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 Technical seminar Report

On

MM WAVE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONN

Submitted to JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY for the
partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the
Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

VIDYADHAR VANAM (21Q91A0475)

Under the guidance of

Dr. D. RAJESH
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Maisammaguda, Dulapally, Hyderabad, Telangana 500100
2024-2025
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MAISAMMAGUDA, DULAPALLY, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA 500100

(AFFILIATED TO JNTU, Hyderabad)

2024-2025

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “MM WAVE WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION”
has been carried out by VIDYADHAR VANAM (21Q91A0475) under my
supervision in fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering (7th Semester) of JNTUH,
during the academic year 2024 -2025.

Submitted for the Viva-Voce held on ……………………………….

Dr. D. RAJESH Dr. P.

SAMPATH KUMAR
Professor
Professor
INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF
THE DEPARTMENT
 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

Place: Maisammaguda
Examiner
Date:

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTROINCS AND
COMMUICATION ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MAISAMMAGUDA, DULAPALLY, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA 500100

(AFFILIATED TO JNTU, Hyderabad)

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

We, VIDYADHAR VANAM (21Q91A0475), here by declare that

the project report titled “MM WAVE WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION” under the guidance of Dr. D. RAJESH,
Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering,
Maisammaguda, Dulapally is submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

This is a record of bonafide work carried out by me and

the results embodied in this project have not been
reproduced or copied from any source. The results
embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any
other University or Institute for the award of any Degree or
Diploma.
VI
DYADHAR VANAM (21Q91A0475)
MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

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 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude and

sincere thanks to our highly respected and esteemed guide Dr. D. RAJESH,
MTech, (PhD) Assistant Professor for her valuable guidance, encouragement
and help for completing this work. Her useful suggestions for this whole work
and co-operative behaviors are sincerely acknowledged.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. M. Ashok Kumar, Professor
for giving us this opportunity to undertake this project. We would also like to
Dr. D. SAMPATH KUMAR, Professor, Head of Department for wholehearted
support.

We are also grateful to our sir SHAIK SOHEL PASHA, Professor, for their
constant support and guidance.

At the end we would like to express our sincere thanks to all our friends and
others who helped us directly or indirectly during this project work.

VIDYADHAR VANAM (21Q91A0475)

 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

ABSTRACT
The millimeter wave (mmWave) bands give new facilities with tremendous
amount of spectrum to fifth generation (5G) mobile communication network to
supply mobile data demand, which is expanding out of control. Essential
differences are considered between conventional systems and mmWave
communications, regarding directivity, sensitivity to blockage and high
propagation loss. mmWave brings various challenges in communication on
some issues such as anti-blocking, interference management, spatial reuse,
dynamic control and system design for fully utilizing. In this study, we surveyed
on solutions and standards for these challenges and we proposed design
principles in architecture and protocols for mmWave communications. And
previous studies in the literature on whether the millimeter wave band can be
tested in small cell access in 5G, cellular access in 5G and wireless backhaul in
5G or not have been investigated. Also, we described prospective using areas of
mmWave in 5G. The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has
motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave)
frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks.
There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in
densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information
is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks
that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for the
new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements
and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies
can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and
mobile devices. Millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication, operating
in the frequency range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, has emerged as a pivotal
technology in the evolution of next-generation wireless networks, including 5G
and beyond. The vast spectrum available in mmWave bands promises
significantly higher data rates, reduced latency, and enhanced spectral
efficiency, enabling advanced applications such as ultra-high-definition video
streaming, augmented reality, and massive IoT connectivity. However, mmWave
propagation encounters unique challenges due to higher attenuation,
susceptibility to blockages, and limited coverage range, which require
innovative solutions in antenna design, beamforming, and spatial multiplexing.
 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Frontier: Millimeter Wave Wireless
Emerging millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless communication systems
represent more than a century of evolution in modern communications. Since
the early 1900s, when Guglielmo Marconi developed and commercialized the
first wireless telegraph communication systems, the wireless industry has
expanded from point-to-point technologies, to radio broadcast systems, and
finally to wireless networks. As the technology has advanced, wireless
communication has become pervasive in our world. Modern society finds itself
immersed in wireless networking, as most of us routinely use cellular networks,
wireless local area networks, and personal area networks, all which have been
developed extensively over the past twenty years. The remarkable popularity of
these technologies causes device makers, infrastructure developers, and
manufacturers to continually seek greater radio spectrum for more advanced
product offerings. Wireless communication is a transformative medium that
allows our work, education, and entertainment to be transported without any
physical connection. The capabilities of wireless communications continue to
drive human productivity and innovation in many areas. Communication at
mmWave operating frequencies represents the most recent game-changing
development for wireless systems. Interest in mmWave is in its infancy and will
be driven by consumers who continue to desire higher data rates for the
consumption of media while demanding lower delays and constant connectivity
on wireless devices. At mmWaves, available spectrum is unparalleled compared
to cellular and wireless local area network (WLAN) microwave systems that
operate at frequencies below 10 GHz. In particular, the unlicensed spectrum at
60 GHz offers 10× to 100× more spectrum than is available for conventional
unlicensed wireless local area networks in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
(ISM) bands (e.g., at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz) or for users of WiFi and 4G
(or older) cellular systems that operate at carrier frequencies below 6 GHz. To
reinforce this perspective, Fig. 1.1 shows the magnitude of spectrum resources
at 28 GHz (Local Multipoint Distribution Service [LMDS]) and 60 GHz in
comparison to other modern wireless systems. Over 20 GHz of spectrum is
waiting to be used for cellular or WLAN traffic in the 28, 38, and 72 GHz bands
alone, and hundreds of gigahertz more spectrum could be used at frequencies
above 100 GHz. This is a staggering amount of available new spectrum,

