Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.

___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3171001 Date:15/12/2021
Subject Name:Microwave Theory and Techniques
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

Q.1 (a) Write the applications of microwave. 03

(b) Discuss the merit and demerits of microwave signals. 04
(c) Explain the smith chart in detail. 07
Q.2 (a) Define: (i) VSWR (ii) Characteristics Impedance (iii) Return Loss. 03
(b) Explain the losses associated with microwave transmission. 04
(c) Explain in detail working of IMPATT diode. 07
OR
(c) Derive transmission line equations and also derive solution of transmission line 07
equation.
Q.3 (a) Discuss the characteristics of TEM, TE and TM Mode. 03
(b) Write short note on Circular waveguide. 04
(c) Discuss reflex klystron with suitable diagrams. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain in brief microwave oscillator design. 03
(b) What is S- parameter? Discuss the Properties of S- parameter. 04
(c) Draw the micro strip lines and parallel strip lines. Also derive their characteristic 07
impedance equation.
Q.4 (a) List the performance parameters of directional couplers. 03
(b) Explain the working of PIN diodes and its applications. 04
(c) Explain briefly different method of Impedance measurement at microwave frequency. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Discuss in brief different type of microwave attenuators. 03
(b) Explain Magic Tee with its applications. 04
(c) Explain RF and microwave amplifier design. 07
Q.5 (a) Discuss the effects of microwave on human body. 03
(b) Write short note on Microwave Antenna. 04
(c) Explain Basic Principal of “RADAR” draw and explain the block diagram of 07
RADAR.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain in brief EMI and EMC issue. 03
(b) Discuss RF MEMS for microwave components. 04
(c) Explain Network Analyzer and how different scattering parameters are measured? 07

*************

1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2022
Subject Code:3171001 Date:10-01-2023
Subject Name:Microwave Theory and Techniques
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

MARKS
Q.1 (a) List out the similarities and dissimilarities of microwave transmission 03
lines and waveguides.
(b) Draw rectangular and circular waveguides and discuss their benefits as 04
well as drawbacks.
(c) Define microwaves. In which frequency bands microwave 07
communication work? Discuss various applications of microwave
communication in different domains.

Q.2 (a) Explain in brief what TE, TM and TEM modes are in a rectangular 03
waveguide.
(b) Discuss and Compare the differences between Strip lines and Microstrip 04
lines and enlist the benefits of Microstip lines in brief.
(c) What is a dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide? Derive field 07
equations of TE mode for rectangular waveguide.
OR
(c) What is reflection coefficient in a transmission line? Why do we need 07
scattering parameter in a waveguide? Discuss scattering matrix and list
various properties of S-parameter.

Q.3 (a) What are faraday rotation devices? How such a device can work as a 03
duplexer?
(b) What is a Hybrid Tee? Enlist its applications. Describe how it can be 04
able to measure impedance on any unknown microwave device.
(c) What is the basic difference between two cavity klystron amplifier and 07
klystron oscillator in construction? Discuss klystron oscillator with
apple gate diagram and its applications in brief.
OR
Q.3 (a) Discuss fixed and variable attenuators with their applications in brief. 03
(b) Discuss Isolation and Coupling, Isolation and Directivity factors in 04
connection with Directional Coupler.
(c) What are favorable electrons? Draw cavity magnetron and explain its 07
working with clear diagrams for π-mode and phase focusing effect.

Q.4 (a) What is avalanche transit time effect? Explain basic construction and 03
operation of TRAPATT device.
(b) Describe in brief the operation of microwave power amplifier with their 04
applications.

1
 (c) Discuss the effect of microwave radiation on a human body. What are 07
the sources of EMI? Discuss Intra and Inter system EMI with some
relevant examples.
OR
Q.4 (a) Discuss construction and V-I characteristics of a Gunn Diode. 03
(b) What is a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)? How is it designed? What is its 04
role in microwave communication?
(c) How to prevent EMI? What is the role of Electromagnetic 07
Compatibility? Discuss various standards of it.

Q.5 (a) Discuss microwave imaging with some practical applications. 03

(b) How can we design a microwave oscillator? Where is it applicable for 04
practical usage?
(c) Draw a basic block diagram of spectrum analyzer. Discuss in brief about 07
its operation with explanation on how a spectral measurement is
conducted through it.
OR
Q.5 (a) What are MMICs? Provide some examples of such ICs. 03
(b) Which antennas are popular for various microwave applications? List 04
them. Briefly discuss planner antenna.
(c) How can we measure microwave frequencies using frequency meter and 07
slotted line section? Explain both the methods with relevant block
diagrams and valid explanations.

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2022
Subject Code:3171001 Date:08/06/2022
Subject Name:Microwave Theory and Techniques
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

MARKS
Q.1 (a) Enlist Microwave frequency bands along with their applications. 03
(b) Define and explain the following 1) TE mode 2) TM mode. 04
(c) Draw neat diagram of various transmission lines and describe 07
their working.

