Effects of School Uniform on Student’s Achievement, Behaviour,

and Attendance in Government School of Odisha: A Case Study of

Sundergarh District

A Dissertation Submitted to the

Department of Humanities and social sciences,
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
For the partial fulfilment of Degree of
MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

Submitted by: Deepti Agarwal

Roll No: 413HS1003
Under the supervision of
Dr. MANTU KUMAR MAHALIK

Department of Humanities and Social Science,

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
May 2015

i
Dr. Mantu Kumar Mahalik
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences
National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela
Rourkela-769008, Odisha

CERTIF ICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, “Effects OF School Uniform on Student’s
Achievement, Behaviour, and Attendance in Government School of Odisha: A Case Study of
Sundergarh District” submitted by „Deepti Agarwal‟ in partial fulfilment for the requirement of
the award of Master of Arts in Development Studies at National Institute of Technology,
Rourkela, is an authentic work carried out by her under my supervision and guidance. To the best
of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted to any other
university/ institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Dr. Mantu Kumar Mahalik

(Research Supervisor)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my s incere gratitude to my projec t super viso r Dr. Mantu Kumar
Mahalik Ass ista nt Professor, Departme nt o f Huma nities a nd Socia l Sc ie nces, Natio na l
Institute o f Tec hno lo gy, Ro urke la for his guida nce in wr iting this d issertatio n. I a m tha nk ful
to him for devoting his time and stimulating disc uss io ns in sp ite of his b us y sc hed ule. I a lso
conve y my gratitude to the othe r fac ulty me mbers for the ir inp uts that e nab le me to
understa nd the area o f my stud y in depth. I a m a lso tha nk ful to a ll my c lass mates and my
friend priyanka, my mother for the ir he lp. I express my s incere gratitude to a ll the school
members who he lped me in co llecting the data witho ut whose suppor t my work wo uld not
ha ve see n the light o f the da y.

Deepti Agarwal

iii
 CONTENTS OF THE STUDY
Sl. No Contents of the Study Page No.
0.0 Certificate ii
0.0 Acknowledgement iii
0.0 Abstract of the Study 1
1.0. Chapter1: Background of the Study 2-10
1.1. Introduction 2-7
1.2. An Overview of Brief Existing Studies 7-10
1.3. Organization of the Present Study 10
2.0. Chapter 2: Literature Review 11-19
2.1. Introduction 11-16
2.2. Statement of the Problem 17
2.3. Research Questions of the Study 17
2.4. Objectives of the Present Study 17
2.5. Discussion of Methods 18-19
3.0. Chapter 3: Results and Discussion 20-42
3.1. Introduction 42-43
3.2. Result analysis 43-45
4.0. Chapter 4: Summary and Findings 42-46
4.1. Introduction 42-43
4.2. Findings 43-45
4.3. Major Findings 45-46
5.0 References 47-48

iv
 ABSTRACT OF THE STUDY
Mandatory public school uniform practice has been the primary focus in the recent educational
policy of both developed and developing countries. Proponents of such reform emphasize the
advantage and disadvantage of student uniforms on specific behavioural and academic
outcomes. School uniforms are supposed to help stop issues of cliques, prevent gangs from
forming and help students concentrate on their studies. Enabling a dress code helps to boost the
students’ etiquette and marks. Numerous school districts have embraced school uniforms as an
innovative step to add on to safety and reduce aberration in the schools. The consequence of
school uniforms allowed added security, a reduction in peer pressure, and an overall decline of
diversion. Students should be ignorant of the social evils like money and class system, and this is
what school uniforms focus on. This research thesis examined the impact of school uniform on
student behaviour, investigated the effect of school uniform on student attendance, and to
examine the effect of school uniform on student’s achievement and attendance. This study
attempts to ex amine the Effects of School Uniform on Student’s Achievement, Behaviour, and
Attendance in Government School of Odisha: A Case Study of Sundargarh District”. This study
focuses on the functioning of the school children after wearing school uniform.

1
 CHAPTER 1
Background of the Study

1.1. Introduction

The basic aim of any well-established school is to impart a secure, regulate and culture domain
for the students. Enabling a dress code helps to boost the students‟ etiquet te and marks.
Numerous school districts have embraced school uniforms as an innovative step to add on to
safety and reduce aberration in the schools. The consequence of school uniforms allowed added
security, a reduction in peer pressure, and an overall decline of diversion. There is no general
agreement whether the implementation of school uniforms has brought any changes in students‟
behaviour and academic performance. In actuality, the parents and students have raised questions
and disapproval regarding this policy of implementing school uniforms.

The government officials and administrators are in favour of freedom for student but they
support the introduction of school uniforms for proper educational experience and discipline too.
School uniforms are meant for equality. Same clothes for all students help reduce various factors
like jealousy, comparison, and dispute among students .Our country consist of various classes of
people like rich, poor or middle class, everyone cannot afford good quality clothes and thus this
is where the school uniform policy comes in handy. One doesn‟t have to buy different types of
clothes for each day of their school instead they can wear the same outfit every day and not be
questioned if they are rich or poor.

Students should be ignorant of the social evils like money and class system, and this is what
school uniforms focus on. It is often seen among students of same background or community or
class grouping together against different group creating hazardous situations like bullying and
tormenting the lesser group in the schools via physical fights or symbolism. Sometimes it‟s
possible for other school students to intrude the school premises without permission and disrupt
the peace and harmony of the school, thus introducing schools uniforms helps distinguish a
student from different school.

2
The use of official uniforms allows students to be exposed to less peer pressure by eradicating
common causes. Students don't have to be concerned about wearing designer clothes or shoes, or
even be concerned about their hairstyle. This allows the students to work with less stress and
diversion. With school uniforms in play, the students no longer have to be concerned about
establishing a fashion statement among the school mates or be on top of the line among the
others, it‟s just studies and other academic works that they need to focus on. Students have
virtually no need to even think about their clothing, allowing them to concentrate on their daily
routine and studies in a much focused pattern and impart equality among students.

