Presentation Transcript

Penghitung gandar (Axle Counter) merupakan salah satu dari peralatan pendeteksi sarana
yang juga digunakan pada bidang perkeretaapian. Axle counter pada hakikatnya
mempunyai fungsi yang sama dengan track circuit yaitu sebagai peralatan pendeteksi sarana
atau kereta api.

Salah satu cara yang dipakai untuk mendeteksi bahwa suatu blok lintas sudah clear dari keberadaan
kereta adalah dengan menggunakan axle counter. Apa itu blok lintas? Baca: Block Signaling. Seperti
namanya, sistem ini akan menghitung axle kereta yang melewatinya. Sistem ini dipasang di awal blok
lintas dan di akhir blok signal. Jika jumlah axle yang terdeteksi di awal dan di akhir blok signal sama,
maka menandakan kereta sudah lewat dari blok signal, dalam arti blok sudah clear. Satu titik axle counter
terdiri dari dua sensor sehingga dapat diketahui arah gerak dan juga kecepatan kereta. Sebuah kumputer
yang disebut “evaluator” bertugas untuk membandingkan jumlah axle yang terdeteksi dari titik axle
counter awal dan akhir blok.

1. I DIGITAL AXLE COUNTER G.D.CHANDOLIA

2. WHAT IS AXLE COUNTER ? • IT IS MEANS FOR DETECTION OF TRAIN ON A TRACK. •
IT IS HAVING TWO SETS OF TRANSDUCERS & A PROCESSSOR. • ONE SET IS
INSTALLED AT THE ENTRANCE OF LENGTH OF TRACK WHICH COUNTS IN. •
ANOTHER SET IS INSTALLED AT THE EXIT OF LENGTH OF TRACK WHICH COUNTS
OUT. • THE PROCESSOR PROCESS THE COUNTS IN & COUNTS OUT AND CLEAR THE
LINE IF THEY ARE EQUAL & SHOWS OCCUPIED IF THEY ARE NOT EQUAL.
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3. ADVANTAGES OF AXLE COUNTERS • MONITORS VERY LONG TRACK SECTIONS •

IMMUNE TO BALLAST RESISTANCE • INSENSITIVE TO TEMPERATURE VARIATION •
INDEPENDENT OF TYPE & QUALITY OF RAILS, SAND FORMATION & WATER LOGGED
TRACKS • IMMUNE TO TRACTION RETURN CURRENTS
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4. APPLICATION OF AXLE COUNTERS • TRACK CIRCUITING OF BERTHING TRACKS •

TRACK CIRCUITING OF POINT ZONE TRACKS • VERIFICATION OF COMPLETE
ARRIVAL OF TRAIN • INTERMEDIATE BLOCK SIGNALLING • AUTOMATIC SIGNALLING •
TRAIN ACTUATED WARNING DEVICE
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5. TYPES OF AXLE COUNTERS

 6.

