rjtPjKk;> rpWjhdpaq;fspy; 30
rjtPjk;> jPtzg; gaph;fspy; 50 rjtPjk; jhdpa cw;gj;jpia
mjpfg;gLj;Jfpd;wd
 mNrhl;Nlhghf;lh;
 NfhJik > ney;> kf;fhr;Nrhsk; kw;Wk; Nrhsk; Mfpatw;wpd; kf#iy
mjpfhpf;fpd;wd
 ,t;Taphpfs; ieul;u[id epiyepWj;JtJ kl;Lkpd;wp G+Q;ir
vjph;nghUs; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpa vjph;nghUs;fs; Nghd;w $l;L
nghUs;fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;J jhtuq;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wd
 G+Q;ir Nth;fs; (ikf;Nfhiurh)
 ,t;tifg; G+Q;irfs; th];Fyhh; jhtuq;fspd; Nth;fSld; $l;Laph;
tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 ,it gh];gu]; Cl;lr;rj;jpid vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jpwid
mjpfhpf;fpd;wd
 v.fh „ vYkpr;ir > gg;ghsp
 mNrhyh
 mNrhyh vd;w ePh; nguzpahdJ ePhpd; Nky; jdpj;J kpjf;Fk; jd;ik
nfhz;lJ. ePyg;gr;irg; ghrpahd ( ) iraNdh ghf;Bhpahtd
mdgpdhTld; Nrh;jJ
; $l;Laph; tho;f;ifia elj;Jfpd;wJ
 ,J xspr;Nrhf;if %yk; ngwg;gLk; Mw;wyhy; tspkz;ly ieul;u[id
epiyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J kpjf;Fk; iel;u[d; njhopw;rhiy vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ

10. kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs;

 jhtuq;fspy; cUthFk; Kjy; epiy tsh;rpij khw;wg; nghUl;fs; mtw;wpd;
tho;f;iff;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;> mkpNdh
mkpyq;fs;
 ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;rpij khw;wg; nghUs;fs; jhtuq;fspd; ghJfhg;G > Nghl;b
kw;Wk; rpw;wpdq;fspd; cl;njhlh;G Mfpatw;wpf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd . v.fh
my;fyha;Lfs; > nlh;gpdha;Lfs;> gpsNthdha;Lfs;> kw;Wk; gy.
 jhtu Ntjpapay; vd;gJ jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jhtu Ntjpg;nghUs;fisg;
gw;wp gbg;gjhFk;.
11. kUj;Jt jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; kUe;Jfs;:

293
 jkpo; ngah; jhtutpay; ngah; kUe;J gFjpfs; Fzg;gLj;Jk;
Neha;fs;
fw;whio mNyh tpuh Me;ju; hf;FapNyhd; ,iyfs; fhaq;fis
rhpgLj;Jjy; Njhy;
Neha; Gw;W Neha;
Jsrp Mrpkk; rhq;lk; gad;ghl;L ,iyfs; Rsp> fha;r;ry;>
vz;nza; Njhy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Neha;fs;
ed;dhhp n`kpnl];k]; nlh;gPd; Nth;fs; ghf;Bhpaj;njhw;W>
,d;bf]; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F
epyNtk;G Md;l;Nuhhpfpuh`p]; nlh;gpdha;Lfs; midj;J nlq;F fha;r;ry;>
NgdpFNsl;lh ghfq;fSk; ePuopT Neha;>
rpf;fd; Fdpah
ntl;ghiy iul;bah gpstpdha;Lfs; kug;ghy;> glh; jhkiu >
bq;Nlhhpah ,iyfs; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F>
tPf;fk;
rpd;Nfhdh rpd;Nfhdh Fapidd; kug;gl;ilfs; kNyhpah
kuk; mgprpdhyp]; >epNkhdpah
fha;r;ry;
rptd;mty; uTy;gpah Hpnrh;igd; Nth;fs; ,uj;j mOj;jk;
nghwp nrh;gd;bdh Fiwa ghk;gpd;
tp\ KwpTf;F
Ijykuk; A+f;fypg;l]; A+f;fypg;l]; ,iyfs; fha;r;ry;> jiytyp
FNshy]; vz;nza;
gg;ghsp fhhpfh gg;ghah ghg;igd; ,iyfs; nlq;F fha;r;ry;
tpijfs;
epj;jpa Nfj;juhe;j]; myfyha;Lfs; midj;Jg; ,uj;jg; Gw;WNeha;
fy;ahzp Nuh]pa]; gFjpfs; (YAf;Nfkpah)

12. fhshd; tsh;g;G

 jhtu> tpyq;F kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfisg; gad;gLj;jp fhshd;fis
tsh;f;Fk; KiwahFk;
 fhshd;fs; ngrpbNahikrpl;]; vd;w G+Q;irfs; gphpitr; rhh;e;jitahFk;.
 ,it mjpf msT Gujq;fisAk;> ehh;rj;JfisAk;> itl;lkpd;fs; kw;Wk;
jhJf;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.
 fpl;ljl;l 3000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fhshd; tiffs; cs;sd.
 v.fh
gl;ld; fhshd; mfhhpf]; ig];Nghuh];
rpg;gpf; fhshd; GSNuhl;l]; rpw;wpdq;fs;

294
 itf;Nfhy; fhshd; thy;Nthhpnay;yh thy;Ntrp

 fhshd; mWtil nra;a 1 khjk; Kjy; 3 khjk; tiu MFk;.

 fhshd; tsh;j;jy; epiyfs;:
 fyj;jy; (Compounding)
 fhshd; tpj;J (Spawn –];ghd;)
 ciwapLjy; (Casing)
 nghUj;Jjy; (Pinning)
 mWtil nra;jy;> gjg;gLj;Jjy;
 fyj;jy; (Compounding)
 itf;NfhYld; khl;Lr;rhzk; Nghd;w gy tifahd fhpkg; nghUl;fs;
50 ntg;gepiyapy; xUthuj;jpw;F itj;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ
 fhshd; tpj;J(Spawn)
 tpij fye;j cuj;Jld; kz;zhdJJ nky;ypa mLf;fhf
Jhtg;gLfpd;wJ.
 nghUj;Jjy; (Pinning)
 clykhdJ rpwpa nkhl;Ltplj; njhlq;fp fhshdhf tsh;fpd;wJ
Fz;^rp Nghy; fhzg;gLk; ,e;j ntz;ikahd nkhl;LfSf;F Crpfs;
vd;W ngah;.
 mWtil nra;jy;:
 fhshd;fs; 15 Kjy; 23 ntg;gepiyapy; ed;whf tsUk;
 ,itfs; xU thuj;jpy; 3 nr.kP cauj;jpy; tsuf;$bait
 %d;W thu fhyj;jpy; KOikahd fhshd;fis mWtil nra;ayhk;.
 gjg;gLj;Jjy;
 epwk; khWjy;> vil Fiwjy;> kw;Wk; Rit ,og;G Mfpad mWtilf;
fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa gpur;ridahFk;.
 ,tw;iw jtph;f;f $ba Kiw: Fsph;tpj;jy; > cyh;jJ
; jy;> fydpy; milj;jy;>
ntw;wpl Fsph;tpj;jy
; ;> fhkh fjph;tPrR
; kw;Wk; 15 ntg;gepiyapy; Nrkpj;jy;
13. kz;zpy;yh ePh; Clf jhtu tsh;g;G Kiw (i`l;NuhNghdpf;];)
 ,e;j El;gkhdJ 1980 y; n[h;kd; jhtutpayhsh; [Pypa]; thd; rhf;];
vd;gtuhy; tpsf;fg;gl;lJ.
 tpijapy;yh nts;sphp kw;Wk; jf;fhsp Nghd;witfis tzpf hPjpahf cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
14. fhw;W Clf jhtu tsh;g;G Kiw (VNuNghdpf;];)

295
  tspkz;ly Ntshz;ik vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. tspkz;ly Ntshz;ik vd;gJ
mjpetPd kz;zpy;yh Ntshz;ikj; Njhl;lkhFk;
15. ePh; tho; caphpd Clf jhtu tsh;g;G Kiw (mf;th Nghdpf;];)
 mf;thNghdpf;]; ,uz;L gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ
 ePh; tsh;jj
; y; v.fh kPd;
 kz;zpy;yh tsh;jj
; y; v.fh jhtuq;fs;
 gr;ir ,iyf; fha;fwpfshd rPd Kl;ilNfh];> fPiufs;> Jsrp> nfhj;jky;yp
,iy> Ntf;NfhR ,iy> fPiu ,iyfs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfshd jf;fhsp> kpsfha;
Filkpsfha; > kpsFfs;> rh;f;fiu ts;spf;fpoq;F> fhypGsth;> GNuhf;;Nfhyp>
fj;jhp Nghd;w fha;fwpfis ,k;Kiwapy; tsh;f;fyhk;.
16. fhy;eil fyg;gpdq;fs;
 gad;fs; : ghy;> cz;T> Njhy; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F gad;gLfpwJ
 ,uz;L tpjkhd rpw;wpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 Ngh]; ,z;bf;]; (,e;jpa gRf;fSk;> fhisfSk;)
 Ngh]; Gghyp]; (vUikfs;)
 fhy;eil fyg;gpdq;fs;
 ghy;cw;gj;jp ,dq;fs;
 ,Oit ,dq;fs;
 ,uz;bw;Fk; gad;gLk; ,dq;fs;
17. ghy; cw;gj;jp ,dq;fs;:
 ghy; cw;gj;jp ,dq;fs;:
 cs;ehl;L fhy;eil ,dq;fs;
 ntspehl;L fhy;eil ,dq;fs;
 cs;ehl;L ,dq;fs; ,e;jpahitj; jhafkhf nfhz;lit.
v.fh rhfpthy; > rptg;G rpe;jp> jpNahdp kw;Wk; fph;
 may;ehl;L ,dq;fs; (Ngh]; lhu];) ntspehLfspypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
v.fh n[h;]p > g;nusd; ];tp]; kw;Wk; N`hy;];Bad; g;nua;];ad;> fud; ];tp];
18. ,Oit ,dq;fs;:
 v.fh mk;hpj;kfhy;> fhq;Nfak;> ck;gsr;Nrhp> khytp> rphp kw;Wk; `y;ypfhh;
19. ,U gad;fisAk; jUk; ,dq;fs;:
 v.fh mh;ahdh khLfs;> Xq;Nfhy; khLfs;> ehd;fNu[; khLfs; kw;Wk; jhh;ghh;fh;
khLfs;
20. vUik ,dq;fs;
 v.fh KuhvUik> nkhrhdhvUik kw;Wk; Rh;jp vUik ,dq;fs; mjpf msT
ghy; nfhLf;Fk; cs;ehl;L vUik ,dq;fshFk;

296
21. fhy;eilj; jPtdk;
 rPny[; vd;gJ gRf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; mjpf <ug;gjk; kpFe;j nehjpf;f
itf;fg;gl;l czthFk;. ,it gRk;Gy;fs;> Nrhsk;> jhdpaq;fs; kw;Wk;
fisfs; Nghd;w gr;irj; jhtuq;fis gad;gLj;jp jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;w
22. jPtd Nkyhz;ik
 ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gRf;fSf;F jpdKk; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba jPtdj;jpd;
ruhrhp tpfpjq;fshtd:
 15 Kjy; 25 fpfp jtpL my;yJ rf;if (cyh; Gy; kw;Wk; gRe;jhs; jPtdk;)
 4 Kjy; 5 fpfp jhdpaf; fyit
 100 Kjy; 150 ypl;lh; ePh;
23. gRtpd; ghypYs;s Cl;lr;rj;Jfs;
ghypYs;s rj;Jf;fspd; ngah; 100 kp.yp. ruhrhp msT
Mw;wy; 266 fpNyh
nkhj;j Gujk; 3.4 fpuhk;
Nfrpd; 0.7 fpuhk;
nkhj;j nfhOg;G 0.4 fpuhk;
nrwpT+l;lg;gl;l nfhOg;G 3.4 fpuhk;
nkhj;j fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; 2.3 fpuhk;
Nrhbak; 44 kpy;yp fpuhk;
fhy;rpak; 128 y;yp fpuhk;