Spokesperson in favour of school uniforms in public schools argue that students feel like team
players and that stimulates social harmony and a sense of togetherness. To add to the benefits of
uniform system, the students would no longer have to worry if they look cool enough or
fashionable enough in comparison with others school mates, instead they can solely focus on
their academic excellence and extracurricular activities. Say for example a particular group of
students in a school belong to a posh society with rich upbringing, it‟s nothing but obvious that
they would clothe their best but this would have a harsh effect on those from middle class or
poor part of the society as they are unable to match up to the level of posh living of the rich
students, thus an introduction of schools uniforms is the best bet to eradicate this class system
and differentiation among students.

The poor section of society is not immune to greed, jealousy and temptation for better living,
even students are affected by it, so on being exposed to the riches of the posh students, greed
takes over them and they may commit social crime such as theft or snatching of expensive
goodies like sneakers and stuff, introduction of uniform thus decreases potential theft and
thieves, thus eradicating social evils in the budding stage of the students. Delay due to clothing
issues would also reduce with the deduction of many choices.

School Uniforms have been adapted all across the country, particularly in conventional and
metropolitan school settings. With the introduction of the year 1996, nearly 3% of all schools in
The United States of America had adapted the trend of school uniforms to promote equality
(Gentile &Imberman, 2009). By 2000, this percentage rose up to 21% and since then has been
rising continuously. Implementation of school uniforms rose in public school during 1983 due to

3
high rise in felony and murder committed by students on students out of jealousy and desire for
stealing their expensive sneakers or jackets (Bodine, 2003).

School uniform policies face approval as well as disapproval in various schools all over the
country. The development of uniform policy has led to discussions about its effectiveness as to
whether it is a necessary step or rather just an unnecessary implementation. School authorities
often state that the implementation of uniforms has brought discipline and lessened folly
activities in the school campus but on the contrary students state that they have noticed very
minimal difference. Introduction of uniforms have bought about a level of professionalism
among students for their career and academic achievements. Some authorities believe that
introduction of uniforms has a positive response on students‟ academic achievements and
personality (Bodine, 2003).To add to it some authorities believe that proper set of uniforms
provide an equal learning environment (Lopez, 2003). This presumption has led to the
stabilisation and well establishment of uniform policy throughout the country.

All good things are accompanied by criticism, Critics say that uniforms are an unwanted gist and
transgress on students (Knechtle& Mitchell, 2003). Some minor groups of strong cultural
background imply that uniforms restrict students from following their cultural dress code and
traditions (Knechtle & Mitchell, 2003). India being a country of diversity holds home to many
cultures and traditions, people of some culture may not allow their children to wear pants and
shirts or skirts and instead would want their children to follow their tradition thus creating a
disagreement between the school and the parents. Many school districts presume that uniforms
are a way to mend student accomplishment and behavioural problems.

The school uniform dispute has been a sturdy one for a long duration. There are many pros and
cons of the uniform system that parents, teachers and students believe strongly about.
Dusselassured that “the United States has not been familiar with school uniforms for a long
time” (as cited in Firmin, Smith & Perry, 2006, p. 145). The 1950s and 1960s marked the
implementation of dress standards for schools (Firmin, et al, 2006, p. 145). Firmin et al stated
this includes stuff such as “not allowing girls to wear slacks, implementing particular lengths for
dresses and skirts, blue jean policy, keeping out motorcycle boots or black leather jackets”
(2006, p. 145).The present day uniform system started from the 1980s and has been continued
since. Stanley revealed that inner-city schools in both Washington, DC and Baltimore, Maryland

4
were the initial to research with a school uniform policy and saw some quantifiable success
(Firmin et al. 2006, p. 146).

Different legislation has been approved in consideration to school uniforms and some of the
queries that come up. Firmin, Smith and Perry (2006) stated the following legislation that has
been voted for since 1969 on the aspect of school uniforms.

Furthermore, Draa (2005) presented conclusion on whether or not the execution of a obligatory
uniform policy in metropolitan public high schools enhanced school performance at the base
level for percentage of attendance ,graduation ,academic aptitude ,and student demeanour as
calculated by rates of suspension and eviction .The investigation established t hat through four
assessment modes, a prototype emerged that indicated enhancement in rates of attendance
,graduation, and suspension but not in intellectual expertise or expulsion rates in these school
with uniform policies. It was also concluded that school with uniform policies had elevated share
of economical disadvantages and marginal students than the generously proportioned inhabitants
of metropolitan public high schools. Execution of uniform policy in these schools may be
valuable for recovering rates of attendance, graduation and suspension (Draa, 2005).

Presently, this researcher‟s school has chosen to employ a mandatory uniform, standard student
apparel strategy. The researcher‟s school is related to that of the school choosen in Draa „s
(2005) research, an inner city school with high inhabitants of marginal students who are at
economical drawback. This researcher is highly interested in learning what changes has been
experienced by schools in academic performance and other criteria such as behaviour and
discipline when uniform system was implemented.

Here‟s something about a student in uniform, which makes Principal Rudolph Saunders ponder
as he looks up at the hectic lunchroom here at Stephen Decatur Middle School. Beneath
Decatur‟s policy, all students dress in the standard school outfit consisting of khaki pants with
polo shirts in white, burgundy, or navy blue. Some of the shirts also have an embroidered
Decatur eagle, an optional beautification.

Saunders‟ instincts tell him that student‟s act improved when they‟re clothed identical, that they
brawl less and focus on their schoolwork furthermore. Additionally, the uniform puts all students

5
on a more identical social foothold, despite of whether they come from secure middle-class
households or from one of the group foster-care homes that are positioned in Decatur‟s
attendance zone.

