jonal (if/when/whenever + Picci nd akennlhd cuts Tif you burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is produced. rks) General or scientific facts and definitions nal {if + present tense, will + bare infinitive / imperative) If we continue to pollute our planet, future generations will suffer. Real conditions in the present or future and their results in the present or future | To gve conditional instructions | rn ese fon @eenence eal ton al tem Bak te Bc mma ou otc ve seinen tt eet casein in é be going to, can, could, may, might, ‘shall, should, have to and ought to. GPS ca rac Farce ener i a als, These include Scteilcowens hie pese |e tetgntesresne present or future : / ithe weather was better, we eould have a picnic. BS vs ER Grammar ———— | | ya prtish Enls, we can use both was and were afte wth rst and tire person singular, Were is more common 09 | feral se rsa nh isi ous wr | ik fl was/were a gambler, put money on Jim being late | | US: Iffwere @ gambler, 'd put money ‘on Jim being late. | | 5 inboth British and American English, were is usualy used inthe phrase If] were you, | erfect, would have + past participle) “Alot more people would have been trapped by the flood if there hadn't | been a warning. eee ued od Hypothetical conditions in the past and their |_| rests in the past Other modals can be used insteat ‘and should, 7 it you hadn't had alt of luck, you could have lst all your money. of wouldin the result clause in third concitonals. These include might, could Ace Recueil — Hypothetical conditions in the past and You might not be in so much trouble if you hadn't started gambling, | their results in the present Hypothetical condition inthe present and | If were you, t would have made Pavia buy her own lottery ticket. | er ess inthe pst| inverted conditionals | RC ieur Gs | More formal form of the fist conditional | Should the drought continue, many people wl be forced to leave their vilages (with shouieh | Caifthe cought should contrue.../ the drought continues...) More formal form ofthe second conditional | Were we to stop using fossi fuels tomorrow, it would stil take decades forthe i | planet to recover. (= If we were to stop ... /If we stopped ...) 1 More formal frm of the third conditional | Had Charles Daruin nt visited the Galapagos Islands, he might never have i | developed his theory of evolution. {= f Charles Darwin had visited...) © whenthe verb to be inverted is negate, we put nt ater the subject. | & Had we not attended the meeting, we would have had no idea of the council's plans. E+ When the ifciause comes before the result clause, we usualy separate the two clauses witha comma. When the i rest Cause comes st we donot sea comma WR "horse ar toworyoeonsoweovenagy. /Youcn sve on erry iu sare cart wok Ce CC eke cc ‘As/so long as | Weil go up to the mountains this weekend as long as the weather's okay Provided/Providing (that) | You can have a pot provided that you promise to look after it propery. n condition that) ‘Apolcatons for membership are accepted on condition that appicants are over 18. Suppose/Supposing Supposing the price of ol tripled tomorrow. What do you think would happen? ifitwasn’/weren' for + noun | tink Pe be qute lonely if it wasn'/weren' for my dog, Buster | | Were it rot for + noun Were it not for my dog, Buster, | think Fd be quit lonely. | | But for + noun But for your hep, | wouldn't have been able to quit gambling. | Withadn' been for+ noun | Hithadn't been for your hep, I wou have been able to qut gambling | Had itnot been for + noun Had it not been for your help, | wouldn't have been able to quit gambling. | ff. (should) happen to Ifyou (should) happen to see Davina, ask her whether she would look after i | the cats this weekend. if. should | Ifyou should see Davina, ask her whether she would look after the cats tis weekend. ff. happened to I you happened to see someone drop liter inthe street, what would you do? IF. were to | 0 you think woud redce poston Hf the goverment were to rode anew x | on petra? If so/not | Are you concerned about the environment? If so, you might be interested in i | joining Greenpeace. | Otherwise | You should have your air conditioner serviced, otherwise youll waste alot of energy. | Uniess | unless governments act now, te environments realy going to sur | Incase of + noun | In case of fre, leave the building by the nearest emergency exit. j Incase | Take a coat with you in case the weather gets worse. | | Tomean itis tue that if you ware at be meaing, why dit you