Reproductive Health

 Reproductive health simply refers to healthy

Reproductive organs with normal function.
 According to WHO reproductive health means total
health being in Physical,Emotional,Social
and behavioral aspect of reproduction.
 Reproductive health – problems and strategies.

Problems – 1-Overpopulation
2-Early marriages
3- Health of mothers
4-Sexually transmitted infection

Strategies –
1-Family planning – India was among the first country
inward to start family planning which is initiated in 1959.

2-Creat awareness about reproduction –

Reproduction and child health care (RCH)program.
o It indicate massive child immunity.
o Supply of nutritional food for pregnant women.
3-Introduction of sex-education-
Knowledge of growth of reproductive organs and
(STIs).
o Birth control device
o Medical facilities
o Presentation of sex abuse and sex related crime.
o Statutory ban of amniocentesis.
 Amniocentesis
It is used for the determination of genetic disorder
from the developing foetus like.
 Down's syndrome.
 Hemophilia.
 Sickle cell anemia.
It is also used to determine the survivability of the
foetus.
 Procedure of Amniocentesis-
Some of the Amniatic fluid of developing foetus is taken
for the analysis , which contain some of the foetel cell.
If it is established that the child is suffering from a
serious disorder , then the mother should get the foetus
aborted.
 Misuse Amniocentesis
Apart of detection of genetic disorder, this technique
can also be used to determine the sex of the factor .
Government of India has put a statutory ban on the
amniocentesis for sex determination because of
increasing the number of female foetuside.

 Population Stablization

The rapid increase in population over an area on a

short period of time is called population explosion.

1990 2000 2011

World 2 Billion 6.8 Billion 7.2 Billion
population
India’s In 1947
population 350 1 Billion 1.2 Billion
million

Population growth rate. Less than 2%

(According to 2011 census). <2%
=20/1000 / year
 Reason for Rapid growth

 IMR (Infant mortality rate) and MMR (mother mortality

rate) decreases.
 Better Health Care.
 Decline in death rate
 Maximum no. of population is in reproducible age...
 Population can be controlled by increasing awareness
and making different polides and use of contraseptive
methods to control birth rate...
 Birth Control

1. The most important step to control population is to

motivate smaller families by using various
contraceptive methods.
Birth control method which deliberately present
fertilization are reffered as contraception.
An ideal contraceptive should be
1. user friendly
2. Fairtly available.
3. Effective and reversible.
4. No or least side effect.
5. Non- interfering with the sexual drive /desire and
sexual act of user.
 Contraceptives methods art by preventing
following steps:

(i) Preventing sperm motility.

(ii)preventing ovulation.
(iii)preventing implantation.

Methods The Birth Control-

A wide range contraceptive methods are presentely

available which could be grouped categories. into
following categories.
 Natural or Traditional Methods.
 Barrier method.
1-(Intra Uterine Devices)
2- Contraceptives.
3-Injectables and Implants.

 Surgical methods
1-This is the only permanent method.

 Natural Methods.
Natural methods works on the principle, of avoiding
the meeting of ovum and sperm.
 - Natural methods including
(1) Periodic Abstinence
(ii) coitus interruption and withdrawls
(ii) Lactations Amenorrhoea.

(1) Periodic Abstinence- It is a method in which

couple reside intercourse from day 10-17 of the menstrual
cycle when ovulation is expected to occurs in this period.

(2) Coitus Interruption (Withdrawl method)

Male partner withdrawls his penis from vagina just before
ejaculation to avoid insemination.
 This method is fully effective because pre- ejaculation
fertilization.

(3) Lactational Amenorrhoea - it is based on the

principle that during the period of lactation ovulation
doesn't occur.
 After parturition ovulation doesn't lactation due to
intense lactation.
 Breast-feeding the child fully present conception
because of absence of mensturation which is called
amenrrhoea.
• This process is effective only upto 6 month from
parturition.
  Barrier Methods- In this method, ovum and sperms
prevented from physically Meeting with the help of
barriers.
This method are available for both male and female.

 Condoms- These are made up of thin rubber or

latex sheath use to cover the penis in males and
vagina in females just before the inter- course so that
ejaculated semen is not released into the vagina.
 It is also protects from the STO's and AIDS.
 Those are disposable and have no side effects.

(2) Diaphragms, Surveical caps and Vaults- These

are made up of rubber and inserted into the female
reproductive tract.
 Those are reusable.
 They prevent conception by blocking the entry of
sperms through the cervix.
 Spermicides creams , gellie’s, and foams are usually
used along with these methods.

(3)Intrauterine devices [IUD's] - These devices

Are inserted through vagina. by doctors in the
Uterus.
 1. Different type y IUD's are as follows as-
 Non – medicated IUD’s
 Copper releasing IUD'S.
 Hormone releasing IUD's.

•IUD's is one of the most accepted methods of

contraceptive in India.
 Non-medicated IUD's- These IUD's increase
fagocytosis of sperms.
Ex-Lippies loop

 Copper releasing TUD's. These IUD's release

copper ions. Which suppresse sperm motality and
fertililizing capacity of sperm.
Ex- Cu-T,Cu-7,multi-load-375
 Hormone releasing IUD's- These IUD's make the
uterus unsuitable for implantation .
 They also make the cervix thick and hostile to the
sperms .
 Oral Contraceptive Pills- These are used in
the form of tablets and called as pills.