According to Saunders the behaviour pattern of students is totally different when uniform system
is implemented. He compares it to night and day, Just like day is full of light and glorious
sunshine which is same as students wearing uniforms, full of enthusiasm and concentration for
academic improvement, Whereas night represents dark evil and the same happens when students
are without uniform, jealousy, fights, and even killings take place out of greed for rich
belongings of financially apt students.

International studies on the efficiency of school uniform policies enlighten an account clearly
altered from educators‟ experiences here at Decatur, as presented by David L. Brunsma, a
researcher at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Brunsma, an assistant professor of sociology,
has been studying the progress for public school uniforms since 1996. That was the year that
President Clinton impelled the association into the national awareness by endorsing the proposal
in his State of the Union Address. In a book published in November by Scarecrow Education,
Brunsma hopes to position the testimony instantly on what uniforms can and cannot do for
public schools.

As stated by Brunsma in his book “Despite the media exposure, despite the subjective
meanderings of politicians, society members, educators, board members, parents, and students,
uniforms have not been effectual at attacking the very outcomes and issues they were supposed
to help with.”In short the uniforms have not been able to comply with the initial motive of their
introduction to the school system.

Brunsma has implied following problems with the uniform system:-do not write in such way,
may be write it paragraph wise. He states that uniform policies don‟t restrain violence or
behavioural nuisance in schools. They don‟t encourage student self-worth and enthusiasm. They
don‟t stabilize the social status quotient differences that often detach students, and. They don‟t
improve academic achievement. In fact, uniforms may even be linked with a small unfavourable
effect on succession studies, his research demonstrates.

6
Brunsma message is not latest. Accompanied by research partner Kerry Rockquemore, he
determined similar conclusions in a 1998 study published in the peer-reviewed Journal of
Education Research. Amidst the earliest of its sort, the research was just a drop of evidence in an
area of study that was parched for some rock-hard signs of success.

Of his early research with Rockquemore, Brunsma stated that they were actually a bit appalled
that the uniforms didn‟t have the impact they were meant to have when started. He mentioned
that the two planned out the idea while enjoying coffee when they read about Clinton, the t hen
president, stating that uniforms were a way or a possible escape from the social evils of society
being born among children like jealousy, greed, theft, murder, etc. He added that the idea of
school uniforms provide a way to equalize social status quotient among students from different
social background.

Brunsma has extended his work since then and compiled it all in his book, which is most likely
the most in-depth compilation to date of quantitative investigation on the nationwide progress to
functionalize the implementation of school uniforms.

1.2. An Overview of Brief Existing Studies

The school regalia civil argument has skipped some way or another all through the courts of both
the legal branch and that of general feeling, and it doesn't show up it will be settled at any point
in the near future. Those against school outfits guarantee the inflexible garments damage
understudies' social equality and do little to dispose of social imbalances between understudies.
Anyhow, a study discharged today referring to various preferences of school outfits has given
their defenders more ground to remain on.

Actualizing a School Uniform Strategy: A Contextual investigation of Three Locale discovered

the benefits of wearing a school uniform incorporate enhanced school security and understudy
accomplishment, including evaluations and test scores, as seen in three assorted government
funded school areas. In light of the expanded accentuation on understudy accomplishment since

7
the section of the No Youngster Deserted Demonstration of 2001, the study gives extra proof that
school clothing regulations can be gainful to understudy learning.

• Minimizes Diversions

One of the real diversions that schools without a uniform strategy face is understudies
concentrating on the closet of different understudies. Harassing and companion weight get to be
bigger diversions in schools without outfits in light of the fact that understudies have a tendency
to be more centred around who is wearing the most recent brands and styles. Understudies from
upper financial statuses usually get more consideration in light of the most recent style garments
that they can bear, while understudies that cannot manage the cost of these brands are regularly
singled out and looked downward on. In schools with a uniform strategy, the playing field is
levelled. Schools with uniform strategies as a result won't locate the same diversions connected
with understudies wearing easygoing closets.

• Promotes School Security

Schools that receive a uniform arrangement will discover an increment in numerous ranges of
school wellbeing. School garbs diminish the danger of pack hues and images that are regularly
spoken to with easygoing attire. Chairmen and educators are simpler ready to distinguish when
interlopers are in the building, also; an understudy out of uniform sends a warning among a
gathering of different understudies who are in uniform. Additionally, a uniform arrangement will
decrease the possibilities of understudies turning into a casualty of robbery. At the point when in
uniform, understudies won't need to stress over having lavish name brand shoes or garments
stolen from different understudies or individuals inside or outside of school.

• Maximizes Learning

Understudies who are in uniform are more centred around their scholastics, subsequently
minimizing disciplinary issues. They come to class "dressed for accomplishment" with the
thought that an appearance makes the early introduction. Regalia likewise speak to request and
admiration for power, which understudies show when they find themselves able to dress
consistently. Less policing must be made for closet offenses when a uniform approach is set up.
The uniform strategy shows understudies obligation and outcomes, on the grounds that most

8
uniform arrangements give disciplinary results to understudies who damage the clothing standard
approach. With a uniform approach set up, educators can invest more energy instructing, instead
of managing confinements to understudies who are dressed improperly.

• Builds a School community

School uniform help to manufacture a feeling of group by making a domain of having a place.
Understudies are basically united when they are all wearing the same uniform for the same
school. This decidedly impacts the understudy's disposition toward the school, seeing it as a
group, instead of an establishment. Understudies who feel a feeling of possession and having a
place for their school group are more averse to be disregarding the disciplinary codes and
arrangements in their school. They are eager to learn and to be a piece of their instructive
surroundings.

