A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of

CBSE, Delhi

BIOLOGY
HUMANON
STUDY EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
COFFEE ADDICTION
ISHA
NIVASHINI GV
MUTHUVEL
Reg.No.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. SAM VICTOR.S
(P.G.T BIOLOGY)

Mahatma Montessori School (CBSE)

Parent-Teacher road
Gopala Krishnan Nagar
Surveyor Colony
Madurai-625007
 INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO

OBJECTIVES 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

CERTIFICATE 3
OF
COMPLETION

ACTION PLAN 4

PROJECT REPORT 5-9

5-21

BIBLIOGRAPHY 10
22-23
 ACKNOLEDGMENT

To begin with I would like to take this opportunity to express my

Sincere thanks to the almighty for his blessings all through this project work.
.

I would like to express my special thanks to my trust worthy Principal

Mrs. Subha and to my teacher guide Mr. SAM VICTOR.S who provided
motivation and valuable guidance to complete this project.

I got ample opportunity to do research which enriched my knowledge and

widen my thoughts in this arena. I am indebted to them.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends who always inspired and
helped me to complete this project.
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE ,

This is to certify that NIVASHINI

ISHA GV MUTHUVEL
Student of class XII of Mahatma Montessori School (CBSE), Madurai, has
completed his project titled HUMAN EMBRYO
STUDY ON COFFEE DEVELOPMENT
ADDICTION during the
academic year 2024-2025 and submitted satisfactory reports, as compiled in the
following pages, under my supervision.

Principal Internal Examiner

External Examiner
 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Index
I. Introduction to Co昀昀ee
2
a. History 2
b.Species 4

II. Ca昀昀eine
5
a. Positive E昀昀ects 7
b.Adverse E昀昀ects 7

III. Co昀昀ee & Health

9
a. Advantages 9
b.Disadvantages 10

IV. Addiction 12
a. Case Study 13

V. Conclusion
15

VI. References & Sources

16

PAGE 1

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

What is Co昀昀ee?
To put it in simple words, Co昀昀ee is a brewed
hot or cold beverage enjoyed by the whole
world in one form or the other.
Co昀昀ea of the family Rubiceae, native to tropical
regions of Asia and the South Americas, produces
seeds which are widely known as co昀昀ee beans.
These contain a large amount of ca昀昀eine in them
and have a distinct sweet taste and are often juiced.
Co昀昀ee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and
has a stimulating e昀昀ect in humans, primarily due to
its ca昀昀eine content. It can be prepared and
presented in various many ways. Co昀昀ee is usually
served hot, but serving it iced is also an alternative.

History

PAGE 2

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

While co昀昀ee is native to Ethiopia and Sudan, the

earliest credible evidence of co昀昀ee-drinking as the
modern beverage appears in modern-
day Yemen in southern Arabia in the middle of the
15th century in Su昀椀 shrines. It was in what is now
Yemen that co昀昀ee seeds were 昀椀rst roasted and
brewed in a manner similar to how it is now
prepared for drinking. But the co昀昀ee seeds had to be
昀椀rst exported from East Africa to Yemen, as Co昀昀ea
arabica is thought to have been indigenous to the
former. The Yemenis obtained their co昀昀ee via
Somali traders from Berbera, who in turn procured
the beans from the Ethiopian Highlands, began to
cultivate the seed. By the 16th century, the drink
had reached Persia, Turkey, and North Africa. From
there, it spread to Europe and the rest of the world.

Figure 1. Spread of Co昀昀ee

PAGE 3

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Rapid growth in co昀昀ee production in South America

during the second half of the 19th century was
matched by growth in consumption in developed
countries, though nowhere has this growth been as
pronounced as in the United States, where a high
rate of population growth was compounded by
doubling of per capita consumption between 1860
and 1920. Though the United States was not the
heaviest co昀昀ee-drinking nation at the time (Nordic
countries, Belgium, and Netherlands all had
comparable or higher levels of per capita
consumption), due to its sheer size, it was already
the largest consumer of co昀昀ee in the world by 1860,
and, by 1920, around half of all co昀昀ee produced
worldwide was consumed in the US.
Co昀昀ee has become a vital cash crop for
many developing countries. Over one hundred
million people in developing countries have become
dependent on co昀昀ee as their primary source of
income. It has become the primary export and
backbone for African countries like Uganda,
Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, as well as many
Central American countries.

