ISSN 0126-0472 EISSN 2087-4634 Media Peternakan, August 2016, 39(2):134-140

Accredited by DGHE No: 66b/DIKTI/Kep/2011 DOI: 10.5398/medpet.2016.39.2.134

Available online at http://medpet.journal.ipb.ac.id/

Determination of Cell Wall Protein from Selected Feedstuffs and its Relationship
with Ruminal Protein Digestibility in Vitro

A. Jayanegaraa,*, S. P. Dewib, N. Layllib, E. B. Laconia, Nahrowia, & M. Ridlaa

Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
a

b
Undergraduate Program of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University
Jalan Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680, Indonesia
(Received 19-06-2015; Reviewed 09-07-2015; Accepted 17-02-2016)

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed to analyze neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and acid
detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) contents of various commonly used forage and concen-
trate feedstuffs in Indonesia. A number of forages and concentrates, i.e. gliricidia, trichantera, indi-
gofera, calliandra, papaya leaves, cassava leaves, leucaena, rapeseed meal, corn gluten feed, soybean
meal, copra meal, palm kernel meal, fish and bone meal and wheat bran were subjected to proximate
analysis, cell wall nitrogen determination and in vitro rumen fermentation evaluation. Chemical com-
position analysis was done in duplicate. The in vitro incubation was conducted in 14 treatments and
3 replicates by following a randomized complete block design. Variables measured after the incu-
bation were total volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter
digestibility (OMD) and crude protein digestibility (CPD). Results revealed that among the forages,
cassava leaf had the highest proportion of NDICP while corn gluten feed was the highest among the
concentrates. Different from that of NDICP, the highest proportion of ADICP was obtained in pa-
paya leaf and copra meal for the forages and concentrates, respectively. Higher proportion of NDICP
tended to decrease CPD (P<0.1). Although higher ADICP apparently tended to decrease CPD as well,
the relationship was insignificant due to the higher variation of the dependent variable. It was con-
cluded that cell wall protein proportion in feed may be used as an indicator to determine the quality
of protein and its utilization in the rumen.

Key words: cell wall protein, NDICP, ADICP, rumen, digestibility

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan neutral detergent insoluble crude protein
(NDICP) dan acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) pada sejumlah bahan pakan hijauan dan
konsentrat yang umum digunakan di Indonesia. Bahan pakan berupa glirisidia, trichantera, indi-
gofera, kaliandra, daun pepaya, daun singkong, lamtoro, bungkil rapeseed, corn gluten feed, bungkil
kedelai, bungkil kelapa, bungkil inti sawit, tepung ikan dan tulang, dan dedak gandum dianalisis
kandungan proksimat, nitrogen dinding sel, dan diinkubasi pada sistem fermentasi rumen secara in
vitro. Analisis komposisi kimia dilakukan dalam 2 ulangan. Inkubasi in vitro dilakukan dalam 14 per-
lakuan dan 3 ulangan berdasarkan rancangan acak kelompok. Peubah yang diamati setelah inkubasi
adalah total volatile fatty acid (VFA), amonia, kecernaan bahan kering (KBK), kecernaan bahan organik
(KBO), dan kecernaan protein kasar (KPK). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa daun singkong mengandung
NDICP tertinggi di antara hijauan, sedangkan corn gluten feed tertinggi di antara konsentrat. Proporsi
ADICP tertinggi terdapat pada daun pepaya untuk hijauan dan bungkil kelapa untuk konsentrat.
Proporsi NDICP yang semakin tinggi cenderung menurunkan KPK (P<0,1). Meskipun semakin
tinggi ADICP juga cenderung menurunkan KPK, hubungannya relatif lemah dikarenakan tingginya
variasi pada data KPK. Disimpulkan bahwa kandungan protein dinding sel pakan dapat digunakan
sebagai indikator kualitas protein pakan dan penggunaannya di dalam rumen.

