Sri Chaitanya techno

school (Bhiwani)

PRACTICAL FILE

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TABLE OF CONTENT
----------------------------------

Unit 1: Digital Documentation 1-16

(Advanced)
Unit 2: Electronic Spreadsheet
17-28
(Advanced)
Unit 3: Database Management
29-42
System
Unit 4: Maintain Healthy, Safe
43-46
and Secure
PART A
Unit 1: Communication Skills-
47-52
II
Unit 2: Self-Management
53-58
Skills-II
Unit 3: ICT Skills-II 59-63
Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-
63-66
II
Unit 5: Green Skills-II 67-71
-DIGITAL DOCUMENT(ADVANCED)

What are styles?

A style is a set of formats that you can apply to selected

pages, text, frames, and other elements in your document to
quickly change their appearance. When you apply a style,
you apply a whole group of formats at the same time.

Type of styles
libre office supports the following types of styles:
• Page styles include margins, headers and footers, borders
and backgrounds. In Calc, page styles also include the
sequence for printing sheets.
• Paragraph styles control all aspects of a paragraph’s
appearance, such as text alignment, tab stops, line spacing,
and borders, and can include character formatting.
• Character styles affect selected text within a paragraph,
such as the font and size of text, or bold and italic formats.
 • Frame styles are used to format graphic and text frames,
including wrapping type, borders, backgrounds, and
columns.
• list styles are used to applied for numbering

Applying styles

Using the Styles and Formatting window

1) Click the Styles and Formatting icon located at the left-
hand end of the object bar, or click Format > Styles and
Formatting, or press F11. The Styles and Formatting
window shows the types of styles available for the
component you are using. Figure 1.1 shows the window for
Writer, with Page Styles visible.

Figure1.1: The Styles and Formatting window for Writer, showing paragraph
styles
You can move this window to a convenient position on the
screen or dock it to an edge (hold down the Ctrl key and
drag it by the title bar to where you want it docked). 2)
Click on one of the icons at the top left of the Styles and
Formatting window to display a list of styles in a particular
category. 3) To apply an existing style (except for character
styles), position the insertion point in the paragraph, frame,
or page, and then double-click on the name of the style in
one of these lists. To apply a character style, select the
characters first

fill format mode

Using Fill Format mode Fill format mode is used
to apply a style to many different areas quickly
without having to go back to the Styles and
Formatting window and double-click every time.
This method is quite useful when you need to
format many scattered paragraphs, cells, or other
items with the same style. 1) Open the Styles and
Formatting window and select the style you want
to apply. 2) Click the Fill Format mode icon . 3)
To apply a paragraph, page, or frame style, hover
the mouse over the paragraph, page, or frame and
click. To apply a character style, hold down the
mouse button while selecting the characters,
clicking on a word applies the character style for
that word. Repeat step 3 until you made all the
changes for that style. 4) To quit Fill Format
mode, click the Fill Format mode icon again or
press the Esc key. An important point to note here
is that when this mode is active, a right-click
anywhere in the document undoes the last Fill
Format action. Be careful not to accidentally right
click and thus undo actions you want to keep.

Dragging And Dropping

To Create A Style You can drag and drop a text selection

into the Styles and Formatting window to create a new
style. Select some text and drag it to the Styles and
Formatting window. If Paragraph Styles are active, the
paragraph style will be added to the list. If Character Styles
are active, the character style will be added to the list.
Modifying Styles OpenOffice.org provides several ways to
modify styles (both the predefined styles and custom styles
that you create): • Updating a style from a selection • Load
or copy styles from another document or template Any
changes you make to a style are effective only in the current
document. To change styles in more than one document,
you need to change the template or copy the styles into the
other documents.
SESSION 2. INSERT AND USE
IMAGES
Relevant Knowledge- Images can be added to a document in several
ways: by inserting an image file, directly from a graphics program or
a scanner, or from the Open Office Gallery.

Inserting An Image From The Gallery

1. To open the Gallery, click on the Gallery icon (located in the
right side of the Standard toolbar) or choose Tools > Gallery from
the menu bar. 2. Navigate through the Gallery to find the desired
picture. 3. To insert the picture, click and drag it from the Gallery
into the Writer document. You can also right-click on the picture
and choose Insert>Copy. Figure 1.6 shows an example of an image
dragged from the Gallery
Table 1 provides a short description of the available filters, however
the best way to understand them is to see them in action. Feel free
to experiment with the different filters and filters settings,
remembering that you can undo all the changes by pressing
Ctrl+Zor Alt+Backspaceor by selecting Edit > Undo. Color Use this
toolbar to modify the individual RGB color components of the
image (red, green, blue) as well as the brightness, contrast, and
gamma of the image. If the result is not satisfactory, you can press
Ctrl+Z to restore the default values.
Cropping Images
When you are only interested in a section of the image for the
purpose of your document, you may wish to crop (cut off) parts of
it. To start cropping the image, right click on it and select Picture
from the pop-up menu. In the Picture dialog box, select the Crop
page (see Figure 1.7).

Grouping Drawing Objects

To group drawing objects
: 1. Select one object, then hold down the Shift key and select the
others you want to include in the group. The bounding box
expands to include all the selected objects.
2. With the objects selected, hover the mouse pointer over one of
the objects and choose Format > Group > Group from the menu bar
or right-click and choose Group > Group from the pop-up menu.
You cannot include an embedded or linked graphic in a group with
drawing objects.