24. ,e;jpahtpy; fhy;eil ngUf;fj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

 Kd;Ndw;wkile;j fyg;gpdj; njhopy; El;gkhdJ mjpfj;jpwd; nfhz;l
Gjpatif ,dq;fspd; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.
25. mjpjPtpu fhy;eil Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; (Intensive Development Programme ICDP)- 1964 -65
 ,e;j jpl;lkhdJ ghy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf cs;ehl;L gR ,dq;fis
INuhg;gpa ,dq;fNshL fyg;Gr; nra;J Gjpa ,dkhLfis cUthf;Ftijj
mbg;gilahf nfhz;ljhFk;.
26. ghy; nray;Kiwj; jpl;lk;
 ntz;ik Gul;rp 1970 -1996
 ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; je;ij th;f;fp]; Fhpad;
 ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l ufq;fs; N`hy;];bd; > g;hr
P d; > n[h;rp kw;Wk; gy
27. ePh; tho; caphpfs; tsh;g;G (Aquaculture - mf;thfy;r;rh;)
 ,tw;wpd; %yk; kPd> ,why;> rpwpa tif ,why;fs; (m) $dp ,why;fs;>
ez;Lfs;> ngUq;fly; ez;Lfs; (yhg;];lh;)> cz;zj;jFe;j rpg;gpfs;>
Kj;Jr;rpg;gpfs; kw;Wk; fly; fisfs; Nghd;tw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk;

297
 Fwpg;gpl;l jFe;j #oypy; etPd Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jp
tsh;g;gjhFk;.
28. eph; tho; caphptsh;g;gpd; tiffs;
 ed;dhP t
; ho; caphptsh;g;G
 cth;ePht
; ho; caphptsh;g;G
 fly;tho; caphp tsh;g;G (khhp tsh;g;G)
29. ed;dhP ; tho; caphp tsh;g;G (Fresh Water Aquaculture)
 ,t;tsh;g;gpw;F ePhpd; cg;Gj;jd;ikahdJ 0.5 ( )Mapuj;jpy;
xU gFjp )f;Fk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,t;tifahd caphptsh;g;ghdJ Fsk;> MW mizf;fl;L kw;Wk; Fsph;e;j
ePh;epiyfs; Mfpa ,lq;fshd eilngWfpwJ
 v.fh ed;dhP ; kPd; ,dq;fshd nfz;il kPdf
; s; (fl;yh> NuhF> kphpfhy;
nfSj;jp kPdf
; s;> rpNygp kPdf
; s; kw;Wk; fhw;wpid Rthrpf;Fk; kPdf
; s;
Nghd;wit ,t;tplq;fspy; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd)
30. fly;ehP ;tho; caphp tsh;g;G (Marine Water Aquaculture)
 ,t;tif tsh;g;G khhp tsh;g;G my;yJ fly;gz;izfs; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,jpy; ePhpd; cg;Gj;jd;ikahdJ 30 Kjy; 35 msT tiu fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,t;tif tsh;g;ghdJ flypd; fiuia xl;ba gFjpfspYk; Mo;fly;
gFjpfspYk; eilngWfpd;wJ
 v.fh $dp ,why;fs; (fly; ,why;fs;)> Kj;Jr; rpg;gpfs;> cz;zj; jFe;j
rpg;gpfs;> rq;Ffis JLg;Gila kPdf
; shd rhy;kz; kPdf
; s;> l;nusl; kPdf
; s;>
nfhLtha; kPdf
; s;> nkhwit kPdf
; s;> ghy; nfhz;il kPdf
; s; kw;Wk; klit
kPdf
; s; Nghd;w taphpdq;fs; fly;ePhpy; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
31. cth;ePht
; ho; caphp tsh;g;G (Brackish Water Aquaculture)
 cth;ePh; vd;gJ fly; ePUk; ed;dU
P k; (MW )re;jpf;Fk; ,lj;jpYs;s ePiuf;
Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,tw;iw fopKfk;;> cg;gq;fop (fhay; ) kw;Wk; flypid xl;ba
ePhe
; piy vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
 ,e;j gFjpapy; ePhpd; cg;Gj;jd;ikahdJ 1 msit tplf; mjpfkhfTk;> 32
msittplf; FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 v.fh rpNygp kPdf
; s;> Kl;fs; nfhz;l nghpa ez;bdq;fs;> ez;Lfs;> fly;
,why;fs; kw;Wk; ghy; nfz;ilfs; Nghd;w Kf;fpakhd kPd; ,dq;fs;
tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
32. ePyg;Gul;rp (Blue Revolution ) 1973 „ 2002 ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fly;tho; czit
mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;
33. kPd; tsh;g;G (Pisciculture – gprpfy;r;rh;)

298
 kPd; tsh;g;G tiffs;:
 tphpthd kPdt
; sh;g;G (Extensive Fish Culture)
 jPtpu kPd; tsh;g;G (Intensive Fish Culture)
 Fsj;jpy; kPdt
; sh;g;G (Pond Culture)
 MWfspy; kPdt
; sh;g;G (Reverine Fish Culture)
 mizfspy; kPdt
; sh;g;G (Dam Culture)
 Vhpfspy; kPdt
; sh;g;G (Lake Culture)
 xw;iwtif kPdt
; sh;g;G (Mono Culture)
 gytif kPdt
; sh;g;G (PolyCulture)
 xUq;fpize;j kPd; gz;iz
34. kPd; tsh;g;gpYs;s Fsq;fspd; tiffs;:
 ,dg;ngUf;f Fsk;
 FQ;R nghhpf;Fk; Fopfs;
 ehw;whq;fhy; Fsq;fs;
 FQ;R nghpf;Fk; Fopfspy; nghhpf;fg;gl;l ,sk; kPd; FQ;Rfshdit 2
Kjy; 7 ehl;fSf;F gpwF> tsh;f;Fk; Fsq;fSf;F khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;j kPd; FQ;Rfshdit 60 ehl;fs; tiu ehw;wq;fhy; Fsj;jpy;
rhpahd msT czT nfhLf;fg;gl;L 2 -2.5 nr.kP msT tsUk; tiu
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 tsh;f;Fk; Fsq;fs;
 ,f;Fsj;jpy; %d;W khjk; tiu mjhtJ 10 Kjy; 15 nr.kP epsKila
kPdhf tsUk; tiu tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F ,sk; kPdf
; shdit
,shpfshf ( Finger lings) khw;wkilfpd;wd
 ,Ug;Gf; Fsq;fs;
 ,it tsh;g;Gf;Fsk; my;yJ cw;gj;jpf;Fsk; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. tpw;gidf;F Vw;w mstpid milAk; tiu kPd;
FQ;Rfs; ,q;F tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
35. ,e;jpahtpy; cztpw;fhf tsh;f;fg;gLk; kPdf
; s;
ed;dPh; tsh;f;fg;gLk; kPd;fs; ,e;jpa nfz;il kPd;fs;- fl;yh> NuhF>
kphpfhy;> nfOj;jp kPd;fs;> tpwhy; kPd;fs;>
[pNyg;gp kPd;fs;
fly; ePhpy; tsh;f;fg;gLk; kPd;fs; nfhLtha; kPd;fs;> klit > rhd]; rhd];
(ghy;kPd;)

36. kPdpd; mwptpay; ngah;fs;

kPd; mwptpay; ngah;

299
 NuhF yhapNah Nuhfpl;lh
ntz;nfz;il rph;fpd]; kph;fyh
ghy; kPd; (nts;is fly;nfz;il) rhd]; rhd];

37. kPdf
; spd; Cl;lrj;J kjpg;G
 kPdf
; s; mkpNdh mkpyq;fshd iyrpd; kw;Wk; nkj;jpNahidd;fisAk;>
fhy;rpak;> gh];gu]; > ,Uk;G> Nrhbak;> nghl;lhrpak; kw;Wk; nkf;dPrpak; Nghd;w
jhJg;nghUs;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd
 nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fshfpa kPdf
; spy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
 ePhpy; fiuAk; fhk;g;nsf;]; itl;lkpd;fshd ighplhf;rpd;
iraNdhNfhghykpd; kw;Wk; epahrpd; Nghd;wit kPdf
; spy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 nfhOg;igf; (nfhy];l;uhy;) fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epiwTwhj nfhOg;G mkpyq;fspd;
njhFg;ghdJ> kPdf
; spy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit ,jaj;jpw;F
MNuhf;fpak; jUfpd;wd.
 XNkfh 3 nfhOg;G mkpykhdJ kPdpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
38. kPdf
; spypUe;J fpilf;Fk; cgnghUl;fs;
 kPdpd; <uy; vz;nza; :
 fhl; kPd>; #iw kPd; (l;A+dh)> nghpajl;il kPd; (`hypgl;) kw;Wk;
RwhkPd; Nghd;wtw;wpd; <uy; vz;nza;fs; kpfTk; rpwe;j kjpg;gkpf;f
kUj;Jtf; FzKilafshfTk; kw;Wk; Nghd;w itl;lkpd;fisf;
nfhz;litfshfTk; cs;sd.
 kPdpd; cly; vz;nza;:
 cly; vz;nzahdJ > kj;jp kPd; (rhh;bd;];) n`h;hpq;kd
P ; > rhy;kd
P ;
fhdhq;nfSj;jp kPd; (khf;nfnuy;];) kw;Wk; nej;jpyp kPd; (md;NfhtP];)
Nghd;w kPdf
; spy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,itfs; njhopw;rhiyfspy; caT vz;nza;fs;> tz;zq;fs;>
gsgsg;ghd Nkw;G+r;rp kw;Wk; moF rhjdg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd
39. ,why; tsh;g;G
 ,it fZf;fhypfs; tifiar; rhh;e;jit
 Kpjkhd jl;gntg;g kw;Wk; ntg;gkz;ly ehLfspYs;s ed;dhP >; fly;ePh>;
fopKfk;> flypid xl;ba ePh; epiyfs; kw;Wk; mok; Fiwthd ,lq;fspy; ,it
tho;f;pd;wd
40. fly;ehP ; ,why;fs;
,whypd; ngah; ,whypd; mwptpay; ngah;
,e;jpa ,why; gpNdah]; ,z;bf];

300
 Nghpa thp ,why; gpNdah];NkhNdhlhd;

 flypy; fhzg;gLk; fly; ,why;fs;> $dp ,why;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd

 Kjph;r;rpaile;j $dp ,why;fs; Mo;flypy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd.
,tw;wpd; tsh;r;rp epiyfs; fopKfk; kw;Wk; flNyhu ePh; ePiyfspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 KOtsh;r;rpaile;j gpNda]; ,z;bf]; ,why; mjpfgl;rkhf 20 nr.kP
ePsKilajhfTk;> kw;Wk; gpNda]; NkNdhlhd; 30 nr.kP ePsKilajhfTk;
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
41. ed;dhP ; ,why;fs;
,whypd; ngah; ,whypd; mwptpay; ngah;
nghpa Mw;W ,why; Nkf;Nuhgpuhfpak; nuhnrd;ngh;[p
rpwpa ,why; Nkf;Nuhgpuhfpak; khy;Nfhk;Nrhdp

 ed;dhP ; ,why;fs; MWfs; kw;Wk; Vhpfis thoplkhff; nfhz;Ls;sd

 ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhf cth;epiyfSf;F ,lk;ngah;fpd;wd
 ,t;tif ,why;fs; 20 kw;Wk; 15 nr.kP ePsKilaitfshf ,Uf;Fk;
42. ,why; tsh;g;G Kiwfs;
 tpij Nrfhpg;G kw;Wk; nghhpf;f itf;Fk; Kiw
 ney; gapNuhL ,why; Nrh;jJ
; tsh;f;Fk; Kiw nghf;fhyp tsh;g;G vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Nfushtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; ghuk;ghpakhd ,why; tsh;g;G
KiwahFk;. nghJthf new;gaph; mWtilf;Fg;gpd; taypy; ,why; tsh;g;G
eilngWk;
43. ,why;fspd; Cl;lr;rj;J kjpg;gfs;
 ,why;fspy; mjpf Gujk;> kw;Wk; itl;lkpd;fs;> f;isNfh[d;fs; kw;Wk;
mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; nfhz;l Cl;lr;rj;Jfs; kpFe;j Mjhukhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,why;fspy; epiwTwhj nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; ,Ug;gjhy;> Muhf;fpaj;jpYk;
vilia eph;tfpg;gjpYk; Kf;fpa gq;fspf;fpd;wd.
44. kz;GO cuk; jahhpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,dq;fs;:
kz;GO ngah; mwptpay; ngah;
,e;jpa ePytz;z kz;GO nghpNahdpf;]; v];fNtl;l];
rptg;G kz;GO v];nrdpah ngblh
,utpy; Ch;e;J nry;Yk; Mg;gphpf;f kz;GO A+l;hpy]; A+[pdpNa