"This study offers extra proof that school regalia can be an exceptionally compelling component
of school change arrangements. All understudies can attain to when given sufficient structure,
support and assets," said Dr. Carl Cohn, the commended previous administrator of the Long
Shoreline (CA) Bound together School Locale, which was the first school area to oblige garbs in
evaluations K-8. "School uniform arrangements bring a feeling of request and order to the
classroom environment and help understudies concentrate on why they're there: to learn."

The study was singularly led by Scott Joftus Counselling, an autonomous research firm headed
by Scott Joftus, Ed.D. Dr.Joftus has directed examination and assessments for the Committee of
Boss State School Officers, the Bill and Melinda Doors Establishment, the College of
Pennsylvania, Wide Establishment and the Locale of Columbia Government funded Schools,
among others. He is the previous arrangement chief for The Union for Magnificent Training and
The McKenzie Bunch. The study was subsidized by French toast, the nation's driving maker of
youngsters' clothing and school garbs.

Every year, more schools the country over are obliging understudies to wear outfits. Garbs are
being utilized as an approach to level the financial status of understudies, advance a vast culture
and, above all, minimize disciplinary issues connected with wearing easygoing garments.
Schools that receive a uniform strategy help to advance a sheltered and taught learning
environment.

9
Uniform in government funded schools are getting to be acknowledged all through the world.
The government funded educational systems would advantage fundamentally if this approach
were to be acknowledged. Wearing outfits in government funded schools bring about beneficial
outcomes. A clothing regulation implements discipline toward adapting by changing an
individual's state of mind toward achievement. Understudies by and large act the way they are
dressed. With less form diversions, school will be seen as a need for showing and adapting as
opposed to pattern rivalries.

This modification prompts alteration in evaluations on the grounds that its much simpler to
centre when everybody is dressed alike. Moreover, an understudy's participation additionally
enhances; with the help of choosing another outfit each morning. Schools obliging garbs will
encounter lessening in savagery. Without the weight of contending with distinctive styles,
understudies are more casual in school. They will feel meet and settled, prompting vanishing
contemplations of viciousness. Committed outfits will lessen the weapon problem significantly.
They will be harder to cover with all understudies dressed the indistinguishably, accordingly less
will be conveyed to class. Folks are additionally affected when schools oblige uniform.

Uniform furnish understudies with school uniqueness. Understudies will emerge in field
excursions and other school exercises feeling a feeling o f having a place. A bond will then frame
and unite more understudies together. At the point when schools have no outfits, understudies are
judged by what they wear, yet when their dressed the same judgments won't be made by. This is
refined correspondingly to the way an athletic group uniform forms group solidarity. The
fellowship by understudies will lift their assurance and self- regard. Understudies that are as one
lead to a school that is united.

1.3. Organization of the Present Study

This study consists of four chapters. In chapter 1, we have contextualized the underlying
background of the study. In chapter 2, we discuss the review of literature. In chapter 3, we
analyze the discussion of results derived from the field study. Finally, chapter 4 summarizes the
findings of the study.

10
 CHAPTER 2
Literature Review

2.1. Introduction

The stuffing of the literature review will give up in order answering the research matter asked
above. The report in the literature review will concern to: 1) school uniforms and academic
achievement, 2) school uniforms and behaviour, 3) student perception, 4) school uniform and
discipline, and 5) an overview of others literature.

2.1.1. School uniform and acade mic achievement

In spite of the fact that there are numerous contentions for school outfits, the issue of academic
achievement is most apropos in a general public concentrated on test scores. Contentions possess
large amounts of the talk of school outfits and their connection to scholastic accomplishment.
Scholastic accomplishment, when utilized as a part of different studies, is the joined subject
scores on government sanctioned tests (Bodine, 2003). An absence of quantitative exploration
exists in the range of school outfits and its impact of scholastic accomplishment; such a variety
of contentions are in light of just a modest bunch of studies.

Brunsma and Rockquemore (1998) considered the impacts of school regalia on conduct,
participation, and scholastic accomplishment. Stratified information from the National
Instructive Longitudinal Study (NELS 88) of 1988 and three subsequent studies were
investigated to gauge school uniforms‟ impact on the aforementioned zones. Understudies
chose for the study were in the 8th grade. Because of oversampling of certain minority amasses
in the NELS 88 study, Brunsma and Rockquemore balanced the measure of understudy
information utilized for examination from the first study‟s 25,000 understudies to a number more
illustrative of the United States populace. The members in the study were chosen from both open
and tuition based schools. Information for the study was assembled utilizing studies.

Territories of order were in light of free variables, for example, race and sex and ward variables
which comprised of understudy results including scholastic accomplishment and issue practices.

11
Information from the introductory year of the study yielded a School Uniform Impacts 8 positive
connection between understudies who wear outfits and scholastic accomplishment (p < .05).
While a measurably noteworthy connection was demonstrated, further investigation of this
relationship demonstrated that this increment in scholarly accomplishment vanished in
consequent years. Understudies why should constrained wear outfits after the beginning year of
the study had a three-point diminish in state administered test scores. What's more, understudies
who never wore a uniform amid the study had little change in test scores (Brunsma &
Rockquemore, 1998). In general, the creators infer that little relationship was indicated between
the utilization of school outfits and scholastic accomplishment.

2.1.2. School uniform and behaviour

Poor behaviour is an issue that has tormented formal instruction since its origin. A mixture of
means has been utilized to attempt to shorten the issue. School authorities have an obligation to
secure School Uniform Impacts 10 the wellbeing of their understudies. In backing of this
obligation, The United States Incomparable Court decided that states have the ability to control
the behaviour of understudies (Knechtle& Mitchell, 2003). The requirement for security and
control has driven school authorities to attempt new strategies for controlling conduct
(Cheurprakobkit & Bartsch. 2005). A few strategies, for example, zero resilience arrangements,
have been viewed as exploitative, bringing on school regions to take a gander at different
approaches to control issue practices (Stefkovich, 2006). Lately, some urban state funded schools
have actualized uniform arrangements with expectations of enhanc ing understudy conduct.
Chairmen have picked this technique on the grounds that they accept that regalia have a
constructive outcome on school brutality and decrease the requirement for disciplinary activity
(Knechtle& Mitchell, 2003). One study that is reliably championed as a case of school outfits
consequences for conduct is the Long Shoreline Bound together School Region study.