rae the sue of recycling? | To mean ‘tm saying this in case’ | Ifyou like zoos, the one in Singapore is fantastic. | | i | 87a a Gt 11 Grammer A. Match to make sentences. we might get served a bit more quickly. «give us a call and well come to pick you up. very few people would obey the law. you wouldn't get hiccups, would you? 1 Ifyou stay with us for three days, A B c D E__ they have to go through a complicated procedure. F G 4 ' J 2 Ifyou decide not to vote in the election, 3 If you didn't eat your lunch so fast, 4 If there were a few more people working, 5 If you forget to take your passport, 6 Ifthe hire car isn't there when you arrive, 7 If the city continues to expand, 8 Ifthe police didn't fine people, 9 if you did decide to leave the company, 10 If MPs wish to resign, we'd be happy to give you a good reference. I'm pretty sure they wor't let you check in. more areas of natural beauty will be destroyed, vwe'll have enough time to see a few sights. you can't rally complain about the government. B_ Rewrite using an appropriate conditional form, stating withthe words given. 3 1 Sue didnit get me a birthday present, which is why I didnt get her one, s Ht Sue = = a 2 We did't pay them on time because they made a mistake with our order. i ifthey 3. The cimate is undergoing such radical changes that scientists are worried f ‘4. Did California become an important area because they found gold there? i‘ Would 5 It’s the sunset that attracts tourists to that place. tit 6 There was a traffic jam on the motorway so | was late for my intervie. iF there . 7 [suggest you use a sunblock, and then you won't go red Wiwere The accident happened as 2 resutof the drive's not paying attention tothe road. Ifthe driver Complete using the correct form of the verbs in bold. Add any other words you need. ( 17! March | So, today marks one year since I became a Park Ranger. If a) (do) that then, | never | 3 (2) (have) so many fantastic ‘experiences. If you (3) (ask) me now, || would say that | Knew nothing when | started, but Ive leant a huge amount. Ina typical day, Il deal with | complaints, check on the runing ofthe park and lead guided tours, f any (4) (book). IFit’s | low season, | (5) {have) time to check on forest management and fre control measures | tt can get stressful at times, especialy f visitors fo the park (6) (get) lost or injured. We had | a case last week, which wouldnt (7) (happen) ifthe woman involved (8) + the) a bit more careful. You see, if you (9)... eee nun (Wander) around a large National Park like this | without map, youre bound to get lost. This particular case might (10) ~ (be) so bad iit- ay (start raining. She was only wearing light clothes, so she was wet though and freezing ‘when we found her. | dread to think what might (12) (happen if we hadi!D Circle the correct word or phrase. Rene 8 9 10 uv 12 E Complete using the words in the box. Conditionals Unit 11 If we hadn't taken a wrong turning back there, we wouldn't be / have been inthis mess now. Should / Would you need any further assistance, please dont hesitate to ask. Had they not / Hadn't they warned people in time, alot more lives could have been lost if you worked / had worked last weekend when the boss asked you, then you wouldet have to work this weekend. Were all the members of staff to attend the conference, would the hotel have / have had enough rooms for everyone? Had the government acted sooner, the general public wouldn't be worrying / have worried so much about the current situation Tom Cruise wouldn't be the star he is today had he not / should he not have made a good impression in his early fms, Weren't we / Were we not to build more roads, the traffic system would collapse by 2020. It would be hard enough to pass the exam tomorrow even if you went / had gone to all the lectures this year. You can contact the hotel manager on extension 142 should / could you need to. ‘Shouldn't you / Should you not receive confirmation of your fight by email, please click the link below. | would have asked the person for ID before I let him in, itl were / have been you. case * condition * long * otherwise * provided * so * suppose * unless | Le 1 Do you want a highlypaid career, and, if , are you prepared to retrain? Contact us 2. I'm quite happy to lend you money, as as you make sure | get it back. 3 The village fair should be a great success, we don't have the same problems with the i] weather as last year. 4 It'd be great to see you on Saturday evening, you've already got other plans. i I 5 