Resizing a Drawing Object

he same considerations for resizing an image apply also to resizing
an object. Select the object, click on one of the eight handles
around it and drag it to its new position. For a scaled resizing,
select one of the corner handles and keep the Shift key pressed
while dragging the handle to its new position. For more
sophisticated control of the size of the object
,  Select Format > Object > Position and Size from the menu bar.
 Use the Position and Size dialog box to set the width and height
independently.
 If the Keep ratio option is selected, then the two dimensions
change so that the proportion is maintained, allowing for a scaled
resizing

SESSION : 3 CREATE AND USE TEMPLATE

Relevant Knowledge- A template is a model that you use to create other
documents. For example, you can create a template for business reports
that has your company’s logo on the first page. New documents created
from this template will all have your company’s logo on the first page
Templates can contain anything that regular documents can contain, such
as text, graphics, a set of styles, and user-specific setup information such as
measurement units, language, the default printer, and toolbar and menu
customization. All documents in OpenOffice.org are based on templates.
You can create a specific template for any document type (text, spreadsheet,
drawing, presentation). If you do not specify a template when you start a
new document, then the document is based on the default template for that
type of document. If you have not specified a default template, Open Office
uses the blank template for that type of document that is installed with
Open Office.

Creating a Template
You can create your own templates in two ways: from a document,
and using a wizard.

Creating A Template From A Document

To create a template from a document:
1. Open a new or existing document of the type you want to make
into a template (text document, spreadsheet, drawing,
presentation)
. 2. Add the content and styles that you want
. 3. From the main menu, choose File > Templates > Save.

Creating A Template Using A Wizard

You can use wizards to create templates for letters, faxes, agendas,
presentations, and Web pages. For example, the Fax Wizard guides
you through the following choices:
1. Type of fax (business or personal)
2. Document elements like the date, subject line (business fax),
salutation, and complementary close
3. Options for sender and recipient information (business fax)
4. Text to include in the footer (business fax)
Creating a template using a wizard:
1. From the main menu, choose File > Wizards >[type of template
required](see Figure 1.13)

2
Setting A Default Template
If you create a document by choosing File > New > Text
Document (or Spreadsheet, Presentation, or Drawing) from the
main menu, Open Office creates the document from the Default
template for that type of document. You can, however, set a custom
template to be the default. You can reset the default later if you
choose.

Setting a custom template as the default You can set any

template to be the default, as long as it is in one of the folders
displayed in the Template Management dialog.
To set a custom template as the default:
1. From the main menu, choose File > Templates > Organize. The
Template Management dialog opens.
2. In the box on the left, select the folder containing the template
that you want to set as the default, then select the template.
3. Click the Commands button and choose Set As Default Template
from the dropdown menu. The next time that you create a
document by choosing File > New, the document will be created
from this template.

Using The Template To use a particular template,

choose File > New > Templates and Documents. You'll see the
templates window and your templates; if you don't, select the
Templates icon at the left.
SESSION 4. CREATE AND CUSTOMIZE TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Creating a Table of Contents Writer’s table of contents feature lets
you build an automated table of contents from the headings in your
document. Before you start, make sure that the headings are styled
consistently. For example, you can use the Heading 1 style for
chapter titles and the Heading 2 and Heading 3 styles for chapter
subheadings.

Opening Writer's Table Of Contents Feature

Although tables of contents can be customized extensively in

Writer, often the default settings are all you need. Creating a quick
table of contents is simple:
1. When you create your document, use the following paragraph
styles for different heading levels (such as chapter and section
headings
: Heading 1, Heading 2, and Heading 3. These are what will appear
in your table of contents. You can use more levels of headings, but
the default setting is to use only the first three levels in the table of
contents
. 2. Place the cursor where you want the table of contents to be
inserted.
3. Select Insert > Indexes and Tables > Indexes and Tables
. 4. Change nothing in the Insert Index/Table dialog. Click OK

Using The Entries Tab

Use the Entries tab, pictured in Illustration 3 on page 4, to format
the entries in the table of contents. For each outline level, you can
add and delete elements, such as chapter numbers, and you can
also apply character styles to individual elements.

To begin, click a level number in the Level column to select the

outline level whose elements you want to format. (You'll be able to
apply your changes to all outline levels later.) The Structure line
displays the elements for entries in that level. Each button on the
Structure line represents one element:

 The E# button represents the chapter number.

 The E button represents the entry text. 34
 The T button represents a tab stop
.  The # button represents the page number.
 The LS button represents the start of a hyperlink. (This button
doesn't appear on the default Structure line.)
 The LE button represents the end of a hyperlink. (This button
doesn't appear on the default Structure line.)

Applying Character Styles

To apply a character style to an element on the Structure line:
1. On the Structure line, click the button that represents the
element to which you want to apply a style.
2. From the Character Style drop-down list, select the desired style.
Writer applies the selected style to the selected element.

To view or edit the attributes of a character style, select the style

from the Character Style drop-down list and then click the Edit
button

Using The Styles Tab

Use the Styles tab, pictured in Illustration 4 on page 6, to apply
paragraph styles to the table of contents. You can apply a different
paragraph style to each outline level of the table
Styles tab 36 To apply a paragraph style to an outline level, follow
these steps: 1. In the Levels list box, select the desired outline level
by clicking it. 2. In the Paragraph Styles list box, click the
paragraph style that you want to apply. 3. Click the < button to
apply the selected paragraph style to the selected outline level.
Using The Background Tab
Use the Background tab, pictured in Illustration 5 on page 7, to
add color or a graphic to the table background.

