DMI-St.

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University - Zambia
Theory Exam Question Booklet
To be filled up by the Question Setter

END SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS –Month:march________JUNE____ Year: – 2021________

Time: 3.00 Hours Centre Code: Max. Marks: 100No. of Pages used:
DMISEU-33 17

800 CO
Module Code: Module 112
Name: Commerce
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 Page | 1

UNIT – I
PART – A (2 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
1 What is barter system? BARTER SYSTEM Before the invention of money
goods were exchanged goods for some other goods.
[2 Marks]
2 Define the business. According to second view, business means “human
activity directed towards producing or acquiring
wealth through buying and selling goods.” Peterson
and plowman also define the term in the same sense. .
[2 Marks]
3 Define the commerce. Evelyn Thomas defines commercial activities as,
“activities dealing with the buying and selling of
the goods and the distribution of finished products
from the producers to the customers”.

”. [2 Marks]
4 What is meant by pre- sale service? Pre- Sales Service is the checking of goods such
as comers, television sets etc. before sale to
customers to ensure that goods are in workable
condition.

[2 Marks]

PART – B (4 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
5 (a) Shortly explain the difficulties of Barter Lack of surplus stocks
System. Lack of double coincidence of wants
Absence of common measure of value or a medium of
exchange
Absence of direct contact between producer and
consumer
[4 Marks]
5 (b) Briefly explain the any four nature of NATURE OF COMMERCE
commerce. Economic Activities
Exchange of Goods and Services
Earning motive
Creation of utility
Regularity of transaction
[4 Marks]
6 (a) Differciate the commerce and trade. Thus, the point of difference between commerce and
trade may be stated as below:

i. Trade is a part of commerce. Trade comprises

buying and selling of goods. Commerce includes
not only trade but also activities like
transportation, warehousing, insurance,
banking, advertisement, which are auxiliary to
trade.
ii. Thus, the scope of commerce wider than trade.
Trade is the basis of commerce and commerce
broadens the area of trade [4 Marks]
6 (b) Shortly explain the work of the brokers. Brokers:
 Page | 2

Brokers are agents concerned both with the buying and

selling goods on behalf their principals or someone
else.
Brokers do not have possession of the goods they sell.
They do not buy or sell goods in their own names.
Brokers merely bring buyers and sellers together for
the purpose of trade.
They may use samples and catalogues obtained from
their principles to find buyers or sellers.
Brokers are always remunerated on commission basis.
The commission received by brokers is called
brokerage.
[4 Marks]

PART – C (12 Marks)

Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
7 (a) Elobratre explain the classification of Assembling Industries
industry. Extractive industry
Genetic industries
Manufacturing industries
Continuous industries
Service industries:
Construction industries:

. [12 Marks]
7 (b) Explain the functions of commerce. Hindrance of exchange
Hindrance of person
Hindrance of place
Hindrance of time
Hindrance of risk

[12 Marks]
8 (a) Elobrate in detail aboud the aids to trade in Aids to Trade (Branches Of Commerce)
the branches of commerce.
Transport:
Warehousing:
Insurance:
Banking
Merchant agents
Advertisement and publicity
[12 Marks]

8 (b) Explain types of retailers with proper TYPES OF RETAILERS

examples. Hawkers and peddlers:
Street traders:
Mobile shops
Market Traders
Cheap Jacks
Specialty shops
Second hand dealers

[12 Marks]
 Page | 3

UNIT – II
PART – A (2 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
1 Define the departmental store. According to G.B.Giles “A departmental store is a
collection of shops under one roof and ownership,
each shop or department specializing in selling a
special range of goods”.

.[2 Marks]
2 State the meaning of a multiple shop. . Meaning
A multiple shop is a network of a number of branches
situated at different localities in a city or in a
different part of the country. All the branches deal
only with a particular product line and specialize in
the same. This system consists of opening additional
branches to increase the sales volume [2 Marks]
3 What is the mail order business houses? The mail order business houses are retail-trading
houses, which receive orders from the public through
post. They deliver the articles by post, thus avoiding
personal shopping by the consumers. So mail order
business is selling and buying of goods through post.