Q.2 (a) What is group velocity and phase velocity? 03

(b) Derive the properties of S parameters 04
(c) Compare coaxial lines and rectangular waveguide. 07
OR
(c) Explain the working of E-plane Tee and H- plane Tee with neat 07
diagrams.

Q.3 (a) Enlist microwave active and passive components. 03

(b) What is a directional coupler? Draw and explain its working. 04
(c) Discuss the working of Gunn diode with suitable diagrams. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) State the significance of Magic Tee with neat diagram. 03
(b) Compare Klystron and Magnetron. 04
(c) Explain the working of PIN diode. 07

Q.4 (a) Define the following 1) Reflection co efficient 2) VSWR 03

(b) Discuss the working of microwave mixers. 04
(c) What is TWT? Explain its working with suitable diagrams. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) What is characteristic impedance? Write equation of characteristic 03
impedance for lossy and lossless transmission lines.
(b) Discuss various types of microwave filters. 04
(c) Explain working of Reflex Klystron with suitable diagrams. 07

Q.5 (a) How does microwave affect the human body? Explain in brief. 03
(b) Discuss the usage of Spectrum Analyzer for measurement. 04
(c) Explain the working of GPS. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Give the importance of Microwave Imaging. 03
(b) Discuss the usage of Network Analyzer for measurement. 04
(c) Explain the working of RADAR. 07

*************

1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3171106 Date:29/12/2021
Subject Name:Wireless Sensor Networks
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

Q.1 (a) Why we need WSN? 03

(b) What are the latest technical advancements in the field of WSN? 04
(c) Discuss unique constraints and challenges of WSN in details. 07
unique constraints and challenges
Q.2 (a) Compare WSN’s and
unique constraints andMANET’s.
challenges 03
(b) Classify WSN’s. 04
(c) List and explain the enabling technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks. 07
OR
(c) Write short note on ZigBee architecture. 07

Q.3 (a) Differentiate contention-free and contention-based protocols. 03

(b) List and discuss important features of IEEE 802.15.4 standard. 04
(c) Describe B-MAC protocol in detail. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Write functions of MAC protocol. Give classification of MAC protocols. 03
(b) What is routing. List the challenges for routing protocol in WSN. 04
(c) Describe S-MAC Protocol in details. 07

Q.4 (a) What is data dissemination? 03

(b) Why dissemination protocols are required in WSN? 04
(c) Explain the concept of cost field based forwarding. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) What is data gathering? 03
(b) Briefly explain data fusion on WSN. 04
(c) Explain WSN to Internet Communication and Internet to WSN 07
Communication.

Q.5 (a) Why we need Gateway? 03

(b) What are design principles for WSN’s? 04
(c) Explain the IMote Node Architecture. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Discuss security issues in WSN. 03
(b) What are designing constraint of hardware components (sensors) in WSN? 04
(c) Write short note on the Hogthrob Node Architecture. 07

*************

1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2022
Subject Code:3171106 Date:12-01-2023
Subject Name:Wireless Sensor Networks
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

Q.1 (a) What are the advantages of sensor networks? 03

(b) Compare WSN’s and MANET’s. 04
(c) Write short note on applications of wireless sensor networks. 07

Q.2 (a) What is wireless sensor network? List the type of wireless sensor networks. 03
(b) Explain the enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks. 04
(c) Write short note on Zigbee. 07
OR
(c) Explain the Issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. 07

Q.3 (a) Explain design Principles for WSNs. 03

(b) What is routing? List the challenges for routing protocol in WSN. 04
(c) Explain: S-MAC routing protocol. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Give the classification of MAC protocols. 03
(b) Write short note on Quality of a sensor network. 04
(c) Explain: B-MAC routing protocol. 07

Q.4 (a) Explain need for Gateway. 03

(b) Write short note on MSME sensors. 04
(c) Write short note on: (i) Temperature Sensor (ii) Pressure Sensor. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Write note on Real-time traffic support. 03
(b) Explain dissemination protocol for large sensor network. 04
(c) Write short note on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. 07

Q.5 (a) Explain Gateway concept. 03

(b) Explain WSN to Internet Communication. 04
(c) Write short note on the IMote Node Architecture. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) What is data gathering? 03
(b) Explain in brief: (i) Data dissemination (ii) Data fusion. 04
(c) Write short note on the Hog throb Node Architecture. 07

*************

1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2022
Subject Code:3171106 Date:10/06/2022
Subject Name:Wireless Sensor Networks
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