6.
NEED OF DIGITAL AXLE COUNTERS DEFICIENCIES IN ANALOG AXLE COUNTERS •
TROLLEY SUPPRESION TRACK CIRCUIT RELAY CONTACTS. • NO DIAGNOSTIC
FEATURES. • REQUIRES INTERPHASE EQUIPMENT WITH OTHER • TRANSMISSION
MEDIA. • ACCESSORIES SUCH AS RELAYS, CABLECONDUCTORS, • SPACE &
EQUIPMENTS AS WELL AS MAINTENANCE IS MORE • NO. OF HARDWARES FOR FIXING
TRACK DEVICES • INTERFERENCE OF 5 KHz. SIGNAL WITH HARMONICS.
7. SINGLE SECTION DIGITAL AXLE COUNTERS(SSDAC)-BLOCK DIAGRAM
8. SSDAC – SYSTEM COMPONENTS • AXLE DETECTOR – 2 NOS. • SSDAC COUNTING UNITS
– 2 NOS. • RESET BOX – 1 NO. (COMMON RESETTING) – 2 NOS. (INDEPENDENT
RESETTING) • VITAL RELAY - QS3 ( 24V) 2 NO. • POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT - 24 V
DC(2 Nos.) • COMMUNICATION & SIGNALLING CABLES AS PER LOCATION • TROLLEY
SUPPRESSION TRACK CIRCUIT - 2 Nos.
9. AXLE DETECTORS • FREQUENCY OF 21KHz & 23KHz TX/RX COILS ARE USED. • WEB
TYPE AXLE DETECTORS • DEFLECTOR BRACKET ASSEMBLY • COMPATIBLE WITH
90R,52 KG & 60 KG RAIL PROFILES • DETECTION OF ALL WHEELS WITH WHEEL DIA > 400
MM
16. VIEW OF COUNTING UNIT
17. COUNTING UNIT – FRONT VIEW
18. COUNTING UNIT - FUNCTIONS • GENERATION OF CARRIER SIGNAL FOR TX COILS •
DEMODULATION OF SIGNAL FROM RX COILS • GENERATION OF VALID PULSES • COUNT
 THE PULSES TO COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF PASSING WHEELS • EXCHANGE &
COMPARISON OF COUNTS BETWEEN TWO SSDAC UNITS • GIVING A VITAL RELAY
OUTPUT • ERROR CHECKING AND DISPLAY
19. COUNTING UNIT- OTHER FEATURES • DESIGNED AS PER CENELEC STANDARDS OF
HIGHEST SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVEL 4 (SIL-4). • BASED ON FAIL SAFE PRINCIPLE •
BASED ON 2 OUT OF 2 LOGIC • ALL THE CARDS ARE OF EXTENDED SINGLE EURO
SIZE(220mmX100mm) • MOTHERBOARD FOR INTER CARD CONNECTIONS • PHYSICAL
DIMENSIONS 300X133X300mm • FIRST TIME DEVELOPED INDIGENOUSLY BY CEL &
RDSO. • IMPORT SUBSTITUTE. • CENELEC-Committee European de Normalisation Electro
technique
20. COUNTING UNIT - CONSTIUENTS • CARD 1 SIGNAL CONDITIONING CARD FOR 21 KHz •
CARD 2 SIGNAL CONDITIONING CARD FOR 23 KHz • CARD 3 MICRO CONTROLLER LOGIC
& ERROR DISPLAY CARD • CARD 4 MICRO CONTROLLER LOGIC & ERROR DISPLAY
CARD • CARD 5 EVENT LOGGER CARD(OPTIONAL) • CARD 6 MODEM CARD • CARD 7
RELAY DRIVER CARD • CARD 8 DC-DC CONVERTOR CARD
21. SIGNAL CONDITIONING CARD - FUNCTIONS • GENERATION OF CARRIER SIGNALS OF 21
KHz OR OF 23 KHz FOR TX COILS • DEMODULATION OF RECEIVER COIL SIGNAL OF 21
KHz OR OF 23 KHz FROM RX COILS • ADJUSTMENT OF RECEIVER SIGNAL WITH
POTENTIOMETER • GENERATION OF WHEEL PULSE • PULSE SHAPING • TROLLEY
SUPPRESSION TRACK CIRCUIT • GENERATION OF SUPERVISORY SIGNAL
22. SIGNAL CONDITIONING CARD – SALIENT FEATURES • THE CARRIER SIGNALS OF 21
KHz OR OF 23 KHz FOR TX COILS ARE GENERATED WITH OUTPUT VOLTAGE AS 30V TO