In 1994, the Long Shoreline Bound together School Area actualized a required school uniform
arrangement for every last bit of its rudimentary and canters schools. The approach was executed
as a feature of a methodology to address the district‟s overpowering conduct issues (Stanley,
1996). In simultaneousness with the strategy, the area dispatched a longitudinal study to dissect
the policy‟s consequences for understudy conduct. Notwithstanding behavioural information, the
study reviewed all rudimentary and centre teachers( (2,050), executives (65), guides (97), and

12
centre (12,051) and grade school understudies in the 4th and 5th grades (10,325) to get data in
regards to their impression of the school uniform strategy. Folks were additionally studied amid
the midyear months for their conclusions.

2.1.3. Student pe rception

Most studies on school outfits and conduct incorporate information on school personnel‟s view
of the policy‟s impact on conduct. To completely comprehend the effect of school regalia on
conduct, it may be best to ask the individuals why should constrained wear the outfits. In the
event that there is a connection between school regalia and understudy conduct, then perhaps the
understudies would have the capacity to clarify the reason. In the Long Shoreline Bound together
School Region study said above, 4th and 5th grade basic and all centre school understudies were
overviewed for their suppositions of the school uniform strategy. Understudies felt regalia did
not diminish the event of battles (80.9%) and a greater part of understudies did not feel more
secure at school (Stanley, 1996). Stanley (1996) couldn't clarify the errors in feelings between
the grown- ups and understudies overviewed in the Long Shoreline Bound together School Area
study. One speculation offered was that understudies got to be exhausted of the school outfits.
Top to bottom meetings with understudies could give a superior response to these errors.

Another study (DaCosta, 2006) took a gander at the reactions of urban secondary school
understudies to a recently actualized uniform strategy. The subjective study concentrated on
reactions of urban secondary school understudies to a recently actualized uniform approach
about the students‟ agreeability and scholastic accomplishment. The longitudinal study, led as a
component of the Understudy Life in Secondary Schools Venture (SLP), was regulated to
understudies in major urban school locale in the American Midwest. Twenty-two members of the
SLP study were chosen from a stratified irregular example of eighth- -grade primary school
understudies why should arranging go to Brookside Secondary School.

2.1.4. Other Related Literature

School Uniforms have been adapted all across the country, particularly in conventional and
metropolitan school settings. With the introduction of the year 1996, nearly 3% of all schools in
The United States of America had adapted the trend of school uniforms to promote equality
(Gentile &Imberman, 2009). By 2000, this percentage rose up to 21% and since then has been

13
rising continuously. Implementation of school uniforms rose in public school during 1983 due to
high rise in felony and murder committed by students on students out of jealousy and desire for
stealing their expensive sneakers or jackets (Bodine, 2003).

School uniform policies face approval as well as disapproval in various schools all over the
country. The development of uniform policy has led to discussions about its effectiveness as to
whether it is a necessary step or rather just an unnecessary implementation. School authorities
often state that the implementation of uniforms has brought discipline and lessened folly
activities in the school campus but on the contrary students state that they have noticed very
minimal difference. Introduction of uniforms have bought about a level of professionalism
among students for their career and academic achievements. Some authorities believe that
introduction of uniforms has a positive response on students‟ academic achievements and
personality (Bodine, 2003).To add to it some authorities believe that proper set of uniforms
provide an equal learning environment (Lopez, 2003). This presumption has led to the
stabilisation and well establishment of uniform policy throughout the country.

All good things are accompanied by criticism, Critics say that uniforms are an unwanted gist and
transgress on students (Knechtle& Mitchell, 2003).Some minor groups of strong cultural
background imply that uniforms restrict students from following their cultural dress code and
traditions(Knechtle& Mitchell, 2003).India being a country of diversity holds home to many
cultures and traditions, people of some culture may not allow their children to wear pants and
shirts or skirts and instead would want their children to follow their tradition thus creating a
disagreement between the school and the parents. Many school districts presume that uniforms
are a way to mend student accomplishment and behavioural problems.

The school uniform dispute has been a sturdy one for a long duration. There are many pros and
cons of the uniform system that parents, teachers and students believe strongly about. Dussel
assured that “the United States has not been familiar with school uniforms for a long time”(as
cited in Firmin, Smith & Perry, 2006, p. 145). The 1950s and 1960s marked the implementation
of dress standards for schools (Firmin, et al, 2006, p. 145). Firmin et al stated this includes stuff
such as “not allowing girls to wear slacks, implementing particular lengths for dresses and skirts,
blue jean policy, keeping out motorcycle boots or black leather jackets” (2006, p. 145).The
present day uniform system started from the 1980s and has been continued since. Stanley

14
revealed that inner-city schools in both Washington, DC and Baltimore, Maryland were the
initial to research with a school uniform policy and saw some quantifiable success (as cited in
Firmin et al, 2006, p. 146).

Different legislation has been approved in consideration to school uniforms and some of the
queries that come up .Firmin, Smith and Perry (2006) stated the following legislation that has
been voted for since 1969 on the aspect of school uniforms.