Q.1 (a) What is wireless sensor network? List the type of wireless sensor networks. 03
(b) Compare WSN’s and MANET’s. 04
(c) Write short note on applications of wireless sensor networks. 07
Q.2 (a) What are the advantages of sensor networks. 03
(b) Explain the enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks. 04
(c) Write short note on Zigbee. 07
OR
(c) Explain the issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. 07
Q.3 (a) Give the classification of MAC protocols. 03
(b) What is routing? List the challenges for routing protocol in WSN. 04
(c) Explain: S-MAC routing protocol. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain design principles for WSNs. 03
(b) Write short note on Quality of a sensor network. 04
(c) Explain: B-MAC routing protocol. 07
Q.4 (a) Write note on Real-time traffic support. 03
(b) Explain dissemination protocol for large sensor network. 04
(c) Write short note on: (i) Temperature Sensor (ii) Pressure Sensor. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain need for Gateway. 03
(b) Write short note on MSME sensors. 04
(c) Write short note on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. 07
Q.5 (a) What is data gathering? 03
(b) Explain in brief: (i) Data dissemination (ii) Data fusion. 04
(c) Write short note on the IMote Node Architecture. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain Gateway concept. 03
(b) Explain WSN to Internet Communication. 04
(c) Write short note on the Hogthrob Node Architecture. 07

*************

1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3171110 Date:17/12/2021
Subject Name: Radar and Navigational Aids
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) Define (1) Pulse width 03
(2) Pulse Repetition Time
(3) Pulse Repetition Frequency
(b) List down the applications of Radar. Explain any one. 04
(c) Draw the block diagram of a simple Radar set and explain the essentials 07
of its operations. What are the basic functions of Radar?

Q.2 (a) What is Doppler effect? Write an equation for Doppler frequency. 03
(b) Write a brief note on navigation. 04
(c) Derive a simple form of radar range equation and relate the transmitter 07
peak power (Pt) to the maximum range of radar (Rmax).
OR
(c) Draw and explain the block diagram of CW radar. Write its applications 07
and limitations.
Q.3 (a) What is blind speed and how to avoid it? 03
(b) A radar operating at 10 GHz with the peak power of 500 kW, power gain 04
of antenna is 5000 and minimum power of Rx is 10-4. Calculate the
maximum range of radar if the effective area of antenna is 10 m2 and
radar cross section is 4 m2.
(c) Explain in brief how FMCW radar is used for measurement of range 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Differentiate coherent MTI and non – coherent MTI 03
(b) Explain the use of delay line cancellers. Give its filter characteristics 04
(c) Describe MTI radar with its block diagram. 07
Q.4 (a) What is tracking? Which important characteristics of target are used for 03
tracking?
(b) Explain sequential lobbing method of tracking of an acquired target. 04
(c) Write a short note on Mono Pulse tracking Radar. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) What is Radar display? List down different types of Radar antennas. 03
(b) Write a short note on Radar Duplexer. 04
(c) Draw a sketch of Two – cavity Klystron amplifier used in radar 07
transmitter and explain its working.
Q.5 (a) What is cone of silence? 03
(b) Explain the working of Goniometer. 04
(c) Write a short note on VOR. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) List down the applications of satellite Navigation. 03
(b) Explain night effect and antenna effect of errors in loop direction finder. 04
(c) Write a short note on Instrument Landing System (ILS). 07
*************
1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2022
Subject Code:3171110 Date:16-01-2023
Subject Name:Radar and Navigational Aids
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) (1) Radar is an acronym of ____________. 03
(2) Define Echo signal in Radar
(3) Define Range of Radar.
(b) List down the types of Radar. Explain any one. 04
(c) Derive the simple form of radar range equation. 07

Q.2 (a) Define Navigation, Celestial Navigation, Radio Navigation 03

(b) Write a brief note on Doppler Effect. 04
(c) Explain the working of FMCW Radar with the help of block diagram. 07
OR
(c) Using a block diagram, describe the operation of a Simple CW Radar 07
and a CW Radar with IF amplification.

Q.3 (a) What are the drawbacks and applications of CW Radar. 03

(b) Explain Blind Speed. How you can avoid it? 04
(c) Using a block diagram of MTI radar with delay line canceller, explain 07
MTI Radar.
OR
Q.3 (a) A MTI radar is operating at a PRF of 1 KHz, find the lowest blind speed, 03
if it is operating at 2 cm wavelengths.
(b) Briefly describe sequential lobbing. 04
(c) Explain the working of mono pulse radar with the help of a block 07
diagram.

Q.4 (a) Using simple block diagram, explain Radar transmitter. 03

(b) Write a brief note on conical scanning 04
(c) What are the different types of Radar display? Explain PPI scope. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) List down different types of Radar antennas. Give brief idea about half 03
wave antenna.
(b) Explain Pilotage in navigation. 04
(c) Explain the principle of Phased array for electronic scanning. Give the 07
advantages of electronic scanning.

Q.5 (a) How radio range signals are received? What is cone of silence? 03
(b) Define the purpose of VOR in navigation. 04
(c) Explain the working of loop antenna as a direction finder and enumerate 07
the error occurs in direction finding.