Kata kunci: protein dinding sel, NDICP, ADICP, rumen, kecernaan

*Corresponding author:
E-mail: anuragaja@apps.ipb.ac.id

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INTRODUCTION forage and concentrate based feedstuffs in Indonesia,

i.e. gliricidia, trichantera, indigofera, calliandra, papaya
Protein is a main nutrient required by animals leaf, cassava leaf, leucaena (forages), rapeseed meal,
either for maintenance, production and reproduction corn gluten feed, soybean meal, copra meal, palm kernel
purposes. Protein is a polymer of various combination meal, fish and bone meal and wheat bran (concen-
of amino acids linked together with peptide bonds. In trates). Further, an in vitro digestibility experiment was
Indonesia, for many years up to present, the protein performed to assess primarily the ruminal CP digest-
value of a feedstuff or ration is expressed as crude pro- ibility of each feedstuff, and to observe the relationship
tein (CP) content. The value is obtained by measuring between such cell wall CP fractions and the CP digest-
its nitrogen content through Kjeldahl or Dumas method ibility. It was hypothesized that NDICP and ADICP
and multiplied by a constant value of 6.25. This is based contents varied among the experimental feedstuffs and
on the assumption that feed protein contains 16% of that there was a negative correlation between these com-
nitrogen (Saez-Plaza et al., 2013). This CP value is also ponents and in vitro CP digestibility.
used as a main variable for formulating or balancing
ration in ruminant livestock. However, CP does not MATERIALS AND METHODS
contain any information on the availability of protein
when it is digested and utilized by the livestock. High Collection and Preparation of Feed Samples
CP content in a feed does not always related to a high
animal performance or productivity due to the differ- Feedstuffs used in the present experiment consisted
ence in protein digestion and utilization in the digestive of forages (gliricidia, trichantera, indigofera, calliandra,
tract of the animal (Das et al., 2014). In fact, part of feed papaya leaves, cassava leaves and leucaena) and concen-
CP is degraded by the rumen microbes and transformed trates (rapeseed meal, corn gluten feed, soybean meal,
into microbial protein. Other part is not degraded by the copra meal, palm kernel meal, fish and bone meal and
microbes and directly by-pass to lower intestine which wheat bran). Forage samples were collected from the
later can be degraded by proteolytic enzymes. Further, area of Laboratory of Agrostology, Faculty of Animal
the rate of protein degradation in the rumen may vary Science, Bogor Agricultural University. Concentrates
and can be divided into rapidly, intermediately and were obtained from commercial suppliers, i.e. PT Indo
slowly degradable fractions (Edmunds et al., 2012). Thus Feed (corn gluten feed, fish and bone meal and wheat
there is a need to consider digestion and utilization bran) and PT Cheil Jedang Indonesia (rapeseed meal,
characteristics of a feed protein in order to achieve a soybean meal, copra meal and palm kernel meal).
more precise feed formulation so that it is closely related Approximately 2 kg dry matter of each forage species
to animal performance. was collected, sun-dried for one day and ground to
Not all CP in a feed can be digested and utilized by pass a 2 mm sieve. Concentrate samples were obtained
livestock. Although the majority of protein is located in from commercial suppliers and already in the forms
the cytoplasm of a plant cell, part of it presents in the of ground samples. These forage and concentrate
cell wall (Tan et al., 2013). This CP fraction is presumed samples were subjected to proximate analysis, cell wall
to be less available for microbial and enzymatic diges- nitrogen determination and in vitro rumen fermentation
tion, thus contributes to the lower quality of protein. evaluation.
Van Soest et al. (1991) have introduced the analysis
of plant cell wall by using neutral detergent and acid Chemical Composition Determination
detergent solutions to generate neutral detergent fiber
(NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), respectively. Proximate analysis was performed according to
The residual part of the analysis can be subsequently AOAC (2005). Cell wall protein was determined by
continued with nitrogen determination to produce a combining Van Soest analysis (Van Soest et al., 1991) and
neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) CP analysis as described by Licitra et al. (2006). Cell wall
and an acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) protein may present either in the NDF residue or in the
(Licitra et al., 1996; Das et al., 2015). Apart from their ADF residue, i.e. NDICP or ADICP, respectively. For
native presences in plant cell wall, NDICP and ADICP NDICP determination, 0.5-1 g of sample was inserted
contents are higher in the feed materials dried at high into a beaker glass, added with 100 ml neutral detergent
temperatures due to caramelization and browning solution and boiled for 60 h. The residue was filtered
reactions; the non-enzymatic browning or Maillard and dried in an oven at 105oC. After drying, the sample
reaction causes the condensation of carbohydrate deg- was continued with CP analysis as above. Similarly,
radation products with protein to form dark-coloured ADICP determination was performed similar to NDICP
and insoluble polymers (Pelletier et al., 2010; Khan et al., determination but the solution used was different,
2015). Determination of such CP fractions may provide i.e. acid detergent solution. The values of NDICP and
important information on the availability of CP in the ADICP were presented proportionally to their corre-
digestive tract of livestock. However, to our knowledge, sponding CP contents to obtain the fractions of nitrogen
determinations of NDICP and ADICP have not been present in the cell walls. All the proximate and cell wall
previously performed in Indonesia. nitrogen analyses were performed in duplicate.
This study was therefore aimed to analyze the
NDICP and ADICP contents of various commonly used