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 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

especially when one considers that all of the world’s cell phones currently
operate in less than 1 GHz of allocated spectrum. More spectrum makes it
possible to achieve higher data rates for comparable modulation techniques
while also providing more resources to be shared among multiple users.
60 GHz Unlicensed, 5000 MHz, 1998

LMDS, 1300 MHz, 1998

UNII, 300 MHz, 1997

Cellular, 50 MHz, PCS, 150 MHz,

1983 1995

Figure 1.1 Areas of the squares illustrate the available licensed and unlicensed
spectrum bandwidths in popular UHF, microwave, 28 GHz LMDS, and 60 GHz mmWave
bands in the USA. Other countries around the world have similar spectrum
allocations [from [Rap02]].

With rapid rise of mobile traffic demands, the bottleneck between spectrum
constraints and capacity requirements is becoming increasingly apparent. The
chokepoint of wireless bandwidth becomes a major issue for 5G
telecommunication. Conversely, mmWave with great bandwidth from 30 GHz
to 300 GHz are being proposed for multi-gigabit communication services which
are claimed to be leading applications of 5G like high definition television
(HDTV) and ultra-high definition video (UHDV) [1-2]. Actual researches have
kept up on 28, 38, 60, 71-76 and 81-86 GHz. Expeditious advances are expected
in hardware such as CMOS radio frequency equipments in mmWave frequncies
[3-4]. Meanwhile some standards were needed for indoor wireless local area
networks (WLAN) or wireless personal area networks (WPAN), such as IEEE
802.11ad, IEEE 802.15.3c and ECMA-387 [5-7], which warns increasing in
outdoor mesh networks or cellular systems in mmWave bands [8-10]. Due to
structural differences between conventional systems are capable with the
microwave band (eg 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) and mmWave communications,
mmWave has many difficulties in routing layers, medium access control (MAC)
and the physical (PHY). New insights and thoughts are required in architectures

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 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

and protocols to handle the challenges, such as sensitivity to blockage,

directivity, high propagation loss and Dynamics. In this study, we realized a
survey on mmWave for 5G communications. Firstly, we summarized the
characteristics of mmWave communication. MmWave communications suffer
from enormous propagation loss owing to high carrier frequency. And
beamforming (BF) is adopted as a fundamental technique, which points out that
mmWave communications are naturally directional. In addition, mmWave
communications are precision to blockage by obstacles such as people and
furniture owing to its poor diffraction ability. The milestones of the
contributions of this study are presented as follows in comparison to actual
studies in the MmWave field.
• We performed a more detailed an analysis and summary of the mmWave
communications, its characteristics, comparison with other wireless techniques,
and its applications.
• Recently, owing to significant step-up of mmWave technology, plenty of
research on mmWave has been served out. Therefore, we considered these
research studies in this article to summarize the development trends of
mmWave.
• We provided several applications (e.g., small cell access) to show where
mmWave communication is used to meet the requirements of 5G services based
on their properties.
• In addition we offered available mmWave resources, including experimental
platforms, often used mmWave frequencies, mmWave based protocols,
regulations and books.
We invesitgated and compared two main wireless communication techniques
and mmWave communications. The advantages and disadvantages of sub 6-
GHz WiFi technique and sub-6 GHz 4G LTE technique over mmWave
communication were discussed in terms of security, data rate and capacity, and
the 802.11 protocol was also described. MmWave networks should be
collaborated with other networks, such as WiFi and 4G LTE. The key to
discovering the potential for heterogeneous networking is the interaction
between different types of networks. With the bandwidth provided by mmWave
networks, in orders of magnitude data can be transferred with millimeter wave
communications. Moreover, the transmission distance of the millimeter wave
signals is very short due to near field losses and blockage. Small cell access,