Adding Color
To add color to the background of th e table of contents, simply
click the desired color in the color grid
UNIT-2: ELECTRONIC
SPREADSHEET (ADVANCED)
SESSION 1: ANALYSE DATA USING SCENARIOS AND
GOAL SEEK

Consolidating data Data Consolidation allows you to gather

together your data from separate worksheets into a master
worksheet. In other words, the Data Consolidation function takes
data from a series of worksheets or workbooks and summaries it
into a single worksheet that you can update easily. 1) Open the
worksheet that contains the cell ranges to be consolidated. 2)
Choose the Consolidate option under the Data menu as shown in
Figure2.1. The Consolidate dialog box is shown in Figure 2.2
Using “What If” Scenarios
Scenarios are a tool to test “what-if” questions. Each scenario is
named, and can be edited and formatted separately. When you
print the spreadsheet, only the content of the currently active
scenario is printed.
A scenario is essentially a saved set of cell values for your
calculations. You can easily switch between these sets using the
Navigator or a drop-down list which can be shown beside the
changing cells. For example, if you wanted to calculate the effect of
different interest rates on an investment, you could add a scenario
for each interest rate, and quickly view the results. Formulas that
rely on the values changed by your scenario are updated when the
scenario is opened. If all your sources of income used scenarios,
you could efficiently build a complex model of your possible
income.

Creating Scenarios Use Scenarios option under Tools menu to

enter variable contents—scenarios—in the same cell. To create a
scenario:
1) Select the cells that contain the values that will change between
scenarios. To select multiple cells, hold down the Ctrl key as you
click each cell.
2) Choose Tools > Scenarios.
3) On the Create Scenario dialog ( It‘s best to use a name that
clearly identifies the scenario, not the default name as shown in the
illustration. This name is displayed in the Navigator and on the
title bar of the scenario on the sheet itself. Figure 2.6: Creating a
scenario 66
4) Optionally add some information to the Comment box. The
example shows the default comment. This information is displayed
in the Navigator when you click the Scenarios icon and select the
desired scenario
. 5) Optionally select or deselect the options in the Settings section.
See below for more information about these options. 6) Click OK to
close the dialog. The new scenario is automatically activated. You
can create several scenarios for any given range of cells.

SESSION 2: LINK DATA AND SPREADSHEETS

USING MULTIPLE WORKBOOKS AND LINKING CELLS

Relevant Knowledge- Spreadsheet also allows you to link the cells
from various worksheets and from various other spreadsheets to
summarize data from several sources. In this manner, you can
create formulas that span different sources and make calculations
using a combination of local and linked information. Multiple
sheets help keep information organized

Inserting sheets from a different spreadsheet

If you prefer, select the Link option to insert the external sheet as
a link instead as a copy. This is one of several ways to include
“live” data from another spreadsheet. The links can be updated
manually to show the current contents of the external file; or,
depending on the options you have selected in Tools > Options >
OpenOffice.org Calc > General > Updating, whenever the file is
opened.

Create Or Change A Cell Reference

A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet
and can be used to find the values or data that you want formula to
calculate.

In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to refer to:
• Data from one or more contiguous cells on the worksheet
• Data contained in different areas of a worksheet.
• Data on other worksheets in the same workbooks

Relative And Absolute Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks can be stored within your file as either

relative or absolute
An absolute link will stop working only if the target is
moved. A relative link will stop working only if the start
and target locations change relative to each other. For
instance, if you have two spreadsheets in the same folder
linked to each other and you move the entire folder to a
new location, a relative hyperlink will not break.

Linking To External Data

You can insert tables from HTML documents, and data
located within named ranges from an OpenOffice.org Calc
or Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, into a Calc spreadsheet You
can do this in two ways: using the External Data dialog or
using the Navigator.

SESSION 3: SHARING AND REVIEW A

SPREADSHEET

Relevant Knowledge In most office settings, there is a shared

drive where teams can store common files for everyone to
use. This usually leads to sighting of the message: “The
document [file name] is locked for editing by another user.
To open a read-only copy of this document, click“!! This
message appears because someone else already has the file
open. Sometimes however, it is necessary to have multiple
people working on a file at the same time. This can be to
either speed up data entry or simply make things easier for
collaboration purposes.

Setting Up A Spreadsheet For Sharing

At any time, you can set up a spreadsheet for sharing with
others. With the spreadsheet document open, choose Tools >
Share Document to activate the collaboration features for
this worksheet. A dialog opens where you can choose to
enable or disable sharing

To enable sharing, select the box at the top of the dialog, and then
click OK. A message appears stating that you must save the
worksheet to activate shared mode. Click Yes to continue. The
word (shared) is then shown on the title bar after the worksheet's
title. The Tools > Share Document command can be used to switch
the mode for a worksheet from unshared to shared. However, if
you want to use a shared worksheet in unshared 86 mode, you
need to save the shared worksheet using another name or path.
This creates a copy of the spreadsheet that is not shared
Saving A Shared Spreadsheet
When you save a shared spreadsheet, one of several situations may
occur:
● If the worksheet was not modified and saved by another user
since you opened it, the worksheet is saved.
● If the worksheet was modified and saved by another user since
you opened it, one of the following events will occur:
● If the changes do not conflict, the worksheet is saved, the dialog
below appears, and any cells modified by the other user are shown
with a red border.

● If the changes conflict, the Resolve Conflicts dialog is shown.

You must decide for each conflict which version to keep, yours or
the other person’s. When all conflicts are resolved, the worksheet
is saved. While you are resolving the conflicts, no other user can
save the shared worksheeT
Record Changes

Calc has the feature to track what data was changed, when
the change was made, who made the change and in which
cell the change has occurred.
If you are the sponsor of a youth baseball team. The coach
has submitted a budget to you for the season and you need
to edit the costs and return it to her.You are concerned that
if you just make the changes, then the coach won't see the
changes you made.
You decide to use Calc with the record changes feature
turned on, so that the coach can easily see the changes you
have made.
The figure below shows the budget spreadsheet your coach
submitted.
Merging Worksheets
Sometimes, multiple reviewers return edited versions of a
worksheet at the same time. In this case, it may be quicker
to review all of these changes at once, rather than one
review at a time. For this purpose, Calc provides the feature
of merging worksheets.
To merge worksheets, all of the edited worksheets need to
have recorded
changes in
them.
1. Open the
original
worksheet.
2. Select Edit >
Changes > Merge
Document.
3. A file selection
dialog opens.
Select a file you
want to merge
and click OK.
4. After the
worksheets
merge, the
Accept or Reject
Changes dialog
opens as shown
below, showing
changes by more
than one
reviewer. If you
want to merge more worksheets, close the dialog and then repeat
steps 2 and 3

MACROS IN SPREADSHEET

A macro is a saved sequence of commands or keystrokes that are

stored for later use. An example of a simple macro is one that
“types” your address. The OpenOffice.org (OOo) macro language is
very flexible, allowing automation of both simple and complex
tasks. Macros are especially useful to repeat a task the same way
over and over again.

