CẤU TRÚC CÂU

CÂU ĐƠN, CÂU PHỨC, CÂU GHÉP

I. Lý thuyết
1. Câu đơn
Câu đơn là câu chỉ có 1 mệnh đề chính, gồm có 1 chủ ngữ và 1 động từ.
Định
Hoặc câu có thể có chủ ngữ là 2 danh từ nối bằng ‘and’ hoặc có 2 động từ
nghĩa
nối bằng ‘and’ nhưng vẫn là 1 câu đơn.
- I went to the supermarket yesterday.
Ví dụ - Mary and Tom are playing tennis.
- My brother ate a sandwich and drank beer.

2. Câu ghép
a. Định nghĩa và cấu trúc câu ghép
Định -Là câu có 2 hay nhiều mệnh đề độc lập về ý nghĩa.
nghĩa -Được kết nối với nhau bởi một liên từ kết hợp như: and,or,but,so…
Mệnh đề 1 + (,) + liên từ + mệnh đề 2.
Ví dụ:
Cấu trúc - You should eat less fast or you can put on weight.
- I wasn’t very hungry, but I ate a lot.
- My mother does exercise every day, so she looks very young and fit.
Chúng ta cần phải sử dụng dấu “,” trước lien từ so, con với các lien từ
Lưu ý
and/or/but thì có thể có dấu phẩy hoặc không.

b. Các liên từ kết hợp thường gặp

Liên từ Ví dụ
And(và): dùng để bổ sung thêm - The Japanese eat a lot of fish, and they eat a lot of
thông tin tofu too.
- You can take this medicine, or you can drink hot
Or(hoặc): dung khi có sự lựa
ginger tea.
chọn
But (nhưng): dung dể nói 2 mệnh
đề mag ý nghĩa trái ngược, đối - She doesn’t eat much, but she’s still fat.
lập nhau.
So (nên/vì vậy mà/vậy nên):
- My mother eats healthily, so she is very strong.
dung để nói về một kết quả của
sự việc được nhắc đến trước đó.

3. Câu phức
a. Định nghĩa
-Câu phức là câu bao gồm một mệnh đề độc lập (independent clause) và ít
Định nhất 1 mệnh đề phụ thuộc (dependent clause) liên kết với nhau. Hai mệnh
nghĩa đề thường được nối với nHau bởi dấu phẩy hoặc các liên từ phụ thuộc
(Subordinating Conjuntions).

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 - He always takes time to play with his daughter even though he is
extremely busy.
=> Mệnh đề độc lập Mệnh đề phụ thuộc

- Even though he is busy, he always takes time to play with his daughter.
Ví dụ => Mệnh đề phụ thuộc Mệnh đề độc lập

- You should think about money saving from now if you want to study
abroad.
=> Mệnh đề độc lập Mệnh đề phụ thuộc

- If you want to study abroad, you should think about money saving from
now.
=> Mệnh đề phụ thuộc Mệnh đề độc lập
-Mệnh đề đi liền với liên từ trong câu phức chính là mệnh đề phụ thuộc
Lưu ý -Nếu mệnh đề phụ thuộc nằm phía trược mệnh đề độc lập thì giữa hai mệnh
đề phải có dấu phẩy còn lại thì không.

b. Một số liên từ phụ thuộc thường gặp

As if
After Although As As long as In oder to
(như thế
(sau khi) (mặc dù) (bởi vì/khi) (miễn là) (cốt để mà)
là)
As though
Before Even if Because As much So that
(như thế
(trước khi) (mặc dù) (bởi vì) as (cốt để mà)
là)
Even Whereas
Once If As soon as Unless
though (trong khi
(một khi) (nếu) (ngay khi) (trừ phi)
(mặc dù) đó)
Since While In case Until
Though When
(kể từ khi/bởi (trong khi (phòng (cho đến
(mặc dù) (khi)
vì) đó) khi) khi)

