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✓

I ( "1°1-<'Sl it107 J
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Sanitation

l
From kitchen, bath, floor etc.
.
l
Through vertical pipes

Water sources (Soil I SW~ pipes)

(Like River, Pond, Stream) . l '-.j, :

Traps

. (Gully trap, Chambers, Sewer trap)

Collection & treatment

l
Municipal sewer/ Op~n drain /
. .i .
(Intake well & treatment plant) ~~-,w,t

J
l
Distribution Pumping station
cl,-ro..'-.,....

(Through gravity or pressure lines)

l
l Treatment plant

House hold plumbing

\

(Storage water tanks, plumbing pipes,

!
Drying beds I water source
taps to get water)
 ✓

any pipe material.

Followi.ng factor should be considered at the time of selection of
.
1. Material of pipe :material, type and quality

a} Corrosive resistance of pipe material

surface inside.
b} Inside surface of pipe-as flow of water will depend upon the

For calculation of flow -:-Hazan William's Formula is

2 63
Q=F 0•54 X 1002 X C X D •

Where- Q=water flow quantity mt/hour

F=friction drop mt/mt

C=surface factor/ Hazan William's factor

The value· of C is for G.1-90 to 100 and for plastic smooth

surface -150

D=inside diameter of pipe in mt.

.••

c} U.V resistance of material for long span of time

d) Temperature withstand capacity of pipe

For example=+°C to -°C without deterioration of pipe material

e) Bursting pressure of pipe

2 2
For example=4 kg/cm , 6 kg/cm etc. •

f) The co-efficient of thermal expansion of pipe

g) Sizes available

h} Max. length of pipe available

PVC=Polyvinyl chloride

U-PVC= unplastisize-PVC-40/80/120schedule

C-PVC=chlorinated PVC

SWR pipe=soil, waste and rain water pipe

 ✓

2. Jointing system of pipes:·.

a) It is of same material or a different kind o material of fittings. (important factor

is thermal expansion)

b) Type of sealing material is being used between pipe and fittings like hold
tight, threads and white gum, taphlone, fusion, welding etc.

c) Joints are weakest part of any system· so it is very important for us to know
that how much pressure it can bare? Because many times pipe materials may
be strong enough but the joints may be weak. -
3. Quality of fluid/ water:

Will it maintain the hygienity of water for a long time use? Due to scaling or bacterial
colony develop after the use of some period will contaminate the quality of water.

4. During the service period maintenance will be require or if it will damage due to
s·ome reason, than will it be repairable easily? Either it is in open line or
concealed line? At same time can we dete<?t the pipe when it is concealed?

•
5. Approvals of pipe and fitting system from different government and competent
authorities. like CPWD,PWD,81S (Bureau of Indian std., military etc)

6. users certificates

•
Over head water tank:
Fig:

Volume of tank=1000Iit=1 cu.mt (without free board)

Ex: 2000Iit=2cumt. =1.33x1 .Ox (1.50+0.30)

Under Ground water tank:

Fig:

Definitions: •
Sanitation: sanitation is t_he prevention of the out break of diseases for the general
health of the public. This can be achieved by either controlling· or eliminating such
environmental factors which are responsible for the transmission of diseases. Sanitation
in short, is the public health work executed by officials of health department or
engineers.

Sewage: sewage may be defined as the used water or liquid waste of a community,
which includes human and household waste together with street washing, industrial
waste and such ground and storm water as may be mixed with it. •

Sewage could be separated out as three types:

a) Domestic

•b) Industrial and trade waste

c) Storm water

Domestic: domestic waste includes human excreta as well as discharge from

kitchens, baths, lavatories etc....
 Industrial ·and trade waste: it includes waste from factories, mills, distilleries,
slaughter houses etc.

Storm water: as rain falls, a part of it is lost through evaporation in to air or

percolation into the ground. The remaining overflows the surface as storm water. It is
also usual to allow, for some provision of storm water, such as may be derived from
street wash, courtyards and roofs of the houses.