Using A Macro As A Function Using the newly created Calc

worksheet CalcTestMacros.ods, enter the formula =NumberFive()
(see Figure 2.44). Calc finds the macro and calls it.

Note: Function names are not case sensitive. You can enter
=NumberFive() and Calc clearly shows =NUMBERFIVE(). 99 Save
the Calc document, close it, and open it again. Depending on your
settings in Tools > Options > OpenOffice.org > Security > Macro
Security, Calc will display one of the warnings shown below. You
will need to click Enable Macros, or Calc will not allow any macros
to be run inside the document
Passing Arguments as Values
Arguments passed to a macro from Calc are always values. It is not
possible to know what cells, if any, are used. For example,
=PositiveSum(A3) passes the value of cell A3, and PositiveSum has
no way of knowing that cell A3 was used. If you must know which
cells are referenced rather than the values in the cells, pass the
range as a string, parse the string, and obtain the values in the
referenced cells.
UNIT-3 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (BASIC)
SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE

A database is an organized collection of data. You can visualize it

as a container of information.
The data is typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality
(for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that
supports processes requiring this information (for example, finding
a hotel with facilities such as Laundry, GYM etc…).

Database Management System

A database management system is a software package with
computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and
use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop
databases for various applications. A database is an integrated
collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows
different user application programs to concurrently access the
same database.
Well known DBMSs include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL
Server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro, and SQLite.

Data can be organized into two types:

• Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less
amount of data
. • Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are
linked using a common field. Relational is suitable for medium to
large amount of data

Advantages of Database
 Sharing of Data
 Reduces Data Redundancy
 Data Integrity
 Data Integrity
 Privacy
 Backup and Recovery
 Data Consistency

SESSION 2:CREATING DATABASE AND TABLES

CREATING DATABASE USING OPENOFFICE

There are a variety of DBMS/RDBMS available; in this exercise,
you will learn about OpenOffice Base an Open Source RDBMS.
• To open OpenOffice, click Start>Programs>OpenOffice.org 4 >
OpenOffice.org.
Alternatively, you can also double-click on the OpenOffice.org 4
shortcut on the desktop if available. You should see a Window
similar to the one displayed below

FIGURE 1
Select the
option
database to open the base application. You can also directly open
the OpenOffice Base Application by doing the following
: • Click Start>Programs>OpenOffice.org 4>OpenOffice.org Base.
You should be guided through the Database Wizard for creating a
database. You will see a dialog box similar to the one displayed
below.

Click Finish. The Save As dialog box appears as shown below.

 Specify a name for the database in the File name: field and click
Save. A window similar to the one displayed below.
Click Finish. The Save As dialog box appears as shown below.

There are different ways to create a table:

1. Create table in Design View
2. Use Wizard to Create Table
Use Wizard To Create Table:
A table can be created using the predefined steps and table
structure(s) in Base.
The following are the steps to create a table: Click on Tables >
Use Wizard to Create Table , the window shown below will open

Click the Select Fields > Choose Category > Select the table (in the
picture shown below “Business” category and “Customer” table has
been chosen) > Click on Next Button.
Select the fields as per the requirements and select on buttons to
add the predefined columns or select to remove the fields from the
Selected Fields Box. After selecting the fields click on Next Button.
Click on Next Button

After setting the Primary Key click on Next Button.

When the Primary Key will be set then window to rename

the table will open. A user can either go ahead with the
same table name or can change it. In the same window
options to work with the table will be given as :
Creating table using Design View
1. Click on Create Table in Design View… option available under
Tasks and a Table Design window appears as shown below

Specify the field name and data type of the field to be created by
selecting the appropriate type available under Field type dropdown
list. Now create a table with the following fields displayed below:
Specify the field name and the data type for each field name. For
example, the table contains the Name field and the data type of the
Name is TEXT [VARCHAR]. You can specify the length of the
field value
Specify the table name. The default name is Table1. Click OK.

Data Types:
Datatypes are used to identify which type of data (value) we
are going to store in the database
. Fields themselves can be of different types depending on
the data they contain. Data types in OpenOffice base are
broadly classified into five categories listed below

• Numeric Types
• Alphanumeric Types
• Binary Types
• Date time
• Other Variable types

Numeric Types:
Numeric data types are used for describing numeric values
for the field used in the table of a database. Numeric data
types in a database can be used for storing information such
127 as mobile number, roll number, door number, year of
school admission, true or false statements, statistical values,
etc.

Binary Types:
Binary data types are used for storing data in binary
formats. Binary data types in a database can be using for
storing photos, music files, etc. In general, files of any
format 128 can be stored using the binary data type.
Binary Types:

DATE TIME:
Date time data types are used for describing date and time
values for the field used in the table of a database. Date
time data types in a database can be used for storing
information such as date of birth, date of admission, date of
product sale, etc.

SESSION 4: RETRIEVE DATA USING QUERY

Relevant Knowledge
Having created the tables and entering data into them, now
you want to extract some information.
That’s when you query the database. As the name suggests,
query is to collect specific information from the pool of
data. A query helps us join information from different tables
and filter that information. Filtering means that the query
uses criteria you provide to hide some data and present only
what you want to see.

