REVIWER IN SCIENCE: CHEMISTRY IUPAC

- International Union of Pure and Applied

Antoine Van Laurent Lavoisier (1789) Chemistry
- French physicist-chemist who arranged the - recommended a temporary name and symbol will
elements into groups of simple substances that do not be assigned using systematic nomenclature that
decompose by any means. uses the atomic number of the element until it hy
- Classified 33 elements into metals and nonmetals was proven and organized.
Periods
John Dalton (1808) - corresponds to the highest energy level at which
- credited for the development of the modern atomic electrons of the elements can be founds
theory’s postulates
-wrote the book A New System of Chemical GROUPINGS BASED ON ELECTRONS DISTRIBUTION IN
Philosophy , contains a table of relative atomic NUCLEUS
masses.
Representative Elements
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner (1817) - group label IA to VIIA
- German Chemist , concluded that these three - are most abundant elements in the Earth and in
elements exhibit similar chemical properties space
- 1829, proposed that series of elements can be - more abundant than transitional metals
grouped into triads based on the similarities in Lanthanides
their chemical properties. - rare elements
Transitional Metals
Jakob Berzelius (1828) - group IB to VIIB
- Swedish chemist, published a table lists the Actinides
atomic weights of 54 elements and introduced - heavy rare elements
rules on what symbols should be given to the Inner Transitional Metals
elements. - lanthanides and actinides
Alexander -Emile Beguyer DE Chancourt ois (1862)
- French geologist , arranged the elements by GROUP OF ELEMENTS
increasing atomic mass
GROUP IA- Alkali Metals
John Newlands (1865) - come from Arabic word “ al qaliy” which means “
- English chemist, proposed another way of calcined ashes”
classifying and organizing 62 elements that were - Readily lose electrons; ionize easily
known at the time. - Highly reactive metals
- Law of Octaves – states that when Elements are - Soft enough to be cut by knife
arranged in increasing order of Atomic Mass, the - They are shiny but rapidly tarnish when exposed
properties of every eighth Element starting from to air
any Element are a repetition of the properties of - Low densities
the starting Element. GROUP IIA- Alkaline Earth Metals
- Coined the “earth” to refer to “ substances
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleeve (1869) unchanged by fire “
- With German chemist Lothar Meyer , separately
published nearly identical schemes of the - Alkaline – used because the behavior of the
periodic table of elements. oxides of the elements is somewhat similar to
- creating his version of the periodic table listing that of the oxides of alkali metals.
the most known elements at the time by their - Almost reactive as alkali metals
ascending atomic mass. - Do not dissolve in water easily
- The elements were also arranged by how - Most abundant Alkaline earth metals are calcium
reactive they were. and magnesium
- Combined with other metals to produced “
alloys”

Atomic Mass - average mass of an element’s atom GROUP IIIA- BORON GROUP
- Also known as the average atomic mass or - All elements here are metals except Boron
atomic weight (metalloid)
- Boron is a brittle, black metalloids that is a
Periodic Law component of boric acid, which is use as mild
- states that when elements are arranged by antiseptic and water softener
increasing atomic number, their physical and - Important element in the group - ALUMINUM
chemical properties follow a periodic pattern.
 - Aluminum – 3rd abundant element in the Earth’s - soft bit become hard as the atomic number
crust increases
GROUP IVA- CARBON GROUP ACTINIDE SERIES
- Properties of elements are different from each - radioactive
other - tarnish readily in air
- Carbon is nonmetal - very dense
- Silicon and Germanium are metalloids - used in nuclear fission
- Lead and Flerovium are metallic -
- Carbon is essential element in living matter ________________________________
PERIOD
GROUP VA- NITROGEN GROUP -a horizontal row of the periodic table.
- Make up almost 78% of Erath’s atmosphere
GROUP
GROUP VIA- OXYGEN GROUP
- Corresponds to the number of electrons in their
- Most abundant elements on Earth
- Oxygen and Sulfur- most important members of outermost shell.
the group VALANCE ELECTRON
- Oxygen – major component o biomolecules
- Outermost electrons
GROUP VIIA- HALOGENS
- came from Greek words “ halo” which means “
salt”
- salt formers because they can easily combine
with metals to form salts.
- Pure halogens are diatomic
- Highly reactive nonmetals

GROUP VIIIA- NOBLE GASSES

- Derived from the idea that lack of reactivity is
characteristic of nobility.
- do not interact with other elements
- least reactive
- called as inert gases and occur as monoatomic
gasses. PERIODIC TRENDS
- Argon is the most abundant - are specific patterns that are present in the
METALS periodic table that illustrate different aspects of
- In 94 naturally occurring elements, 83 are metals certain elements when grouped by period and/or
- Good conductor of heat and electricity group.
- Solid at room temperature
- Malleable ( can be hammered) ATOMIC RADIUS
- Ductile (deformed under tensile stress)
- Found in left stairs as well as in the center of PT - a measure of the size of its atoms, usually from
- Alkaline , alkaline Erath metals , transitional the center of the nucleus to the outermost
metals, inner transitional metal electrons.
METALLOIDS
- Semimetals
- Combination of metal and nonmetals
- Have very high melting point and boiling point
NON METALS ENERGY LEVEL
- most exist as gasses, liquid , and solid
- poor conductor - symbol of n
- either hardest or softest - the fix region at which electrons can be found in
- unreactive elements the atom.
- organic compounds
TRANSITIONAL METALS IONIC RADIUS
- they are the bridge between the blocks or
reactive and series metalloids and nonmetal - the distance from the nucleus of an ion up to
elements. which it has an influence on its electron cloud
LANTHANIDES SERIES IONIZATION ENERGY
- silver -white metals when freshly cut
- the quantity of energy that an isolated, gaseous
atom in the ground electronic state must absorb
to discharge an electron, resulting in a cation
- pulling away or giving electron

ELECTRON AFFINITY
- Measure of the energy change that occurs when
gaseous atoms gain an electron
- Expressed in kilojoules per mol (kJ/mol)
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
- Measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons
in a chemical bond.
- Linus Pauling

PERIODIC TRENDS
 Reviwer in Chemistry
REACTIVE AND NON-REACTIVE ELEMENTS Quantum Mechanics
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic Chemistry
- The study of compounds primarily composed of
carbons atoms, their structures, properties,
composition, reaction, and synthesis
Covalent Bond
- a chemical bond formed by sharing of lectrons
between two atoms.
The Lewis Dot Structure
- diagrams that represent the valence electrons of
atoms within a molecule.