UNIT 4

READING - WRITING

Unit aim: developing ideas in body paragraphs ; using suitable language for di erent purposes ; using
discourse markers to connect ideas ; comparing and contrasting statistics ; global understanding of
text

I. WRITING TASK 2

A HOMEWORK CHECK: With your teacher, analyse the sample answer below for your homework
question:

Cases of bullying in schools are increasing and worsening.

What are the causes of this? How can we tackle this issue?

It is true that bullying in schools is becoming more severe and happening more frequently. While
this is a serious problem mostly caused by the internet, it can be solved by teaching students
good online etiquette. This essay will discuss the main cause of this issue and provide solutions.

The prime culprit of increased bullying is the easy access to the Internet and social media which
students now enjoy. To be speci c, the constant presence of the Internet now means that
students can be bullied through computers or mobile phones. They no longer have to be face-
to-face with their tormentor and can su er from harassment regardless of time or place. This
also means that teachers have no resources to help prevent cyberbullying because they cannot
oversee what goes on online. To provide an idea of the scale of the problem, a survey stated that
42 percent of students have been harassed online. Many received hurtful messages, and some
even got them every day. Such statistics are far higher compared to just a decade ago when
smartphones and home computers were not as common.

However, there are solutions to this problem. First of all, one of the ways to restrict bullying is to
educate students about the importance of being respectful and polite to others on the Internet.
Indeed, understanding the hurtful impact that mean comments made on social media have on
others is an important and e ective step towards preventing bullying online. For example, some
schools are now o ering classes in which teachers show students the negative e ects of
cyberbullying and explain proper online etiquette. They have caused students to start treating
others with more respect online, and the number of counselling sessions related to bullying in
these schools is decreasing.

To sum up, it is clear that the prevalence of the Internet and social media has made bullying more
common. Nevertheless, the issue can be resolved by teaching students the importance of being
well-mannered online.

B INTRODUCTION: Discuss in pairs by ask and answering the following questions:

1. How many sentences are there in the introduction above?

2. What is the purpose of each sentence?

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 85

ff
ff
fi
ff
ff
ff
C Write ONE INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH for the following topic in 05 minutes. Then compare
your writing with a partner.

Many people believe that international tourism is bad for the environment.
What are the reasons? What are the solutions to change negative attitudes?

D BODY: Discuss in pairs by ask and answering the following questions:

1. Which sentence lets you know the MAIN IDEA and MAIN PURPOSE of each paragraph?
2. How many main ideas are there in each paragraph? How do you know?
3. What is used to connect the idea in each sentence with each other?

E Work in pairs. Read the two body paragraphs again and make a detailed outline using the
information in the sample.

Body 1: Body 2:

- Name the solution

- Why is it effective
- if the solution is done, what happens next

*Tip: When you write a Cause / Solution essay, each paragraph will answer one question. Organise the
information in each paragraph logically by creating a DETAILED OUTLINE and use appropriate
language.

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 86

 F LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: Complete each gap with one of phrases a-f below.

a A further step is to d As a result

b for example e By doing this
c I think the most obvious solution is f For instance

1. c 1 for employers to encourage workers to relax.

2. F
2 , in some companies, gym facilities or massage therapies are available.
3. D
4. A 3 , this improves their e ciency and production.
5. B 4 train employees in how to plan their time more e ectively,
6. E 5 , by stopping people taking work home.
6 , the workplace will become a lot happier.

*Tip: Use di erent ways to express solutions to add variety to your answer.

Use should for strong suggestions; could and might are used for possible suggestions.
Other phrases you can use are: Another/further + solution/step/possibility/measure/approach/way
is to...
Conditional sentences are also useful to talk about problems and solutions.

G Read the examples below. You can see that one idea can be presented in di erent ways. Use the
examples to help you rewrite the sentences in a-f.

Examples
Employers should encourage workers to relax.
I think the most obvious solution is for employers to encourage workers to relax.
a/ obesity / stress
Employees could be trained how to plan their time more e ectively. b. stress
A further step is to train employees how to plan their time more e ectively.
c. lack of tech
d. lack of discipline
a I think the most obvious solution is to encourage people to exercise more. e. traffic congestion
People should be encouraged to exercise more f. overcrowding
.

b The answer is to reduce the number of working hours.

The number of working hours be reduced .
As a result, they would have more time for relaxation and self development.
c The government could provide each employee with their own computer.
One possibility is for the gov to provide each employee… .
This would enable them to work from home and avoid stressful traffic.
d One option is to persuade parents to spend more time with their children.
Parents could spend more time … .
This would lead to stronger connections among family members.
e A good idea is to restrict the number of cars coming into cities.
The number of cars coming into cities
should be restricted .
Consequently, there would be less traffic congestion and commute time would be reduced.
f The government should build more skyscrapers to solve the problem.
If the government build more skyscrapers, the problem could be solved. .
By doing this, there would be fewer people living in substandard accommodation.