Query Creation Using Wizard

click on finish
Creation Of Query Using Design View

Some RDBMS provide a graphical means to create queries, but

most RDBMS do not do so. That’s where you use SQL
(pronounced as “sequel”) or Structured Query Language. Query
languages are computer languages used to make queries into
databases and information systems.
Queries are commands that are used to define the data structure
and also to manipulate the data in the database.

A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or

more database tables or database views. In most applications,
SELECT is the most commonly used Data Manipulation
Language(DML) command.
The SELECT statement has many optional clauses:
• WHERE specifies which rows to retrieve.
• ORDER BY specifies an order in which to return the rows.

To retrieve all the columns in a table the syntax is:

SELECT * FROM <tablename>
In order to execute queries click on the Queries option available
on the left side under database section, click

Grouping of Data
To display the records containing the same type of values
“WHERE” clause can be used with the Select SQL Command.
To get details about the list of students whose favorite color is
blue, you can use:
select * from SDetails where Color=’Blue’;

SESSION 5: CREATE FORMS AND REPORTS USING

WIZARD
A form provides the user a systematic way of storing information
into the database. It is an interface in a user specified layout that
lets users to view, enter, and change data directly in database
objects such as tables.

Creating Form Using Wizard

To create a form, Click on Forms option located under Database
section (Figure below).

Steps To Create Form Using Wizard

Click Use Wizard to Create Form… option under Tasks group.
The Form Wizard dialog box appears as shown below.

You can select selective fields to be sent onto the form by

selecting the field name and clicking >button. You can select
individual fields in a database or all fields in a database.
Click Next >. You see the Set up a sub form step dialog box of the
wizard
You can select the option Add Subform if you need to insert the
contents in the table in a separate form. Click Next>
. Now you need to arrange selected fields in a form. You can use
different styles from the list displayed

Once you have selected a style, click Next >

Reports
A report helps to display the data in a summarized manner. It is
used to generate the overall work outcome in a clear format. You
can create reports in the database.

Web applications and security

session:
workplace Safety , accident , Emergencies
and prevention
Maintain Workplace
Safety Every organization must follow a standard set of
safety rules and procedures. These rules must be stated and
displayed clearly at important areas . All the employees
must be given a demonstrations and training to follow
safety rules
. Basic safety rules to follow at workplace – Fire safety,
Falls and slips, Electrical safety, Use of first aid.
Timely repairs should be carried out by a competent person/
organization at workplace / home to avoid/minimize any
hazards.

Basic Fire safety rules in an organization are :

Most of the time fire can be prevented using appropriate
measures.

- Fire escape plans must be installed at proper levels -

Conduct regular drills
- Smoke alarms must be placed at proper intervals
- Keep workplace a no-smoking zone
- Maintenance of safety equipment must be taken care of
regularly

Falls and Slips Safety rules

- Keep the moving area clean and clutter free.
- Workplace must be proper ventilated receive light
- Wear non slippery footwear.
- Floors must be clean and dry
- Oil spills, dust must be immediately cleaned.

Use of First Aid

Learning First Aid is the social and civic responsibility of very
human being. If provided effectively and on time then it may save
life.
First Aid is the immediate assistance provided to the injured to
save life and minimize health loss till the proper medical aid/
facility is provided.

studies of hazardous situation

1 : Hazards due to Chemicals
2 : Hazards due to Electric shocks
3: Hazards due to Fire

Types of Accidents: Accidents may be of following types : -

Accidents at workplace
: Slips and fall accidents, fire
- Industrial disease/illness
- Road traffic accidents
- Clinical Accidents
- Sports related accidents

Emergency
Any unexpected situation that needs immediate attention and
action.

Types of Emergency :
- Chemical spill
s - Extreme heat waves
- Droughts
- Pandemics
- Terrorist attack
- Fire – Floods
- Thunderstorms

Hazards And Sources Of Hazards

● Physical
● Chemical
● Biological
● Mechanical
Healthy Living

‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’ - a very popular saying

is true .

A healthy lifestyle helps to keep and improve people’s

health and well being.
A healthy lifestyle includes :
- healthy eating habits
- physical activities
- stress management
- healthy mind
- sound sleep
- goal setting
PART-A
EMPLOYABILITY
SKILLS

COMMUNICATION
SKILLS-II
Methods and types of communications

Introduction
Communication is the process of exchanging information ,
ideas, thoughts, and feelings between individual or group .

COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND

ELEMENTS
SENDER
The sender is also known as communicator or the source ,
initiate the communication by creating a message to convey
to the receiver . This message could verbal, written, non-
verbal, or visual in nature.
MESSAGE
The message is the actual content that the sender wishes to
communicate . It can be in the form of spoken words,
written text , visual image , body language, or any other ,
means of expression.

MEDIUM / CHANNEL
The medium is a channel is the pathway through which the
message is transmitted from the sender to the receiver .

RECEIVER
The receiver is the individual or group to whom the
message is directed . They play a crucial role in the
communication process by receiving , decoding , and
responding to the message .

FEEDBACK
Feedback is the response or reaction of the receiver to the
sender message . It can be verbal non verbal or written and
serves to confirm whether the message was understood as
intended

METHODS ON COMMUNICATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
It is the transmission of information or message through
spoken words .
Verbal communication can be take place in different forms:
FACE – TO – FACE CONVERSATIONS:
Direct communication between individuals often in person
allows for immediate feedback and non verbal cues .

TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS:
Communication over the phone which enable real time
conversation over long distances .

Advantages of Verbal Communication :

It is an easy mode of communication in which you can
exchange ideas by saying what you want and get a quick
response. Verbal communication also enables you to keep
changing your interaction as per the other person’s
response.
Disadvantages:
Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken
words, sometimes the meanings can be confusing and
difficult to understand if the right words are not used.