Could you go to the shop for me? | have to stay in in the courier comes. | | 6 Your idea sounds fine in theory, but ust something goes wrong. What then? } 7 Write your name atthe top of your essay, | won't know which one's yours. I 8 The judge allowed the accused to stay at home on she reported to the police H 1 F Write one word in each gap. | H 2 Withadn't for the fact that his uncle was a partner in the business, Angus would never every morning | would never be able to afford a new house if wasn't for al the overtime I've been doing have got the job. How do you think you'd feel it someone happened damage your car lke that? for the kindness of a complete stranger, | would never have found the hotel | don't think fd be surprised in the slightest Paul were to suddenly announce that he was i moving abroad. Don't forget to mention the new schedule to Veronica if you happen to see her this evening, | otball matches would be ideal family outings... it not for the danger of violence. Irithadrrt been the children, frm sure Trisha would have left Tom a long time ago. | would have lost the game it not been for some quick thinking, you find the book | was asking you about, give me a call.he it 11 Grammer G Rewrite the sentences, starting with the words given. 1 The only reason we won the contract was Debbie's fantastic presentation. We wouldn't have 2. The eventual arrival of the ferry prevented a fight from breaking, ‘out amongst the passengers. iit hadnt been for — 3. None of the passengers was injured because of the driver's quick reaction. But “ 4 Well have to cancel the meeting i Wendy doesn't turn up soon. | ‘Unless v _ 5 Mr Jones would be quite lonely ihe dnt have his daughters visits i Were it 4 6 Here's my phone number, because you might need it. _ Incase 7 Agree to be back by midnight and you can go. Providing .... = 8 Officer Hughes prevented the robbers from escaping. Had it H_ Choose the correct answer. 1. If you saw another student cheating in an exam, 6 ifyou hadn't taken the money, you somebody? in prison now. Aid you tell C would you tell ‘Awouldn't have been haven't. been B do you tell D have you told Bhadn't been D wouldn't be 2. Make sure you mix the ingredients well, 7. Do you think that if we earlier we you might get lumps in your cake. might not have missed the coach? unless provided ‘Ahave been leaving Chad left B otherwise D supposing Bleft Dhave left 3 Were my dad, | would never have 8 Unless Ray sun here soon, 'm going to started playing tennis in the first place. leave because !m getting bored. Aitfor Citto be for A doesn't get C won't get B it hadn't been for Dit not for Beets D will get 4 if hear from Nigel, Iltellhim you 9 What if! you that there's a good were asking after him. chance | can get tickets for the concert? Ahappened C should to Awere to tell C have told B should happen to D will happen to B were telling D would to tell 5 The book would have been perfect 10 If there happen to be any reason the ending, for late delivery, please inform our ‘Ahad it not been for Cit hadn't been for Accounts Department. Bithad not been for D hadr't it been for ‘Amight C would Bould D should 90Conditionals Unit 11 1 Write one word in each gap. Cres Had (1) not been for the invention of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in the 1920s, at least one | environmental problem might have been avoided. In fact, (2) they to be invented today, they | (3) ro doubt be immediately banned, For ity years, though, if you bought an air conditioner | or a spray, there (8) 22 good chance that it contained CFCs ~ and those CFCs are stil around | in the atmosphere. | IF YOU (5) «msm able to travel into the upper layers of the atmosphere, you (6) | see the chlorine and fluorine from CFCs breaking down the ozone (a form of oxygen). Ozone could | damage your lungs (7) you were to breathe it, but high in the atmosphere it performs the | function of blocking ultraviolet rays from the sun, rays which can cause skin cancer i you (B) | exposed to them. We might (9) have known about the process (10) it not been for the work of two American scientists, Frank Rowland and Mario Molina. A number of industries fought against their conclusions, and might have won (11) the evidence not been so clear. Rowland and Molina received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1995 for their work on the ozone layer, but (12) which we might today be facing an even greater problem. J Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1. Without this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight. it Had this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight. 2 Unless the plans change, well see you on the 19°. no f Provided the plans, well see you on the 194, i i 3. Ifyou applied now, there's a good chance you would get the job. apply ' | Were , there's a good chance you would get the job. 4 | didn't know about your problem so | didn't offer to help. have If 'd known about your problem, ts to help. 5. It could get cold at night, so take some warm clothes. in Take some warm clothes cold at night. 