Sewer: sewer is an underground or open conduit used for the removal of sewage.

Sewerage: sewerage is the general process of collection and carrying of sewage -

through system of conduits and appurtenances from the towns and disposes it of safely.
The entire system is called sewerage system.

Refuse: refuse is considered to be m~de up of solid organic waste in a decomposing or

non decomposing state but excluding night soil means it includes garbage, rubbish,
ashes, street washings, dead animals, solid market and industrial waste.

Garbage: garbage is the decomposing· organic waste resulting from the growing,
handing, cooking or consumption of food products. It is the most important compound of
waste. It's by product are grease and fertilizer after proper disposal and treatment.

Rubbish: rubbish means all non decomposing_ organic waste but excluding ashes.
These are like paper, cans, card-board, glass, crockery, scrap metals etc. Rubbish
could create nuisance as it is easily scattered by wind or through careless handling.
•
Ashes: ashes are the waste products of coal and other fuels used in domestic and
industrial buildings. It results in the creation of dust nuisance.

•Bio-medical waste: is defined as: potentially infectious waste materials generated at

health care facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, physician's offices, dental practices,
blood banks, and veterinary hospitals/clinics, as well as medical research facilities and
laboratories.

-
Method of collection of waste:
a) The dry or conservancy system

b) Water carrying system -

The dry or conservancy system:

The dry system is the earlier method and even now practiced in unsewered areas. This
system consist the accumulation of night soil or human excreta and then its subsequent
removal by manually. Then after it is transported in vehicles to the points of ultimate
disposal.

The waste water from kitchen, baths etc and the storm water are collected separately in
gutter and led off into neighboring drainage channels, rivers etc for disposal.
Merits:

• It is very cheap and easy to establish.

. .
• As sewage flows in open drain, there is no pipe line network is required. Thus the -
maintenance of the system is very easy.

• In remote or backward area, for a small group of community only this system can
be applicable.

Demerits:

• In crowded streets, it is very difficul~ and inconvenient to lay roadside drains.

• Building can not be designed as a compact unit as latrine is to be provided away

from the rooms.

• There is every possibility that liquid refuse may get access in the subsoil and
pollute the sub soil water.
. .
• Due to open drains, there is likely to be fly and mosquito breeding and foul smell -
and it is not hygienic for the public health.

• Due to heavy rain, open drain can be overflowed on roads which may create
many serious problems to public health.

• The system completely depends upon the mercy of sweepers.

• The aesthetic appearance of the city can be deprived .

•
-

The water carriage system:

ient quantity of water and is -
In this system, the night soil gets mixed up with suffic
t treatment and then disposed
collected in a system of pipes, transported for subsequen
health. As the dilation of solid
in a harmless manner without any nuisance to public
due to that only it knows as
matter with water is very great, sewage easily flows. And
ous and is universally employed
water carriage system. This system is very advantage
in practice.

Merits:
matters are collected and
• This is to be considered a hygienic method as all the
conveyed by water.
goes in closed sewer either
• There is no nuisance in the streets as all th_e sewage
open or underground. The risk of epidemics is reduced.

• Due to more quantity of sewage (as water is added),

self cleaning velocity can be -
obtained even at less gradient.

• We can design building as a compact unit with toilet.

except when sewer got
• The system does not depend upon daily manual labor
chocked.

Demerits:
very expensive at initial
• As system includes sewer, traps, man-holes etc., it is
cost.
re continuous source of
• Water is required in much more quantity, so it will requi
water. ..
will become difficult and
• As system is having many components, maintenance
also requires skill personas for it.

• It is not applicable for the small group of community.