[2 Marks]
4 Give the meaning of the teleshopping. In modern times Teleshopping is used by the
customers. Teleshopping means shopping done
through televisions, computers with Internet. Many
small retail shop owners have Points Of Sale (POS)
and Back Office Computer Systems. These can be
connected with the personal computers used by the
customers in their houses.

[2 Marks]

PART – B (4 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
5 (a) Brifly explain any four features of Features of Departmental Stores:
departmental stores.
1. Universal provider from one place
2. Large Scale Operation
3. Buying Comforts
4. Departmental Integration
5. Self-Advertisement
6. Type of Organization :

[4 Marks]
5 (b) Describe shortly any four characteristics of Characteristics of a Consumers’ Co-operative Store
consumers’ co- operative strore. 1. Voluntary Association
2. Capital contribution
3. Management
4. Cash sales
5. Profit distribution
6. Basic principles of these stores
[4 Marks]
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6 (a) Write down the disadvantages of Disadvantages of consumers’ co-operative stores

consumers’ cooperative stores. 1) Members, because of their ignorance and
illiteracy, do not realize their rights and
responsibilities. Hence most of the societies
tend to be dominated by the rich people.

2) Instances of fraud, malpractices and

irregularities have come into light.

3) Absence of incentives for those managing the

stores may lead to inefficiency.

Sufficient attention must be paid to the buying

function. But unscrupulous persons may abuse their
position and buy goods of inferior quality for the co-
operative stores. So it creates an unfavourable trend to
the stores [4 Marks]
6 (b) Elobrate briefly any four features of hire Features of Hire Purchase system
purchase syatem.
i) Hire-sale is also a form of credit sale.

iii) The seller continues to be the owner, even

though he has parted with the possession
The buyer gets the ownership only on
payment of last installment.

iv) If the buyer commits a default in

payment, the seller is entitled to
repossess the article.

v) Only durable articles like Television,

Radio, Fan etc., are suitable for hire sale.

[4Marks]

PART – C (12 Marks)

Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
7 (a) Describe in detail about the features of Features of Multiple Shops
multiple shop. 1.Centralized Management and Control
2.Specialization in one or a few commodities
3. Standardized commodities
4. Centralized Buying and Decentralized Selling
5. Sales on Cash basis
6.Nature of Advertisement
7.Movement of Goods between branches
[12 Marks]
 Page | 5

7 (b) Explain the advantages of multiple shop.

Advantages of Multiple Shops
1. Elimination of middlemen
2. Economies in bulk buying
3. Uniformity in price
4. Quick and Large Turnover
5. Low cost of Advertising
6. Movement of stock
7. Shortage of stock
8. Return of the goods
9. No Bad Debts
10.Proximity to customers
.
12 Marks
8 (a) Differciate between Departmental Stores Definition
and Multiple Shops. Location
Variety of Goods
Flexibility
Change of location
Price
Buying Comforts
Bad Debts
Movement of stock of
Goods.
Capital
Advertisement
freedom of the Departmental head and the branch
manager
12 Marks]
8 (b) Explain in detail the aims and needs of The following are the aims and needs of foreign Trade:
foreign trade.
1. To raise national income and standard of
living:
2. To enable even distribution of natural
resources:
3. To enable even distribution of agricultural
products:
To enable even distribution of agricultural products
4. To reduce differences in economic growth rate:
5. To share the benefit of low cost of production:
To enjoy the fruits o f development of science and
technology
[12 Marks]

UNIT – III

PART – A (2 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
1 State the meaning of transport. Transport is an aid to trade concerned with the moving
of goods and people from one place to another.
[2 Marks]
2 What is meant by road transport? Road transport
Trade through road transport has been conducted since
very old days. The importance of road transport was
 Page | 6

under rated for some time because of development of

railways as means of transport. However, its transport
was again enhanced by development of motor –
vehicles. Roads are the only means of transport at
different places.