Furthermore, Draa (2005) presented conclusion on whether or not the execution of a obligatory
uniform policy in metropolitan public high schools enhanced school performance at the base
level for percentage of attendance ,graduation ,academic aptitude ,and student demeanour as
calculated by rates of suspension and eviction .The investigation established that through four
assessment modes, a prototype emerged that indicated enhancement in rates of attendance
,graduation, and suspension but not in intellectual expertise or expulsion rates in these school
with uniform policies. It was also concluded that school with uniform policies had elevated share
of economical disadvantages and marginal students than the generously proportioned inhabitants
of metropolitan public high schools. Execution of uniform policy in these schools may be
valuable for recovering rates of attendance, graduation and suspension (Draa, 2005).

Presently, this researcher‟s school has chosen to employ a mandatory uniform, standard student
apparel strategy. The researcher‟s school is related to that of the school chosen in Draa „s (2005)
research, an inner city school with high inhabitants of marginal students who are at economical
drawback. This researcher is highly interested in learning what changes has been experienced by
schools in academic performance and other criteria such as behaviour and discipline when
uniform system was implemented.

As stated by Brunsma in his book “Despite the media exposure, despite the subjective
meanderings of politicians, society members, educators, board members, parents, and students,
uniforms have not been effectual at attacking the very outcomes and issues they were supposed
to help with.”

15
In short the uniforms have not been able to comply with the initial motive of their introduction to
the school system.

Brunsma has implied following problems with the uniform system:-He states that uniform
policies don‟t restrain violence or behavioural nuisance in schools. They don‟t encourage student
self-worth and enthusiasm. They don‟t stabilize the social status quotient differences that often
detach students, and they don‟t improve academic achievement. In fact, uniforms may even be
linked with a small unfavourable effect on success in studies, his research demonstrates.

Brunsma message is not latest. Accompanied by research partner Kerry Rockquemore, he

determined similar conclusions in a 1998 study published in the peer-reviewed Journal of
Education Research. Amidst the earliest of its sort, the research was just a drop of evidence in an
area of study that was parched for some rock-hard signs of success.

Of his early research with Rockquemore, Brunsma stated that they were actually a bit appalled
that the uniforms didn‟t have the impact they were meant to have when started . He mentioned
that the two planned out the idea while enjoying coffee when they read about Clinton ,the then
president ,stating that uniforms were a way or a possible escape from the social evils of society
being born among children like jealousy ,greed ,theft ,murder ,etc. He added that the idea of
school uniforms provide a way to equalize social status quotient among students from different
social background.

Brunsma has extended his work since then and compiled it all in his book, which is most likely
the most in-depth compilation to date of quantitative investigation on the nationwide progress to
functionalize the implementation of school uniforms.

2.2. Statement of the Proble m

The reason of this significant study will be to analyze and evaluate the present literature on the
power of compulsory uniforms in school on student behaviour, achievement and attendance .
The objective is to find out if uniform policies are helpful, harmful or have no impact in school.

16
Research show that uniform policy may be useful to the on the whole high school atmosphere
and considerably improve school ambience (Arnold et al., 2003)

A school uniform policy is an essential transform in the learning atmosphere (Brunsma&

Rockquemore, 1998). Students have to hand over some liberty in replace for an imaginary
progress in the learning atmosphere. For this replace to be meaningful, real profit to academic
achievement and student behaviour must be seen. School official have to be responsive of the
positive and negative impact of school uniforms previous to decide to basically change school
policy.

2.3. Research Questions of the Study

The basic in query being investigated is: how do compulsory uniforms affect high school
students? The crucial study of the literature will be guided by the subsequent questions as
follows:

1. How do compulsory uniforms affect the behaviour of high school students?

2. How do mandatory uniforms effect in the high school attendance?

3. How do mandatory uniforms impact the academic achievement of school students?

4. What are the likely profit, and execution of school uniform in high school?

2.4. Objectives of the Present Study

-To examine the impact of school uniform on students behaviour,

-To investigate the effect of school uniform on students attendance, and

-To examine the effect of school uniform on students achievement.

2.5. Discussion of Methods

STUDY AREA: Sundargarh is one of the 30 districts of Odisha. It is situated in the northern
limit of Odisha that lies somewhere around 21°32' and 22° 32' North scopes and 83° 32' and 85°

17
22' East longitudes. Its total geographical zone is 9, 71,200 Hectare. The number of inhabitants
in the locale is 2,080,664 out of which the tribal‟s constitute around 51%" (2011, Census).14

Sundargarh area was constituted on the 1st January, 1948 out of the two ex-Conditions of
Gangpur and Bonai, which converged with Odisha on that day. (Locale Gateway Sundargarh,
Legislature of Odisha).15 Valid to its name, this "excellent" region of Sundargarh with thick
timberland spread zone that is 4232.57 square kilometre which is around 43% of its aggregate
range and it is the second biggest in representing 8.53% of state under woods spread. Various
beautiful tribes spotting its scene and with plenteous mining potential are limited by Ranchi
Region of Jharkhand on the North, Raigarh area of Chhattisgarh on the West and North-West,
Jharsuguda, Sambalpur and Angul Locale of Odisha on the South and South-East and
Singhbhum Locale of Jharkhand and Keonjhar Region of Odisha on the east.

Sundargarh Area is perceived as Modern Region in the geological guide of Odisha. Still then
more than 60 every penny of the individuals acquires their vocation from agribusiness and
associated area. Sundargarh Region goes under North Western Level Zone according to the
Agro-climatic zone of Odisha. Three Farming Region like Sundargarh, Pa n posh, Bonai and two
ADAO circle like Lephripada and Rajgangpur exist at present. Atmosphere is hot and damp sub-
muggy in Sundargarh. Soil sort is blended with red and yellow soil. Out of 3, 13,000 Hectare
developed area, 52 every penny is upland, 30 every penny is medium area and 18 every penny is
marsh. As paddy is the principle edits, 75 every penny of area is secured with paddy amid
Kharif. Because of restricted watering system offices, 24 every penny of area is watered amid
Kharif and 8 every penny of area is flooded amid Rabi. Normal precipitation of the Region is
1422.4 mm, yet there is deviation in receipt of precipitation example which is impacting yield
item."