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cellular access, and wireless backhaul are expected prospective applications of

mmWave communications in 5G. Previous studies on the use of the mmWave
band in small cell access, cellular access and wireless backhaul were
investigated. In Section II, we summarized the characteristics of mmWave
communications. In Section III, millimeter wave communications were
compared with conventional systems such as WiFi, 4G LTE. And in Section IV,
expected applications of millimeter wave in 5G were described. A pioneering
Russian physicist, Pyotr N. Lebedew, also studied transmission and prop-
agation of 4 to 6 mm wavelength radio waves in 1895 [Leb95]. Today’s radio
spectrum has become congested due to the widespread use of smart- phones and
tablets. Fig. 1.1 shows the relative bandwidth allocations of different spec- trum
bands in the USA, and Fig. 1.2 shows the spectrum allocations from 30
kHz to 300 GHz according to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Note that although Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 represent a particular country (i.e., the
USA), other countries around the world have remarkably similar spectrum
allocations stemming from the global allocation of spectrum by the World
Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) under the auspices of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Figure 1.2 Wireless spectrum used by commercial systems in the USA. Each row represents a
decade in frequency. For example, today’s 3G and 4G cellular and WiFi carrier frequencies are
mostly in between 300 MHz and 3000 MHz, located on the fifth row. Other countries
around the world have similar spectrum allocations. Note how the bandwidth of all modern
wireless systems (through the first 6 rows) easily fits into the unlicensed 60 GHz band on
the bottom row [from [Rap12b] U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NTIA Office of Spectrum
Management]. See page C1 (immediately following page 8) for a color version of this
figure.

Today’s cellular and personal communication systems (PCS)

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mostly operate in the UHF ranges from 300 MHz to 3 GHz, and today’s
global unlicensed WLAN and wireless personal area network (WPAN)
products use the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-
NII) bands of 900 MHz, 2.4 MHz and 5.8 MHz in the low microwave
bands. The wireless spectrum right now is already allocated for many
different uses and very congested at frequencies below 3 GHz (e.g.,
UHF and below). AM Radio broadcasting, international shortwave
broadcasting, military and ship-to-shore communications, and amateur
(ham) radio are just some of the services that use the lower end of the
spectrum, from the hundreds of kilohertz to the tens of megahertz (e.g.,
medium-wave and shortwave bands). Television broadcasting is done
from the tens of megahertz to the hundreds of megahertz (Current
cellphones and wireless devices such as tablets and laptops works at
carrier frequencies between 700 MHz and 6 GHz, with channel
bandwidths of 5 to 100 MHz. The mmWave spectrum, ranging between
30 and 300 GHz, is occupied by military, radar, and backhaul, but has
much lower utilization. In fact, most countries have not even begun to
regulate or allocate the spectrum above 100 GHz, as wireless technology
at these frequencies has not been commercially viable at reasonable cost
points. This is all about to change. Given the large amount of spectrum
available, mmWave presents a new opportunity for future mobile
communications to use channel bandwidths of 1 GHz or more. Spectrum
at 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 70-80 GHz looks especially promising for next-
generation cellular systems. It is amazing to note from Fig. 1.2 that the
unlicensed band at 60 GHz contains more spectrum than has been used
by every satellite, cellular, WiFi, AM Radio, FM Radio, and television
station in the world! This illustrates the massive bandwidths available
at mmWave frequencies. MmWave wireless communication is an
enabling technology that has myriad applications to existing and
emerging wireless networking deployments. As of the writing of this
book, mmWave based on the 60 GHz unlicensed band is seeing active
commercial deployment in consumer devices through IEEE 802.11ad
[IEE12]. The cellular industry is just beginning to realize the potential
of much greater bandwidths for mobile users in the mmWave bands .
Many of the design examples in this book draw from the experience in
60 GHz systems and the authors’ early works on mmWave cellular and
peer-to-peer studies for the 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz, and 72 GHz
bands. But 60 GHz WLAN, WPAN, backhaul, and mmWave cellular
are only the beginning these are early versions of the next generation
of mmWave and terahertz systems that will support even higher
bandwidths and further advances in connectivity.
Unlicensed spectrum at 60 GHz is readily available throughout the
world, although this was not always the case. The FCC initiated the first