B. Bài tập vận dụng

Bài tập 1: Hoàn tất những câu sau với từ được cho dưới đây
and but or so for
1. I feel tired, _____I feel weak.
2. The Japanese eat healthily, _____they live for a long time.
3. I have flu, _____I don't feel very tired.
4. You should eat less fast food, _____you can put on weight.
5. You can go and see the doctor, _____you can go to bed now and rest.
6. The Japanese eat a lot of rice, _____they eat lots of fish, too.
7. I want to eat ice-cream, _____I have a sore throat
8. You should eat less fast food, _____you can put on weight.
9. The Americans often eat fast food, _____ many of them are overweight.
10. You can walk, _____ you can ride a bike to get there.

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Bài tập 2: Kết hợp những câu sau sử dụng liên từ trong hộp
1. You may have an allergy. Be careful with what you eat and drink. (so)
___________________________________________________________________
2. Tom has a temperature. Tom has a sore throat. (and)
___________________________________________________________________
3. I want to buy other car. I have no money. (but)
___________________________________________________________________
4. It’s raining. I will stay at home and sleep. (so)
___________________________________________________________________
5. I pass the test. My parents took me to the cinema. (therefore)
___________________________________________________________________
6. I feel sleepy. I must finish the report. (however)
___________________________________________________________________
7. His shoes are worn. He has no socks. (for)
___________________________________________________________________
8. I wanted to buy a set of Lego. I started to save my money. (so)
___________________________________________________________________
9. I enjoy visiting many different countries. I wouldn’t want to live overseas. (yet)
___________________________________________________________________
10. I couldn’t go to your party. I was tired. (for)

C. Bài tập rèn luyện

Bài 1:
Điền S (Simple) trước những câu đơn, điền C (compound) trước những câu ghép và
CC (Complex) trước những câu phức.
______ 1. My bike is broken, so I have to walk to school.
______2. My mother bought me a new pair of shoes and made me a cake on my
birthday.
_____ 3. I didn’t expect Jim to come to the meeting yesterday.
_____ 4. Peter had an accident last week but now he is fine.
_____ 5. When I came home, my sister was watching TV.
_____ 6. If you want to succeed in life, you have to work harder.
_____ 7. My sister fancies rock music and she always wants to go to a rock concert.
_____ 8. My grandfather and my grandmother fist met each other when they were
very young.
_____ 9. I didn’t know his address until Mary told me.
_____ 10. Although she tried her best, she didn’t get the job.
_____ 11. In spring, there are various festival throughout country.
_____ 12. Jame never eats junk food because it’s bad for his healthy.
_____ 13. There are several parks around the city.
_____ 14. You may have a sore throat if you drink cold water.
_____ 15. They are going to hold a party to celebrate their wedding anniversary.

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Bài 2: Khoanh tròn vào liên từ thích hợp để hoàn thành những câu ghép dưới
đây. (and,or,but,so)
1. My father is an engineer,_____ he often has to work away from home.
A.and B. or C.but D.so
2.This year the Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the next Sunday,_____ I can go home
and reunite with my family.
A.and B. or C.but D.so
3.I have never joined in a carnival,_____ I am very curious about it.
A.and B. or C.but D.so
4.My mother is occupied in her job,_____ she tries to make time for me.
A.and B. or C.but D.so
5.Do you wwant to join us_____ do you want to leave now?
A.and B. or C.but D.so
6.I loves cats,_____ my mother doesn’t allow me to have one.
A.and B.or C.but D.so
7.Mary wants to go abroad,_____ she saves money from now.
A.and B.or C.but D.so
8.They used to be friends,_____ now they are not.
A.and B.or C.but D.so
9.This event is help to commemorate the national heroes,_____ it teacher children to
respect and be grateful to the heroes.
A.and B.or C.but D.so
10.You can take a seat,_____ you can go around and take a look.It’s up to you.
A.and B.or C.but D.so