Universe of study: For the study, Sundargarh district has been chosen.

Methodology: the methodology used is descriptive analysis method .Dependent variables which
are behaviour problems, attendance and performance and where as independent variable which is
school uniform.

18
Rationale Behind my Study: there is less information about the effect of school uniform in
India. That‟s why for small study Sundargarh district of Odisha has taken for survey for this
project.

Sampling procedure : As a whole 120 school sample will be selected from Sundargarh district
and through random sampling, in Sundargarh Odisha.

Data collection: The present study will be using primary survey data for the analysis. The
secondary data will be collected from various literatures, published books etc. Therefore it is
both qualitative and quantitative in nature.

19
 CHAPTER 3
Results and Discussion
3.1. Introduction

The following observations are an average of all the schools covered in this survey .For
attendance, behaviour and test score the students were graded in percentage system according to
sex and caste and the average percentage of all the factors were calculated.

For behaviour analysis:-

I enquired the teachers, staff and students about the changes before and after implementation of
uniform system. They were asked to rate the behaviour before and after the implementation out
of 10 in accordance to caste and sex. Thereafter I calculated an average of all the points and
presented them in my findings in percentage format.

For attendance analysis:-

For attendance an average of students from class 8, 9 and 10 was taken into consideration for a
term of 3 years before and after implementation from 120 schools in Sundargarh district in
accordance to caste and sex. The average attendance percent was calculated from each school
and then the average of all 120 schools was calculated.

For Test score Analysis:-

The results of test scores of final term exams of classes 8, 9 and 10 was taken into consideration
for a term of 3 years before and after implementation of uniforms from 120 schools in
Sundargarh district in accordance to caste and sex . Firstly the average test score of each class
from each school was calculated then the average test score of each school was determined and
finally an average of all test score averages of each score from 120 schools was calculated.

20
3.2. Results Analysis

TABLE 3.1: EFFECT ON SCHEDULED CASTE BOYS BEFORE IMPLEMENATION

OF SCHOOL UNIFORM (%) IN GOVERNMENT SCHOOL OF SUNDARGARH

Purpose Sc boys

Attendance 66%

Behaviour 50%

Test score 55%

(SOURCE: Filed Study)

FIGURE 3.1: EFFECT ON SCHEDULED CASTE BOYS BEFORE IMPLEMENATION

OF SCHOOL UNIFORM (%).

Both Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1 reveal that the percentage of attendance in scheduled caste boys in
government school is 66 before the implementation of school uniform .The percentage of
positive behaviour in sc boys is 50. The percentage of test score in sc boys is 55. A low rate of
percentage attendance has been noticed before implementation. The causes of these low
percentage mostly is due to poor financial status of Sc boys who are unable to purchase proper
clothing for schools to match up to the rich status of students from posh localities, thus to avoid

21
the shame they bunk schools and hence a low percentage of attendance is seen in class. Jealousy
,Greed and Anger plays a factor in behavioural downgrade of Sc boys .The rich clothes of
students from upper class society creates a feeling of jealousy and desire for their belongings
hence leading to fights and other social evils like theft and murder too. The overall test grade is
also low due to unwanted attention diversion. Students concentrated more on showing off their
fellow classmates rather than concentrating on studies. Students even face biological disturbance
such a depression and other psychological diseases thus disabling them from concentrating of
studies. They spend much time on clothing options rather than academic performance.

Table 3.2. EFFECT ON SC BOYS AFTER IMPLEMENATION OF SCHOOL UNIFORM

Purpose Sc boys

ATTENDANCE 90%

BEHAVIOUR 61%

TEST SCORE 58%

(SOURCE: Field Survey)

FIGURE 3.2. EFFECT ON SC BOYS AFTER IMPLEMENATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

22
Both Table 3.2 and Figure 3.2 reveal that the Average percentage of attendance in sc boys in
government school is 90 after the implementation of school uniform. The percentage change of
positive behaviour in sc boys is 61. The percentage of test score in sc boys is 58. In which the
average percentage of attendance, behaviour is very high in comparisons with before
implementation of school uniform. Whereas the average percentage of test score is more than
before implementation of school uniform but there is an average or very little increase in test
score Wearing uniforms in public school result in positive effects on all factors taken into
consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance .like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable
due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly uniform imparts and promotes equality
among various sections of society or people. Student when inform in uniform see a friend in
fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to. Address code makes a student a student much
more professional and discipline towards learning atmosphere as well as life by altering a person
attitude towards success.

Table 3.3. EFFECT ON SC GIRLS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

purpose Sc girls

ATTENDANCE 59%

BEHAVIOUR 56%

TEST SCORE 51%

SOURCE- FIELD STUDY

23
Figure 3.3. EFFECT ON SC GIRLS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

Both Table 3.3. and Figure 3.3 reveal that the percentage of the attendance is 59.The percentage
of the behaviour in sc girls is 56, The percentage of test score is 51 which is very low in both sc
girls and sc boys before the implementation of school uniform. There was no benefit
considerably noticed before the implementation of school uniform. Before implication of school
uniform in public school the result were average or below average. Girl‟s performance was lower
than boys. Boys also did not show much improvement in their performance. Girls as well as boys
lacked in discipline. The performance was not good before the implication of school uniform in
government schools. Girls have shown better behavioural percentage as compared to boys .Girls
is known to be much calmer and better at behaving as compared to boys. While girls try their
best to stay away from a fight, they too are not untouched by jealousy and greed. Studies have
even shown that girls show much more jealousy as compared to boys of same age. Test score of
sc girls are average mainly because of poor concentration and dedication to academic studies.
Most of their time is spent on wondering what to wear to school today instead of what to read in
class or exam today. Thus sc girls have shown a poor academic, behavioural and attendance
percentage.