Species
All co昀昀ee plants are classi昀椀ed
in the large family Rubiaceae.
They are evergreen shrubs or

PAGE 4

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

trees that may grow 5 m (15 ft.) tall when unpruned.

The leaves are dark green and glossy, usually 10–
15 cm (4–6 in) long and 6 cm (2.4 in) wide, simple,
entire, and opposite. Petioles of opposite leaves fuse
at the base to form interpetiolar stipules,
characteristic of Rubiaceae. The 昀氀owers are axillary,
and clusters of fragrant white 昀氀owers bloom
simultaneously. Gynoecium consists of an inferior
ovary, also characteristic of Rubiaceae. The 昀氀owers
are followed by oval berries of about 1.5 cm
(0.6 in). When immature they are green, and they
ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black
on drying. Each berry usually contains two seeds,
but 5–10% of the berries have only one; these are
called pea berries. Arabica berries ripen in six to
eight months, while Robusta takes nine to eleven
months.

Ca昀昀eine

PAGE 5

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Figure 3(a). Ca昀昀eine Line Molecule Figure 3(b).

Ca昀昀eine Molecule 3D

Guaranine methyl theobromine 1,3,7-

trimethylxanthine theine or in general, Ca昀昀eine, is
a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of
the methyl xanthine class. It is the world's most
widely consumed psychoactive drug. Unlike many
other psychoactive substances, it is legal and
unregulated in nearly all parts of the world. There
are several known mechanisms of action to explain
the e昀昀ects of ca昀昀eine. The most prominent is that it
reversibly blocks the action of adenosine on its
receptor and consequently prevents the onset of
drowsiness induced by adenosine. Ca昀昀eine also
stimulates certain portions of the autonomic nervous
system.
Ca昀昀eine is a bitter, white crystalline purine,
a methyl xanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related
to
the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is found in
the seeds, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants
native to Africa, East Asia and South America, and
helps to protect them against predator insects and
to prevent germination of nearby seeds. The most
well-known source of ca昀昀eine is the co昀昀ee bean,
a misnomer for the seed
of Co昀昀ea plants. Beverages containing ca昀昀eine are
ingested to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to
improve performance. To make these drinks,
ca昀昀eine is extracted by steeping the plant product in

PAGE 6

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

water, a process called infusion. Ca昀昀eine-containing

drinks, such as co昀昀ee, tea, and cola, are very
popular; as of 2014, 85% of American adults
consumed some form of ca昀昀eine daily, consuming
164 mg on average.

Table 1. Ca昀昀eine content among Ca昀昀einated drinks

Positive E昀昀ects
 Cognitive- Ca昀昀eine is a central nervous
system stimulant that reduces fatigue and drowsiness.
It has variable e昀昀ects on learning and memory, but it
generally improves reaction time, wakefulness,
concentration, and motor coordination. Ca昀昀eine can
delay or prevent sleep and improves task performance

PAGE 7

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

during sleep deprivation. For some people,

discontinuing ca昀昀eine use can signi昀椀cantly reduce
anxiety. In moderate doses, ca昀昀eine has been
associated with reduced symptoms of depression and
lower suicide risk. Increased consumption of co昀昀ee and
ca昀昀eine is associated with a decreased risk of
depression.
 Physical- Ca昀昀eine is a proven ergogenic aid in
humans. Ca昀昀eine improves athletic performance
in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Moderate doses of
ca昀昀eine can improve sprint performance, cycling and
running time trial performance, endurance and cycling
power output. Ca昀昀eine increases basal metabolic
rate in adults. Ca昀昀eine improves muscular strength and
power, and may enhance muscular endurance. This is
congruent with ca昀昀eine reducing perceived exertion,
because exercise-to-exhaustion should end at the same
point of fatigue. Ca昀昀eine also improves power output
and reduces time to completion in aerobic time trials,
an e昀昀ect positively associated with longer duration
exercise.