45. NjdP tsh;g;G „ vgpfy;r;rh;

46. NjdPf;fspd; tiffs; 3
 ,uhzpj; NjdP

301
  Mz; NjdP
 Ntiyf;fhuj; NjdP
47. ,uhzpj; NjdP
 Njd;$l;bYs;s kpfg;nghpa NjdpahfTk;> ,jd; gzp ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak;
ngz; NjdPahfTk; cs;sJ.
 ,uhzpj;NjdPapd; MAs; fhyk; 3 -4 Mz;LfshFk;
 ,it MNuhf;fpakhd Kl;ilapypUe;J cUthfpd;wd
48. Mz;NjdP (l;Nuhd;fs;)
 ,it ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; <LgLk;
 ,uhzpj; NjdPf;fis tpl mstpy; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;
 ,uhzpj;NjdP ,lf;$ba Kl;ilfis fUTwr; nra;jNy ,jd; Kf;fpa
gzpahFk;
49. Ntiyf;fhuj; NjdP
 ,it ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpwdw;w ngz; NjdPf;fshFk;
 ,it kpfr;rpwpa mstpy; fhzg;gLk;
 ,tw;wpd; gzpfs; Njd; Nrfhpj;jy;> rpwpa NjdPf;fisg; guhkhpj;jy;>
Njdiliar; Rj;jk; nra;jy;> Njd; $l;ilg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Njd; $l;bd;
ntg;gj;ijg; guhkhpj;jy; Nghd;wit
50. NjdPf;fspy; nra;jp ghpkhw;wkhdJ eld mirTfs; %yk; eilngWfwpJ.
51. NjdPff
; spd; eld mirTfis tpsf;fpajw;fhf 1973 y; fhy; thd; g;hp\; vd;gth;
Nehgy; ghpirg; ngw;whh;
52. cs;ehl;L NjdPf;fspd; tiffs;
nghJg;ngah; mwptpay; ngah;
ghiw kw;Wk; fhl;Lj;NjdP Vgp]; lhh;Nrl;lh
Fl;bj;NjdP Vgp]; GNshhpah
,e;jpaj; NjdP Vgp]; ,z;bfh

53. ntspehl;L NjdPf;fspd; tiffs;

nghJg;ngah; mwptpay; ngah;
,j;jhypg; ngah; Vgp]; nky;yp nguh
Mg;gphpf;f NjdP Vgp]; Mlk;Nrhdp

54. Njd;
 Njd; xU ,dpg;ghd> ghFepiy nfhz;l ,aw;ifahd jhtu
czTg;nghUshFk;.
 nlf;];l;Nuh]; kw;Wk; Rf;Nuh]; Nghd;wit NjDf;F ,dpg;G Ritiaj;
jUfpd;wd

302
  Gujk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;> m];fhh;gpf; mkpyk;> itl;lkpd;fs;> epahrpd; >
hpNghgpshtpd; kw;Wk; ijakpd; Nghd;wit NjdPy; cs;sd.
 NjdPy; fhy;rpak;> ,Uk;G> gh];gu]; kw;Wk; khq;fdPR Nghd;w jhJ cg;Gf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 NjdPy; rpl;hpf; mkpyk;> FSf;Nfhdpf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; ghh;kpf; mkpyk; Mfpait
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 ghh;kpf; mkpyk; Njidf; nfl;Lg;Nghfhky; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 NjdPy; ,d;th;Nl]; vd;w nehjp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Njd; Giuj; jLg;ghdhftk; > ghf;Bhpa vjph;g;Gg; nghUshfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.,J
,uj;jj;ij Jha;ikahf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,uj;jj;jpy; `PNkhFNshgpd; msit mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 MAh;Ntjk; kw;Wk; Adhdp kUj;Jtj;jpy; gad;gLfpwJ
 ,Uky;> rsp> fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; njhz;il twl;rpia ePf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ
 ehf;F> tapW kw;Wk; Flw;Gz;fis Fzg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
 ,J nrhpkhdj;jpw;Fk;> grpia Jhz;Ltjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ
 Njd; nkOF vd;gJ Ntiyf;fhuj; NjdPff
; spd; nkOFr; Rug;gpapypUe;J
ntsptuf;$ba nghUshFk;. ,J Njd;$l;il fl;Ltjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
 moF rhjdg; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; kUe;Jg; nghUs; jahhpg;Gj; njhopypYk;
mjpfkhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Njd; kfue;jk;> n[y;yp> gprpd; kw;Wk; NjdP tp\k; Mfpatw;iw jahhpf;fTk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 xU fpNyh Njd; 3200 fNyhhp rf;jpiaj; jUk; jpwDilaJ

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. cyfk; KOtJk; 10 kpy;ypad; ld; vilf;Fk; mjpfkhd thiog;goq;fs; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
2. nfha;ah> tpOjpg;gok; (ypl;rp) kw;Wk; khk;gok; Mfpatw;iw nghpa mstpy; cw;gj;jp
nra;tjpy; ,e;jpah Kjy; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. rg;Nghl;lhg;go cw;gj;jpapy; ,uz;lhtJ
cs;sJ.
3. rPdhtpw;F mLj;jgbahf ,e;jpah mjpf mstpy;> fha;fwpfis cw;gj;jp nra;JtUfpwJ.
 cUisf;fpoq;F kw;Wk; ntz;ilf;fha; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah cyfpNyNa Kjy;
,lj;jpYk;> fj;jhp> Kl;ilf;Nfh]; > gl;lhzp > ntq;fhak;> fhyp gpsth; kw;Wk;
jf;fhsp cw;gj;jpapy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpYk; cs;sJ.
4. “cotd; nrayp” jkpo;ehL muR cotd; (tptrhap ) nrayp vd;w ifNgrp gad;ghl;Lr;
nraypia mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,jd; %yk; muR toq;Fk;. tptrha khdpaq;fs; >

303
 tptrha cgfuzq;fs;> gaph;f; fhg;gPl;Lj; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; fhyepiy Mfpait gw;wpa
jfty;fisg; ngwKbAk;.
5. gpujk ke;jphp gaph;f; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; - ,e;jpa eLtd; murpd; Ntshz; gaph;f; fhg;gPl;Lj;
jpl;lkhFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa muR tptrhapfSf;F epjp cjtpAk;> gaph;f;
fhg;gPl;Lk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J 2016 gpg;uthp 18 Mk; ehs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
6. topghL> khiyfs; njhLj;jy; kw;Wk; moFg;gLj;JjYf;fhf cjphpg;G+f;fs; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; 30 tsh;r;rp tPjj;ij mile;Js;sJ. ,J
Njhuhakhf 10>000 Nfhb &gha; tUtha;jUk; tzpfj;jpid cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
7. caphp cuj;jpl;lk; jkpo;ehL murhy; rkPgj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ . ,aw;if
tptrhaj;ij Kiwahf eph;tfpg;gJk;> kz; tsj;ij mjpfg;gjw;F cjtp nra;tJk; ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
8. kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ijfs;
 MAh;Ntjk; - ru`h rk;fpjh
 Nahfh - gjQ;ryp
 Adhdp - `pg;NghfpNul;]; (Gf;uhj;)
 rpj;jh - mfj;jpah;
 N`hkpNahgjp - rhKNty; `d;Nkd;
9. fhNdhnlh;kh Yhrplk; vd;w fhshd; nghJthf “ypq;yp” vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.,J
];Buha;L Nghd;w nlh;gpdha;Lfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ ypq;yp kdpjh;fSf;F fPo;f;fz;l
ed;ikfs; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
 clYf;Fj; Njitahd caph;tspia mjpfg;gLj;JtJld; Mw;wiyAk; mspf;fpwJ.
 mjpf Mw;;wiyAk;> tPhpaj;ijAk; mspf;fpwJ.
 %isj;jpwid mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ey;y cw;gj;jp jUtNjhL > ,uj;j xl;lj;ijAk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,uj;j mOj;jj;jpidf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
10. Mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw Muha;r;rpf; fofk; ( )> Njrpa jhtutpay; Muha;r;rp
epWtdk; (NBRI) kw;Wk; kUj;Jt eWkzj; jhtuq;fSf;fhd kj;jpa epWtdk; (CIMAP)
Mfpait $l;lhf ,ize;J vdg;gLK; ePuopT MAh;Ntj jLg;G kUe;ij (BGR –
Blood Glucose Regulator) mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
11. ,sk; ngz; fd;Wf;Fl;bahdJ ,sk;gR (jd;Dila Kjy; Fl;biag; ngUk; tiu) vd;Wk;
,sk; Mz; fd;whdJ fplhhp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
12. N`hy;];Ba;d; ,d khL gpw ,d khLfistpl mjpf msT ghypid mspf;fpwJ.
13. Kidth; th;fP]; Fhpad; vd;gtuhy; Njrpa ghy; gz;iz tsh;r;rpf; fofkhdJ
(NDDB)cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt mth; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; ghy; gz;izj; njhopy; rpw;gp
vd;Wk;> ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

304
14. vd;w mikg;ghdJ> cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa ghy; gz;iz Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkhd
vd;w jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;jpaJ.
15. gQ;rft;ah ( ,e;jpapy; gQ;rk; - Ie;J> ft;ah „ gRtpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; nghUl;fs;) vd;gJ
fhpkg; nghUshy; Md caphp cukhFk; ,e;j cukhdJ jhtuq;fSf;F Neha; vjph;g;G
rf;jpia mspj;J> tsh;r;rpia mjpfhpg;gjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. ,jpy; cs;s
Kf;fpakhd nghUl;fshtd khl;Lr; rhzk; (25%) > khl;Lf; Nfhkpak; (25%) > ghy; (15%)>
japh; (10%) > nea; (5%)> thiog;gok; (5%) > ,sePh; (5%) kw;Wk; nty;yk; (10 %).
16. ,e;jpahtpy; kPd; cw;gj;jp
 ePht
; ho; caphptsh;g;G cw;gj;jp „ njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspy; 2 tJ ,lk;
 nkhj;j kPd; cw;gj;jp „ cyfstpy; 7 tJ ,lk;
 fly; tho; kPd; cw;gj;jp „ cyfstpy; 10 tJ ,lk;
17. 1947 Mk; Mz;L Nfush khepyj;jpYs;s nfhr;rpd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy;
kj;jpa fly;rhh; kPd; tsh;g;G Muha;r;rp epWtdkhdJ (The Central Marine Fisheries Research
Institutie – CMPRI) epWtg;gl;lJ.
18. nrd;idia jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L 1987 k; Mz;L kj;jpa cth; ePh; tho;
caphptsh;g;G epWtdkhdJ (CIBA – Central Institute of Brackish Water aqulature) epWtg;gl;lJ
19. ngnda;L ,why;fs; $dp ,why;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd (v.fh gpNdah]; ,z;;bf];)
20. ngnda;L my;yhj ,why;fs;> ,why;fs; vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wd (v.fh gNyNkhd;
rpw;wpdq;fs; > Nkf;Nuhgpuhfpak; rpw;wpdq;fs;)
21. kz; GOf;fspypUe;J Ruf;fg;gLk; NfhioahdJ ieul;u[idf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J
jhtuq;fSf;fhd rpwe;j Cl;lr;rj;jhFk;.
22. kz;GO tsh;g;gpd; NghJ ePuhdJ Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ njspf;fg;gLfpwJ. kpFjpahd ePuhdJ. >
kz;GOf;fspd; vr;rj;Jld; fye;J fPNo tbfpd;wJ. ,jw;F kz;GO urk; vd;W ngah; ,J
ngUk; kw;Wk; Ez; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fSld; nehjpfisAk; nfhz;l jhtu tsh;r;rpia
xOq;Fg;gLj;jf;$ba jputkhFk;.
23. NjdP jdJ xU gazj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 50 Kjy; 100 kyh;fsplk; Njid Nrfhpf;Fk;.
 ruhrhpahf xU NjdP jdJ tho;ehspy; ½ Njf;fuz;b Njid kl;LNk Nrfhpf;fpwJ.
 xU fpNyh fpuhk; Njdpy; 3200 fNyhhp Mw;wy; cs;sJ. ,J Mw;wy; kpFe;j
czthFk;
24. NjdP tsh;g;G fhjp kw;Wk; fpuhkj; njhopy; thhpaj;jpd;(KVIC) Kf;fpakhdg; gzpfspy;
xd;whFk;.