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 87

ff
ffi
ff
ff
ff
ff
H Which problems of modern life in the box do the sentences in G refer to?

overcrowding - tra c congestion - obesity - lack of discipline - stress - lack of technology

I Use the following phrases to add results to the solutions in G. Use your own ideas and words.

Example
I think the most obvious solution is to encourage people to exercise more.
By doing this, they would lose weight and would feel better generally.

As a result, - This would enable/help them to - This means that they would - By doing this, -
This would lead to - Consequently, …

a .

b .

c .

d .

e .

f .

J LINKING DEVICES mark the functions of other sentences and phrases, such as solutions, results
and examples. Match each linking device with the correct function.

addition example

condition purpose

reason result

and - consequently, - and so - therefore, - if - furthermore, - since - as a result, - for

instance, - because - in order to - for example,

K Read the paragraph from a Task 2 essay on overcrowded cities and nd the linking devices which
match these functions.

Reason - Result - Example - Solution

Many cities in the world have now become very overcrowded because people are migrating in
from the countryside in search of work. As a result, facilities like water supplies and public
transport cannot cope with the demands from increased numbers of people and so they are
under severe strain. The obvious answer is to encourage the creation of jobs outside the cities.
For example, we could encourage certain businesses to set up branches in rural areas.

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 88

ffi
fi
*Tip: Do you know that using linking devices can actually help trigger your own ideas and to organise
them logically. Also, they can help guide the reader through your writing.

When you are planning a Task 2 answer, write down some trigger words to help you develop your basic
idea.

L Use the trigger words below to develop the ideas given.

If people migrate to cities, they become .

This means .
As a result, .
A good idea would be to .
By doing this, .

People spend too much time watching TV.

For example, .
Consequently, .
If , then .
This could lead to .

The development of tourism often creates negative feeling among local people because
.
For example, .
The obvious answer is to .
Furthermore, .

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 89

 II. WRITING TASK 1

A HOMEWORK CHECK: With your teacher, analyse the sample answer below for your homework
question:

The bar graph shows the employment rates of men and women in South Africa, Chile, Finland,
and Norway in 2002.

Overall, it is clear that the proportion of men in the workforce was higher than that of women in all
four countries. Also noticeable was that the employment gures for the two sexes in Finland and
Norway were relatively close, while there was more of a di erence in South Africa and Chile.

With regard to male workers, it can be seen that nearly 80 percent of Norwegian men were in
work, which makes them the group with the highest rate of employment for the period. The
proportions of employed Chilean and Finnish men were close behind at roughly 70 percent.
However, the percentage of South African men in work was low compared to the others since
only half of them held jobs.

As was the case with women, Norway had the highest employment rate for them, at above 70
percent, whereas Finland was second with around 65 percent of women in work. The rates for
South Africa and Chile were lower; only about one-third of women worked in both countries.
Moreover, Chile's female employment rate was only half of what its male rate was.

B REVISION: Look at the words and phrase in bold and discuss with a partner what is the purpose
of each one ( you have learned them in Unit 3)

C OTHER CONNECTING DEVICES: Look at the underlined words and phrases. How do they
connect ideas in each situation

D Complete sentences a-g using the phrases below.

that - respectively - for example - how - but - which - meanwhile - whereas - and

a. how/ and a The three pie charts illustrate many articles from academic
b. For examplejournals are read weekly by PhD students junior lecturers compared to
c. respectivelyother students at an Australian university.

b the overwhelming majority of those studying doctorates read at least

twelve articles per week in comparison with the average student.

c The gures were 80 per cent and 12 per cent .

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 90

fi
fi
ff
 d Furthermore, only ve per cent of PhD level students read between one and ve articles,
the average for all students in this category is a hefty 67 per cent.
d. whereas
e. Meanwhile,
f. but, which e , for junior lecturers the pattern appears to be slightly di erent.
g. that
f Most read six or more articles per week (99 per cent), out of this total 24
per cent read 12 or more, is almost a third of the corresponding gure for
PhD level students.

g It is clear those students who are researching for a PhD read more articles
than either junior lecturers or other students.

E PROPORTION: The phrases in the list are alternative ways of describing proportions. Divide the
list into four groups that each have similar meanings

three quarters - 48 per cent - almost half - about one in four - one third - close to one half - three out of
four - one in three - nearly half - 33 per cent - 75 per cent - 26 per cent - just under one half - just over a
quarter

48% 33% 75% 26%

*Tip: when you describe proportion, you can paraphrase the information by describing them in di erent
ways - sometimes use words instead of numbers. This can help your writing sound more diverse.