Non-Verbal Communication:
Non-verbal communication is the expression or
exchange of information or messages without
using any spoken or written word. In other words,
we send signals and messages to others, through
expressions, gestures, postures, touch, space, eye
contact and para language. In this session,
Figure1.3: Non-verbal Communication
Communication Skill 11 you will learn about the
importance of different types of non-verbal
communication skills and also know the correct
body language to be used for communication.
Importance of Non-verbal Communication
In our day-to-day communication
• 55% communication is done using body
movements, face, arms, etc.
• 38% communication is done using voice, tone,
pauses, etc .
• only 7% communication is done using words.

FEEDBACK: Feedback is an important part of the

communication cycle. For effective communication, it is
important that the sender receives an acknowledgement
from Communiation Skill 17 the receiver about getting the
message across. While a sender sends information, the
receiver provides feedback on the received message.
Translated to the work environment, when you observe
someone perform their work and then, communicate with
them to help improve their performances, you are giving
feedback. Feedback can be positive or negative. A good
feedback is always
• specific
• helpful
• kind
Importance of Feedback : Feedback is the final
component and one of the most important factors in the
process of communication since it is defined as the
response given by the receiver to the sender. Let us look at
certain reasons why feedback is important.
• It validates effective listening: The person providing the
feedback knows they have been understood (or received)
and that their feedback provides some value.
• It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to build better
work relationships and continue the good work that is being
appreciated.

Physical Barriers Physical barrier is the environmental and

natural condition that act as a barrier in communication in
sending message from sender to receiver. Not being able to
see gestures, posture and general body language can make
communication less effective. For example, text messages
are often less effective than face-to-face communication.
Linguistic Barriers The inability to communicate using a
language is known as language barrier to communication.
Language barriers are the most common communication
barriers, which cause misunderstandings and Figure 1.6:
7Cs of Effective Communication ote 22 Employability Skill
– Class X misinterpretations between people. For example,
slang, professional jargon and regional colloquialisms can
make communication difficult.
Interpersonal Barriers Barriers to interpersonal
communication occur when the sender’s message is
received differently from how it was intended. It is also
very difficult to communicate with someone who is not
willing to talk or express their feelings and views.
 BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION

Barriers to Effective Communication

Physical Barriers

Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition

that act as a barrier in communication in sending message
from sender to receiver. Not being able to see gestures,
posture and general body language can make
communication less effective. For example, text messages
are often less effective than face-to-face communication.
Linguistic Barriers

The inability to communicate using a language is known as

language barrier to communication. Language barriers are
the most common communication barriers, which cause
misunderstandings and Figure 1.6: 7Cs of Effective
Communication ote 22 Employability Skill – Cla X
misinterpretations between people. For example, slang,
professional jargon and regional colloquialisms can make
communication difficult.

Interpersonal Barriers

Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the

sender’s message is received differently from how it was
intended. It is also very difficult to communicate with
someone who is not willing to talk or express their feelings
and views. Stage fear, lack of will to communicate,
personal differences can create interpersonal barriers to
communication.

Organisational Barrier
Organisations are designed on the basis of formal
hierarchical structures that follow performance standards,
rules and regulations, procedures, policies, behavioural
norms, etc. All these affect the free flow of communication
in organisations and therefore, need to be suitably managed.
Superior-subordinate relationships in a formal
organisational structure can be a barrier to free flow of
communication. Also, sometimes due to the stringent rules,
the employees find it difficult to communicate with their
peers too.

SessioN 6: Writig kills — Parts of Speech

Supporting Parts of Speech Types

Session-7

Parts of a Sentence
We all know that almost all English sentences have a
subject and a verb while some also have an object

Subject: Person or thing that performs an action.

Verb: Describes the action.
Object: Person or thing that receives the action.

Types of Sentences

Active and Passive Sentences

Read aloud the sentence shown in Figure 1.11. What is the
difference between the two sentences?
1. Radha is reading a book
. 2. A book is being read by Radha.
The action (verb) in both sentences is reading a book. But
the ‘subject’ of both sentences is different. In the first
sentence, the subject (Radha) does the action. In the second
sentence, the subject (a book) receives the action. Read the
sentences in

Sentences where the subject does an action are known to be

in the Active voice, whereas sentences in which the subject
receives an action are known to be in the Passive voice.

Self-management Skills
Basics of Self-management

To perform well at work and life in general, you must be

able to manage and improve yourself in various skills
including discipline and timeliness, goal-setting, problem
solving, teamwork, professionalism, etc. Once you develop
your personality and abilities in these areas,you will be able
to succeed in personal as well as professional life

• Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather insights

on your personality and work-specific proficiencies. Think
about your daily interactions and how you handled
situations well or could have handled them differently.
• Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your tasks is
very important. Taking ownership is the step towards self-
development. For example, if you have been assigned a task
by a teacher; ensure you take complete ownership. Even if
you are unable to complete the task on time, you must
report it and then correct it.
• Time Management: Prioritise the things you have to do.
Remove waste and redundancy from work. Make a time
table and follow it diligently.
• Adaptability: Stay current with best practices and read up
on new information always. Prepare yourself for new
changes, so that you can transition seamlessly.

Stress Management

What is Stress?

Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical

and social reaction to any perceived demands or threats.
These demands or threats are called stressors. Stressors are
Figure 2.2 Stress the reason for stress.