1
 OR
Q.5 (a) Define Glide slope, Localiser, and outer marker in ILS. 03
(b) Explain briefly the principle of hyperbolic electronic navigation system. 04
(c) Write a short note on Global Positioning system. 07
*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2022
Subject Code:3171110 Date:14/06/2022
Subject Name:Radar and Navigational Aids
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
Marks
Q.1 (a) Discuss the basic principle behind operation of RADAR. Also 03
provide the classification of RADAR.
(b) Define following terms: 04
Second Time Around Echo, Sweep, Missed Detection, False
Alarm
(c) Derive the equation for maximum range (Rmax) of RADAR in 07
terms of noise figure of receiver, bandwidth and other
parameters. List the parameters which affect the performance
of RADAR and its maximum range.

Q.2 (a) Discuss major advantages and drawbacks of RADAR with 03

relevant examples.
(b) Define Clutters. Why do they limit the performance of 04
RADAR? Enlist the methods by which we can eliminate those
Clutters.
(c) What is a Doppler effect? Derive the equation for radial velocity 07
of a moving target. Also discuss the difference between
Continuous Wave RADAR and Pulsed RADAR.
OR
(c) What are unmodulated and modulated Continuous Wave 07
RADARs? Which are better and why? Explain Frequency
Modulated Continuous Wave RADAR with necessary block
diagram and waveforms.

Q.3 (a) Briefly describe the concept of sequential lobbing approach. 03

(b) What is meant by PRF? What is the prime merit if PRF is 04
varied? What is Staggered PRF and why is it important?
(c) What is basically a Moving Target Indicator RADAR? With a 07
block diagram, explain in detail. Why are STALO and COHO
needed in MTI RADAR?
OR
Q.3 (a) What do you mean by Mono Pulse tracking system? Where is it 03
applicable?
(b) Define Blind Speed. How can it limit the performance of 04
RADAR? How can we reduce the effect of Blind Speed?
(c) What is the main limitation of MTI RADAR? Discuss the 07
difference between MTI and MTD RADAR. Draw the diagram
and explain MTD RADAR with its applications.

1
Q.4 (a) Define Navigation and list out different methods of it. Explain 03
in brief Pilotage Navigation.
(b) Discuss Pulse Modulator mechanism for RADAR transmitter in 04
brief with some examples and applications.
(c) What is phased array to perform electronic scanning? With the 07
help of necessary block diagram, explain it in detail.
OR
Q.4 (a) What is Goniometer? What are its benefits? 03
(b) Explain briefly different antennas used in RADAR 04
transmissions and receptions.
(c) Draw the block diagram and discuss the operation of electronic 07
scanning system with relevant examples.

Q.5 (a) What is VHF Omni-directional Receiving equipment? 03

(b) Discuss in detail LORAN C hyperbolic navigation system with 04
importance of master and slave pulses.
(c) Write a short note on NAVIC and GAGAN receivers. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Discuss DECCA navigation system in short. 03
(b) What is the major role of Localizers and Glide Slope in 04
Instrument Landing System? Discuss in brief.
(c) What is GPS and A-GPS system? With necessary diagrams 07
explain them with some practical applications.

2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3171105 Date:27/12/2021
Subject Name: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

Q.1 (a) Define Artificial Intelligence (AI). Why do we need AI? 03

(b) Discuss latest trends in the field of AI? 04
(c) Write short note on production systems. 07

Q.2 (a) How Artificial intelligence and Machine Learning differ from each other. 03
(b) Define the term “agent”. Explain how agent interacts with environments. 04
(c) List and explain applications of AI. 07

OR

(c) List and explain five components of problem definition. 07

Q.3 (a) What do you mean by optimal solution? 03

(b) Discuss difference between Breadth first search and depth first search techniques. 04
(c) What is difference between toy problem and real-world problem? Explain toy 07
problem with suitable example.

OR

Q.3 (a) What is the use of computer vision in AI? 03

(b) Discuss issues with hill climbing. 04
(c) Explain Breadth first search using suitable example. 07

Q.4 (a) What do you mean by topological sorting? 03

(b) Briefly explain constraint satisfaction problem. 04
(c) Explain Brute Force problem solving method using suitable example. 07

OR

Q.4 (a) What is a heuristic function? 03

(b) List advantages and disadvantages of Branch & bound algorithm. 04
(c) Consider the following graph (Figure-1), the numbers written on edges represent the 07
distance between the nodes and the numbers written on nodes represent the heuristic
value.
Find the most cost-effective path to reach from start state “A” to final state “J” using
A* Algorithm.

1
Q.5 (a) List out the component of a planning system. 03
(b) What is parsing techniques in AI? 04
(c) How alpha-beta pruning can improve MIN MAX algorithm? Explain using suitable 07
example.