Adverse E昀昀ects
 Physical- Ca昀昀eine can increase blood pressure and
cause vasoconstriction. Co昀昀ee and ca昀昀eine can
a昀昀ect gastrointestinal motility and gastric
acid secretion. Ca昀昀eine in low doses may cause weak
bronchodilation for up to four hours in asthmatics.
Doses of ca昀昀eine equivalent to the amount normally
found in standard servings of tea, co昀昀ee and
carbonated soft drinks appear to have no diuretic
action. However, acute ingestion of ca昀昀eine in large
doses (at least 250–300 mg, equivalent to the amount
found in 2–3 cups of co昀昀ee or 5–8 cups of tea) results in

PAGE 8

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

a short-term stimulation of urine output in individuals

who have been deprived of ca昀昀eine for a period of days
or weeks. This increase is due to both
a diuresis (increase in water excretion) and
a natriuresis (increase in saline excretion). The acute
increase in urinary output may increase the risk
of dehydration. However, chronic users of ca昀昀eine
develop a tolerance to this e昀昀ect and experience no
increase in urinary output.
 Psychological-Minor undesired symptoms from
ca昀昀eine ingestion not su昀昀iciently severe to warrant a
psychiatric diagnosis are common and include mild
anxiety, jitteriness, insomnia, increased sleep latency,
and reduced coordination. Ca昀昀eine can have negative
e昀昀ects on anxiety disorders. According to a 2011
literature review, ca昀昀eine use is positively associated
with anxiety and panic disorders. At high doses,
typically greater than 300 mg, ca昀昀eine can both cause
and worsen anxiety. Some textbooks state that ca昀昀eine
is a mild euphoriant, others state that it is not. Ca昀昀eine-
induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of the DSM-
5 diagnosis of substance/medication-induced anxiety
disorder.

PAGE 9

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Figure 4. Impact of Ca昀昀eine

Co昀昀ee & Health
Advantages
Drinking co昀昀ee is generally safe within usual levels
of intake and is more likely to improve health
outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups
of co昀昀ee daily. Exceptions include possible
increased risk in women having bone fractures, and
a possible increased risk in pregnant women of fetal
loss or decreased birth weight.
Co昀昀ee stimulates gallbladder contraction and aids in
the contraction of the colonic and intestinal smooth
muscles. Because of its acidity, it can harm the
lining of the stomach and intestines, and as a result
can cause gastritis, stomach ulcers, and
promote acid re昀氀ux. Recent studies, both in vivo and
in vitro, suggest that co昀昀ee suppresses the
proliferation of microbes, including bacteria within
the microbiome.

PAGE 10

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Research have shown that higher co昀昀ee

consumption was associated with lower risk of
death, and that those who drank any co昀昀ee lived
longer than those who did not.
Moderate co昀昀ee consumption is not a risk factor
for coronary heart disease. A 2012 meta-analysis
concluded that people who drank moderate amounts
of co昀昀ee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the
biggest e昀昀ect found for those who drank more than
four cups a day. A 2014 meta-analysis concluded
that cardiovascular disease, such as coronary artery
disease and stroke, is less likely with three to 昀椀ve
cups of non-deca昀昀einated co昀昀ee per day, but more
likely with over 昀椀ve cups per day. A 2016 meta-
analysis showed that co昀昀ee consumption was
associated with a reduced risk of death in patients
who have had a myocardial infarction. Drinking four
or more cups of co昀昀ee per day does not a昀昀ect the
risk of hypertension compared to drinking little or
no co昀昀ee; however, drinking one to three cups per
day may be at a slightly increased risk.

Disadvantages
Bad quality co昀昀ee can have a lot of impurities in it,
which can cause sickness, headache or a general
bad feeling. This can happen if your co昀昀ee is made
from beans that have been over ripped or otherwise
ruined. Even one ruined bean can make your cup
toxic. If you invest and buy high quality, specialty
co昀昀ee you don’t have to worry about this.