F The following adjective-noun collocations can also be used to describe proportions. Write the
adjectives next to the correct meaning in the table.

the vast majority - a tiny minority - a massive 85 per ent - a modest twelve percent -
a hefty 85 percent - a mere twelve per cent - the overwhelming majority

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 91

fi
fi
ff
fi
ff
 G Rewrite sentences a-e, replacing the phrases in italics with an alternative expression.

a It can be seen from the chart that 23% of students failed to nish their university degree.
about one in four/ just under a quarter

b In 1990, nine out of ten engineering students were male, but by 2000 this gure had fallen to
exactly three quarters.
the vast majority of/ 75%

c In 1960, 34% of science graduates went into the teaching profession but in 1970, the gure
was just 10%. about one third/ just over a third
one in ten/ one tenth

d Exactly one half of the student population were members of the union in 2001, but ve years
later the gure was 64%.
about two third/ a hefty 64%/ over six out of ten

e 92% of people surveyed felt that mixed sex schools were preferable.
The overwhelming/ about nine out of ten

H Choose the most suitable alternative to complete the sentences below about the following pie
charts.

The pie charts show the number of hours spent in a British university library by
undergraduates, postgraduates, and the total student population.

a Meanwhile, the pattern/amount/majority for postgraduate students was substantially

di erent.
b Overall, the pattern/size/proportion of postgraduate students who spent fteen hours a
week or more in the library was very close to the entire student body who spent 1 7 hours in the
library.
c The most striking di erence in the data for undergraduates was that a sizeable majority/
minority/number spent only 1 7 hours per week in the library.
d A majority/minority/total of undergraduates (nine per cent) used the library for fteen or more
hours per week.
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 92
ff
fi
ff
-
fi
fi
fi
-
fi
fi
fi
 e There is a clear trend/progress/drift towards using the library more as students move towards
graduation and post-graduation.
f Undergraduate students were less likely than postgraduate students to use the library with just
under one quarter/one third/two-thirds of the rst group spending 1 7 hours there.
g About a third/quarter/minority of undergraduate students as opposed to nearly a third of
postgraduate students spent between eight and fourteen hours studying.

III. READING - GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING

*Tip: IELTS Reading passages can be quite long, so you need to form a global idea of the content and
the overall structure.

Global multiple choice questions test how well. You understand the purpose / theme of the whole
passage.
Matching headings test your understanding of the main themes of each paragraph.

A Read the following text and then answer the questions below

a. Which paragraph contains the most detail?

b. Which three paragraphs cover one main theme?

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 93

fi
-
 B Choose the sentence that best paraphrases the main idea in each paragraph of the text

1 Paragraph A A The amount of money spent on magazine advertising is increasing.

B The rivalry between magazines and other media is surprising.
C Some magazines sell better than others.

2 Paragraph B A Magazines are more popular than they used to be.

B A lot of people are still reading magazines.
C TV is more available than ever.

3 Paragraph C A Europe allocates a greater proportion of its advertising budget to

magazines than the world average.
B Belgium and Germany spend more on magazine advertising than
other European countries.
C The gures for magazine advertising in Europe are decreasing.

4 Paragraph D A Across Europe, people read very di erent kinds of magazines.

B The idea of a 'European' magazine is becoming popular.
C Magazines that cover popular activities can become best sellers.

5 Paragraph E A Cigarette advertising is banned in some countries.

B Magazines advertise a smaller range of products than television.
C There are fewer limitations on magazine advertising than TV
advertising.

C Re-read the passage and answer the following Global Multiple Choice question:

What is the purpose of the writer of the passage?

A to compare European and world magazines
B to attract more magazine readers
C to review the continuing popularity of magazines

D Read the passage on the next page and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from
the list of headings below. Paragraph A has been done for you.

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 94

fi
ff
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 95
E Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
from the passage

1. diesel power
2. 12%
3. size and efficiency
4 & 5. trees. buildings
6. computer modeling

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 96

 UNIT 4 - GRAMMAR HOMEWORK

Hướng dẫn làm bài:

✅ Đây là phần bổ trợ tự học thêm ở nhà. Các con vẫn hoàn thành đầy đủ để thầy / cô chấm nhé.

✅ Phần Grammar này sẽ giúp các con nhận ra các lỗi ngữ pháp phổ biến thường thấy trong bài
IELTS nói chung, và từ nó rút kinh nghiệm không mắc phải các lỗi đó.

✅ Đọc kỹ nội dung hướng dẫn đã có, và hoàn thành phần bài luyện đi kèm.

_ Chúc các con học tốt _

The preposition OF

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a Our standard of living is much better than in the past.