40V rms & FREQUENCY VARIATION OF 20 KHz. • THERE IS A LEVEL DETECTOR CIRCUIT
WHICH CHECKS THE LEVEL OF RECEIVER COIL OUTPUT • TO ADJUST THE LEVEL OF
DEMODULATED SIGNAL FROM RX COIL, POTENTIOMETER HAS BEEN PROVIDED. • TO
INHIBITE COUNTING DUE TO TROLLEYS , TRACK CIRCUIT CONTACTS ARE CONNECTED
• PULSE SHAPER CIRCUIT HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY USING HYBRIDS.
23. SIGNAL CONDITIONING CARD – INDICATIONS LED INDICATIONS ARE PROVIDED FOR •
OSC OK ON OSCILLATOR WORKING PROPERLY • LD OK ON LD WORKING PROPERLY •
PULSE OK ON PULSE SHAPER WORKING PROPERLY • TP CONNECTED/ ON TRACK
CIRCUIT CONNECTED TPR PICKED UP UNDER NORMAL CONDITION ,THE LED WILL BE
GLOWING.
24. MICRO CONTROLLER LOGIC CARD- FUNCTIONS • TWO IDENTICAL CARDS TO HAVE 2
OUT OF 2 LOGIC • MONITOR & RECEIVE PULSE SIGNAL • OUTPUT PULSE SIGNAL TO
OTHER MICRO CONTROLLER LOGIC CARD • DETECT THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT •
COUNTING THE WHEELS PASSSING OVER DETECTOR • SUPERVISION OF AXLE
DETECTORS, PRESENCE OF CARDS • CODE MESSAGE PACKETS FOR TRANSMISSION
TO REMOTE COUNTING UNIT
25. MICRO CONTROLLER LOGIC CARD- FUNCTIONS( CONT.) • DECODE MESSAGE PACKETS
RECEIVED FROM REMOTE COUNTING UNIT • DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF AXLES IN
THE SECTION • CONTROL & SUPERVISE THE STATUS OF VITAL RELAY. • GENERATION
OF SYSTEM ERROR CODES • GENERATION OF CLOCK • RECEIVING THE RESET
COMMAND FROM MODEM CARD
26. MICRO CONTROLLER LOGIC CARD- SALIENT FEATURES • MICRO CONTROLLER IS
BASED ON STANDARD 89C51 • RS232 COMPATIBLE SERIAL PORT FOR MODEM
CONNECTIVITY • 1OK BYTE ON CHIP FLASH ROM FOR PROGRAM STORAGE • 256 BYTE
ON CHIP RAM • PARALLEL PORTS FOR ADDRESS /MODE INPUT, PULSE INPUTS & VITAL
RELAY OUTPUT • LED DISPLAY FOR COUNT PROGRESS/ ERROR DISPLAY • LED
INDICATORS FOR SECTION STATUS
27. MICROCONTROLLER LOGIC BOARD – INDICATIONS LED INDICATIONS ARE PROVIDED
FOR • CLEAR ON CLEAR CONDITION • OCCUPIED ON OCCUPIED CONDITION • ERRORS
BLOCK 1 2 1 2 3 4 4 8 5 6 10 20 7 8 40 80
28. LIST OF ERRORS
29. LIST OF ERRORS (CONTD…)
31. MODEM CARD- FUNCTIONS • IT PROVIDES SIGNAL CONVERSION FROM DIGITAL TO
ANALOG AND VICE-VERSA AS PER CCITT V.21 STANDARD. • IT IS USED FOR
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN TWO COUNTING UNITS WHICH IS IN THE FORM OF DATA
PACKETS • DATA PACKETS CONSISTS OF COUNT CHANGE INFORMATION, COUNT
UPDATE INFORMATION, POWER ON/RESET INFORMATION & ERROR INFORMATION IF
ANY. • IT INTERFACES WITH SERIAL RS232C PORT OF BOTH MICRO CONTROLLER
LOGIC CARDS. • MULTIPLEX RS232C INPUTS & SELECTS ONE CHANNELS.
32. MODEM CARD- SALIENT FEATURES • MULTIPLEXES THE TWO SERIAL PORTS • AMD
7911 FSK MODEM CHIP • V.21 MODE OF OPERATION (2 WIRE) • 300 BAUD RATE
TRANSMISSION • SETTING IN ORIGINATOR(ENTRY UNIT) & ANSWERER(EXIT UNIT)