OR

Q.5 (a) What is hierarchical AI planning? 03

(b) What is difference between Forward state space planning and Backward state space 04
planning?
(c) List and explain Components of Natural Language processing in AI 07

Figure-1

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2022
Subject Code:3171105 Date:07-01-2023
Subject Name:Introduction of Artificial Intelligence
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

Marks
Q.1 (a) List-out different techniques in AI. 03
(b) List-out generated problems in AI. Explain in Detail. 04
(c) What is AI in technical terms? Explain its historical background. 07

Q.2 (a) List-out Heuristic Search Techniques of AI. 03

(b) What is Iterative deepening? Explain in detail. 04
(c) What is breath first search? Explain in detail. 07
OR
(c) What is depth first search? Explain in detail. 07

Q.3 (a) What is Branch and Bound? 03

(b) Explain Refinement Search in detail. 04
(c) Explain Algorithm A* with suitable example. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) What is Admissibility of A*. 03
(b) Explain Interactive Deepening A*. 04
(c) Short Note: Recursive best first search. 07

Q.4 (a) What is mini-max in game theory? 03

(b) Short note: Heuristics in game tree search. 04
(c) Explain in detail: Forward State Space Planning. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) What is Alpha bita in game tree search? 03
(b) Write down the components of Planning Systems. Explain shortly. 04
(c) Explain in detail: Backward State Space Planning. 07
Q.5 (a) What is Plan Space Planning? Explain Shortly. 03
(b) Explain Goal Stack Planning In detail. 04
(c) Draw a flowchart of Text generation of Neural Network and Explain in 07
detail.
OR
Q.5 (a) What is Hierarchical planning? Explain Shortly. 03
(b) How mechanical translation accrue in neural network? 04
(c) Short note: Grammars, Parsing Techniques 07

1
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2022
Subject Code:3171105 Date:06/06/2022
Subject Name:Introduction of Artificial Intelligence
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

Q.1 (a) What are Artificial Intelligence Problems? 03

(b) Give the difference between Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. 04
(c) Discuss the recent development of AI and its significance in brief. 07

Q.2 (a) Explain the concept of problem-Solving by searching. 03

(b) Explain the constraint satisfaction problem. 04
(c) Explain any one State-space Search technique. 07
OR
(c) Explain any one Heuristic Search technique. 07

Q.3 (a) Explain problem reduction. 03

(b) List advantages and disadvantages of brute force Problem-Solving method. 04
(c) Explain Algorithm A*, Admissibility of A*, and Iterative Deepening A* 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain Production Systems Characteristics. 03
(b) Explain the Recursive best-first search technique. 04
(c) Explain branch and bound algorithm techniques. 07

Q.4 (a) Enlist components of a planning system. 03

(b) Explain Forward state-space planning. 04
(c) Explain Goal stack planning. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain Hierarchical planning. 03
(b) Explain Backward state-space planning. 04
(c) Explain Plan space Planning. 07

Q.5 (a) Explain the concept of text generation. 03

(b) Explain Parsing techniques. 04
(c) Explain the concept of Natural language processing systems. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain the MIN MAX algorithm. 03
(b) Explain the alpha-beta technique. 04
(c) Explain the concept of Heuristics in-game tree search. 07

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1
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3171004 Date:13/12/2021
Subject Name:Wireless Communication
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

Q.1 (a) Define : (i) Base Station (ii) Page (iii) Full Duplex Channel 03
(b) Explain the concept of Frequency Reuse. 04
(c) Describe evolution of 1G, 2G and 3G mobile phone systems. 07
Q.2 (a) Define: (i) Mobile Switching Center (ii) Simplex System (iii) Forward Channel. 03
(b) Explain the concept of Umbrella cell. 04
(c) If 20 MHz of total spectrum is allocated for a duplex wireless cellular system and 07
each simplex channel has 25 kHz RF bandwidth, find: (i)The number of duplex
channels (ii) The total number of channels per cell site ,if N=4 cell reuse is used.
OR
(c) Prove that for a hexagonal symmetry, the co-channel reuse ratio is given by 07
Q=(3N)1/2. Where, N=i2+ij+j2.
Q.3 (a) Write note on Software Defined Radio. 03
(b) Explain the security issues in wireless network. 04
(c) Explain the concept of Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Write note on UWB. 03
(b) Write short note on GPRS. 04
(c) What is fading? List and explain various types of small scale fading. 07
Q.4 (a) Explain channel assignment strategies. 03
(b) Explain Space diversity techniques 04
(c) With necessary equations explain Free space propagation model in detail. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain Frequency diversity techniques 03
(b) Describe RAKE receiver in CDMA. 04
(c) Enumerate various radio propagation model and explain any two of them. 07
Q.5 (a) Explain in brief on Wi Max 03
(b) Write short note on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). 04
(c) What is meant by Hand off and explain different Hand off strategies How handoff 07
operation is performed while mobile moves into a different cell while a
conversation is in progress. Discuss the cases for proper and improper handoff
situations.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain in brief on Wi - Fi 03
(b) What is ZigBee? Explain in details ZigBee networks. 04
(c) Describe in details GSM architecture with necessary block diagram. 07