. [2 Marks]
3 Write the meaning of tha waterways. WATERWAYS
Goods arc also transported from one place to another
through waterways. Sea routes, rivers, channels and
canals are under the waterways. It need not be
mentioned here that the foreign trade is largely done
through waterways or sea routes. The river
navigation is also important in the internal parts of
the country.
. [2 Marks]
4 Give the meaning of warehouse. Meaning of Warehousing:
It is an arrangement by which goods are stored when
they are not immediately needed and are kept in such a
manner to protect from deterioration. It can be simply
called as a place where the storage facilities are
provided. The object of warehousing is preservation
and protection of goods from deterioration in quantity
and quality. It creates time utility . [2 Marks]

PART – B (4 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
5 (a) Write down the the importance of transport. The importance of transport is clear from the
following facts:
Assistance in exchange of goods
Assistance in large scale production
Proper Industrial Location
Incentive to economic activities in a particular area

.[4 Marks]
5 (b) Briefly explain the disadvantages of road Disadvantages of road transport
transport. There are some disadvantages of road transport also:
Road transport is not convenient for transporting
goods to longer distance. It is convenient to
transport low bulk goods through motor vehicles.
Road transport is not safer than railway. Cyclone,
winds, rains, way offenders etc. have substantial
effects on road transport.
Road transport is inconvenient and costlier to
transport high bu1k and low priced goods.
Speed of road transports is comparatively low.
Muddy roads become non-transportable in rainy
season.
[4 Marks]
6 (a) Shortly explain advantages of waterway. Advantages of waterway

It is the cheapest means of transport. There is no need

of way constructions because the rivers and seas have
 Page | 7

natural routes. Moreover, there is no maintenance cost

of these routes.
Waterways are the main means of transport in foreign
trade.
The capacity of goods transportation is much more.
The ships provide wider space than motor vehicles to
place goods.
It would he convenient to transport easily breakable
native goods through ships .[4 Marks]
6 (b) Short note on following; Cold storages:
Some of the products are to be stored in cold storages,
a) Cold storage which uses the technique of refrigeration to extend the
b)Household warehouse period of marketing. For example: Perishables such as
fruits, vegetables, fish, meat and eggs etc., are stored
for future consumption.
Household warehouses:
These are small storage places used for meeting the
requirements of small family wherein the surplus
goods are stored. In villages, the agriculturalists store
their produce in small rooms for meeting their
consumption. These are all called household
warehouses

[4 Marks]

PART – C (12 Marks)

Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
7 (a) Elucidate the functions of transport. . Functions of Transport
(a) It increases the efficiency of production
(b) It stimulates wants by increasing quantity and
variety of consumer goods
(c)It develops and expands the market
(d) It helps specialisation and mass production
(e) Transport increases the mobility of labour and
capital
(f) Transport aids economic growth
(g) Transport helps price stability
[12 Marks]
7 (b) Explain the functions of warehousing. FUNCTIONS OF WAREHOUSING
Protection of Goods:
Price stabilization:
Storage of goods:
Equalization of demand and Supply:
Facilitating Business Finance:
Preparation for sale
Delivery to the buyer:
Widening the marketing area
Concentration on production:
Conditioning the products
Other functions:
Risk bearing

[12 Marks]
8 (a) Elobrately the kinds of warehouse. KINDS OF WAREHOUSES:
 Page | 8

On the basis of ownership warehouses can be

classified into the following types:

1. Private
2. Public
3. Co-operative

On the basis of services, warehouses can be classified

into the following types:

1. Bonded
2. General merchandise
3. Special commodity
4. Cold storage
5. Field go downs
6. Household
7. Grain elevators
8. Yard storage
9. Institutional

.[12 Marks]
8 (b) Explain in detail the documents used in DOCUMENTS USED IN WAREHOUSE
warehouse.
Warehouse receipt:
Dock warrant:
Delivery Order:
Docks Receipt
Document of title
[12 Marks]

UNIT – IV

PART – A (2 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
1 Define the banking. According to Herbert L. Hart “A banker is one who in
the ordinary course of his business honors cheques drawn
upon him by persons from and for whom he receives
money on current accounts”.