MODE. • SWITCH SELECTABLE GAINS IN RECEIVE & TRANSMIT PATH • LED INDICATORS
FOR SECTION STATUS
33. MODEM CARD – INDICATIONS LED INDICATIONS ARE PROVIDED FOR • TX FLASHING
TRANSMITTING THE SIGNAL • RX FLASHING RECEIVING THE SIGNAL • MODE OFF NOT
IN NETWORKING • CD ON CARRIER IS DETECTED
34. RELAY DRIVER CARD- FUNCTIONS • IT CHECKS & GENERATES THE VITAL RELAY DRIVE
OUTPUT. • THIS OUTPUT IS USED TO DRIVE FAIL SAFE VITAL RELAY • THE OUTPUT IS
GENERATED ONLY WHEN THE SELF COUNT & REMOTE COUNTS ARE MATCHED AND
EQUAL • ALSO THE SUPERVISORY SIGNALS ARE NORMAL AT BOTH LOCATION.
35. RELAY DRIVER CARD- SALIENT FEATURES • DUAL CLOCK CHECKING CIRCUIT • OPTO
ISOLATOR CIRCUIT • VITAL RELAY DRIVE OUTPUT CIRCUIT • LED INDICATORS FOR
CLOCK. CLEAR PULSE RELAY DRIVER OUTPUT
36. RELAY DRIVER CARD – INDICATIONS LED INDICATIONS ARE PROVIDED FOR • MLB1
CLEAR COUNTS ARE BALANCED • MLB1 CLOCK FLASHING SECTION IS CLEAR • MLB2
CLEAR COUNTS ARE BALANCED • MLB2 CLOCK FLASHING SECTION IS CLEAR • RELAY
DRIVE ON 24V DC AVAILABLE
37. DC-DC CONVERTOR CARD- FUNCTIONS • IT RECEIVES 24V BATTERY/IPS INPUT. • IT
GENERATES 5V,12V,24V OUTPUT WITH COMMON GROUND • A SEPERATE 15V WITH ISO
GROUND IS ALSO GENERATED • IT GENERATES LED INDICATION FOR BOTH INPUT &
OUTPUT SUPPLY.
38. DC-DC CONVERTOR CARD- SALIENT FEATURES • INPUT RANGE IS 18V TO 30V •
OUTPUT RATING 5V –2A, 12V –200mA, 24V –300mA & 15V-100mA • LOAD REGULATION
0.1% & 0.5% • INPUT & OUTPUT PROTECTED AGAINST SHORT CIRCUIT • INPUT
REVERSE POLARITY PROTECTION • LOW RIPPLE, EFFICIENCY BETTER THAN 50%, NO
OVERSHOOT/UNDERSHOOT.
39. DC-DC CONVERTOR CARD – INDICATIONS LED INDICATIONS ARE PROVIDED FOR • 5V
ON PRESENCE OF 5V • 12V ON PRESENCE OF 12V • 24V ON PRESENCE OF 24V • 15V ON
PRESENCE OF 15V OFF INDICATES FAILURE
40. RESETTING SYSTEM- FUNCTIONS • IT IS REQUIRED TO MAKE THE SYSTEM NORMAL IN
CASE AXLE COUNTER HAS FAILED/SWITCHING ON POWER SUPPLY. • IT IS DONE WITH
THE HELP OF SM’s RESET BOX. (PREPARATORY RESET) • AS PER SAFETY
REQUIREMENT, TO NORMALISE THE AXLE COUNTER, THE FIRST TRAIN SHALL BE
PILOTED IN THE SECTION AFTER RESETTING TO REGISTER BALANCE OF COUNTS IN
THE SYSTEM
41. RESET BOX- SALIENT FEATURES • IT IS HAVING LED INDICATION FOR SECTION STATUS
• IT IS HAVING SM’S KEY ACTUATOR & RESET BUTTON • COUNTER FOR RECORDING
NO. OF RESET • PREPARATORY RESET RELAY (PPR1) MINITURE RELAY • INPUT
VOLTAGE 24V DC • 24V TO 48V DC- DC CONVERTOR • 48V IS USED FOR RESETTING
42. RESET BOX – INDICATIONS LED INDICATIONS ARE PROVIDED FOR • CLEAR ON
SECTION IS CLEARED • OCCUPIED ON SECTION IS OCCUPIED • PREPARATORY RESET
ON PREPARATORY RESET STATE • POWER ON ON PRESENCE OF 24V OFF INDICATES
FAILURE
47. INDIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE OF SIGNAL & TELECOM. ENGINEERS STATION TO
STATION BLOCK
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