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In Vitro Rumen Fermentation cantly higher than those of the others (P<0.05), followed
by indigofera and trichantera. Among the concentrates,
The ground feedstuff samples (n= 14 feedstuffs, the highest DMD was observed in soybean meal. The
consisted of 7 forage and 7 concentrate feedstuffs) were OMD showed similar pattern with DMD; the highest
evaluated biologically using a two-stage in vitro rumen OMD for forages and concentrates were papaya leaf and
fermentation technique according to Tilley & Terry soybean meal, respectively. Most of the proteins in the
(1963). Rumen fluid was collected from two fistulated feedstuffs were highly digestible, i.e. above 70%. But
Ongole crossbred beef cattle located at LIPI Cibinong, there were some feedstuffs had CPD lower than 70%, i.e.
Bogor with approximately equal proportion from each; gliricidia, calliandra, leucaena and copra meal. Higher
it was taken manually from the fistula before morning proportion of NDICP to total CP tended to decrease
feeding, put into a warm thermos, and immediately the CP digestibility (P<0.1; Figure 1). Although higher
brought to the laboratory for subsequent measurement.
The in vitro incubations were done in three consecutive
runs (n= 3 replicates) at different days in which each Table 1. Proximate composition of selected forage and concen-
replicate was represented by two incubation tubes trate feedstuffs (%DM)
(duplo). Fermentation fluid at 4 h incubation period was
sampled for total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia Feedstuff CP CF EE NFE Ash
(NH3) concentration analyses according to steam distil-
Forage
lation and Conway micro-diffusion methods, respec-
Gliricidia 20.09 12.44 2.27 60.37 4.83
tively (General Laboratory Procedures, 1966).
Trichantera 24.12 13.91 3.58 47.75 10.64
Indigofera 28.33 10.31 1.85 52.07 7.44
Data Analysis
Calliandra 23.12 16.64 3.99 47.64 8.61
Data were analyzed by analysis of variance Papaya leaf 24.03 12.31 5.87 45.45 12.34
(ANOVA) based on a completely randomized block Cassava leaf 33.02 11.61 2.69 44.96 7.72
design. When the ANOVA result showed P<0.05 for a Leucaena 19.58 13.71 4.51 41.99 20.21
particular parameter, a post-hoc test namely Duncan’s Concentrate
multiple range test was applied to the data. The rela- Rapeseed meal 39.29 14.28 1.14 32.16 13.13
tionship between NDICP or ADICP in feedstuffs and in Corn gluten feed 17.65 6.50 2.17 67.69 5.99
vitro CP digestibility was assessed by using a regression Soybean meal 50.42 3.87 1.86 36.78 7.07
analysis. All statistical analyses were performed by em- Copra meal 23.00 20.13 8.61 41.32 6.94
ploying SPSS software version 20. Palm kernel meal 19.00 29.87 8.40 36.12 6.61
Fish and bone meal 35.69 1.04 2.33 13.79 47.15
RESULTS Wheat bran 19.15 12.85 4.26 58.78 4.96