PAGE 11

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Yes, if you drink 80-100 cups (23 liters) in a short

session. This dose is lethal and will amount in 10-13
grams of ca昀昀eine within your body. Before you reach
this point, however, you'll be vomiting most of it out
since 23 liters of any liquid is a lot. Even drinking 23
liters of water can kill you.
Again, it's the ca昀昀eine working here. Your
recommended maximum amount of ca昀昀eine is 400
milligrams, roughly the amount that you’ll get from
4 cups of co昀昀ee. If you’re ca昀昀eine-sensitive, be
careful with co昀昀ee. You are probably already aware
what amount and what kind of co昀昀ee suits, or
doesn't suit you. The amount of ca昀昀eine that is safe
for human consumption is actually written in our
DNA.

Studies on co昀昀ee's e昀昀ect on a fetus have been

controversial, but one thing is sure: if you drink
co昀昀ee when pregnant, ca昀昀eine will also reach the
fetus, and your baby is highly sensitive to ca昀昀eine.
So, if you’re a heavyweight co昀昀ee drinker and can’t
stop drinking it while pregnant, at least reduce your
co昀昀ee intake to one cup a day.

Co昀昀ee beans contain cafestol and kahweol, two

ingredients that appear to raise LDL cholesterol
levels. Filtering the co昀昀ee traps most of the LDL,
but cafestol and kahweol are found in espresso,
Turkish co昀昀ee, French press and Scandinavian style
“cooked co昀昀ee”.

PAGE 12

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Figure 5. Main side e昀昀ects of Ca昀昀eine

Addiction
Ca昀昀eine's mechanism of action is somewhat
di昀昀erent from that of cocaine and the substituted
amphetamines; ca昀昀eine blocks adenosine receptors
A and A2A. Adenosine is a by-product of cellular
activity, and stimulation of adenosine receptors
produces feelings of tiredness and the need to sleep.
Ca昀昀eine's ability to block these receptors means the

PAGE 13

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

levels of the body's natural

stimulants, dopamine and norepinephrine, continue
at higher levels.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders describes four ca昀昀eine-related disorders
including intoxication, withdrawal, anxiety, and
sleep.
Studies have demonstrated that people who take in
a minimum of 100 mg of ca昀昀eine per day (about the
amount in one cup of co昀昀ee) can acquire a physical
dependence that would trigger withdrawal
symptoms that include headaches, muscle pain and
sti昀昀ness, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, depressed
mood, and marked irritability. Professor Roland
Gri昀昀iths, a professor of neurology at Johns
Hopkins in Baltimore strongly believes that ca昀昀eine
withdrawal should be classi昀椀ed as a psychological
disorder. His research suggested that withdrawals
a昀昀ects 50% of habitual co昀昀ee drinkers, beginning
within 12-24 hours after cessation of ca昀昀eine intake,
and peaking in 20-48 hours, lasting as long as 9
days. Continued exposure to ca昀昀eine leads the body
to create more adenosine receptors in the central
nervous system which makes it more sensitive to the
e昀昀ects of adenosine in two ways: It reduces the
stimulatory e昀昀ects of ca昀昀eine by increasing
tolerance, and it increases the withdrawal symptoms
of ca昀昀eine as the body becomes more sensitive to
the e昀昀ects of adenosine once ca昀昀eine intake stops.
Ca昀昀eine tolerance develops very quickly. Tolerance
to the sleep disruption e昀昀ects of ca昀昀eine were seen
after consumption of 400 mg of ca昀昀eine 3 times a
day for 7 days, whereas complete tolerance was

PAGE 14

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

observed after consumption of 300 mg taken 3 times

a day for 18 days.

While ca昀昀eine users enjoy the increased energy and

alertness that ca昀昀eine gives them, unpleasant
symptoms experienced by many consumers,
especially those who are addicted, include:

 Restlessness
 Nervousness
 Excitement
 Di昀昀iculty sleeping
 Agitation
 Muscle twitching
 Rambling 昀氀ow of thoughts and speech
 Flushed face
 Increased heart rate
 Stomach upset

Case Study
A recent survey conducted in just the Counties of
Albany, New York with approximately 300,000
population. A sample survey on 175,648 people was
conducted about their relations with Co昀昀ee in just
the year 2015.

It was found out that about 78.3% of people took

co昀昀ee and out of those around 51% drink it
regularly, which is staggering half of the whole
population, including all ages.