6 Mk; tFg;G %d;whk; gUtk;

ekJ Rw;wr;#oy;

305
 1. kdpjh;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ jhtuq;fs; thof;$ba gFjp kw;Wk; mtw;iwr; Rw;wpAs;s
#oy; Rw;Wr;#oy;
#o;epiy kz;lyj;jpd; tiffs;

#o;epiy kz;lyk;

,aw;if #o;epiy kz;lyk; nraw;if #o;epiy kz;lyk;

epytho; #o;epiy ePh;tho; #o;epiy epytho; #o;epiy ePh;tho; #o;epiy

kz;lyk; kz;lyk; kz;lyk; kz;lyk;
v.fh. fhL v.fh. Fsk; v.fh Njhl;lk; v.fh kPdt
; sh; njhl;b

#o;epiy kz;lyj;jpd;
$Wfs;

caphpdf; $Wfs; capuw;w $Wfs;

#o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s #o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s
midj;J caphpdq;fSk; ,jpy; midj;J capuw;w fhuzpfs;
mlq;Fk; (v.fh jhtuq;fs;>
tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpjh;fs;)

,aw;gpay; fhuzpfs; kz; rhh;e;j fhuzpfs;

1. Xsp 1. kz;zpd; $Wfs;

2. ntg;gk; 2. kz;zpYs;s fhw;W
3. fhw;W 3. kz;zpYs;s <ug;gjk;
4. fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;

306
 2. jdf;fhd czit jhNd cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;sf;$ba caphpdq;fs; - cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;
(v.fh jhtuq;fs;)
3. xU #o;eiy kz;lyj;jpy; cz;Zjy; kw;Wk; cz;zg;gLjYf;fhd thpir Kiw
czTr;rq;fpyp
Gy; ntspapy; czT rq;fpyp

jhtuk; vyp ghk;G fOF

(cw;gj;jpahsh;) (jhtu cz;zp) (Kjyhk; Cd;cz;zp) (,uhz;lhk; Cd;cz;zp)

ePht
; ho; czT rq;fpyp

ePh;tho; jhtuk; ePh;tho; G+r;rp yhth kPd;

Efh;Nthhpd; gbepiyfs;

Gy; G+r;rp gwitfs;; Ch;td fOF

(cw;gj;jpahsh;) (Kjyhk; (,uz;lhk; (%d;whk; (ehd;fk;

epiy Efh;Nthh;) epiy Efh;Nthh;) epiy Efh;Nthh;) epiy Efh;Nthh;)

4. midj;Jz;zpfSf;F v.fh kdpjd;> fhfk;

5. ,we;j jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; cs;s rpf;fyhd fhpkg;nghUs;fis vspa
%yf;$Wfshf jhtuq;fs; vspjpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sj;jf;f Cl;lr;rj;Jfshf
khw;Wfpd;wd. ,it rpijg;gitfs; (v.fh ghf;Bhpahf;fs;> G+Q;irfs;)
6. fopTfspd; tiffs;:
 jplf; fopTfs; (Fg;igj;njhl;bapYs;s fopTfs; )
 jputf;fopTfs; (rhf;filf; fopTfs;)
 thAf;fopTfs; (njhopw;rhiy khRgLfs;)
7. jplf;fopTfspd; tiffs;:
 caphpdr; rpijtpw;F cs;shFk; fopTfs; (kl;Fk; fopTfs;)
 caphpdr; rpijtpw;F cs;shfhj fopTfs; (kl;fhj fopTfs;)
8. ,aw;iff; fhuzpfshd ePh>; Mf;rp[d; #hpadpd; GwCjhf; fjph;fs; kw;Wk;
Ez;Zaphpfshy; rpijTWjy; caphpdr; rpijTWjy; (m) kl;Fjy;

307
 9. caphdr; rpijtpw;F cs;shFk; fopTfSf;F v.fh
 fha;fwp kw;Wk; gof;fopTfs;
 czTf;fopTfs;
 Njhl;lf;fopTfs; (Gw;fs;> ,iyfs;> fisfs; kw;Wk; rpWfpisfs;)
10. Ez;Zaphpfs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if fhuzpfshy; vspa %yf;RWfshf rpijTw Kbahj
nghUs;fs; caphpdj; rpijtpw;F cs;shfhj fopTfs; (kl;fhj fopTfs;)
11. caphpdr; rpijtpw;F cs;shfhj fopTfSf;F v.fh nefpopg; nghUs;fs;> cNyhfq;fs;>
mYkpdpaf; Nfd;fs;> fz;zhbg; ghl;by;fs;
12. 3 fopTfs;: gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwj;jy; (Reduce)> kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jjy; (Reuse)>kWRow;rp
nra;jy; (Recycle)
13. jplf;fopT Nkyhz;ik (SWM vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk;) Solid Waste Management
14. tPl;L cgNahf Mgj;jhd fopTfSf;F v.fh
 Njitaw;w ngapz;l; l;uk;fs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;J Nfd;fs;> gy;Gfs;>
Foy;tpsf;Ffs;> fhyhtjpahd kUe;Jfs;> cile;j ghjur ntg;gepiykhdpfs;>
gad;gLj;jpa kpd;fyq;fs;> gad;gLj;jpa Crpfs; (k) rphpQ;Rfs;
15. kUj;Jt fopTfis mfw;w mtw;iw vhpj;J rhk;gyhf;fy; Ntz;Lk;.
16. mZf;fU ciy fopTfis fhd;fphpl; ngl;lfj;jpy; milj;J mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.
17. khRghL ehd;F tifg;gLk;
 fhw;W khRg;gL (v.fh thfdg;Gif> fhh;gd;Nkhdhf;irL)
 ePh; khRghL (v.fh nefpopg;igfs;)
 epy khRghL(v.fh cuk;> nefpopg;igfs;)
 xyp khRghL (v.fh thfd ,iur;;ry;> mjpfg;gbahd xyp)

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy;; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f> rpy jfty;fs;
mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. kPdf
; s;> gpw ePht
; ho; caphpdq;fs; kw;Wk; ePht
; ho; jhtuq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ,lk; ePH;tho;
fhl;rpafk; (Aquarium) vdg;gLfpwJ.
2. epytho; caphpdq;fs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ,lk; my;yJ mikg;G epytho;
fhl;rpafk; (Terrarium) vdg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F ,aw;ifahd> #o;epiy kz;lyj;jpidg; Nghy
tbtikf;fg;gl;L> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l #oypy; tpyq;FfSk;> jhtuq;fSk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
3. gilg;ghf;f khWgad;ghL my;yJ cah;Row;rp vd;gJ fopTg;nghUs;fs; my;yJ Njitaw;w
nghUs;fis cah;jukhd kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; kjpg;Gila nghUs;fshf khw;wpg;
gad;gLj;Jy; MFk;.

308
4. ehk; xU nghUis cah;Row;rp nra;Ak;NghJ mjw;F ehk; NtW gad;ghl;bidj; jUfpNwhk;.
(v.fh ) gad;gLj;jpa lah;fis mkUk; ehw;fhypahf khw;Wjy;> gad;gLj;jpa
nefpopghl;by;fis Ngdh jhq;fpahf khw;wpg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
5. ,ejpahtpy; xt;nthUtUk; cUthf;Fk; fopTfspd; ruhrhp msT 0.45 fpNyh fpuhk;> ,J
xg;gpLifapy; Fiwthd msthf ,Ue;jhYk; kf;fs; njhif mjpfKs;s ,e;jpa ehl;L
kf;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; nkhj;j fopTfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
6. ,e;jpah xt;nthU ehSk; 532 kpy;ypad; fpNyh jplf;fopTfis cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.

9 Mk; tFg;G %d;whk; gUtk;

#o;epiy mwptpay;

1. ,aw;ifahdJ jd;idj;jhNd Gj;Jzh;Tld; GJg;gpf;Fk; Mw;wy; tha;e;jJ vd;W $wpath;

n`yd; nfy;yh;(mnkhpf;fh)
2. cyfpd; vl;lhtJ mjppakhf fUjg;gLk; ngz;kzp n`yd; nfy;yh;
3. n`yd; nfy;yh; gpwe;j Mz;L 27 [Pd; 1880 > kiwe;j Mz;L 1 [Pd; 1968
4. rpy Kf;fpa caph;g;Gtp Ntjpr;Row;rp>ePh;r; Row;rp> iel;u[d; Row;rp> fhh;gd; Row;rp
5. ePh; Row;rpiag; ghjpf;Fk; kdpjdpd; nray;ghLfs;

309
  efukakhjy;
 nefpopahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Njitaw;w fopTg;nghUis epyj;jpd; kPJk;> ePh;
epiyfspd; kPJk; tPrp vwpjy;
 ePhe
; piyfis khRgLj;Jjy;
 fhLfis mopj;jy;
6. midj;J caphpdq;fSk; caph;thoj; Njitahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Kjy;epiy
Cl;lr;rj;J iel;u[d;
7. gr;irak; > kuGnghUs; ( ) kw;Wk; Gujj;jpy; mtrpakhd gFjpg; nghUshf ,Ug;gJ
iel;u[d;
8. tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s iel;u[dpd; rjtPjk; 78
9. iel;u[id jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffshy; Neubahf gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ. vdNt
iel;u[dhdJ mk;NkhdpahthfNth> mkpNdh mkpyq;fhshfNth my;yJ iel;Nul;
cg;Gfs; tbtpy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk caphpdq;fs; mtw;iw gad;gLj;jpl KbAk;.
10. iel;u[d; Row;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; nray;Kiwfs;:
 epiyepWj;jk;
 cl;fpufpj;jy;
 mNkhdpahthjy;
 iel;Nul;lhjy;
 iel;u[d; ntspNaw;wk;
11. nray;glh epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; tspkz;ly iel;u[id caphpdq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
nray;gLk; $l;Lg;nghUs;fshf khw;Wk; epfo;T iel;u[d; epiyepWj;jk;
12. iel;u[d; epiyepWj;j khw;wk; vz;zw;w ghf;;Bhpahf;fs;> ePygr;ir ghrpfs; (iraNdh
ghf;Bhpah) Vw;gLfpd;wJ
13. nyFkpd]; jhtuq;fshd gl;lhzp kw;Wk; gPd;]; Nghd;wit iel;u[id epiyepWj;jk;
iuNrhgpak; ghf;BhpahTld; xU $l;Laphp thof;ifia nfhz;Ls;sd.
14. tpyq;F Gujq;fshdit A+hpah> A+hpf; mkpyk;> mk;Nkhdpah tbtpy; fopTfshf
ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd
15. jdpj;J kz;zpy; thof;$ba ghf;Bhpahtpy; #NlhNkhd]; rpw;wpdq;fs;
16. iel;u[d; Row;rpapy; gq;nfLf;Fk; Ez;Zaphpfs;:
iel;u[d; Row;rpapy; gq;F ngWk; Ez;Zaph;fspd; ngah;fs;
epiyfs;
iel;u[d; epiyepWj;jy; mrl;NlhNgf;lh; (kz;z;py;) iuNrhgpak;(Nth;
Kz;Lfspy;) epyg;gr;ir ghrp „ eh];lhf;
mkNkhdpahthjy; mOf itf;Fk; ghf;Bhpahf;fs;> G+Q;irfs;
iel;Nul;lhjy; iel;Nul;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpah> iel;uNrhNkhdh]>
iel;Nuhghf;lh;
iel;u[d; ntspNaw;wk; iel;Nul;il ntspNaw;Wk; ghf;Bhpah #NlhNkhd];