Note: DM= dry matter; CP= crude protein; CF= crude fiber; EE= ether
All forage and concentrate feedstuffs in this study extract; NFE= nitrogen free extract.
generally contained high levels of CP, i.e. above 20%
DM although some feedstuffs such as leucaena, corn
gluten feed, palm kernel meal and wheat bran contained
Table 2. Neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and
less (Table 1). Among the forages, cassava leaf contained acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) content
the highest amount of CP (above 30% DM) and followed of selected forage and concentrate feedstuffs (%CP)
by indigofera whereas soybean meal was the highest CP
among the concentrates. Palm kernel meal and copra
meal contained the highest CF among the feedstuffs. Feedstuff NDICP ADICP
Generally EE contents of the feedstuffs were low except Forage
papaya leaf, copra meal and palm kernel meal which Gliricidia 62.96 28.95
were above 5% DM. Almost half of fish and bone meal Trichantera 45.96 25.51
consisted of ash. The contents of NDICP and ADICP Indigofera 48.49 33.83
varied among the feedstuffs (Table 2). Among the for- Calliandra 39.59 28.55
ages, cassava leaf had the highest proportion of NDICP Papaya leaf 50.89 37.53
to CP while corn gluten feed was the highest among Cassava leaf 72.33 12.78
the concentrates. Different from that of NDICP, the Leucaena 52.53 30.04
highest proportion of ADICP was obtained in papaya Concentrate
leaf and copra meal for the forages and concentrates, Rapeseed meal 37.53 36.28
respectively. Corn gluten feed 69.63 9.76
The in vitro rumen fermentation profiles revealed Soybean meal 29.81 15.23
that total VFA production did not differ among the feed- Copra meal 61.49 48.90
stuffs; all feedstuffs produced total VFA above 100 mM Palm kernel meal 35.21 23.76
after 4 h of incubation (Table 3). There were feedstuffs
Fish and bone meal 57.96 22.38
producing ammonia above 10 mM, i.e. trichantera, indi-
Wheat bran 46.64 12.79
gofera, papaya leaf and fish and bone meal. Within the
forages, papaya leaf had the highest DMD and signifi- Note: CP= crude protein.

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Table 3. Fermentation profile and digestibility of selected forage and concentrate feedstuffs

Feedstuff Total VFA (mM) NH3 (mM) DMD (%) OMD (%) CPD (%)
Forage
Gliricidia 119.4±23.6 5.68±1.14ᵃ 43.5±2.9ᵃ 35.0±2.4ᵃ 63.7±17.8abc
Trichantera 103.1±12.2 11.21±0.82c 62.9±1.8c 53.1±2.4c 80.7±10.7defg
Indigofera 134.7±33.9 12.28±3.23cd 70.3±1.4ᵈ 65.7±2.5ᵈ 75.4±13.1cdef
Calliandra 142.3±27.3 8.71±0.27ᵇ 46.0±0.9ᵃ 37.7±2.1ab 69.3±14.4bcd
Papaya leaf 112.8±32.9 11.96±2.74cd 74.9±2.5ᵉ 70.9±2.3ᵉ 80.1±13.4defg
Cassava leaf 127.2±10.7 9.38±1.78ᵇ 57.1±1.9ᵇ 51.7±2.0c 74.6±14.0cde
Leucaena 128.9±28.4 6.67±1.02ᵃ 58.2±1.6ᵇ 39.4±2.4ᵇ 56.0±25.8ab
Concentrate
Rapeseed meal 116.5±10.4 8.46±0.43ᵇ 77.1±1.0ef 71.3±2.0ᵉ 89.4± 5.9fg
Corn gluten feed 108.1±29.6 5.88±1.37ᵃ 79.3±1.2fg 77.6±1.5f 72.8±12.2cde
Soybean meal 121.2±12.1 8.73±2.85ᵇ 93.8±1.3h 92.6±1.9ᵍ 92.2± 1.9ᵍ
Copra meal 120.9±47.3 6.35±1.08ᵃ 80.4±1.7ᵍ 77.5±2.1f 54.7± 8.1ᵃ
Palm kernel meal 119.9±25.7 6.74±1.92ᵃ 75.8±1.8ᵉ 74.6±1.4f 74.0± 9.8cde
Fish and bone meal 115.8±11.2 13.60±0.98ᵈ 75.3±1.8ᵉ 63.9±3.1ᵈ 80.1±10.6defg
Wheat bran 110.6±31.7 8.79±1.01ᵇ 71.2±4.4ᵈ 65.5±5.3ᵈ 85.4± 9.8efg
SEM 3.720 0.320 1.498 1.918 2.376
P-value 0.927 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Note: VFA= volatile fatty acid; DMD= dry matter digestibility; OMD= organic matter digestibility; CPD= crude protein digestibility.

100
90
80
CP digestibility (%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
NDICP or ADICP content (%CP)