 Refuse disposal:
Methods used for the disposal of refuse are as follows,
1. Dumping •

2. Sanitary land fill

3. Incineration

4. Composting

5. Reduction

6. Grinding

7. salvaging

Dumping: . .
Dumping is open throwing of refus~ so as to fill up low laying areas. It is also known as
land reclamation. The refuse should greferably consist of rubbish, ashes, street washing
but excluding garbage. The method though popular in cities it is not quite satisfactory as
it may cause breeding of flies and mosquitoes, scattering of papers by wind, bad odour
etc. the disposal of refuse by dumping into sea is also possible in case of costal cities
with certain precautions.

Sanitary landfill:

It requires the refuse material to be placed in a trench or other prepared area. It is then
adequately compacted and covered up with a 15cm layer of earth spread at the end of
certain level of dumping. It requires regular supervision.

Incineration:

It involves the burning of refuses in an incinerator. Incineration is recommended in

crowded cities where it is not possible to make disposal with land reclamation. It is also
being recommended for the disposal of bio-logical waste in advanced cities. The
method is quite effective as it is destroying completely insects and pathogenic bacteria.
The disadvantage only is it produces large amount of smoke and gases, emitted in the
process. It adds to the air pollution.
111 11-- ----- ----- -ll!! '?lll ..,.,, ,,_S- - -

Composting:

It is the ~roces~ of decomposition of organic wastes, which may includes refuse~ as

well as mght soil through a bio-chemical process where by the waste are converted mto
harmless compounds called ;~~ having high fertilizing value.
Reduction:

It is the process of recovering grease and other solid residue from garbage. Grease is
used in the manufacture of glycerin, candles and soap while the solid residue can be
used as a fertilizer.

Grinding: •

It can also be known as pulverizing. Grinding is mechanically reducing garbage of

refuse in machines into a fine powder. The powder has been found to process some
fertilizing power.

Salvaging:

It is the removal from refuse of certain elements having marketable value i.e. paper,
glass, metal, etc. this method is not quite desirable because of its high nuisance value
of scattering of waste.

-
'
✓

Traps:

Traps have bee~ defined as fittings placed in drainage pipes, which prevent th~
passage of foul air or gases through drains, waste or soil pipes and thus prevent their
entry into the buildings. This is possible because traps are equipped with water seal.
Depth of water seal in practice varies from 25mm to 75 mm.
•
General requirement of good traps:

• They should be non absorbent' having adequate water seal at all times.

• They should be smooth with no projection, angles or inside contractions that

could obstruct or retard the flow of water.

• T~ey should retain minimum quantities of water consistent wit~ providing deep
water seal with large surface areas.

• Though it is self-cleaning, they should be provided with suitable access for

cleaning.

Types of traps:

Traps may be classified in two ways.~

• According to their shape

• According to their use

According to their shape:

P-trap:

INLET CIOWN

ou1m

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f ..-\i StAL

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-
s-trap:

-Q-trap:

According to their use:

1. Floor trap

2. Gully trap

3. Intercepting traps
T

Floor traps:
e water from floors of baths and
These are used for admitting surface wash or wast
nt coarse solid matter passing
kitchens. These are provided with grating at top to preve
e blockage. In practice it is also
into drain along with the waste water and there by caus
known as Nahni-trap.

-
lt
Gully Trap:

These are used for the reception of waste from baths, sinks and wash basins as well as
surface water from house taps or backyards. Gully traps may have P-trap or S-trap. The
water seal is 50mm to 75mm. the upper section of the trap is covered by a grating to
exclude coarse solid matter.

'
t '
 •

• Intercepting traps:

These are also known as interceptor or sewer traps. These are used at the junction of
the house drain/sewer to the public sewer. The main objective of this is to prevent foul
gases entering from public sewer to house drainage system. These foul gases are led
off through ventilating columns which are provided at the head of every branch sewer.
!he water seal we have to keep sufficiently deep as much as 75mm. th_e. use ~f
interceptor depends upon the location and site situation. we may avoid use of 1t 1f public
sewer has got good ventilating system.

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Water seal:

Water seal is the vertical distance between the dip and crown weir of a trap .