*************

1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2022
Subject Code:3171004 Date:05-01-2023
Subject Name:Wireless Communication
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) Explain channel assignment strategies. 03
(b) Explain the upgrade path from 2G to 3G cellular networks. 04
(c) Define: (1) Cell Dragging (2) Hard Handoff (3) Dwell Time (4) Base 07
Station (5) RSSI (6) Full duplex channel (7) Mobile Assisted Handoff
Q.2 (a) Why hexagonal cell shape is preferred in cellular architecture? 03
(b) Explain the concept of Cell sectoring in detail with figure. 04
(c) Prove that for a regular hexagonal geometry, the frequency reuse ratio 07
and cluster size are related by the relationship Q = (3N) 1/2, where N= i2
+j2 +ij.
OR
(c) Explain the concept of frequency reuse in cellular system. 07

Q.3 (a) Explain the Space diversity briefly. 03

(b) Explain three basic propagation mechanisms. 04
(c) Describe the concept of Doppler effect with relevant mathematical 07
Expressions.
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain the Frequency diversity briefly 03
(b) Explain small scale fading based on time delay spread. 04
(c) Explain Two Ray Ground Reflection Model in detail. 07

Q.4 (a) Explain the handoff process in IS-95 standard. 03

(b) Give the classification of GSM channels. 04
(c) Describe the Rake receiver in CDMA. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Discuss the concept of spread spectrum. 03
(b) Briefly explain GPRS. 04
(c) Draw GSM system architecture and explain its working principle in 07
detail.

Q.5 (a) Explain Wi-Fi in brief. 03

(b) What is a nonlinear effect in FDMA? 04
(c) Compare TDMA, FDMA and CDMA techniques 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain WiMAX in brief. 03
(b) Explain: I-persistent CSMA, non-persistent CSMA, p-persistent 04
CSMA
(c) Explain the working of UWB Radio in detail. 07

*************

1
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2022
Subject Code:3171004 Date:03/06/2022
Subject Name:Wireless Communication
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

MARKS
Q.1 (a) Define : a) Forward Channel b) Roamer c) Control Channel 03
(b) Draw and explain various upgrade paths for 2G technologies. 04
(c) Explain cell splitting. Derive the relationship between transmit power 07
of smaller cell and larger cell for n=3. State advantage and disadvantage
of cell splitting.

Q.2 (a) Compare the handoff procedure for first generation and second 03
generation of wireless communication.
(b) Define adjacent channel interference. State the causes of its generation. 04
Discuss solution for it.
(c) A city has an area of 1000 square kms. It is covered by seven cell reuse 07
pattern. Each cell has radius 4 kms. The bandwidth allocated is 25
MHz. Full duplex channel bandwidth is 50 KHz. GOS of 2% is
specified for Erlang B system. User traffic is 0.03 Erlangs. Find a) No.
of cells in service area. b) Traffic intensity per cell c) Total number of
users that can be served d) No. of mobile per channel e) theoretical
maximum number of users that can be served at one time.
A= 60 Erlangs for 71 channels
A= 70 Erlangs for 80 channels
OR
(c) A cellular service provider has decided to use a digital TDMA scheme 07
which can tolerate a signal-to-interference ratio of 18 dB. Find the
optimal value of N for a) omni directional antenna b) 120 sectoring and
c) 60 sectoring. What is the best choice among three? (n=4)

Q.3 (a) Compare flat fading and frequency selective fading. 03

(b) Explain factors affecting small scale fading. 04
(c) If 40 W power is applied to a unity gain antenna with maximum 07
dimension 1 m and operating frequency of 900 MHz. Find the received
power in dBm at a free space distance of a) 100 m, b) 10 Km and c) 5
m using free space propagation model.
OR
Q.3 (a) Compare fast fading and slow fading. 03
(b) List methods used for small scale multipath measurement. Explain any 04
one in detail.
(c) List and explain basic propagation mechanisms 07

Q.4 (a) Draw the Block diagram of GSM system architecture. 03

(b) List and explain all Dedicated Control Channels. 04
1
 (c) Explain working of Rake receiver with help of block diagram. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain the process by which CDMA system resolves near far problem. 03
(b) List various CDMA forward Channels. Explain functioning of each 04
channel.
(c) Explain signal processing in GSM using neat diagrams. 07

Q.5 (a) A normal GSM time slot consists of six trailing bits, 8.25 guard bits, 26 03
training bits and two traffic bursts of 58 bits of data, find the frame
efficiency.
(b) Explain CSMA protocols in detail. 04
(c) Explain working and features of MANET. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) List and explain working of various devices used in 802.11 networks. 03
(b) Compare Zigbee and Bluetooth. (Any four points) 04
(c) Define FDMA. Discuss any four features of FDMA. Explain nonlinear 07
effects in FDMA.

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2021
Subject Code:3171003 Date:22/12/2021
Subject Name:Digital Signal Processing
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) Define the following systems: Ideal delay, moving average, 03
Compressor.
(b) Explain the types of linear phase FIR systems. 04
(c) Describe an All pass system in detail. Also mention its applications. 07

Q.2 (a) Check whether an Accumulator is a stable system or not. 03

(b) Discuss properties of ROC. 04
(c) Explain frequency shifting, time shifting and time reversal properties of 07
DTFT.
OR
(c) Write Dirichlet condition for existence of DTFT and find the impulse 07
response of a stable LTI system represented by the difference equation
1 1
𝑦(𝑛) − 2 𝑦(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑥(𝑛) − 4 𝑥(𝑛 − 1).