310
17. fhh;gd; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; G+kpapy; kPJ fpilf;fpwJ. fhp> ituk; kw;Wk; fpuh igl;
Nghd;wit fhh;gdpd; vspa tbtq;fs; MFk;.
18. fhh;gd; $l;Lg;nghUs;fs; fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL> fhh;gd; il Mf;irL fhh;gNdl; cg;G
19. gRik ,y;y thA fhh;gd; il Mf;irL
20. jhtuq;fspd; tiffs;
 ePhj
; j
; htuq;fs; (i`bNuhigl;];)
 twz;l epyj;jhtuq;fs; (NrNuh igl;];)
 ,ilepiyj;jhtuq;fs; (kPNrhigl;];)
 fy;ypy; Kisf;Fk; jhtuq;fs; (ypj;Njhigl;];)
 ed;dhP ; (m) Fsj;jpy; thOk; jhtuk; (ypj;Njhigl;];)
21. ePh;jj
; htuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 Ntyk;ghrp (Nth;fs; ed;F tsh;r;paile;jpUf;fhJ )
 cy;gpah (Nth;,y;yh ePht
; ho; jhtuk; )
 Mfhaj; jhkiu
 ePhg
; hrp
 jhkiu
22. twz;l epyj;jjhtuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 vUf;F (fhNyhl;Nuhg;gp];)
 rg;ghj;jpf;fs;sp (xgd;rpah)
 Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio
 fUNtykuk;
23. ,ilepiyj; jhtuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
 NfhJik
 kf;fhr;Nrhsk;
 #hpa fhe;jp
 kh
 Ntk;G
24. gwf;ff;$ba ghYhl;b ntsthy;
25. Fsph;fhy cwf;fk; -
26. ntsthy;fs; ghh;itaw;w tpyq;Ffs; my;y. ntsthy;fs; jd;Dila ,iwapid
gpbg;gjw;F kPnahyp miyfis gad;gLj;jp Ntl;ilahLfpd;wd
27. vjpnuhypj;J ,lk; fz;lwpjy; -
28. ntsthypd; ,wf;ifahdJ ngl;lh[pak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
29. kz;GOthdJ tisjirg; GOf;fs; (md;dpyplh) njhFjpia rhh;e;jhFk;.

311
30. kz;GOthdJ Njhypd; %yk; Rthrpf;fpwJ
31. kz;GOthdJ Nfhilfhy cwf;fj;ij ( ) Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
32. kz;GOf;F Vw;w rhpahd ntg;gepiy 60 -80
33. kz;GOtpw;F fz;fs; fpilahJ
34. kz;GOf;fs; xspia mjpf msT czUk; jpwd; nfhz;lit
35. kz;GOf;fs; xspf;F vjpuhf nray;gLfpwJ. xspia jtph;g;gjw;fhf tisfspNyNa
jq;fptpLfpd;wd
36. G+kpapd; ed;dhP d
; ; rjtPjk; 3
37. G+kpapy; cg;GePh; (fly;) rjtPjk;
38. 3 rjtPjk; ed;dhP py; gdpg;ghiw kw;Wk; gdpj;jplypd; rjtPjk; 68.7
39. 3 rjtPjk; ed;dhP py epyj;jb ePhpd; rjtPjk; 30.1
40. 3 rjtPjk; ed;dhP py kw;wit 9
41. 3 rjtPjk; ed;dhP py Nkw;gug;G ePhpd; rjtPjk; 0.3
42. 30.1 rjtPj epyj;jb ePhpy; rJg;G epy ePhpd; rjtPjk; 11
43. 30.1 rjtPj epyj;jb ePhpy; Mw;W ePhpd; rjtPjk; 2
44. 30.1 rjtPj epyj;jb ePhpy; fz;kha; ePhpd; rjtPjk; 87
45. ePh; Row;rpapd; epiyfs; 3
 ,aw;gpay;
 Ntjpapay;
 caphpay;
46. fopTePiu cl;nrYj;Jk; gFjp:
 Kjy; epiy Rj;jphpg;G (,aw;gpay; Kiw)
 tPo;gbT (fdkhd jpz;kq;fs;)
 kpjf;Fk; nghUs;fs; (vz;nza;> caTg;nghUs;> vilaw;w jpz;kq;fs;)
 tbfl;Ljy;
 ,uz;lhk; epiy Rj;jpfhpg;G (caphpapay; Kiw)
 caphpapay; Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; (fhw;Ws;s kf;Fk; fhpkg;nghUs; )
 tpo;gbthjy; (caphpay; jpz;kq;fs;)
 tbfl;Ljy;
 %d;whk; epiy Rj;jfhpg;G (ngsjpf - ,uhrad Kiw (m) Ntjpapay; Kiw)
iel;u[d; > gh];gu]; > njhq;Fk; jpz;kq;fs;> fdkhdjdpkq;fs;
 njhw;WePf;fk; (FNshhpNdw;wk; 5 -15 kp.fp/1)
 kWRow;rp nra;ag;gl;l ePh; ntspNaWjy;
47. kWRow;rp ePhpd; gad;fs;:
 tptrhak;
 ,aw;if moFkpf;f epyq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

312
  nghJg;G+q;fhf;fs;
 Fopg;ge;jhl;l tpisahl;Lj;jply;
 vz;nza; Rj;jfhpg;G epiyak; kw;Wk; Mw;wy; epiyaq;fspy; cs;s Fsph;tpg;ghd;fs;
 foptiwfis Rj;jk; nra;jy;
 Jhrpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
 fl;Lkhdr; nray;fs;
48. ,aw;if tsq;fis ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw tsk;Fd;wkhy; gad;gLj;Jjy;
Mfpatw;wpw;F ngUk;gq;fhw;wp tUtJ I.A+.rp.vd; (IUCN)
49. tphthf;fk; - (,aw;if kw;Wk;
,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; gd;dhl;L xd;wpak;)
50. Nehf;fk; “,aw;ifia kjf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk; $ba Neh;ikahd cyfk;”
51. mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shd rpw;wpdq;fspd; rptg;G gl;baiyj; jahh; nra;J njhFj;J
ntspapLtJ
52. ,e;jpah cyf nkhj;j epyg;gpug;gpy; 2.4 rjtPj gug;gsitf; nfhz;lJ.
53. ,e;jpahtpy; gjpag;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs;pd; rjtPjk; 7.8 ,jpy; 45>000 jhtu rpw;wpdq;fSk;>
91>000 tpyq;F rpw;wpdq;fSk; gjpag;gl;Ls;sd
54. cyf mstpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l gy;tifj;jd;ik nfhz;l kpf Kf;fpa 34 ,lq;fspy; 4
,lq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd.
 ,kakiy
 Nkw;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;
 tlfpof;Fg; gFjpfs;
 epf;Nfhgh;jT
P fs;
55. ,e;jpwah y; cWg;gpduhd Mz;L 1969
56. rptg;G thpir gjpg;G filrpahf GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L brk;gh; 5> 2017
57. rptg;G gl;baypy; moptpd; tpOk;gpy; cs;s tpyq;Ffs; ,khya gOg;G/ rptg;Gf;fub kw;Wk;
rptg;Gepw ghz;lh;
NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f > njhpe;J nfhs;f > rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. Mfhaj; jhkiuahdJ . rpz;l;nuy;yh vd;w fijapy; tUk; mofpNghy; ghh;g;gjw;F kpfTk;

mofhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,Ug;gjhy; jhtu cyfpd; rpz;l;nuy;yh vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. Nfhil fhyq;fspy; > Mfhaj; jhkiu cs;s Vhp ePuhdJ > Mfhaj;jhkiu ,y;yhj Vhp
ePiutpl xd;gJ klq;F mjpfkhf tw;wpg;NghfpwJ
3. ePhpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;tpid Vw;gLj;j xt;nthU tUlKk; khh;r; 22
Mk; NjjpahdJ cyf ePh; jpdkhf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

313
  ,aw;if ePUf;Nf 21 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; ehk; re;jpf;ff; $ba ePh; rhh;e;j
gpur;ridfSf;F ,aw;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jPh;Tfis Muha;jy; vd;gNj cyf ePh;
jpdk; 2018 d; Kf;fpaf; fUj;jhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ
4. kz;GOf;fs; cotdpd; ez;gd; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. fhpkg;nghUs;fis nrhpkhdk;
nra;jgpd; iel;u[d; rj;J epiwe;j GOtpyf;fpa kz; vdg;gLk; fopit ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd
5. tpyq;Ff; fopT kw;Wk; jhtuf; fopT Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ kz;GOf;fisg; gug;gp
Jhpjg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpijT Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; fhpk cuk; kz;GO cuk; vdg;gLk;.
6. tPLfs;> tzpf epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopT ePh>;
Fspayiwfs;> thwy; ,iug;ghd;fs; kw;Wk; Jzp Jitg;gjhy; ntspNaWk; ePh; Mfpait
rhk;gy; ePh; vdg;gLfpd;wd
7. rhk;gy; ePiu grdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> jhtuq;fs; ghjpf;fg;glhky;
,Ug;gjw;F>er;Rj;jd;ikaw;w kw;Wk; Nrhbak; msT Fiwe;j Nrhg;G ePiug; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
8. Rtpl;rh;yhe;J ehl;by; cs;s fpyhz;l; vd;w ,lj;jpy; 1948 mf;Nlhgh; 5 k; ehs; I.A+rp.vd;
epWtdk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

10 Mk; tFg;G
Rw;Wr;#oy; Nkyhz;ik
GJg;gpf;f $ba tsq;fs; tdq;fs;> gaph;fs;> td caph;fs;> epyj;jb ePh;>
fhw;W > #hpa Mw;wy;
GJg;gpf;f ,ayh tsq;fs; jhJ tsq;fs;> epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;> ,aw;if
thA> mZf;fU Mw;wy;

1. fhLfs; fhh;gid epiyepWj;Jtjhy; fhh;gd; njhl;b vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
 Ntshz;ik efukakhjy;> mizfs;> rhiyfs;> fl;blq;fs;. njhopw;rhiyfs;> ePh;
kpd; epiya jpl;lq;fs;> fhl;Lj;jP > kiyfs; kw;Wk; fhLfis File;J rhiyfs;
mikj;jy;.
3. fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;:
 ngUnts;sk; > twl;rp> kz;zhpg;G > td caphpfs; mopg;G> mUfptUk; rpw;wpdq;fs;
Kw;wpYkhf mopjy;> caph;Gtp Row;rpapy; rkkw;w epiy> gUtepiyfspy; khw;wk;>
ghiytdkhjy;
4. ,e;jpahtpy; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh; tdg;gug;G mopf;fdg;gLfpwJ.