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 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

major regulation of 60 GHz spec- trum for commercial consumers

through an unlicensed use proposal in 1995 [Mar10a], yet the same idea
was considered a decade earlier by England’s Office of
Communications (OfCom) [RMGJ11]. At that time, the FCC considered
the mmWave band to be “desert property” due to its perceived
unfavorable propagation characteristics and lack of low- cost
commercial circuitry. However, the allocation of new spectrum has
ignited and will continue to ignite the inventiveness and creativity of
engineers to create new consumer products at higher frequencies and
greater data rates. This perception of poor propaga- tion due to low
distance coverage is heavily influenced by the O2 absorption effect
where a 60 GHz carrier wave interacts strongly with atmospheric
oxygen during propagation, as illustrated in Fig. 1.3 [RMGJ11][Wel09].
This effect is compounded by other perceived unfavorable qualities of
mmWave communication links: increased free space path loss,
decreased signal penetration through obstacles, directional
communication due to high- gain antenna requirements, and substantial
intersymbol interference (ISI, i.e., frequency selectivity) due to many
reflective paths over massive operating bandwidths. Further- more, 60
GHz circuitry and devices have traditionally been very expensive to
build, and only in the past few years have circuit solutions become
viable in low-cost silicon.
In the early days of 60 GHz wireless communication, many viewed
fixed wireless broadband (e.g., fiber backhaul replacement) as the
most suitable 60 GHz application, due to requirements for highly
directional antennas to achieve acceptable link budgets. Today,
however, the propagation characteristics that were once seen as
limitations are now either surmountable or seen as advantages. For
example, 60 GHz oxygen absorption loss of up to 20 dB/km is almost
negligible for networks that operate within 100 meters. The shift away
from long-range communications actually benefits close-range commu-
nications because it permits aggressive frequency reuse with
simultaneously operating networks that do not interfere with each other.
Further, the highly directional antennas required for path loss mitigation
can actually work to promote security as long as net- work protocols
enable antenna directions to be flexibly steered. Thus, many networks
are now finding a home at 60 GHz for communication at distances
less than 100 m. Also, the 20 dB/km oxygen attenuation at 60 GHz
disappears at other mmWave bands, such as 28, 38, or 72 GHz, making
them nearly as good as today’s cellular bands for longer- range outdoor
mobile communications. Recent work has found that urban
environments provide rich multipath, especially reflected and scattered

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 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

energy at or above 28 GHz — when smart antennas, beamforming, and

spatial processing are used, this rich multipath can be exploited to
increase received signal power in non-line of sight (NLOS) propa-
gation environments. Recent results by Samsung show that over 1 Gbps
can be carried over mmWave cellular at ranges exceeding 2 km,
demonstrating that mmWave bands are useful for cellular networks
[Gro13].

Figure 1.3 Expected atmospheric path loss as a function of frequency under normal
atmospheric conditions (101 kPa total air pressure, 22◦ Celsius air temperature, 10%
relative humidity, and 0 g/m3 suspended water droplet concentration) [Lie89]. Note that
atmospheric oxygen interacts strongly with electromagnetic waves at 60 GHz. Other carrier
frequencies, in dark shading, exhibit strong attenuation peaks due to atmospheric
interactions, making them suitable for future short- range applications or “whisper radio”
applications where transmissions die out quickly with distance. These bands may service
applications similar to 60 GHz with even higher bandwidth, illustrating the future of short-
range wireless technologies. It is worth noting, however, that other frequency bands, such as
the 20-50 GHz, 70-90 GHz, and 120-160 GHz bands, have very little attenuation, well below 1
dB/km, making them suitable for longer-distance mobile or backhaul communications

Although consumer demand and transformative applications fuel the need for
more bandwidth in wireless networks, rapid advancements and price reductions
in integrated mmWave (>10 GHz) analog circuits, baseband digital memory,
and processors have enabled this progress. Recent developments of integrated
mmWave transmitters and receivers with advanced analog and radio frequency
(RF) circuitry (see Fig. 1.4) and new phased array and beamforming techniques
are also paving the way for the mmWave future (such as the product in Fig.