Q.3 (a) If H(z)=1 + 1 𝑧 −1 + 3 𝑧 −2 + 1 𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 −4 , then realize this function with 03

2 4 2
minimum number of multipliers.
(b) If 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 04
x(n)=(− ) . 𝑢(𝑛) − (− ) . 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1), find X(z) and
4 3
corresponding ROC.
(c) 𝑧 −1 +0.5 07
A system function is given as H(z)=1+0.9𝑧 −1 , ROC |𝑍| > 0.9. Then
determine stability, causality and impulse response of its Inverse system
Hi(z).
OR
Q.3 (a) Explain differentiation property of ZT. 03
(b) If H(z)= 1+2𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2 , then obtain direct form-I realization. 04
1−0.75𝑧 −1 +0.125𝑧 −2
1
(c) 1− 𝑧 −1 07
2
If ZT is given as X(z)= 3 1 , |𝑍| > 1/2, then determine the
1+ 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2
4 8
sequence x(n).

Q.4 (a) Compare analog and digital filters. 03

(b) Name different windows used for FIR filter design and hence explain 04
Kaiser window in detail.
(c) An analog filter system function is given by 07
𝑠+0.1
𝐻𝑎 (𝑠) = (𝑠+0.1)2 +16. Convert this filter into digital IIR filter using
Bilinear transformation, if digital filter resonant frequency is wr =π/2.
OR
Q.4 (a) Give advantages and disadvantages of digital filters. 03
1
 (b) Discuss Impulse Invariance method for IIR filter design. 04
(c) Explain the signal flow graph for the decimation in time decomposition 07
of an N point DFT computation into two (N/2) POINT DFT
computation, if N=8 and radix r=2.

Q.5 (a) Compare DFT with DTFT and ZT. 03

(b) Discuss Goertzel algorithm for direct computation of DFT. 04
(c) Explain circular shift and symmetry properties of DFT. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain how many complex multiplications are required in FFT 03
algorithm.

(b) Describe frequency warping and discuss that how it can be compensated 04
using frequency pre-warping.
(c) If a causal sequence is given by x(n) = 1 , 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 2, 07
3
= 0, otherwise. ,
then compute 4 point DFT.

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – WINTER 2022
Subject Code:3171003 Date:18-01-2023
Subject Name:Digital Signal Processing
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks:70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) For an energy signal 𝑥 (𝑛) with energy𝐸𝑥 , show that the energy 03
of 𝑦 (𝑛) = 𝑎2 𝐸𝑥 .
(b) Determine whether signal 𝑥 (𝑛) = cos(0.01 𝜋𝑛) is periodic or not. Find 04
the period if the signal is periodic.
(c) Consider a system as 𝑦 (𝑛) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 |𝑥(𝑛)|. Determine whether the 07
given system is linear, causal and stable or not.

Q.2 (a) State and prove differentiation in frequency domain property of 03

D.T.F.T.
(b) Explain the need of Z-transform over D.T.F.T. How to convert Z- 04
transform into D.T.F.T.
(c) Let 𝑋(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) denote the Fourier transform of the signal 𝑥 (𝑛) = 07
{2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, −1}. Evaluate:
𝜋 𝜋
∫−𝜋 𝑋(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) dω and ∫−𝜋 |𝑋(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )|2 𝑑𝜔.
OR
(c) Consider a causal LTI system that is characterized by the difference 07
3 1
equation 𝑦 (𝑛) − 4 𝑦 (𝑛 − 1) + 8 𝑦 (𝑛 − 2) = 2 𝑥 (𝑛). Find the
frequency response 𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) and the impulse response ℎ (𝑛) of the
system.

Q.3 (a) Determine the z-transform of 𝑥 (𝑛) = (1)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 2𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) and depict 03
2
the ROC and the locations of poles and zeros in the z-plane.
(b) Determine the inverse z-transform of 𝑋(𝑧) = 1 04
if ROC:
1−1.5 𝑧 −1 +0.5𝑧 −2
0.5 < |z| < 1
(c) Determine the zeros for the following FIR systems and indicate whether 07
the system is minimum phase, maximum phase, or mixed phase.
𝐻1 (𝑧) = 6 + 𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2
𝐻2 (𝑧) = 1 − 𝑧 −1 − 6𝑧 −2
5 3
𝐻3 (𝑧) = 1 − 𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2
2 2
5 −1 2 −2
𝐻4 (𝑧) = 1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧
3 3

1
 OR
Q.3 (a) Determine the z-transform of 𝑥 (𝑛) = (1)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 2𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1) and 03
2
depict the ROC and the locations of poles and zeros in the z-plane.