\3
 •

Man-holes:
. d •
These are opening constructed on a hne of sewer or a ram s in order to enable
.
man to
. .
entre in sewer. The main reasons of providing inspection cleaning and to
manho1es are ' . . bl
. . . .
carry required maintenance operation m sewer. The open ings are fitted with su1ta e
covers called man-hole covers.

Location of man-holes:
Man-holes are provided every change of alignment, gradient, diameter of sewer, at lhe
junction of sewer and at the street intersections. The maximum distance between
manholes varies usually between 45mt to 90mt.for large size sewer it can be litt~e more.
Where as ISi recommended the maximum distance between two man-holes ts 3omt.
only.

Thus the sewer are laid in straight lengths between man-holes and this way_ man-holes
carries all changes in size or gradient. •
Parts of man-hole:

We can divide man-hole in three parts.

1. Working chamber

2. Access shaft

3. A strong man-hole covers at top flush with the road level.

Working chamber:
♦

The working chamber provides a working space for a man to stand inside and to carry
out the work of cleaning or inspection. The shape of working chamber is either
rectangular or circular plan._ The minimum distance for rectangular is 0.9mt x 1.2mt and
for circular minimum diameter should be 1.2mt. for rectangular shape always keep a
larger dimension in the direction of flow. Generally it is constructed in brick masonry.

Access shaft:

The access shaft provides a way to reach below to the working chamber. The cast iron
steps or rungs are fixed in the masonry wall, staggered in two vertical runs 38cm apart
horizontally and 30 cm vertically. (Rugs means cross bar to climb)

•
Man-hole cover:
The man-hole cover and frame are generally made of either cast iron, R.C.C. or F.R.P.

Cast iron covers are classified as below according to their weight.

•
Light weight : 51 Kg

Medium weight : 153 kg

Heavy weight : 255 kg

Covers are being used depending on the type of traffic to be born. In case of R.C.C
cover it is generally of pre cast R.C.C slab of suitable sizes. The man-hole covers ~re
provided flush with road level and have a size that men can easily entre in the working
chamber. The minimum size should be 50cm in diameter.
Benching:

The bottom of the man-hole is usually made ~f concrete slightly sloped at the top
towards the open channels, which are in continuation of sewer line. The channels are
sometimes lined wlth half-round sewer pipe section. The top surface of the concrete is -
called benching. The purpose is that the man stands on its top during cleaning and
inspection of the sewer lines.

In manholes where the inlet and outlet pipes are of different diameters, the crown of the
pipes should be placed at same level and necessary slope should be given in the invert
of the man-hole chamber. This is to prevent back flow in the smaller diameter pipes
when the large diameter pipes are flowing full.
 ------- 1l£SL

Man-hole classification:
Man-holes are classified as follows.

1. Drop man-holes

2. Lamp hole

3. Street inlets

o Curb inlets

o Gutter inlets
.
° Combined gutter and curb inlets
Drop man-holes:
Where inlet and outlet pipe sewers have to be connected at different levels and where it
is also desired to drop the levels of invert of incoming sewers by 0.9mt or above that of
the man-hole, than the connection is made by construct a vertical pipe outside the man-
hole as shown in the figure. This is to be done to avoid chance of sewage splashing on
a man working inside the man-hole chamber. And by extending the pipe into the
cha~ber as shown in figure, we can use that as an inspection arm at the time of
blockage of sewer. ·vcn-'.h'w ~u-"·~ tlf D~ Mornr-"1°'~ • •
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Lamp holes:

FU6GIH8

Pie£ LAM PH OLE..

to permit the insertion
These are opening, usually of small size, made on lines of sewer
light from the adjacent
of a lamp inside the sewer with the object of viewing the lamp-
obstructions inside the
man-holes, up stream and down streams and detecting any
sewer if any.
mm to 300mm diameter,
It is being constructed by stone ware or cast-iron pipe of 225
in figure.
based in concrete and built off a tee junction on the sewer as shown

Lamp-holes are found suitable for use under the following situati
ons.
-
a} Where it is necessary to insert bends in sewer.
oles.
b} Where Possibility/ Physibility of site is not proper for man-h
spacing.
c} Where the distance between two man-holes is more than usual
g devices available,
d) Where there is in certain circumstances with no other flushin
the sewer is to be got flushed with the help of lamp-holes.