 Pills check on ovulation in of FSH and 1H that are

female by inhabiting the secretion necessary for
ovulation.
 Oral contraceptive pills are of two types –
(i) steroidial
(ii) non-steroidial

 Sterroidial-These contain either progesterone

as progesterone , estrogen combination.
 Those pills have to be tapen daily bar 21 days
starting within 5 days of menstrual cycle.
* After a gap of 7 days it has to be repeated.
* Example - Mala-D
 Those pills inhibit ovulation and implantation as
well as alter the quality of surveical mucus to
prevent the entry of sperm.

 Non-Steroidal- Example- Saheli

 Sahali is the news oral contraceptive pill which is

a non-sterioidial preparation.
 It is developed by CDRI (Centres Drug farm
Research Institute] Lucknow.
 It is a once a necek pill.
 It's contraceptive value is high and side effectare
absent are very less. It inhibits the implantation.
 Emergency Pills- Containing either progesterone or
combination of progesterone and estrogen.
 They are used the areaid passible pregnancy due to
unprotected intercourse in case of sexual crime. [Rape].
 These pills are taking within 72 hours after intercourse
Example-i-pill, Unwanted-72, Pil-72
Invisetable and Implants..
•Implants (Narplants) are administered under the skin.
 These capsule slowly releases the synthetic
progesterone. for about 5 years Minor surgical process
is needed for insertion or removal.

 Surgical method. It is also known as sterilization.

These are the only permanent method of contraception .

 These method black gamete transport and hence

prevent fertilization.
 In males - vasectomy - small part of vasdeference is
removed or tied up by making a cut in scrotum
 Sperm formation not affected.
 ejaculatory fluid sperm is not present.
In females- tubectomy - small part of oviduct on
fallopian is removed or tied up through take is a small
cut in the abdomen or through reproductive track. Egg
will be produced and menstrual cycle will occur
normally .
• These techniques are highly effectives but there
reversiblity is very poor.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy [MTP]

Medical termination of pregnancy before full term

called induced abortion or MTP. Government of India
legalised MTP in 1971 with some condition to avoid the
misuse of MTP.
 MTP is comparatively sale up to 12 weeks. [First
trimester
 After pregnancy. It became risky during second
trimester
 MTP help in getting rid of unwanted pregnancy
such pregnancies which may be harmful either to
the mother or to the fetus.
But MTP is being misused to abort even the
normal female fetus which increasing the number
of female foesticides.
Sexually Transmitted Infectione [STI's]

 Diseases or infections which are transmitted with

infected person during intercourse with injected
person collectively called sexually transmitted
infections through. or renereal diseases [VO] or
reproductive tract infection [RIT]
 STI's are caused by bacteria, viruses and
protozoans.

Some of the most common STI's are as

follows
STD’s Causal agent
Sypihlies Treponema pallidum
Gonorrhaea Nisseria gonorrhaea
Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis
human immuno deficiency
AIDS virus
Hepatitis “B” Hepatitis ‘B’ virus
Genital Herpes Herpes Simplex virus
Genital wart’s Human popilama virus
Trichomonanis Trichomanas vaginalis
 Common symptoms-
a. Itching
b.Fluid discharge
c. Swelling
d.Slight pain in reproductive area.
 Consequences of Delayed Treatment - Pelvic
Inflamation, infertility, still birth ectopic pregnancy,
cancer of reproductivce system etc.
 Cure STI's Except HIV, Hepatitis 'B' and Genites
Herpes all other STI's are completely curable it detected
early and treated properly.
 Mode of Transmission –
1) sexual intercourse with subjected person.
2) Sharing of infectious needles , surgical instruments etc.
3) transfusion of blood from an infected person to healthy
Person.

 Precautions-
1)Avoid sexual intercourse with unknown or multiple
partners.
2) one should always use condoms during mating.
3) If a person is in doubt must consult a doctor
 Infertility
 inability to conceive an produce children even after 2
years of unprotected sexual inter-course is called
infertility.
 Reasons fan infertility are:-
 Physical
 Congenital Diseases
 Drugs and Alcohols
 Stress and mental issues

 Assisted Reproduction Technology-These

include number of special techniques which assist
infertile couple too have a children. Some go the
important techniques are-

 IVF- In Vitro fertilization- IVF is a technique in which

sperm and ovum are fused together outside the female
body, similar condition provided in the lab like inside
the female body.
 In this method sperm from the father and ovum from
the mother induced to form zygote in the lab .
 This zygate on enbryce thee thensten into the female
uterus .
 The success rate of this technique is e less than 20%2)

 ZIFT-After IVF if the zygote or early embryo transferer

into the Fallopian tube upto this blastomere, it is
reffered as ZIFT.

IUT- After IVF if the embryo is more than 8 blastomeres,

it is transfer into uterus and refered as IUT.

GIFT- This method is used in females who cannot

produce ovum but can provide suitable enviroment for
fertilization and further development embryo a occurs
in Fallopian tube itself. In such cases ovum from the
donor female and introduced in recipient female is
taken Such women then accept the sperm from her
husband during intercourse Because, fertilization is
occuring inside the body of female therefore it is not
considered as IUF.

 ICSI- It is specialised process to form an embryo in the

lab in which sperm is directly injectes into the ovum.
 AI- This technique is used where husband is either
unable to inseminate the female or her very low sperm
count.
 it is directly inseminate into the uterus then it is
called intra uterine insemination.