314
5. ,e;jpahtpy; 752.3 ,yl;rk; n`f;Nlh; gug;gsT fhLfs; fhg;gr; fhLfshf
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
6. fhg;Gf; fhLfspy; 215.1 ,yl;r n`f;Nlh; gug;G ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdg;gFjpahf cs;sJ.
7. tdkNfhj;rtk; vd;w ngahpy; kuf;fd;Wfs; eLtjhy; ,aw;ifahd fhLfs; moptpypUe;J
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd
8. tdkNfhj;rtk; vd;w ngahpy; ,e;jpahtpy; tUlk; NjhWk; [Piy khjj;jpy; kuk; eLk; tpoh
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ
9. Njrpa fhLfs; rl;lk; 1952 kw;Wk; 1988
10. fhLfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1980
11. ,e;jpahtpy; td caphpdq;fis mjpfkhdg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; 1970 k; Mz;L Kjy; 2014
k; Mz;L tiuapyhd fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; td caphpdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 52 msT
Fiwe;Js;sJ.
12. td caphp ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1972 ,jd;gb ekJ Njrpa tpyq;F
1973 y; Gypahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Kd; rpq;fk; ekJ Njrpa tpyq;fhf ,Ue;jJ
13. td caphp ghJfhg;gpy; <Lg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs;:
 ,e;jpah td caphp thhpak; (IWBL – Indian Board of Wildlife - 1952)
 rh;tNjr td caphp epjpak; (WWF – World Wild Fund – 29 April 1961 ) (Rtpl;rh;yhe;J)
 cyfg; ghJfhg;G xd;wpak; (WCN)
 gd;dhl;L ,aw;if kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fSf;fhd ghJfhg;G xd;wpak; (IUCN)
 Mgj;jhd ,dq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rh;tNjr th;jj
; f khehL (CITES)
 ghk;Ng ,aw;if tuyhw;W epWtdk; (BNHS)
 ,e;jpa td caphp ghJfhg;G epWtdk; - nluh^d;

14. cyfpd; Mw;wy; Njitfspy; 90 kuGrhh; Mw;wy; (GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs;) %yq;fs;
%yKk;> 10 Mw;wy; mZ Mw;wy; %yKk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
kuGrhh; Mw;wy; %yq;fs; kuGrhuh Mw;wy; %yq;fs;
epyf;fhp #hpa rf;jp> fhw;whiy rf;jp
,aw;if thA Xj miy rf;jp>Gtp ntg;g rf;jp
ngl;Nuhypak; caphp vhprf;jp
mZkpd; rf;jp fUk;Gr; rf;ifapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; rf;jp

15. mdy;kpd; epiyaq;fspy; kpd;rhuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;a gad;gLtJ epyf;fhp

16. fr;rh vz;nza; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ ngl;Nuhypak;
17. fr;rh vz;nza; ,Ue;J gphpj;J vLf;fg;gLk; nfNuhrpd; kw;Wk; jputkakhf;fg;gl;l>
ngl;Nuhypa thA ( ) tPl;L cgNahf vhpnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
18. #hpadpypUe;J xsp Mw;wy;> G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;ig te;jilAk; rjtPjk; 47

315
19. #hpa xspia kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk;jpwd; nfhz;il rhjdk; #hpa kpd;fyd;
(Solar)( Nghl;NlhNthy;lhapf; fUtpfs; ) rpypf;fhdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
20. #hpa Mw;wypd; ed;ikfs;
 ngUkstpy; tpiyapy;yhky; fpilf;f$baJ
 xU GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy; %ykhFk;
 ntg;g %l;bahfTk; kpd;dhw;wiy cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gad;gLfpwJ
 vt;tpj khRk; cz;lhf;Ftjpy;iy
21. caphp vhpthA vd;gJ kPjN
; jd; (75 ) i`l;u[d; ry;igl; > fhh;gd; il Mf;irL kw;Wk;
i`l;u[d; Nrh;e;j fyit MFk;. ,t;thA tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; fopTfs; >
fhw;wpy;yhr; #oypy; kl;Fk; NghJ (rpijtilAk; NghJ ) cUthfpwJ. nghJthf ,it
Nfhgh; Nf]; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nfhgh; vd;w `e;jpr;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; khl;Lrhzk;
22. N\y; vdg;gLtJ G+kpapd; mbg;Gwj;jpy; mike;Js;s NrW kw;Wk; jhJf;fs; (Fthh;l;];
kw;Wk; fhy;irl;) mlq;fpa nkd;ikahd ghiw mLf;Ffisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;> ,g;ghiw
mLf;Ffspd; mLf;Ffspd; ,ilapy; cs;s Jfs;fspy; vz;nza; kw;Wk; thAf;fs;
epiwe;Js;sd.
23. N\y; thAtpid vLf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk;:
 i`l;uhypf; g;uhf;rhpq; / i`l;uhypf; KwpT (ghiw mLf;Ffspd; Nky; vz;nza;
kw;Wk; thAf;fs; epuk;gpsAs;s mLf;if milAk; tiu mokhf Jisaplg;gLjy;)
24. N\y; thAtpdhy; cz;lhFk; Rw;Wr;#oy;
 N\y; thAf;fSf;fhf ,lg;gLk; Jisfs; epyj;jb ePh; kl;lj;jpid ntFthf
ghjpj;J FbePh; Mjhuj;ij khRg;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk; kz;tsj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ.
 epyj;jbapy; cs;s thAf;fs; kw;Wk; vz;nzapid ntspNaw;w gy kpy;ypad;
fdmsT ePiug; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; epyj;jb ePh; kl;lj;ij ntFthf
ghjpf;fpwJ
25. jkpo;ehl;by; fhw;whiy kpd;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; ,lq;fs; Muy;tha;nkhop> faj;jhW>
fPj;jDhh;
26. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;G Vwf;Fiwa 71 ePuhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.
27. jplf;fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiw:
 jdpj;Jg; gphpj;jy;
 epyj;jpy; epug;Gjy;
 vhpj;J rhk;gyhf;fy; (v.fh kUj;Jt fopTfs;)
 cukhf;Fjy;
28. fopTfis rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; ifahStjw;F 4 Kiw Vw;wJ
 Fiwj;jy;
 kWgad;ghL
 „ kPl;nlLj;jy;

316
  „ kWRow;rp

NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk;mwpe;J nfhs;f> njhpe;J nfhs;f > rpy jfty;fs;
Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. rpg;Nfh ,af;fk;
 1973 Mk; Mz;L mfpk;rh topapy; kuq;fisAk; fhLfisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
Jtf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;.
 “rpg;Nfh ” vd;Dk; thh;ji
; jf;F nghUs; jOTjy; vd;gjhFk;> kuq;fis ntl;l
tplhky; fpuhk kf;fs; mtw;iw tl;lkhf #oe;Jnfhz;L fl;bj;jOtpagb epd;wjhy;
,g;ngah; mike;jJ> cj;jpug;gpuNjr (jw;Nghijia cj;jufhz;l;) khepyj;jpd; cs;s
rhNkhyp vd;Dk; Chpy; ,t;tpaf;fk; Njhd;wpaJ.
 ,kakiyg; gFjpfspy; cs;s fhLfis 15 Mz;Lfs; mopf;fg;$lhJ vd;w jil
cj;juit ngw;W 1980 Mk; Mz;L ,t;tpaf;fk; kpfg;ngUk; ntw;wpia mile;jJ.
2. [pk; fhh;ngl; Njrpag; G+q;fh 1936 k; Mz;L cj;jufhd;l; khepyj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;l
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Njrpag; G+q;fh
3. ,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ 15 caph;Nfhsf; fhg;gfq;fs; cs;sd. (2020 d; gb 18 caph;Nfhsf;
fhg;gfq;fs; cs;sd)
4. jkpo;ehl;bYs;s ePyfhp gFjp> xU ghJfhf;fg;gl;l caph;f;Nfhsj; fhg;gf gFjpahFk;
5. jkpo;ehl;by; Njdp khtl;lk;> ntq;flhr;ryGuk; vd;Dk; fpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;j uhjpfh
uhkrhkp vd;gth; “,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz; td caphp Gifg;glf; fiyQh;” vd;W rh;tNjr
mstpy;; Gfo; ngw;Ws;sdhh;> ,th; gwit ,dq;fis Gifg;glk; vLg;gjpy; kpFe;j Mh;tk;
nfhz;lth;. ,tuJ Gifg;glj; njhFg;G “td caphpdq;fspd; rpw;e;jj jUzq;fs;”
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; etk;gh; 2014k; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ
6. ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l td caphp ghJfhg;Gf;fhd eltbf;iffs;
 Gypfs; ghJfhg;G jpl;lk; 1973 k; Mz;bYk; > ahidfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; 1992 k;
Mz;bYk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 1976 k; Mz;bYk; Kjiyfs; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
 1999 k; Mz;by; fly; Mikfs; ghJfhg;gj;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
 mrhk; khepyj;jpYs;s fhz;lhkpUfq;fis ghJfhf;f “,e;jpa fzhz;lkpUfq;fs;
ghJfhg;G 2020 ’ vd;Dk; jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 3000
xw;iwf; nfhk;gila fhz;lhkpUfq;fisahtJ 2020k; Mz;Lf;Fs; ghJfhj;jpl
Fwpf;Nfhs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ
7. mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; rPdhtpw;F mLj;jg;gbahf cyf mstpy; fr;rh vz;nza; gad;gLj;Jk;
%d;whtJ nghpa ehL ,e;jpahthFk;.
8. jh[;k`hy;

317
  cyfpd; VO mjpraq;fspy; xd;whd jh[;k`hy; cj;jug;gpuNjr khepyk; Mf;uhtpy;
cs;sJ.
 ,J ntz;ik epw gspq;Ff; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpa vz;nza;
epWtdj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhd kJuh vz;nza; Rj;jfhpg;G Miy jh[;k`hYf;F
mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jpypUe;J cw;gj;jpahFk; ry; gh; kw;Wk; iel;u[d;
Mf;irLfs; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;s jh[;k`hypd; ntz;zpw gspq;F fw;fspd; Nky;
gbe;J mf;fw;fis kQ;rs; epwkhf khw;wpAs;sJ.
 jh[;k`hiy rpijtpypUe;J ghJfhf;f jw;NghJ ,e;jpamurhdJ ntspNaw;Wk;
GiffSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiw mstpid tpjpj;Js;sJ.
9. 100 #hpa ntg;g #Nlw;wpfs; %yk; xU Mz;Lf;F 1500 A+dpl; kpd;rhuj;ij Nrkpf;f
KbAk;.
10. N\y; thAf;fs; vLg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpatpy; MW gFjpfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd mit Nfk;Ng
(F[uhj;) > m];]hk; - muf;fhd; (tl fpof;Fg; gFjp) > Nfhz;l;thdh (kj;jpa ,e;jpah )>
fpU\;zh Nfhjhthp (fpof;F flw;fiug; gFjp)> fhNthp kw;Wk; ,e;Njh fq;if tbepyg;
gFjp>
11. cyfpd; kpf caukhdJk; kpfg; nghpaJkhd fhw;whiyia `tha; gFjpapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
12. xU fhw;whiyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kpd;rhuj;jpid 300 tPLfs; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
13. 2 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; (ngh.M ) Nrho tk;rj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fhpfhy; Nrho kd;duhy; fl;lg;gl;l
fy;y;izahdJ kpfTk; goikahdJ. ,J cyfpd; ehd;fhtJ goikahd mizahfk;.
,e;j miz ,d;Wk; jopof kf;fSf;F gad;gLk; tifapy; cs;sJ. ,t;tiz
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp efUf;F 20 fpkP. mUfpy; > fhtphp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf> fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
14. kpd;dZf; fopTfshy; cz;lhFk; ghjpg;Gfs;:
 <ak; kdpjhpy; ika euk;G kz;lyj;ijAk; gf;f euk;G kz;lyj;ijAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.
Foe;ijfspd; %is tsh;r;rpia ghjpf;fpwJ.
 FNuhkpak;: %r;Rj;jpzwy; M];Jkh Vw;gLfpwJ
 Nfl;kpak; : rpWePufk; kw;Wk; fy;yPuypy; gbe;J mjd; gzpfis ghjpf;fpwJ .
euk;Gfis ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
 ghjurk;: %is kw;Wk; Rthr kz;lyj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ
 ghyptpidy; FNshiuL ( ) cs;spl;l nefpopfs; : nefpopfis vhpg;gjhy;
cz;lhFk; ilahf;rpd;fs; ,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaAk;> gzpiaAk;
ghjpf;fpwJ.
15. kpd;dZf; fopTfs; fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
 fzpzpg; nghUl;fs; - 66
 njhiyj;njhlh;G rhjdq;fs; -12
 kpd;dZ rhjdq;fs; -5