Figure 1. Relationship
1 between NDICP (-∆-) or ADICP (-o-)NDICPcontent ADICP
in selected feedstuffs and in vitro ruminal CP digestibility. CP
digestibility=
2 97.0 – 0.436 NDICP (n= 14; r= 0.502; P= 0.067); CP digestibility= 86.0 – 0.424 ADICP (n= 14; r= 0.420; P= 0.135);
NDICP=3neutral detergent
Figure insolublebetween
1. Relationship crude protein;
NDICP ADICP=
or ADICPacid detergent
content insoluble
in selected crude protein;
feedstuffs and in CP= crude protein.
4 vitro ruminal CP digestibility.
5 CP digestibility = 97.0 – 0.436 NDICP (n = 14; r = 0.502; P = 0.067)
6 CP digestibility = 86.0 – 0.424 ADICP (n = 14; r = 0.420; P = 0.135)
ADICP apparently 7 tended neutral
NDICP, to decrease
detergentCP digestibil-
insoluble SuchADICP,
crude protein; high CP content
acid of insoluble
detergent cassava leaf suggest that the
ity as well, the 8relationship
crude protein;
wasCP, crude protein.
insignificant due to the material is a potential feedstuff to be used as a protein
higher variation9of the dependent variable. supplement. However, it has to be used with caution
10 since the leaf contains cyanogenic glycosides that can
11 DISCUSSION be converted into hydrogen cyanide and, in turn, may
cause toxic responses to the animals (Soto-Blanco &
Chemical Composition of Feedstuffs Gorniak, 2010). A certain pre-treatment on fresh cassava
leaf prior to feeding to animals may be needed to avoid
The high CP content of cassava leaf has been also toxicity responses. Another forage species that recently
reported in other studies. For instance, Jayanegara et al. has become widely used as ruminant feed in Indonesia
(2013) reported that cassava leaf contained 38.6% DM is indigofera. Apart from its high biomass production
of CP which was higher than in the present experiment. per unit of land, indigofera is relatively resistant to
Other authors reported lower CP values, i.e. ranged drought, contains high CP content (around 27% DM)
from 17.7-24.0% DM (Oni et al., 2011; Hue et al., 2012). and highly digestible (Abdullah, 2010). The CP content