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 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

1.5). Operation at 60 GHz and other mmWave frequencies at reasonable costs is

largely the result of a continuation of advancements in complementary metal
oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and silicon germanium (SiGe technologies).
Signal generation into terahertz frequencies (1 to 430 THz) has been possible
since at least the 1960s through photodiodes and other discrete components not
amenable to small-scale integration and/or mass production [BS66]. Packaging
the analog components needed to generate mmWave RF signals along with the
digital hardware necessary to process mas- sive bandwidths, however, has only
been possible in the last decade. Moore’s Law, which has accurately predicted
that integrated circuit (IC) transistor populations and compu- tations per unit
energy will double at regular intervals every two years [NH08, Chapter 1],
explains the dramatic advancements that now allow 60 GHz and other mmWave
devices to be made inexpensively. Today, transistors made with CMOS and
SiGe are fast enough to operate into the range of hundreds of gigahertz
[YCP+ 09], as shown in Fig. 1.6. Further, due to the immense number of
transistors required for modern digital circuits (on the order of billions) each
transistor is extremely cheap. Inexpensive circuit production processes will
make system-on-chip (SoC) mmWave radios a complete integration of all
analog and digital radio components onto a single chip — possible. For
mmWave communication, the semiconductor industry is finally ready to
produce cost-effective, mass-market products.

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 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

Figure 1.4 Block diagram (top) and die photo (bottom) of an integrated
circuit with four transmit and receive channels, including the voltage-
c o n t r o l l e d o s c i l l a t o r , p h a s e - l o c ke d l o o p , a n d l o c a l o s c i l l a t o r d i s t r i b u t i o n
network. Beamforming is performed in analog at baseband. Each
receiver channel contains a low noise amplifier, inphase/quadrature
m i xe r , a n d b a s e b a n d p h a s e r o t a t o r. T h e t r a n s m i t c h a n n e l a l s o c o n t a i n s
a b a s e b a n d p h a s e r o t a t o r , u p - c o n v e r s i o n m i xe r s , a n d p o w e r a m p l i f i e r s .
Fi g u r e f r o m [ TC M + 1 1 ] , c o u r t e s y o f P r o f. N i k n e j a d a n d P r o f. A l o n o f t h e
B e r ke l e y W i r e l e s s Re s e a r c h C e n t e r [ c I E E E ]

Figure 1.5 Third-generation 60 GHz WirelessHD chipset by Silicon Image, including

the SiI6320 HRTX Network Processor, SiI6321 HRRX Network Processor, and SiI6310
HRTR RF Transceiver. These chipsets are used in real-time, low-latency applications
such as gaming and video, and provide3.8 Gbps data rates using a steerable 32
element phased array antenna system (courtesy of Silicon Image) [EWA+ 11]
[Ⓧc figur

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MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

10
 800
III-V HBT
III-V HEMT
SiGe700HBT
Si CMOS

600

500
fT (GHZ)

400

Figure 1.6 Achievable transit frequency (fT ) of transistors over time for several semiconductor
technologies, including silicon CMOS transistors, silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar
transistor (SiGe HBT), and certain other III-V high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) and III-V
HBTs. Over the last decade CMOS (the current technology of choice for cutting edge digital
and analog circuits) has become competitive with III-V technologies for RF and mmWave
applications [figure

Millimetre-wave frequencies often refer to the frequency range from 30GHz to

300GHz, the wavelength of which is between 10mm to Imm. There are several
motivations for wanting to use mm-wave frequencies in radio links:
 The radio spectrum at mm-wave frequencies is still rather undevel- oped,
and more bandwidth is available at these frequencies.
 Because of higher attenuation in free space and through walls at mm
frequencies, the same frequency can be reused at shorter distances.
 The inherent security and privacy is better at mm-wave frequencies because
of the limited range and the relatively narrow beam widths that can be
achieved.
 The spatial resolution is better at mm-wave frequencies since the small
wavelength allows modest size antennas to have a small beam width.
 The physical size of antennas at mm-wave frequencies becomes so small that
it becomes practical to build complex antenna arrays and/or further integrate
them on chip or PCB.
 MM WAVE WIRELSS COMMUNICATION

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Internet of Things (IoT)