Stress Management
Stress is a part of everyday life. There are many instances
when stress can be helpful. A fire alarm is intended to cause
stress that alerts you to avoid danger. The stress created by
a deadline to finish a paper can motivate you to finish the
assignment on time. But when experienced in excess or for
a long period of time, stress has the opposite effect. It can
harm our emotional and physical health, and limit our
ability to function well at home, in school and within our
relationships.
 Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope
effectively with daily pressures. The ultimate goal is to
strike a balance between life, work, relationships, relaxation
and fun. By doing this, you are able to deal with daily stress
triggers and meet these challenges head on.
Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management

A: Adversity or the stressful event

B:Beliefs or the way you respond to the event
C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event

Ability to Work Independently

If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will be

have the ability to work independently, which means.
1. becoming self-aware, self-monitoring and self-
correcting.
2. knowing what you need to do.
3. taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.
. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.
5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.

SESSION 2

Being self-aware means that you can identify your strengths

and weaknesses. Self-awareness, therefore, will help you in
converting your weakness into strength and strength into an
exceptional talent. Analysing your strengths and
weaknesses helps you to attain success in life. However,
strength and weakness analysis begins with knowing
yourself first.

Knowing Yourself
Strength and Weakness Analysis

Techniques for Identifying your Strengths and

Weaknesses

• Think of anything that you are always successful at.

• Think about what others like in you.
• Take out time and think about what you do well.

Finding Weaknesses
Finding Weaknesses
• Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you
find difficult to do.
• Look at the feedback others usually give you.
• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without
feeling low about it. Take it as an area of improvement.

Time Management and Its Importance :

Time management is the ability to plan and control how
you spend the hours of your day well and do all that you
want to do. An example of good time management skills
would be when you decide to finish your homework
immediately after school so you have time to watch TV
later in the evening .

Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to

• complete tasks on time. • make a daily timetable.
• make a good guess at how long it will take you to do
something.
UNIT-3 (I.C.T)SKILLS-II
ICT DEFINITION-
ICT stands for Information and Communication
Technology. ICT refers to all the methods, tools, concepts
related to storing, recording and sending digital
information. Information can be recorded or stored in many
ways, handwritten on paper, written using a typewriter and
so on.

A computer system consists of two main parts— the

hardware and the software. The physical parts that we can
see and touch are called hardware. It is the machinery of a
computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.

FILE AND FOLDER All information stored in a computer

is kept in files. Different types of files store different types
of information. Each file is given a file name and has a file
name extension that identifies the file type. The file name
and file name extension are separated by a period or a ‘dot’.
A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.

Creating a File
To open a text editor, type ‘editor’ in the search dialog
box. Then double-click the text editor option . This will
open a blank document. In Windows, you can open
Notepad and type in the text. • Here you can add text,
such as ‘Neha Tiwari Shakti Nagar, New Delhi,
7856453451’ • To save the file click Save. In the Save As
dialog box, browse to the Desktop folder, type the name
as ‘Neha’ and click Save .

Creating a Folder (in Ubuntu)

Folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.
For example, we can create a folder where all the files for
all the students can be stored. Let us create a new folder in
Ubuntu. • To open file explorer in Ubuntu, click Files
option on the left as shown in Figure 3.7. • File explorer
opens up as shown in Figure 3.18. • To create a folder: (a)
Choose a location where the folder has to be created for
example ‘Desktop’. (b) Right-click and then choose the
‘New Folder’. (c) Type the name of the folder as ‘Demo

Importance of Care and Maintenance of

Computers
A computer is a delicate machine with a lot of moving
electronic parts. We need to protect it from dust and
damage. If we are careless, it will not work efficiently.
Computers and mobiles are very expensive. When we take
good care of them on a regular basis, we can use them for a
longer time. This will help us save money as we do not
need to buy new devices too often .

Keeping a Device Clean

Cleaning a device, such as a computer or mobile means to
keep the screen, keyboard and mouse clean. (i) Keyboard:
First we should not eat anything over a keyboard. Crumbs
can damage the internal parts of a keyboard. You can clean
a keyboard with a soft brush a remove crumbs and dust
particles. (ii) Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft
cloth to remove any finger marks. (iii) Be careful with food
and drinks.

computer Security and privacy

We store a lot of information on our computers and
electronic devices. For example, we keep our photos on our
mobiles, school computers store personal information
regarding every student and their parents, computers used
in banks store the financial information of their clients and
computers in hospital have important information about
patients. If any of this information gets lost or leaked and
falls into the wrong hands, it can cause a lot of harm to the
people. For example, if information stored in a bank’s
computer gets leaked it can cause many people to lose a lot
of money. Hence, it is essential to keep computers secure
and our data safe.

Reasons for Security Break

Security break is leakage of information stored in a
computer. Personal information can be lost or leaked in two
ways: 1. We are not careful in giving out personal
information over the Internet. For example, we share our
account details and password on unsecure sites. 2. A person
gets unauthorised access to our computer. This can happen
in the office if we leave are computer without logging out.
Computer security and privacy is about measures we can
take to restrict access to personal data stored in a computer .
(a) Use passwords to login to your computer: Use
passwords that are difficult to guess. Passwords are difficult
to hack if they are a mix of small (For example ‘a b c d’)
and capital letters (For example, ‘H J E R’), numbers (For
example ‘8 7 6 5’) and special characters (For example, ’%
^ # $’). This would prevent unauthorised people from using
your computer.
(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses and
Firewall monitor the data coming in and out of a computer
and prevent and viruses from entering. Anti-viruses can also
detect and clean viruses that may have entered a computer

Unit entrepreneurial Skills

II
what is Entrepreneurship?
It is the process of creating or starting a business venture .
It involves identifying an opportunity taking calculated
risks and bringing an idea to life .

Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market

has people who buy products and services and people who
sell them also. When people are buying and selling from
each other, it is helpful for everyone because everyone
involved makes money. This is how entrepreneurs help in
growing the area and society they live in.
Qualities of an Entrepreneur
Quality is a way in which a person acts or behaves. Some
examples of qualities in people are hardworking , nice,
rude, etc. Read the comic strips in Figures 4.2 and 4.3 and
learn about the qualities of an entrepreneur.