6 I'd love to travel the world if | didn’t have to pay off my mortgage. having Were to pay off my mortgage, I'd love to travel the world. 7” Tenyears ago, people woud have complied at seeing tis fi, seen Had) , they would have complained. 8 Drivers are allowed to park here if they display a local resident permit. condition Drivers are allowed to park here they display a local resident permitsaying outspoken declaration mearingless writings editor rephrase statement implication hearsay Soavamsene Review 5 Sowisosene o> awooz0000 u 11am notin my dad's good books/ am in my dad's bad books 12. goes without saying 13 reading between the lines 14 on speaking terms 15 not have talked Adrian into lying 16 must have had a word (with Bob) about/would have had a word (with Bob) about/will have had a word (with Bob) about 17 have got the wrong end of the stick 18 don't need to give me your word/don't have to give me your word 19 editorship 20 hearsay 21 implications 22 an understatement 23 talkative 24° an unwritten 25 exclamation 26 expresshy— 27° out 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 7 38 39 40 41 42 over on out up out down w>omo0E> Unit 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 i ' J D A G B H c F E had got me a birthday present, would have got her one hadn't made a mistake with our order, we would have paid them on time the climate wasn't/weren't undergoing such radical changes, scientists wouldn't be so worried California have become an important area if they hadn't found gold there wasn't/werer't for the sunset, tourists wouldn't be attracted/ go to that place hadn't been a traffic jam on the motorway, | wouldn't have been late for my interview you, twould-use-a sunblock and —1— wor the contract rit rad then you wouldn't go red had been paying attention to the road, the accident woulde't have happened hadn't done would have had asked are booked/have been booked hhave/will have A get/have got have happened had been wander 10 not have been 11 hadn't started 12. have happened woracrene Bf 1 be 2. Should 3. Had they not 4 had worked 5 have 6 7 8 9 be worrying had he not Were we not had gone 10. should 11. Should you not 12 were 1 50 2 long 3. provided 4 unless 5 case 6 7 8 suppose otherwise condition it been to But if should were for had should/do 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 been for Debbie's fantasti presentation/won the contr2. the eventual arrival ofthe ferry, a fight would have broken out amongst the passengers 3. for the driver's quick reaction, (some of the passengers would have been injured 4 Wendy turns up soon, we'll have to cancel the meeting 5 not for his daughter's visits, Mr Jones would be cuite lonely 6 you need it, here's my phone number 7 you are back by midnight, you can go/you agree to be back by midnight, you can go 8 not been for Officer Hughes, the robbers would have escaped mM Swovonsenn or woorDODO would/could if 8 are/get 9 not/never 10 had 11 had 12. for 1 itnot been for 2 that) there are no changes to 3. you to apply now 4. |would have offered 5 incase it gets 6 ifnot for having/ not having 7 people seen ths film ten years ago 8 on condition that A 1 foresee 2. gamble 3. mutated 4. attributed 5 started 6 fluctuate 7. determine 8 wobble 9 pick 10. meander B waren oromg00> spontaneous haphazard blow mishaps freak inadvertent statistics, odds jinxed superstitious assigned ascribed stray random caused transpired SREGRES covonrenn Bi catastrophe evacuate fossil fuels greenery habitat harvest instinct resource (tickd species 1 2 3 4 Swmy3948 a 1. agriculture 2 crop BI wVonsenn Boovansenn Bf © wousene Bp evoneenn famine drought appreciate exploit global warming natural disaster floods hurricanes down on up down through chanced upon/came across slip up throw out store up thrown up chanced upon/came across dug up sprung up cross off wiped off shave off ¥ gone off chop off ¥ drop off set off peel off v by in by ‘guess every/a to their the of of 293