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obtained in this study was relatively similar to that was tion of carbohydrates, both structural and non-structural
reported by Abdullah (2010). Other forages, i.e. gliri- carbohydrates. This microbial fermentation product
cidia, trichantera, calliandra, papaya leaf and leucaena contributes largely, i.e., approximately 70% to the total
were also high in CP contents and therefore may be energy requirement of ruminants, and such contribu-
used as protein supplements in ruminant diets. tion becomes greater when the animals consume more
Soybean meal is the most well-known protein proportion of fiber in their diets (Bergman, 1990). The
concentrate originated from plants due to its superior- range of VFA in the present experiment was within
ity in CP content and quality (Maxin et al., 2013) as was an optimal range for ruminants, i.e., between 80-160
also proven in the present study. Other concentrate mM (McDonald et al., 2011), indicating that all the
feedstuffs are still hard to compete with soybean meal experimental feedstuffs provide sufficient fermentable
due to their lower CP contents or the high presence of substrates for VFA production. Apart from its involve-
CF like in palm kernel meal and copra meal. The EE ment as a major energy source of ruminants, VFA also
contents observed in palm kernel meal and copra meal plays a role as the building block for milk synthesis in
were high, indicating inefficient oil extraction from dairy animals; acetate is a precursor for milk fat synthe-
the original materials. A study of Sulabo et al. (2013) sis whereas propionate is a precursor for glucose and
reported that the EE contents of palm kernel meal and lactose productions (Aluwong et al., 2010). With regard
copra meal were 1.3% and 1.9% DM, respectively; these to ammonia, ammonia concentrations obtained in this
results were more than one-fourth lower compared to study were generally low, taking into consideration
the results obtained in the present experiment. Such that all the experimental feedstuffs are rich in protein.
high EE may shorten the shelf-life of palm kernel meal Apparently this is due to the early sampling period, i.e.
and copra meal due to oxidation and rancidity processes 4 h after incubation. Ammonia pool in the rumen is not
during the storage. With regard to fish and bone meal an end-product metabolism; it is rather an intermediate
that contained low CP and very high ash contents, the product. Ammonia is primarily resulted from feed pro-
material was indeed different from common fish meal tein degradation and deamination, and may also be de-
that typically contains over 60% CP (Jelantik et al., 2012). rived from microbial lysis or metabolism. The substance
The material used in this study apparently contained a may loss from the rumen pool through incorporation
high proportion of fish bone and thus contributed to the into microbial cells, ammonia outflow from the rumen
elevation of ash content, particularly from calcium and to the next digestive tract and absorption of ammonia
phosphorus. through the rumen wall (Leng & Nolan, 1984; Bach et al.,
To date, there has been no study attempting to 2005). Rumen microbial growth rate and mass achieve
analyze NDICP and ADICP contents of feedstuffs in their peak at 3-6 h after feeding (Baldwin & Denham,
Indonesia. Therefore, this study is an initiation for the 1979). Therefore it is alleged that most of the ammonia
analyses in the country. Compared to data in Vietnam is incorporated into microbial mass at 4 h after incuba-
(Tham et al., 2008), ADICP for cassava leaf in the pres- tion, and this incorporation rate is much faster than its
ent experiment was higher. Similarly, leucaena and degradation rate from feed protein.
gliricidia here were also higher than those reported by Superiority of papaya leaf on digestibility, both
Tham et al. (2008). The ADICP is a protein fraction that DMD and OMD in this study was in accordance with
insoluble in acid detergent and typically represents the study of Jayanegara et al. (2011). Among 27 tropical
the protein associated with lignin and heat-damaged forage species reported by the authors, papaya leaf had
protein (Licitra et al., 1996; Pelletier et al., 2010). the highest OMD, i.e. 82.5%. Lower OMD of cassava leaf
Therefore this fraction is considered to be undigestible than that obtained by Jayanegara et al. (2011) was appar-
in the digestive tract of ruminants. Higher proportion of ently due to the difference in plant material and stage
ADICP over CP indicates that a low protein quality of a of maturity when the leaf was harvested. Calliandra
feedstuff. The NDICP is a protein fraction that insoluble and leucaena had low DMD and OMD since the plants
in neutral detergent and it is considered to be slowly contain high amounts of tannins, i.e. 8.1% and 6.7%
degraded or undegraded in the rumen. Since part of the DM, respectively, although other plant secondary com-
NDICP is ADICP, subtraction of the latter to the former pounds such as saponins may contribute to the effects
(NDICP – ADICP) may provide important information (Jayanegara et al., 2014). Such high amounts of tannins
on the amount of rumen by-pass protein. This value, i.e. were shown to be negatively correlated with total gas
NDICP – ADICP is called as B3 fraction in the Cornell production and OMD (Jayanegara et al., 2011) since the
Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS; Higgs et compounds bind to protein and fiber present in feed-
al., 2012). Apparently, NDICP and ADICP are valuable stuffs through particularly hydrogen bonds (Jayanegara
parameters to determine the quality of protein of a ru- et al., 2009; 2015). Similar explanation was also applied
minant feedstuff and thus we recommend the analyses to gliricidia since the forage contains substantial amount
as routine procedures, apart from proximate and Van of tannins (Cudjoe & Mlambo, 2014; Rira et al., 2015).
Soest’s analyses, in animal nutrition (especially rumi- Soybean meal showed the highest DMD and OMD over
nant nutrition) related laboratories in Indonesia. all other feedstuffs, indicating its superiority as a plant
based protein concentrate. Maxin et al. (2013) showed
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Digestibility that soybean meal had a high proportion of water solu-
ble and rapidly degradable DM fraction. Further, insol-
The VFA is produced in the gastrointestinal tract, uble but degradable DM fraction of soybean meal was
particularly in the rumen, through microbial fermenta- also shown to have a high degradation rate, i.e. 9% per

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h. In comparison with other plant based concentrates in and concentrates, respectively. Such cell wall protein in
which the typical degradation rate is around 5% to 7% feed, i.e. NDICP or ADICP may be used as an indicator
per h, soybean meal clearly shows a higher value. to determine the quality of protein and its utilization
Generally protein is highly digestible in the diges- in the rumen and ruminants. This analysis is therefore
tive tract of ruminants (Riaz et al., 2014) and this study recommended to be performed as a routine analysis
confirmed such a theory. Relatively low CPD of gliri- in animal nutrition laboratories in Indonesia due to its
cidia, calliandra and leaucaena was apparently, again, usefulness and easy determination. Caution on the in-
due to the presence of tannins at considerable amounts terpretation of result has to be taken into account in the
in these plants as described above. Actually, tannins presence of other components that interact with protein
may provide benefit when they protect protein from such as tannins.
ruminal degradation and release the protein at aboma-
sum under acidic environment. But when the protein ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
remains bind together with the tannins in the lower
digestive tract, on the contrary, tannins prevent protease All authors are grateful to Indonesian Directorate
to degrade the protein and thus lower its utilization. General of Higher Education (DIKTI) for providing
Since the two-stage in vitro technique already simulates financial support to this research project.
the abomasum condition by addition of pepsin-HCl in
the second stage (Tilley & Terry, 1963), it seems that the REFERENCES
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6725
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