. [2 Marks]
2 What is meant by internet banking? INTERNET BANKING:
Banking through Internet is called internet banking. It
can also be called as electronic banking. Many banks
have their own websites. They offer banking facilities
such as account enquiry, request for statement and cheque
books etc., on the net . [2 Marks]
3 Define the cheque. Cheque as “a bill of exchange drawn on a specified
banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than
on demand.” in other words, we may say that a cheque
is a bill drawn on a banker which is payable on
demand.
[2 Marks]
4 State the meaning of endorsement. The word endorsement is derived from the latin word
‘endorsum’ which means the back. The writing of a
person’s name either on the back or the face of the
 Page | 9

instrument followed by one’s signature for the purpose of

negotiation is called endorsement. [2 Marks]

PART – B (4 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
5 (a) Explain shortly the features of bank. . Features of Banks

From the above definitions the features of a bank may be

listed as follows:
1. Acceptance of deposits of money from the public.
2. Obligation to refund deposits on demand.
3. Lending or
investing
money for
promotion and
development of
business.
4. Profitable
employment
of funds
received as
deposits
from the
public.
5. Money is with-drawable by cheque or draft.

[4 Marks]
5 (b) Explain shortly essentials of which are Essentials of which are must for a cheque also may be
must for a cheque also may be summed up. summed up as follows:

It must be in writing.
It must contain an unconditional order to pay.
The amount of money to be paid must be certain. It
must be signed by the drawer.
The medium of payment must be money and money
only. It must be payable to a specific person or to
his order.
[4 Marks]
6 (a) Describe briefly any four circumstances in . The circumstances in which a credit card might be
which a credit card might be used. used are:

When shopping at retail shop

When paying for meals at hotels, restaurants etc.
When paying for accommodation at hotels etc.
When paying for fuel at garages
When drawing cash at banks that belongs to the credit
card scheme e.g. drawing cash at branches of banks
operating Access Credit Card Scheme.

[4 Marks]
6 (b) Write the short note on as following; Voyage Policy: It is the marine policy issued for a
a)voyage policy specific a voyage, ‘viz. dar salaam to London voyage
b)mixed policy insurance. The insurance company is liable to
indemnify the losses in this particular voyage such
insurance is more suitable for cargos.
 Page |
10

Mixed policy: the policy is effected in the combined

form of voyage and time policies. The policy is
generally obtained for the ships which operate in
between two ports.
[4 Marks]

PART – C (12 Marks)

Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
7 (a) Explain the kinds of banks. KINDS OF BANKS

Banks can be classified on the basis of their functions,

ownership. The following table shows the classification
of banks:

On the Basis of Functions

2. Commercial Banks
3. Industrial Banks
4. Regional Rural Banks
5. Exchange Banks
6. Central Bank

B. On the Basis of Ownership

i. Public Sector Banks

i. Private Sector Banks
ii. Co - operative Banks

[12 Marks]
7 (b) Elucidate in detail the types of cheques. Types of cheques

Cheques are two types:

1. Open cheque
1.1. Bearer cheque
1.2. Order cheque

2. Crossed cheque
2.1. General crossing
2.2. Special crossing

[12 Marks]

8 (a) Elaborate the seven principles of The seven principles of insurance are:-
insurance. Principle of Uberrimae fidei (Utmost Good Faith),
Principle of Insurable Interest
Principle of indemnity
Principle of contribution
Principle of subrogation
Principle of loss minimization
Principle of cause proximal ( nearest cause)
 Page |
11

[12 Marks]
8 (b) Describe the kinds of insurance. Kinds of insurance
Life Insurance:
Fire Insurance:
Marine Insurance:
Miscellaneous Insurance:
Motor Insurance
Personal Accident Insurance:
Burglary etc., Insurance:
Guarantee Insurance:
Health Insurance
Bank deposit insurance
Unemployment Insurance
Credit insurance:
[12 Marks]

UNIT – V
PART – A (2 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
1 State the meaning of advertisement. ADVERTISING
The word ‘Advertising’ has originated from the Latin
‘Adver’ which means ‘to turn the mind to-ward’. Thus,
advertising the context of business includes all the
activities directed towards attracting the attention of the
people towards something [2 Marks]

2 What is meant by magazine advertisement? Meaning: Advertisements published in the magazines

are called magazine advertisements. Magazines may be
weekly, monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annual.