-
"
 _
I C..!a_ _ _ _

Street inlets:
. . • ter or the surface wash
A street inlet 1s an opening in the gutter to receive the storm wa
and pass it into a storm or combined sewer.
. . . . that storm water may not
At the street Junction inlets should be placed m such a way . h
flow across any of the streets causing interference with the traffic, as shown in t e
figure. •

As we have seen street inlets are of three types.

• Curb inlets

• Gutter inlets

• Combined gutter & curb inlets

Curb inlets:

In curb inlets an opening is provided in the road curb for the entrance of storm water, as
shown in figure.

Curb-stone edging to a foot path or side walk.

. c... t.

15
i
I

Advantages of curb inlets

0
Less quantity of floating solids can enter in the catch pits.
0 As gratin·g is fixed with the road curb, it can not be easily stolen or removed.
0 Grating become cheap as it doesn't have to bare the traffic load.
Disadvantages

0 It is not suitable to catch mo.re quantity of water, particularly on steep roads.

Gutter inlets:

These are placed just below the road and storm water is allowed to enter directly from
th e top such inlets can catch very large volume of water and are most suitable in roads
th
having step slopes. These inlets are provided with cast iron grating at top to prevent e
floatjng matters entering the sewer. The importani point to be considered is that the top
- grating should sufficient strong to bear the traffic loads.

Disadvantages
. .

Due to heavy grating initial cost will become high.

Due to heavy weight it has got good scrap value and therefore these are mostly stolen.
Due to that the pit remains open and becomes the source of an accident. Also due to
remain uncovered there will be a chance of chalk up and area will be suffering from
accumulation of storm water.

I
f
Combined gutter and curb inlets:

It is the just combination of above two types as shown in fig.

 The plumbing syst ern of d • .
ra1nage·•
There are three principal st .
pl b' itary
fixture can be conveyed aresytheern of urn mg through which discharge from san

1. Single stack system

2. One pipe system

3. Two pipe system

Single track sys. tem:

Waste water_ from bath, kitch .
harged in a
ch is k en, sink a~ Well as night soil from w.c are disc
one single pipe, whi system. This
~oil pipe, is known as single stack
single pipe also acts as a v n~;I n. as ended totally
the effe ctiveness of Wat en atin g pipe. Gully traps are avoided and dep
on entry of foul gases from
er seal to act as a barrier against the
filled with
t.E-sTACK SYST EM
sewer. The traps should be kept
minimum water seal of 75 mm.
SJNG

1 _,
z$0iJ pipe-
·o
4 redu<ef inlet

FF ·
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Advantages of the system:

lementation
1. Simplicity in layout, design and imp
 V

·1d· as one pipe is

help to improve external appearance of the bui ,ng
2. It will
used .
maintain.
3. System will become more compact so easy to
will make the system more
4. Avoiding gully trap and piping ;;ystem
economical

Disadvantages:
. • f th water seal in the traps
Principal disadvantage is the easy breaking o e
1.
due to following reasons.
• d through traps by back
up
2. Air or waste from drainage pipe may be force
pressure due to blockage or poor design.
. d • dry weather for long
3. In non using condition, due to evaporation unng
time. .
appliances, sucking away
4. Self-siphon age due to sudden discharge from
its own trap seal