1 b Our standard for living is much better than in the past.

2 a Write a letter complaint to the manager.

2 b Write a letter of complaint to the manager.

The preposition of is used in some common expressions: cost of living, letter of apology/
complaint, etc., period of time, quality of life, standard of living.
My father is always complaining about the high cost of living nowadays.

Of is also used after some nouns: government, group, importance, lack, leader, type:
People often underestimate the importance of friends and family.

Of is used to talk about quantities with some words: amount, number, a lot, lots, plenty
The government is hoping to persuade a large number of people to walk to work.

Of is used in some prepositions: in front of, instead of.

I decided to take the bus instead of the train.

Also after because and as a result when they are followed by a noun or gerund:
My cousin couldn't swim with us because of his bad leg. (not because his bad leg)
Our football team was demoted as a result of the weather being bad. (not as a result the
weather was bad)

2 Correct the mistake below

There is a bus stop

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 97

 3 Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. There may be more than one mistake in some
sentences.

1 It is di cult for very old people to have a good quality for life.
2 The lakes remained empty for a long period time during the drought.
3 I missed out on a good job promotion as a result my illness.
4 The government for my country tries to consult everyone about important issues.
5 I wrote a letter complaint to the airline because they lost my luggage.
6 There are a large number di erent types cars on our roads nowadays.
7 The leader for the opposition was very angry with the result at the election.
8 We ate at home instead to go to a restaurant because we couldn't decide what type food we
wanted.

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 98

ffi
ff
 UNIT 4 - WRITING HOMEWORK

Hướng dẫn làm bài:

✅ Ôn lại nội dung đã học trên lớp

✅ Đọc kỹ đề bài: hiểu nội dung chính và yêu cầu của đề bài. Lập dàn ý chi tiết trước khi làm
✅ Lập le Google Docs trên Google Classroom của lớp, viết bài hoàn chỉnh vào đó.
⚠ Lưu ý: tự làm bài hết sức có thể, không quay cóp bài, không tham khảo bài trên mạng,
không có các hành động đạo văn. Các bài về nhà là một phần luyện tập để giúp các con
tự tin vào phòng thi sau này.
✅ Sau khi viết xong, nhớ xem lại bài, kiểm tra các lỗi chính tả, ngữ pháp nếu có
✅ Nộp bài đúng hạn

🔆 Các con sẽ có 2 bài viết, nên cố gắng phân bổ thời gian để làm bài hợp lý. Dành 1 buổi để hoàn
thành Task 1 dựa trên những gì đã học. Dành 1 buổi khác để hoàn thành Task 2. Nộp bài đúng hạn
để thầy/cô có thời gian chấm bài.
🔆 Bài viết có thể chưa chỉn chu tuyệt đối, nhưng cần thể hiện được việc rút kinh nghiệm từ bài học
trước, và áp dụng kiến thức mới từ bài học này.

_ Chúc các con học tốt _

1 Write a FULL RESPONSE for the following graph. Write at least 150 words.

. be sure to have 4 paragraphs

. be sure to use transition phrases / words
. be sure to change word forms and sentence structures
. be sure to use comparisons

past simple
Compare + describe changes

postgraduate degrees

Undergraduate

2 Write a FULL RESPONSE for the following essay topic. Write at least 250 words.

. be sure to make an outline

. be sure to write 4 paragraphs

Children these day spend a lot of time apart from their parents because in many homes, both
parents work.
What problems can be causes by this? What are some ways to support these children?

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 99

fi
 UNIT 4 - READING HOMEWORK

Hướng dẫn cách học:

✅ Luyện tập đọc dưới áp lực thời gian: với các bạn chưa tự tin, bấm đồng hồ 20 phút để hoàn

thành từng bài đọc, làm lần lượt ; với các bạn tự tin hơn, thử sức bằng cách bấm đồng hồ 60 phút
hoàn thành 3 bài đọc.

✅ Đọc kỹ đề bài: sử dụng kỹ năng SKIMMING để hiểu nội dung chính. Đọc kỹ câu hỏi, không chủ

quan. Sử dụng kỹ năng SCANNING để tìm thông tin chi tiết

✅ Sau khi nộp bài xong, các con đọc lại các bài reading một cách từ tốn, gạch chân các từ vựng

mới, ghi lại ý nghĩa, dạng thức, ví dụ của từ vào một cuốn sổ nhỏ để tích lũy vốn từ và ôn lại sau này
_ Chúc các con học tốt _

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 100
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 101
 tailieutienganh.net | up-to-date IELTS materials

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 102
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 103
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 104
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 105
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 106
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 107
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 108
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 109
ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 110
 tailieutienganh.net | up-to-date IELTS materials

ECE - English Centre for Everyone (lưu hành nội bộ) 111