318
  caphp kUj;Jt rhjdq;fs; -7
 gpw rhjdq;fs;/ cgfuzq;fs; -6

8 Mk; tFg;G %d;whk; gUtk;

jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; ghJfhg;G

1. cyf epyg;gug;gpy; fhLfspd; rjtPjk; 30

2. fhlopg;gf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
 ,aw;ifahy; (m) kdpj elbtf;iffs; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
 jP (k) nts;sk; Nghd;wit flhopg;Gf;fhd ,aw;if fhuzk;.
 fhlopg;Gf;F fhuzkhf kdpj eltbf;iffs;:
 tptrha tphpthf;fk;
 fhy;eil tsh;g;G
 rl;ltpNuhj kuk; ntl;Ljy;
 Ruq;fk;
 vz;nza; gphpj;njLj;jy;
 miz fl;Lkhdk; (k) cs;fl;likg;G Nkk;ghL
3. epyj;ij ngWjtw;Fk; tptrhaj;jpd; Njitfisg; G+h;jj
; p nra;tjw;Fk; 40 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd
4. xt;nthh; Mz;Lk; cyfpy; 1.1 Nfhb n`f;Nlh; fhLfs; ntl;lg;gLfpd;wd
5. ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;Lf;F 10 yl;rk; n`f;Nlh; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd
6. cyfpy; cs;s rpw;wpdq;fspy; 80 rpw;wpdq;fs; ntg;;gkz;ly kiof;fhLfspy; cs;sd.
7. fhlopg;ghd fhuzkhf xt;nthU ehSk; 50 -100 tifahd tpyq;Ffs; mtw;wpd;
thoptplq;fis mopg;gjd; tpisthf ,we;J tUfpd;wd
8. fhh;gd; il Mf;irlhdJ ePuhtp> kPj;Njd;> iel;u]; Mf;irL kw;Wk; XNrhd;
Mfpatw;Wld; gRik ,y;y thAf;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
9. Gtp ntg;gkiljYf;F fhuzkhd thAf;fs; gRik ,y;y thA (CO2)
10. ,e;jpahtpy; 132 tifahd jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; Mgj;jhd epiyapy; cs;sd.

319
11. ,e;jpahtpy; Mgj;jhd epiyapYs;s jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs;

jhtuq;fs; tpyq;Ffs;
Filkuk; gdpr;rpWj;ij rpq;fk;
kyghh; ypy;yp rpq;f thy; Fuq;F> ,e;jpa fhz;lhkpUfk;
uh gyPrpah kyh; rpU (jpngj;jpa ML)> fq;if ePh; Kjiy
,e;jpa ky;Nyh ePyj;jpkpq;fyk;
K];yp jhtuk; ePyfphp tiuahL (jhh;)

12. Kf;fpa jpdq;fs;

cyf fhLfs; jpdk; khh;r; 21
cyf ePh; jpdk; khh;r; 22
cyf Rw;Wf;#oy; jpdk; [Pd; 5
cyf ,aw;if ghJfhg;G jpdk; [Pd; 28
XNrhd; jpdk; nrg;lk;gh; 16

13. fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; rpy My;fhf;fs;> G+Q;irfs;> gpiuNahigl;Lfs;> ngh;df

; s;>
[pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; kiwe;J tUfpd;wd.
14. ntl;Lf;fpsahdJ (cotdpd; vjphp ) ,e;jpahtpy; mope;J tUk; ,dq;fspy; xd;whf
cs;sJ.
15. ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Kjy; Njrpa G+q;fh [pk; fhh;g;ngl;> njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1936
(cj;ufhz;l;)
16. tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L Vg;uy; 1 > 1973
17. Gypfs; ghJfhg;G jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy; Gypfspd; vz;zpf;if 2006 y; 1400
Mf ,Ue;jJ. ,J 2018 y; 2967 Mf cah;e;Js;sJ.
18. rpy tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G rl;lq;fs;
nkluh]; tdtpyq;F rl;lk; 1873
mfpy ,e;jpa ahid ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1879
fhl;L gwit kw;Wk; tpyq;F ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1912
tq;fhs fhz;lhkpUf rl;lk; 1932
Mfpy ,e;jpa tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;g rl;lk; (m) 1972
Gypfs; ghJfhg;G jpl;lk; (Project Tiger)
Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1986

19. njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1948

320
20. rptg;G juT Gj;jfk; (Red Data Book ) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1964 ,jid mikg;G
guhkhpj;J tUfpd;wJ.
21. ,e;jpahtpy; d; ,e;jpa mYtyfk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L GJnly;ypay; epWtg;gl;lJ.
22. Rw;Wr;#oy; > td kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;W mikr;rfk; (MOEFCC) %yk; 1969 Mz;by;
,e;jpah y; cWg;gpduhf ,ize;jJ.
23. Mhpjhd kw;Wk; Mgj;jhd epiyapYs;s caphpdq;fshd tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk;
G+Q;irfis gjpT nra;tjw;fhd Nfhg;G rptg;G juT Gj;jfk;
24. rptg;G juT Gj;jfj;jpy; mope;JNghd caphpdq;fSf;F fUg;G tz;z Fwpaplg;gl;l jfty;
jhs;fs; cs;sd
25. rptg;G juT Gj;jfj;jpy; Mgj;jpy; cs;s caphpdq;fSf;F rptg;G tz;z Fwpaplg;gl;l
jfty; jhs;fs; cs;sd
26. d;gb 40 Mz;Lfspy; > tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs;> kPd>; Ch;td> kw;Wk;
ePht
; ho;tpdq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 60 rjtPj FiwT Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
27. ghJfhg;gpd; tiffs; 2
 tho;tpl ghJfhg;G (tho;tplj;jpw;Fs;)
 ntspg;Gw ghJfhg;G (tho;tplj;jpw;F ntspNa)
28. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Njrpa G+q;fhf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 105 (2020d; gb)
29. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ruzhyaq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 566 (2020 d;gb)
30. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s caph;f;Nfhs ,Ug;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if 18 (2020d; gb)
31. ,e;jpahtpd; rpy Kf;fpa Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;:
t.vz; ngah; ,lk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
1 fhh;ngl; Njrpa G+q;fh cj;jufz;l; 1936
2 fd;`h Njrpa G+q;fh kj;jpa gpuNjrk; 1955
3 fhrpuq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh mrhk; 1974
4 ge;jpg;G+h; Njrpa G+q;fh fh;ehlfh 1974
5 fph; Njrpa G+q;fh F[uhj; 1975
6 gpshf;gf; Njrpa G+q;fh F[uhj; 1976
7 fQ;rd; [q;fh Njrpa G+q;fh rpf;fpk; 1977
8 Jj;th Njrpa G+q;fh cj;jpugpuNjrk; 1977
9 ehh;j; Njrpa G+q;fh Xbrh 1980
10 ud;j;k;G+h; Njrpa G+q;fh ,uh[];jhd; 1980
11 lr;rp`hk; Njrpa G+q;fh [k;K fh\;kPh; 1981
12 gd;dh Njrpa G+q;fh kj;jpa gpuNj\; 1981
13 ,e;jpuhtjp Njrpa G+q;fh rj;jP\;fh; 1982
14 nghpahh; Njrpa G+q;fh Nfush 1982
15 ee;jh Njtp Njrpa G+q;fh cj;jufhz;l; 1982
16 kfhj;kh fhe;jp fly; Njrpa G+q;fh me;jkhd; ePf;Nfhgh; 1983
jPTfs;

321
 17 ek;jgh Njrpah G+q;fh mUzhr;ry gpuNj\; 1983
18 rQ;ra; fhe;jp Njrpah G+q;fh kfhuh\;buh 1983
19 ,uh[h[p Njrpa G+q;fh cj;jufhz;l; 1983
20 Re;jh;gd;]; Njrpa G+q;fh Nkw;F tq;fk; 1984
21 rhby;gPf; Njrpa G+q;fh me;jkhd; epf;Nfhgh; 1987
jPTfs;
22 FjpNu%f; Njrpa G+q;fh fh;ehlfh 1987
23 thy;kpfp Njrpa G+q;fh gPfhh; 1989
24 Ry;jhd; Njrpa G+q;fh `hpahdh 1989
25 fq;Nfhj;jphp Njrpa G+q;fh cj;jufhz;l; 1989
26 khd]; Njrpa G+q;fh mrhk; 1990
27 ryPk; myp (City Forest) Njrpa G+q;fh [k;K & fh\;kPh; 1992
28 ,uhzp [hd;]p fly; Njrpa G+q;fh me;jkhd; epf;Nfhgh; 1996
jPTfs;
29 kjpnfl;lhd; Nrhoh Njrpa G+q;fh Nfush 2003
30 ghk;ghLk; Njrpa G+q;fh Nfush 2003
31 [y;lguh Njrpa G+q;fh Nkw;Ftq;fhsk; 2014
32 uq;fd;jpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh 1940
33 gpjh; fdpfh; Xhprh 1998
34 gd;dh; fl;lh Njrpa G+q;fh fh;ehlfh 1974
35 gujG+h; ruzhyak; ,uh[];jhd; 1982

32. jkpo;ehl;bd; rpy Kf;fpa Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;:

ngah; ,lk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L

fpz;b Njrpa G+q;fh nrd;id 1976
kd;dhh; tisFlh Njrpa uhkehjGuk; 1980
G+q;fh
,e;jpu fhe;jp Njrpa G+q;fh Nfhak;gj;Jhh; 1989
KJkiy Njrpa G+q;fh ePyfhp 1990
Kf;$h;j;jp Njrpa G+q;fh ePyfhp 1990

33. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs;:

ngah; khtl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;l
Mz;L
KJkiy ePyfhp 1940
Kz;le;Jiu jpUney;Ntyp 1962
Nfhbaf;fiu ehfgl;bdk; 1976
,e;jpuhfhe;jp tdtpyq;F Nfhak;gj;Jhh; 1976

322
 ruzhyak;
fsf;fhL jpUney;Ntyp 1987
tsehL Jhj;Jf;Fb 1988
rhk;gy; epw mzpy;fs; tpUJefh; 2007
ruzhyak;
fd;dpahFkhhp tdtpyq;F fd;dpahFkhp 2008
ruzhyak;
rj;jpakq;fyk; tdtpyq;F <NuhL 1977
ruzhyak;
fhe;jp Njrpa G+q;fh nrd;id 1986
kd;dhh; tisFlh fly; Njrpa ,uhkehjGuk; 2001
G+q;fh
Kf;Fh;jj
; p Njrpa G+q;fh ePyfphp 1976
Midkiy ahidfs; fhQ;rpGuk; 1936
ruzhyak;
Ntle;jhq;fy; 1977
Ntl;lhq;Fb rptfq;if 1980
Gypfhl; (goNth;fhL) jpUts;Sh; 1989
fhpfpsp fhQ;rpGuk; 1989
fhQ;rpuhq;Fsk; ,uhkehjGuk; 1989
rpj;jpuhq;Fsk; ,uhkehjGuk; 1994
$e;jd;Fsk; jpUney;Ntyp 2000
fiuntl;b nguk;gYhh; 1988
fhiufps;sp fhQ;rpGuk; 1997
nts;NshL <NuhL 1998
Nky; nry;tDhh; fPo; nry;tDhh; ,uhkehjGuk; 1998
cja khh;jhz;lGuk; jpUth&h; 1991
mwpQh; mz;zh caphpay; fhQ;rpGuk; 1961
G+q;fh (tz;lYhh;)
gha;d;l; fhspkh; ehfg;gl;bdk; 1967
tLT+h; jQ;rhT+h; 1999
fpz;;b Njrpa G+q;fh nrd;id 1977
Nkfkiy tdtpyq;F NjdP 2016
ruzhyak;