One pipe system:

above system. This vent pipe is having
In this system a separate vent pipe is added to
ide natural outlet to the foul gases. All
top projection above the roof top, which will prov
pletely ventilated to preserve the water
the traps of w.c, basins, baths etc. are kept com
this system arrangement of pipe work
seal by connecting them to the vent pipe. Thus in ~ ~it.
it is costlier too.
is difficult than single stack system and there fore
~~ ~~
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Partially ventilated one pipe system:
of the water closets which the soil
T.his s~stem the vent pipe ventilates only the traps
as in the case of single stack system.
pipe discharges sewage and waste matter same
al and easy pipe laying system. But
By this means it will become more economic
however it is necessary for the traps to have a deep
water seal i.e. not less than 75mm. -
Two pipe system:
vertical soil pipe where as bath, wash
In this system w.c and urinals are connected to a
e pipe, which is disconnected from
basins, sinks etc. are connected to a .separate wast
two sets or pair of vertical pipes. The
the drain by means of a gully trap. Thus there are
rate vent pipes so ultimately we are
soil pipe and the waste pipe each is having a sepa
having four stacks in a two pipe system.

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Septic Tank:
hospitals,
. . 1 ns ' hotels,
. nutio
'th complete
of isolated build ings, ms
In the rural areas and also in case d wage systemchw1cases septic
school and small residential colon ies where undergroun se l under su
. . mica k h Id be as far as
econo .'
treatment of sewage may be neither feasible nor f th septi.c tan s ou
•
tank is the one of the best solutions. The location ° e y areas or areas
located ,n sw:~~o open drainage
possible away from the buildings and should not be
be allowe : fly breeding If a
prone to flooding. The septic tank effluent should not
r nuisan~ an tic tank shou.ld be
system, as it may cause health hazards, bad odou
nt from t e sep
facility for connection to a sewer is available the efflue
connected to sewer.

access Inspection
Inlet Inspection outlet
port port
port
.,
.I I

Inlet
"Tee"
baffle

ion tank in which sewage moves

A septic tank is a horizontal continuous flow sedimentat
to permit 60 to 70% .of suspended
very slowly, as to be retained for a period sufficient
the tank. Some of the lighter solids
matter to settle in the form of sludge at the bottom of
ge to form floating scum. The
including grease and fat raise it the surface of the sewa
with the sewage in the tank for a
scum and tije sludge so formed are than retained
ed by the. bacteria.
period of several months during which they are decompos
adequate water supply is most
For the satisfactory functioning of the septic tank,
detergents and disinfectants are
essential. But at the same time water containing
Therefore we are not joining the
unsuitable for the working atmosphere of septic tank.
is directly connected to a soak pit.
outlets of kitchen and bath sewer to the septic tank. It
nry, concrete or other suitable
Septic tank may be constructed of brick work, stone maso
with rich cement mortar. The floor
materials .. The septic tank should be plastered inside
or steel cover should be provided
should be· of 1:2:4 cement concrete. Air tight concrete
and cleaning.
on the top of septic tank with man-hole for inspection

J
 wind agitation, lessening bad
The tank cover helps in keeping sewage, preventing
rately removed through a vent
o~ours and preventing accidents too. Gases are sepa
r nuisance in surrounding.
pipe projecting sufficiently above level to eliminate bad odou
nts between tank inlet and
A septic tank is so constructed as to prevent direct curre nd
lower the horizontal velocity a
outlet. And also larger the plan area of the clear space,
consequently greater the sedimentation.

Soak pit:
tank requires to be properly
The decomposed and highly odours effluent from ·the septic
the surroundings.
disposed off, so as to be of minimum .nuisance and risk to
nt is allowed to be soaked or
A soak pit is a covered pit through which the efflue
be kept either empty or filled
absorbed into the surrounding and bottom soil. The pit may
up with brick or stone aggregates.
concrete blocks with dry open
~hen it is empty, the pit is lined with brick, stone or
Backing of the pit is done by
Joints. It is not at all requiring plaster on both the side.
coarse aggregates for the purpose of filtration.
ring constructed at the top of
And when filled, no lining is required except for a masonry
run off.
• the pit to prevent damage by flooding of the pit by surface
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