(b) State and prove time shifting and scaling in z-domain property of z- 04
transform.
(c) List all the properties of Region-Of-Convergence (ROC). 07

Q.4 (a) Draw the Direct form-I implementation of the given system transfer 03
1+2 𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2
function 𝐻 (𝑧) = .
1−0.75 𝑧 −1 +0.125𝑧 −2
(b) Draw the Cascade form implementation of the given system transfer 04
1+2 𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2
function 𝐻 (𝑧) = 1−0.75 𝑧 −1 +0.125𝑧 −2 .
(c) Draw Direct form-I and Direct form-II structure for the function of 07
𝑦 (𝑛) = 𝑥 (𝑛) + 0.3 𝑥 (𝑛 − 1) − 0.4 𝑥 (𝑛 − 2) − 0.8 𝑦 (𝑛 − 1) +
0.7 𝑦 (𝑛 − 2). Compare both the structure for hardware requirement.
OR
Q.4 (a) Compare IIR and FIR filter. 03
(b) Find out H (Z) for the given 𝐻 (𝑆) = 2 04
using impulse invariance
𝑆 2 +3𝑆+2
method. Assume T=1s.
(c) Using a rectangular window, design an LPF with a pass-band gain of 07
unity, cut-off frequency of 1000 Hz, and working at a sampling
frequency of 5 KHz. Take the length of the impulse response as 7.

Q.5 (a) Prove periodicity property of DFT. 03

(b) Find DFT of x (n) = {0, 1, 2, 3}. 04
(c) Consider input sequence 𝑥 (𝑛) = {1, 2, 3} and impulse response of a 07
systemℎ (𝑛) = {1, 1}. Find the linear convolution using graphical
circular convolution method. Match result of same using tabulation/
matrix method.
OR
Q.5 (a) Using decimation in time algorithm, compute 4-point DFT of the 03
sequence x(n)={0, 1, 2, 3}
(b) Explain how computation complexity is reduced in FFT compared to 04
DFT.
(c) Discuss in brief: Radix-2 Decimation-in-Time FFT algorithms. 07

*************

2
Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BE - SEMESTER–VII (NEW) EXAMINATION – SUMMER 2022
Subject Code:3171003 Date:16/06/2022
Subject Name:Digital Signal Processing
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. Simple and non-programmable scientific calculators are allowed.

MARKS
Q.1 (a) Define the given terms for digital signal processing. 03
(1) static system (2) stable system
(3) inverse system
(b) Give the necessary condition for impulse response h(n) of a 04
system to be causal and stable.
(c) Consider a system with impulse response 07
h(n) = {1,2,1,-1} and input signal x(n) = {1,2,3,1}. Find the
output signal y(n).Consider first samples of x(n) and h(n) as n=0.

Q.2 (a) Find cross-correlation of x(n)={1,2,3} and y(n)={3,2,1} . 03

Consider first samples of x(n) and y(n) as n=0.
(b) Prove time shifting property of Z-Transform with an example. 04
(c) Explain and prove how Z-transforms help for linear convolution 07
of any two sequences.
OR
(c) Draw direct form-II structure for the LTI system given by 07
3 3 1
y(n) = − 𝑦(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑦(𝑛 − 2) + 𝑦(𝑛 − 3) + 𝑥(𝑛)
8 32 64
+ 3𝑥(𝑛 − 1) + 2𝑥(𝑛 − 2)

Q.3 (a) Compare DTFT and DFT. 03

(b) Find Z-transform of sequence given by 04
x(n) = 𝑛𝑎n u(n)
(c) Find inverse Z-transform of following with ROC is 0.2<|z|<0.6. 07
1
X(z) =
1 − 0.8𝑧 −1 + 0.12𝑧 −2
OR
Q.3 (a) List and explain any three properties of ROC in context of Z- 03
transform.
(b) Differentiate between linear and circular convolution. 04
(c) Find circular convolution of given sequences. 07
x(n)={1,-1,-2,3,-1} and p(n)={1,2,3}

Q.4 (a) Explain in brief minimum phase system. 03

(b) List various steps for designing FIR filter using windowing 04
techniques.

(c) Realize the cascaded system for given difference expression 07

1
 3 1 1
y(n) = y(n − 1) − y(n − 2) + x(n) + x(n − 1)
4 8 3
OR
Q.4 (a) Compare FIR and IIR systems. 03
(b) Discuss advantages of digital filter over analog filter. 04
(c) For H(s) as given below, find the H(z) with use of impulse 07
invariance method. Take sampling frequency as 5samples/sec.
1
𝐻(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 2)

Q.5 (a) Prove periodicity property of DFT. 03

(b) Explain transpose form of structure with necessary diagram. 04
(c) Draw and explain Radix-2 FFT DIT algorithm with neat diagram. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Calculate numbers of complex addition and multiplication 03
required when computing 1024 point DFT using direct method.
Also do the same if radix -2 FFT is used.
(b) Discuss effect of co-efficient quantization. 04
(c) Why frequency domain sampling is required? What should be the 07
relation between number of samples (L) of a discrete time signal
x(n) and its frequency domain samples (N)? Discuss all case when
L ≥ N, L=N
and N ≥ L.

*************