. [2 Marks]
3 Give the meaning of television advertising Television Advertising
Advertising by television has all the characteristics of
radio advertising. Besides, it has some additional
attraction also. First appeals can be made
simultaneously both to the eyes and ears through this
medium, use of the products can be shown and uti1it of
the products can be demonstrated. Thus, it is more
effective medium than radio. And second, motion
picture advertisements can also be on television Thus, it
has features of film advertising also.
2 Marks]
4 What is interior display. Interior display: By this is meant the display made
inside or in the interior portion of a shop. Thus, this
display includes display of goods on Counters in front of
the salesmen, display in show cases and shelves with
doors made of glasses. Goods can be hung attractively
on the ceiling also [2 Marks]

PART – B (4 Marks)
Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
5 (a) Describe shortly how does the ADVANTAGES TO SOCIETY
 Page |
12

advertisement advantages to socity.

Advertisement reflects the image of the society
Advertisement develops healthy competition
Advertisement increases the income of newspapers
Advertisement provides employment opportunities
[4 Marks]
5 (b) Shortly explain about classification of Classification: Newspaper advertisement is of two
advertisement. types. This means that they can be inserted in
newspapers in two ways:

Classified Advertisement,
Unclassified Advertisement.

Classified Advertisements: These are advertisements

are inserted in the newspapers under various heads, for
example, situation vacant, tenders, educational, etc. In
such advertisements; generally, brief description is
given and they attract the attention of only those who
are interested in them.

Unclassified Advertisements: The second type of

newspaper advertisement is that which is given in a
part of a page or on several pages of the newspaper. In
such advertisements there is no lack of space. They are
printed in such letters which can easily attract attention
of people. Their aim is to attract the attention of the
public towards a particular thing.

[4 Marks]
6 (a) Elucidate briefly the purposes of making Purposes
display. . The purposes of making display may be summed up as
follows:

To attract the attention of

the customers and passers-
by ted to the goods
displayed. To create the
desire to see the goods.
To invite the passers-by to visit the shops.
To give an idea of the size, colour,
quality, shape, appearance and other
features of the goods. To remind the
shoppers of their needs for the
satisfaction of which they have come to
the shop.
To supplement the efforts of advertising by physically
ds showing the goods in inducing people to desire the
goods.
[4 Marks]
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13

6 (b) Write down what is the show room. Show room is a room in which goods are displayed and
the prospective allowed examining them. Business is
highly competitive today in which it is not the goods
but the satisfaction which is sold to the customers. For
certain products like the motor car, refrigerator, record
players, and furniture etc., the customers want to
inspect them beforehand. This has given rise to the idea
of establishing show rooms where there is ample scope
for inspection of displayed goods. Thus, shoe rooms are
very essential to the manufacturers, wholesalers and
dealers in consumer durables. A general retailer cannot
afford to maintain attractive show rooms because they
have to stock a number of different types of goods.
. [4 Marks]

PART – C (12 Marks)

Q.No Questions Answer key with marking scheme
7 (a) Elobrate about objectives of advertisement. Objectives or purposes of advertising:

To give information regarding existence

To create new demand:
To maintain the created demand
To instruct about the use:
To remove competition successfully
To remove doubts and confusion
To encourage Consumers
To assist salesman
To increase the goodwill of advertiser
To reduce the production and sales cost
To reach to those people to whom salesman cannot reach
To make the selection of commodities easy
[12 Marks]
7 (b) Explain the essential of good advertisement. Essential of good advertisement
Attracting
the attention Holding attention
Suggestive
Memorizing
Convincing
Educative
Sentimental value
Instinctive appeal

[12 Marks]
8 (a) Elucidate about the types of salesman. . types of saleman

On the basis of skill deployed: on the basis of salesman

are of two types – counter salesman and creative
salesman
On the basis of organizations: salesman represents
different organizations in selling goods. Some
organizations are themselves engaged in selling goods or
 Page |
14

services. On the basis of all these organizations,

salesman is classified into the following three types.

1. Manufacturers salesman
2. Whole salesman
3. Retail salesman

On the basis of field of operation

1. Indoor salesman

2. Travelling salesman

3. Missionary salesman
On the basis of types of goods to be sold: on this basis
salesman may be classified into:

i. Shopping goods salesmen

ii. Specialty goods salesmen

On the basis of power vested in: lastly, on the basis of

powers vested in salesmen, they may be

1. Sales executive
2. Critical executive

. [12 Marks]
8 (b) Describe in detail the need for consumer Need for Consumer Protection
protection. We need physical protection of the Consumer,
for instance, protection against products that are
unsafe or endanger health and welfare of Consumer.