34. caph;f;Nfhsk; vd;gJ xU ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gFjp> mq;F kdpjh;fSf;F ,e;j mikg;gpd; xU

gFjpahf cs;sdh;.
35. caph;f;Nfhs fhg;gfj;jpd; gug;gsT Rkhh; 5000 rJufpNyhkPl;lh; MFk;.
36. caph;Nfhs ,Ug;G Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;G> ,dq;fs; kw;Wk; kugZ tsq;fis
ghJfhf;fpd;wd

323
37. ,e;jpahtpy; caph;Nfhs ,Ug;G:

t.vz; caph;Nfhsj;jpd; ngah; Khepyk;/ A+dpad; Mz;L tpyq;Ffs;

gpuNjrk;
1 ePyfphp jkpo;ehL 1986 ePyfhp tiuahL>
rpq;fthy; Fuq;F
2 ee;jhNjtp cj;jugpuNjrk; 1988 Mrpa fUg;G fub>
gdpr;rpWj;ij
3 Nehf;nuf; Nkfhyah 1988 rptg;g ghz;lh
4 kd;dhh;tisFlh jkpo;ehL 1989 fly;khL
5 Re;jh;gd;]; Nkw;F tq;fk; 1989 tq;fhs Gyp
6 khd]; m];]hk; 1989 ePz;l thy; Fuq;F
rptg;G ghz;l
7 fpNul; epf;Nfhghh; jPT me;jkhd; 1989 cg;G ePh; Kjiy
8 rpkpypghy; Xbrh 1994 ,e;jpa fhl;nlUik
tq;fhs Gyp> fhl;L
ahid
9 jpaU irNfhth mrhk; 1997 ePz;l thy; Fuq;F
10 jp`hq; jpghq; mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; 1998 jpngj;jpa kwpkhd;
11 gQ;kh;fp kj;jpagpuNj\; 1999 ,uhl;rj; mzp>
gwf;Fk; mzpy;
12 fQ;rd[q;fh rpf;fpk; 2000 gdpr;rpWj;ij>
rptg;Gf;fub
13 mfj;jpa kiy jkpo;ehL 2001 ePyfphp tiuahL>
aid
14 Mr;rdfkhh; mkh;fz;lf; kj;jpagpuNj\; 2005 Gypfs;
15 ud; M g; fl;r; F[uhj; 2008 ,e;jpa fhl;Lf;fOij
16 Fsph; ghiytdk; `khr;ry; gpuNj\; 2009 gdpr;rpWj;ij
17 Nr\hryk; kiy Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 2010 Njthq;F>
vWk;Gj;jpz;zp
18 gd;dh kj;jpagpuNj\; 2011 Gyp> Gs;spkhd; >
rpq;fuh khd;> Njd;
fub

38. ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 800 caphpay; G+q;fhf;fs; cs;sd.

39. Cl;lr;rj;J Clfj;jpy; kyl;L #oypy; jhtu nry;fs;> jpRf;fs;> cWg;Gfs;> tpijfs;
my;yJ gpw jhtu ghfq;fis tsh;f;Fk; xU El;gk; jpR tsh;g;G
40. cyh;e;j tpijfis kpff; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; Nrkpg;gjd; %yk; ghJfhg;G tpijtq;fp.
41. cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa tpij tq;fp ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s kpy;ypdpak; tpijtq;fp

324
42. f;iuNah tq;fp (Fsph; tpij tq;fp) vd;gJ xU tpij my;yJ fUit ghJfhf;Fk;
njhopy;El;gkhFk;. ,J nghJthf jput iel;u[dpy; - 196 ntg;gepiyapy;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
43. mopit vjph;nfhs;Sk; caphpdq;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;F cjtpahf ,Ug;gJ f;iuNahtq;fp
44. caphpay; gd;Kfj;jd;ik rl;lk;> 2002 d;gb xt;nthU mikg;gpYk; xU gy;Yaph;
Nkyhz;ik FO mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
45. G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L > ghypFNshhpNdl;ll; igPidy;fs; kw;Wk; ghjurk;>
Mh;rhdpf;
46. g;S fpuh]; vd;gJ “ekJ thapy;yh ez;gh;fspd; $l;bizT ” (m) “vq;fs; Cik
ez;gh;fs; yPf;”
47. Aidnll; fpq;lkpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tpyq;F ey njhz;L epWtdk; g;S fpuh];
48. g;S fpuh]; (Blue cross) MdJ 10 Nk 1897 y; epWtg;gl;lJ
49. Mrpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa tpyq;F ey mikg;ghd GS fpuh]; M g; ,e;jpahit nrd;idapy;
epWtpath; Nfg;gld; tp.Re;juk; (1959 k; Mz;by;)
50. Nfg;ld; tp. Re;juk; xU ,e;jpa tpkhdp kw;Wk; tpyq;F ey; Mh;tyh;
51. GS fpuh]; M g; ,e;jpahtpd; mYtyfk; fpz;bapy; (nrd;id) mike;Js;sJ.
52. Mnkhpf;fhtpd; th;[Pdpah> Nehh;Nghby; mike;Js;s xU cs;ehl;L ,yhg Nehf;fw;w
njhz;L epWtdk; ngl;lh (PETA) >,e;epWtdj;ij epWtpath; ,q;f;hpl; epA+f;hpf; kw;Wk;
mnyf;]; gf;NrNfh (1980 y;)
53. tpyq;FfSf;fhd nfhLikapypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk; 1960 ,d; fPo; mikf;f;gl;l xU
rl;lf; FO (CPCSEA)
54. tpyq;Ffs; mtw;wpd; kPjhd Nrhjidfspd; NghJ Njitaw;w Jd;gq;fSf;F Mshfhky;
,Ug;gij cWjp nra;tjw;fhf Mz;L Kjy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
55.

56. ( ) vd;gjJ 1903 y; Nfk;gphpl;i[ jiyikaplkhff;

nfhz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mope;J tUk; caphpdq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; xU jd;dhh;t
mikg;ghFk;

325
NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f (Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;f > njhpe;J nfhs;f > rpy
jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)

1. rpg;Nfh ,af;fk; Kjd;ikahd td ghJfhg;G ,af;fk; “rpg;Nfh” vd;w nrhy;Yf;F

“xl;bf;nfhs;tJ ” my;yJ “fl;bg;gpbg;gJ ’vd;W nghUs; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; epWtdh;
Re;jh;yhy; gFdh Mthh;. kuq;fis ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; fhlfis mopf;fhky; ghJfhj;jy;
vd;W Nehf;fj;Jld; ,J 1970 ,y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
2. #whtspf;s jhf;fpa gFjpfs; kw;Wk; Mz;L
#whtspapd; ngah; khepyk; Mz;L
ghdp xhprh 2019
f[h jkpo;ehL 2018
Xf;fp jkpo;ehL 2018
Ngj;jh Me;jpuh 2017
th;jh jkpo;ehL 2016

3. fLikahd Rw;Wr;#oy; epiyikfspypUe;J jg;gpf;f gwitfs; ePz;l Jhuk; gazk;

nra;tJ ,lk;ngah;T vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rhjfkw;w gUtj;jpy; ePz;l Jhuk; gy
gwitfs; kw;Wk; gy tpyq;Ffs; ,lk; ngah;fpd;wd.
4. irgPhpahtpy; fLikahf #o;epiyfspy; ,Ue;J jg;gpg;gjw;Fk;> ,e;jpahtpy; trjpahd
#o;epiyfs; kw;Wk; czitg; ngWtjw;Fk; irgPhpa fpNud; Fsph;fhyj;jpy;
irgPahtpypUe;J ,e;jpahTf;F Fbngah;fpwJ. irgPhpa fpNud; xNu ehspy; ruhrhpahf 200
iky;fs; gazpf;fpwJ.
5. mNkrhd; fhL cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa kiof;fhL ,JJ gpNurpypy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd;
gug;gsT 60>00>000 rJu fp.kP MFk;. ,Jj 2 I rkd;nra;Jtjd; %yk; G+kpapd;
fhyepiyia cWjpg;gLj;jTk;> Gtp ntg;gkiljiy nkJthf;fTk; cjTfpwJ. NkYk;
cyfpd; 20 Mf;]p[id cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. ,jpy; Rkhh; 390 gpy;ypad; kuq;fs; cs;sd.
,J G+kpapd; EiuaPuy; MFk;.
6. r%f tdtpay; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; 1976 Mk;Mz;by; mg;Nghija Njrpa tptrha
Mizak; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; mkYf;F te;jJ. r%f kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gw
Nkk;ghl;Lf;F cjTk; Nehf;fj;Jld; fhLfis eph;tfpj;jy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; jhpR
epyq;fspy; fhLfis tsh;g;gJ vd;gJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
7. 1977 Mk; Mz;by; nfd;ahtpy; gr;ir gl;il ,af;fj;ij thq;fhp khjha; epWtpdhh; .
nfd;ahtpy; ,e;j ,af;fk; 51 kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd kuq;fis el;Ls;sJ. 2004
Mk;Mz;Lf;fhd mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ
8. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; Nk 22 cyf gy;Yaph; jpdkhf nfhz;lhg;gLfpwJ. gy;Yaph; vd;gJ
jhtuq;fs; tpyq;Ffs;> fly;tho; caphpdq;fs;> Ez;Zaphpfs;> nrhy; ,J ekJ G+kpia
kpfTk; jdpj;JtkhfTk;> trpfukhdjhfTk; Mf;FfpwJ.

326
9. Vkd; gl;lhk;G+r;rp jkpofj;jpd; khepy gl;lhk;G+r;rp mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,dk; Nkw;F
njhlh;r;rp kiyfspy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLgit Nkw;F njhlh;r;rpkiyapy; fhzg;gLk; 32
gl;lhk;G+r;rp ,dq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;.
10. xU fhyj;jpy; ilNdhrh; > ngh;df
; s; kw;Wk; rpy [pk;Ndh];ngh;kf
; s; G+kpapy; gutyhf
gutpapUe;jd. mit G+kpapypUe;J kiwe;Jtpl;ld ,jw;F fhuzk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; czT
gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhfNth my;yJ fhyepiy khw;wk; fhuzkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
11. ek;ik Rw;wpYk; Ntg;gkuk;> Mykuk; Nghd;w G+h;tPf kuq;fis elT nra;tJ tpyq;FfSf;F
cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. gy gwitfSf;F jq;Fkplkhf ,e;j kuq;fs; cs;sd.
12. - ,aw;if ghJfhg;Gf;fhd rh;tNjr xd;wpak;.
13. cyf tdtpyq;F epjp
14. - ,e;jpa tpyq;fpay; Ma;T
15. caph;f;Nfhs ,Ug;G jpl;lk;
16. „ kj;jpa khR fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak; (22.09.1974 y; njhlf;fk;)
17. cyf tdtpyq;F jpdk; khh;r; 3 Mk; Njjp nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ,
18. 1759 Mk; Mz;by; epWtg;gl;l tpad;dhtpy; cs;s Nrh`d;gpuk; kpUff;fhl;rprhiyahdJ
kpfg; goikahd kpUff;fhl;rp rhiyahFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; kpUff;fhl;rp rhiy 1800
Mk; Mz;by; gur;rhG+hpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
19. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; yz;ldpd; njUf;fspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; Fjpiufisg; guhkhpg;gjw;fhf g;S
fpuh]; (Blue cross) epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J 1906 Nk 15 md;W yz;ldpd; tpf;Nlhhpahtpy; jdJ
Kjy; tpyq;F kUj;Jtkidiaj; njhlq;fpaJ.

327