MYTHS ABOUT ENTREPRENEURSHIP

We know that entrepreneurs are all around us. But even

now, how many of us want to be entrepreneurs ourselves?
We connect entrepreneurship with some thoughts and
opinions. Some people think being an entrepreneur is easy,
and some people think it is difficult. Some people may even
think they are not meant to be entrepreneurs. A myth, or a
misconception, is a false belief or opinion about something.
For example, if we think tall people run faster than short
people, we have a misconception. It is not true. The truth is
that short people can also run fast

Misconception 1
The misconception is that every business idea needs to be
unique or special.

Misconception 2
The misconception we have is that a person needs a lot of
money to start a business.

Misconception 3
A misconception we have is that only a person having a big
business is an entrepreneur.

Misconception 4
A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs are born, not
made.

SESSION 4 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A
CAREER OPTION
So far, we have discussed the effect of entrepreneurship on
society the qualities and functions of an entrepreneur and
misconceptions we might have about entrepreneurship.
In this section, we shall think about entrepreneurship as a
life choice.

A career is a line of work that a person takes for life. There

are two ways a person can earn a living. They are
1. self-employment
2. wage employment
For example, a doctor who works for a hospital is a wage
employed person. If the same doctor has their own clinic,
he or she is a self-employed person. A self-employed
person running a business to satisfy a need by trying new
ideas is an entrepreneur. A person who becomes an
entrepreneur goes through a career process. This process is
as follows:

Green Skills 11
Introducton
The environment around us affects all aspects of our life;
and all our day-to-day activities also affect the
environment. Those who live in cities get their food supply
from surrounding villages and in turn, are dependent on
forests, grasslands, rivers, seashores, for resources, such as
water, fuel wood, fodder, etc. We use natural resources for
food. Everything around us forms our environment and our
lives depend on the natural world around us.
Over the years, with economic development, there has
been an increase in environmental pollution. For example,
with the introduction of high input agriculture, we can grow
more food by using fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid crops.
But it has led to soil and environmental degradation. We
need to plan the use of resources in a sustainable manner so
that we and our future generations can enjoy the good
environment

SESSION 1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Are we planting more trees or are we only destroying them

for our use? Are we saving the water resources Unit Green
Skills 5 104 Employability Skill – Cla X or just polluting
them with garbage? Are we using clean energy or are we
burning wood and petrol and adding to pollution? Are we
giving back to nature so that our future generations may
thrive or are we simply using the air, water and soil
available without leaving anything for the future
generations to come? If the answer to all these questions is
yes, then we are only thinking about our immediate
development and not the long-term development.
What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development is the development that satisfies
the needs of the present without compromising the capacity
of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between
economic growth, care for the environment and social well-
being.

Problems Related to Sustainable Development

Three major problems related to sustainable development

are:

(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to grow

crops, such as wheat, rice, etc., is becoming less as we are
using up more and more land for other purposes. Soil
nutrients are also getting depleted and lots of chemicals are
spoiling the soil due to use of chemical fertilisers.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds for
drinking and cleaning but dump garbage into them. The
rivers and ponds are getting polluted. This way after several
years, we will have no clean water for our use.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as fuels and
for construction of homes and furniture. As more and more
trees are being cut, it is affecting the climate of the place.
Extreme weather conditions, such as floods, extreme cold
or heat, are seen in many places, which affect the people
living there.

• reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing

resource conservation;
• recycling and reuse of waste materials;
• scientific management of renewable resources, especially
bio-resources;
• planting more trees; ote 106 Employability Skill – Class X
• green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between
concrete buildings;
• using more environment friendly material or
biodegradable material and
• use of technologies, which are environmental friendly
and based on efficient use of resources.

Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable Processes
Some practices, such as organic farming, vermi-
composting and rainwater harvesting are being used to
help preserve the environment.

Session 2: our role in Sutanable development

Increasing population and development has led to the

increase in consumption of the natural resources. The more
the population, the more food, energy and water we need.
When we grow more crops, the soil’s nutrients are
consumed and slowly the soil becomes unusable. Similarly,
is we continue to use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and
natural gas, very soon we will run out of these natural
resources

One initiative was taken by Ministry of Railways in

Varanasi and Raibareilly where they introduced clay pots
‘Kulhads’ to replace plastic and paper cups and to bring
back taste of tradition. Three major advantages gained by
using ‘Kulhads’ are to

1. reduce cutting of tree for making paper cups

. 2. job creation for potters, which contributes to economy.
3. reduce plastic waste.

Our Role towards Sustainable Development

United Nations has formed 17 Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs) so that countries and nations can work 110
Employability Skill – Cla X towards finding a solution to
the growing problems in the world. Countries should form
rules and guidelines to remove poverty and hunger and
provide good health and quality education. These goals
have been made so that all the nations take action to protect
our air, water and land from pollution and provide clean
water, air and energy to all people.

Quality Education

1. use the facilities present in our areas.

2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends study.
4. stop friends from dropping out of school.

Clean Water and Sanitation

We must make efforts to make India free of open defecation

by building toilets and creating awareness towards
sanitation. Industrial pollution is polluting our water
resources, which in near future will cause scarcity of clean
drinking and usable water. We must take measurable steps
by promoting awareness to keep water sources clean.

Reduced Inequalities
To reduce inequalities we can
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.
4. help others by including everyone whether they are small
or big, girl or boy, belong to any class or caste.
Protect Life on Land
Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making land
dry and unusable for cultivation. Planting more tree to
replace the ones that we have cut is an important step
towards sustainable development.

Protect Life Below Water

Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing marine

life. Protecting marine life, saving our oceans from
pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life.