Steven Krashen is a prominent linguist and educational researcher known for his influential theories
on second language acquisition and learning. His work has greatly impacted language education and
how foreign languages are taught. Here are some key concepts from Krashen's theories:
Theories of Language Acquisition
1. The Input Hypothesis
- Central to Krashen's theories is the Input Hypothesis, which posits that learners acquire language
most effectively when they are exposed to "comprehensible input" that is slightly above their current
proficiency level (i+1). This means that the material should be understandable but also contain some
elements that are new and challenging.
2. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
- Krashen differentiates between "acquisition" and "learning." Acquisition is a subconscious process
similar to how children learn their first language, while learning is a conscious process that involves
studying grammatical rules. Krashen argues that acquisition is far more effective for achieving
fluency.
3. The Monitor Hypothesis
- According to this hypothesis, the learned system acts as a monitor or editor that can correct
language output. However, this monitoring can only happen under specific conditions: the learner
must have time, focus on form, and know the rule.
4. The Natural Order Hypothesis
- This hypothesis states that language learners acquire grammatical structures in a predictable
sequence, and this sequence is not necessarily related to the order in which they are taught.
5. The Affective Filter Hypothesis
- Krashen suggests that emotional factors such as motivation, anxiety, and self-confidence influence
language acquisition. A high affective filter (high anxiety, low motivation) can block comprehensible
input and impede learning.
Methodology of Learning a Foreign Language
Based on these hypotheses, Krashen recommends several practices for effective language teaching:
1. Focus on Meaningful Communication
Emphasize understanding and conveying messages rather than explicit grammar
instruction. Use activities that involve real communication.
2. Provide Comprehensible Input
Ensure that learners are exposed to language that is just slightly above their current
level of proficiency. Use visual aids, gestures, and context to make the input
comprehensible.
3. Lower the Affective Filter
Create a low-stress, supportive learning environment to enhance motivation and
reduce anxiety. Encourage positive attitudes towards language learning.
4. Encourage Natural Language Use
Allow learners to use the language naturally without constant correction. This helps
them develop fluency and confidence.
5. Delayed Error Correction
Avoid immediate correction of errors during communication activities. Focus on
fluency first, and provide feedback in a more structured setting where appropriate.
Criticisms and Impact
While Krashen's theories have been highly influential, they have also faced criticism. Some
researchers argue that the distinction between acquisition and learning is too simplistic, and that
explicit grammar instruction can be beneficial. Additionally, the practical application of providing just
the right level of comprehensible input can be challenging.
Despite these criticisms, Krashen's work has had a lasting impact on language teaching
methodologies, emphasizing the importance of meaningful communication, the role of emotional
factors, and the naturalistic approach to language learning. His ideas continue to shape modern
language education practices and inspire ongoing research in the field.