PAGE 15

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Census of albany county on the consumption of co昀昀ee

Twice or more
times a day Do not drink
co昀昀ee at all

Once a week

Everyday

Twice a week

3-4 times a week

Consumption Percentage Part of the

Level population
None 19.7% 34,602.65
1/week 9.5% 16,686.56
2/week 13.2% 23,185.53
3-4/week 14.6% 25,644.60
7/week 28.1% 49,357.08
14+/week 14.90% 26,171.55
Table 2. Case Study

PAGE 16

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

Conclusion
Ca昀昀eine addiction is so common we don't even
notice it most of the time. But the feeling of getting
back in touch with your own natural energy, and
having the ability to relax when night falls, is
unparalleled when you able to greatly reduce or quit
ca昀昀eine.

If you feel you are using excessive amounts

of ca昀昀eine to cope with an ongoing emotional
problem, such as depression or anxiety, also talk to
your physician about options for treating these
problems. The right treatment could make a huge
di昀昀erence for you. Ca昀昀eine addiction often overlaps
with other behavioral addictions, such as sugar
addiction, so you might 昀椀nd that evaluating your
ca昀昀eine intake opens up a Pandora's Box of other
behaviors that need to be addressed.

If you don't feel you are addicted to ca昀昀eine, but you

do feel you are consuming more than is healthy, you
can choose to either reduce your ca昀昀eine intake or
cut out ca昀昀eine altogether. The most common
mistake, in either case, is to cut down by too much
too soon, causing you to relapse due to an intense
headache.

Instead of cutting your ca昀昀eine intake in half, try

reducing your regular intake by about 10 percent
every two weeks; reduce the strength of your last
ca昀昀einated drink of the day by diluting it with an
unca昀昀einated drink.

PAGE 17

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

So in a nutshell, Co昀昀ee is great for just a

beverage with small dosages but it can become
a poison if you misuse it.

References & Sources

 Notes
o Introduction to Co昀昀ee-
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co昀昀ee
o Introduction to Ca昀昀eine-
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca昀昀eine
o E昀昀ects of Ca昀昀eine-
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca昀昀eine
o Co昀昀ee and health
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co昀昀ee#Health_e昀昀ects
o Disadvantages of Co昀昀ee-
 https://blog.warriorco昀昀ee.com/blog/12-health-
bene昀椀ts-and-6-disadvantages-of-co昀昀ee-smashing-it
o Addiction-
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca昀昀eine_dependence
 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders
o Symptoms-
 https://www.verywellmind.com/ca昀昀eine-addiction-
4157287
o Conclusion-
 https://www.verywellmind.com/ca昀昀eine-addiction-
4157287

 Images
o Cover-
 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/
2019/06/190624111622.html
o Fig. 1, History Route of Co昀昀ee-
 Seeds of Trade. Source, Natural History Museum

PAGE 18

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|49829931

o Fig. 2, Co昀昀ea arabica-

 Franz Eugen Köhler,
http://caliban.mpizkoeln.mpg.de/~stueber/koehler2/
high/DSC_3061.html
o Fig. 3(a), Ca昀昀eine(line)-
 www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
o Fig, 3(b), Ca昀昀eine(3D)-
 Jynto (more from this user) - Own work

o Table 1, Amount of Ca昀昀eine-

 https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi3r_D4-
o7kAhXIbX0KHVbZBHMQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=https
%3A%2F%2Forganic.org%2Fthe-health-bene昀椀ts-
and-drawbacks-of-co昀昀ee
%2F&psig=AOvVaw1QUKH9iZbkNCOoAiL-
wH6D&ust=1566304992903543
o Fig.4, Ca昀昀eine e昀昀ects-
 https://www.researchgate.net/昀椀gure/Ca昀昀eine-ingestion-
has-acute-e昀昀ects-on-numerous-body-systems-including-
the-following_昀椀g1_249646232
o Fig. 5, Main Side e昀昀ects of Ca昀昀eine-
 https://www.positivehealthwellness.com/diet-
nutrition/the-15-terrible-co昀昀ee-side-e昀昀ects-you-need-
to-know-about/

PAGE 19

Downloaded by Isha GV :D (ishagv07@gmail.com)