We need protection of the Consumer against

deceptive and unfair trade practices. Consumer must
have adequate rights and means of redress against
business malpractices and frauds.

Ecological and environmental effects of

chemical, fertilizer or refinery complexes will have to
be seriously considered because they pollute water, air
and food and endanger human life. Consumer wants
due protection against all types of pollution; he wants
enriched quality of life — a beautiful, healthy, and
peaceful environment free from pollution.

We must have adequate protection of

consumer public against the abuse of monopoly
Position and/or restrictive trade practices. Protection
delayed is protection denied.
 Page |
15

Consumer bill of rights

The right to protection of health and safety Right
to be informed
Right to choose Right to be heard
Thy right to seek redressal
The right to consumer education’s.
The right to basic needs

[12 Marks]
 Page |
16

Descriptions of the major categories in the cognitive Instructional objectives Illustrative verbs for
domai n stating
specific learning outcomes
Knowledge. Knowledge is defined as the remembrance Knows common terms, specific Defines, describes,
of previously learned material. This may involve the facts, methods and procedures, basic identifies, la bels, lists,
recall of a wide range of materials from specific facts concepts and principles. matches, names, outlines,
to complete theories. reproduces, selects, states.
Comprehension. Comprehension is defined as the Understands facts and principles, Converts, defends,
ability to grasp the meaning of material. This may be interprets verbal material, Interprets distinguishes, estimates,
shown by translating material from one form to another charts and graphs, and Translates explains, extends,
(words of numbers), by interpreting mate rial verbal material toMathematical generalizes, gives examples,
(expla ining or summarizing), and by estimating future formulae, Estimates consequences infers, paraphrases, predicts,
trends (predicting consequences or effects). implied in data, Justifies methods rewrites, summarizes
and procedures.
Application. Application refers to the ability to use Applies principles to new situations, Changes, computes,
learned material in new and concrete situations. This Applies theories to practical demonstrates, discovers,
may include the application of such things as rules, situations, solves mathematical manipulates, modifies,
methods, concepts, principles, laws and theories. problems, constructs charts and operates, predicts, prepares,
Learning outcomes in this area require a higher level graphsanddemonstrates correct usage produces, relates, shows,
of understanding than those under comprehension. of a procedure. solves, uses
Analysis. Analysis reefers to the ability to break down Recognizes unstated assumptions, Breaks down, diagrams,
materi al into its component parts so that its Recognizes logical fallacies in differentiates, discriminates,
organizational structure may be understood. This may reasoning, distinguishes between distinguishes, identifies,
include the identification of the parts, analysis of the facts and inferences, evaluates the illustrates, infers, outlines,
relationships between parts, and recognition of the relevancy of dataand analyzes the points out, relates, selects,
organizational principles involved. Learning outcomes organizational structure of awork. separates, subdi vides.
here represent a higher intellectual level.

Question Categorization * Diploma Degree

1. Knowledge Type - 30% - 108Marks/360Marks 15% - 54Marks/360Marks

2. Comprehension Type - 30% - 108Marks/360Marks 30% - 108Marks/360Marks

3. Application Type - 30% - 108Marks/360Marks 40% - 144Marks/360Marks

4. Analysis Type - 10% - 36Marks/360Marks 15% - 54Marks/360Marks

Coverage of the syllabus

PART -A PART - B PART - C

Question Question Question
Units Units Units
No No No
a a i ii iii
1–4 Unit-1 5–6 Unit-1 7–8 Unit-1
b b i ii iii
a a i ii iii
1–4 Unit -2 5–6 Unit-2 7–8 Unit-2
b b i ii iii
a a i ii iii
1–4 Unit-3 5–6 Unit-3 7–8 Unit-3
b b i ii iii
a a i ii iii
1–4 Unit-4 5–6 Unit-4 7–8 Unit-4
b b i ii iii
a a i ii iii
1–4 Unit-5 5–6 Unit-5 7–8 Unit-5
b b i ii iii