Bài 3: Điền một liên từ thích hợp để hoàn thành những câu ghép sau.
1. My father wants me to become a doctor,_____ I want to become a designer.
2. It is a challenging task ____ it takes me a lot of time to do it.
3. Should I stay in and watch TV ____ should I hang out with friends today?
4. There are many festival in Vietnam_____ many of them are held in the spring.
5. Did you stay at home last night_____ did you go out with your friends?
6. I broke my glasses yesterday,_____ I didn’t see things clearly.
7. My brother doesn’t socialize much, ____ he has very few friends.
8. A new camera is all I want now,_____ I don’t have enough money.
9. Mary looks small and thin,_____ she owns great strength.
10.I have many things to do tonight,_____ I reject my friend’s invitation to her party.
11. My computer is brand new,_____ I en counter some problems when I use it.
12. This is a complex problem,_____ we need to work together to find the solution.
13. Peter doesn’t feel today,____ he is absent from school.
14. They thought they won the match,_____ it turned out that they were losers.
15. My siblings and I don’t share many similarities,_____ we are in harmony with
each other.

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Bài 4: Nối hai câu đơn sau thành câu ghép.
1. My best friend is studying abroad. It is impossible for us to meet each other now.
2. They are going to build a new bridge across this rive. Traveling will be much more
convenient.
3. It has been ages since our last encounter. I still remember him clearly.
4. I went down with flu last week. I had to postpone my work.
5. I think the festival will be full of fun. Many people will enjoy it.
6. Students can choose to carry out a project on environmental issues. They can
conduct research on the topic of renewable energy.
7. My mother started a business trip last week. She hasn’t returned home yet.
8. My brother has grown up into an adult. He still enjoys playing with Lego.

Bài 5: Khoanh tròn vào liên từ thích hợp để hoàn thành những câu phức dưới
đây.
1. It will be a great fortune (if/unless) I can join upcoming carnival.
2. I will lend you my book (as long as/as soon as) you promise to keep it clean.
3. I will call you (as long as/as soon as) I arrive there.
4. (When/While) I came, Jim was having dinner.
5. Catherine was shocked (when/until) she found out the truth.
6. They have worked at this company (when/since) they graduated.
7. At 8 pm last night, I was doing my homework (when/while) my sister was playing
with her toys.
8. (Before/After) I had eaten my breakfast, I went to school by bus.
9. (Although/Despite) Mary looks thinner than me, she is much stronger than me.
10. They didn’t come to the party (since/as soon as) they were too busy.
11. You should bring your raincoat (unless/in case) it rains.
12.I didn’t realize her new hair (when/until) she told me.
13.I won’t accept this job (even if/if) the offer me high salary.
14.My father will buy me a book (even though/as long as) I pass the exam.
15.I like her (when/even though) she’s annoying sometimes.

Bài 6: Hoàn thành những câu sau với so, but, while, because, or, although.
1. I haven’t really studied for this exam, ……………….. I feel a little nervous.
2. I told him not to come, ……………….. he came anyway.
3.……………….. I was really tired, I took a nap for 15 minutes.
4……………….. she likes to play basketball, her favorite sport is tennis.
5……………….. it was really hot outside, I wore shorts.
6. I was on time, ……………….. everyone else was late.
7. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, ……………….. she takes the bus everywhere.
8. Keep quiet ……………….. go out.
9. I turned on the fan ……………….. the room was hot.
10. Carol showed up for the meeting ……………….. I asked her not to be there.

Bài 7: Nối hai câu riêng lẻ dưới đây thành một câu.
1. He worked for a woman. She used to be an artist.
___________________________________________________________________
2. They called a doctor. He lived nearby.
___________________________________________________________________

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3. I wrote an email to my sister. She lives in Italy.
___________________________________________________________________
4. Linh liked the waiter. He was very friendly.
___________________________________________________________________
5. We broke a car. It belonged to my uncle.
___________________________________________________________________
6. Ba dropped a cup. It was new.
___________________________________________________________________
7. Nam loves books. They have happy endings.
___________________________________________________________________