24
Table 3.4. EFFECT ON SC GIRLS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

Purpose Sc girls

ATTENDANCE 78%

BEHAVIOUR 63%

TEST SCORE 55%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

Figure 3.4. EFFECT ON SC GIRLS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

Both Table 3.4. and Figure 3.4 show that In sc girls the percentage of the attendance is 78.The
percentage Change of the positive behaviour in sc girls is 63, the percentage of test score is 55
which is very high for sc girls and sc boys when compared to percentages before the implication
of wearing uniform in public school uniform. In which the average percentage of attendance,
behaviour is very high in comparisons with before implementation of school uniform. Whereas
the average percentage of test score is more than before implementation of school uniform but
there is an average or very little increase in test score Wearing uniforms in public school result in

25
positive effects on all factors taken into consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance
.like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly
uniform imparts and promotes equality among various sections of society or people. Student
when inform in uniform see a friend in fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to.
Address code makes a student a student much more professional and discipline towards learning
atmosphere as well as life by altering a person attitude towards success.

Table 3.5. EFFECT ON ST BOYS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

PURPOSE ST BOYS

ATTENDANCE 70%

BEHAVIOUR 50%

TEST SCORE 57%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

Figure 3.5. EFFECT ON ST BOYS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

26
From Table 3.5 and Figure 3.5, it is seen that the percentage of attendance in scheduled tribe
boys in government school is 70 before the implementation of school uniform .The percentage of
positive behaviour in sc boys is 50. The percentage of test score in sc boys is 57. A low rate of
percentage attendance has been noticed before implementation. The causes of these low
percentage mostly is due to poor financial status of St boys who are unable to purchase proper
clothing for schools to match up to the rich status of students from posh localities, thus to avoid
the shame they bunk schools and hence a low percentage of attendance is seen in class. Jealousy
,Greed and Anger plays a factor in behavioural downgrade of St boys .The rich clothes of
students from upper class society creates a feeling of jealousy and desire for their belongings
hence leading to fights and other social evils like theft and murder too. The overall test grade is
also low due to unwanted attention diversion. Students concentrated more on showing off their
fellow classmates rather than concentrating on studies. Students even face biological disturbance
such a depression and other psychological diseases thus disabling them from concentrating of
studies. They spend much time on clothing options rather than academic performance.

Table 3.6. EFFECT ON ST BOYS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

PURPOSE St boys

ATTENDANCE 85%

BEHAVIOUR 63%

TEST SCORE 60%

SOURCE- FIELD STUDY

27
Figure 3.6. EFFECT ON ST BOYS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

Table 3.6 and Figure 3.6 show that the Average percentage of attendance in st boys in
government school is 85 after the implementation of school uniform. The percentage change of
positive behaviour in sc boys is 63. The percentage of test score in sc boys is 60. In w hich the
average percentage of attendance, behaviour is very high in comparisons with before
implementation of school uniform. Whereas the average percentage of test score is more than
before implementation of school uniform but there is an average or very little increase in test
score Wearing uniforms in public school result in positive effects on all factors taken into
consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance .like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable
due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly uniform imparts and promotes equality
among various sections of society or people. Student when inform in uniform see a friend in
fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to. Address code makes a student a student much
more professional and discipline towards learning atmosphere as well as life by altering a person
attitude towards success.

28
Table 3.7. EFFECT ON ST GIRLS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

PURPOSE ST GIRLS

ATTENDANCE 60%

BEHAVIOUR 54%

TEST SCORE 52%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

Figure 3.7. EFFECT ON ST GIRLS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

From Table 3.7 and Figure 3.7, it is seen that the percentage of the attendance is 60.The
percentage of the behaviour in st girls is 54, The percentage of test score is 52 which is very low
in both st girls before the implementation of school uniform. There was no benefit considerably
noticed before the implementation of school uniform. Before implication of school uniform in
public school the result were average or below average. Girls‟ performance was lower than boys.
Boys also did not show much improvement in their performance. Girls as well as boys lacked in
discipline. The performance was not good before the implication of school uniform in

29
government schools. Girls have shown better behavioural percentage as compared to boys .girls
is known to be much calmer and better at behaving as compared to boys. While girls try their
best to stay away from a fight, they too are not untouched by jealousy and greed. Studies have
even shown that girls show much more jealousy as compared to boys of same age. Test score of
st girls are average mainly because of poor concentration and dedication to academic studies.
Most of their time is spent on wondering what to wear to school today instead of what to read in
class or exam today. Thus st girls have shown a poor academic, behavioural and attendance
percentage.

Table 3.8. EFFECT ON ST GIRLS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

PURPOSE ST GIRLS

ATTENDANCE 88%

BEHAVIOUR 68%

TEST SCORE 56%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

30
Figure 3.8. EFFECT ON ST GIRLS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

Table 3.8 and Figure 3.8 show that in st girls, the percentage of the attendance is 88.The
percentage Change of the positive behaviour in sc girls is 68, the percentage of test score is 56
which is very high for st girls and st boys when compared to percentages before the imp lication
of school uniform. In which the average percentage of attendance, behaviour is very high in
comparisons with before implementation of school uniform. Whereas the average percentage of
test score is more than before implementation of school uniform but there is an average or very
little increase in test score Wearing uniforms in public school result in positive effects on all
factors taken into consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance .like a sheep in a herd is
unidentifiable due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly uniform imparts and
promotes equality among various sections of society or people. Student when inform in uniform
see a friend in fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to. Address code makes a student
a student much more professional and discipline towards learning atmosphere as well as life by
altering a person attitude towards success.

31
Table 3.9. EFFECT ON OBC BOYS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

PURPOSE OBC BOYS

ATTENDANCE 71%

BEHAVIOUR 54%

TEST SCORE 58%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

From Table 3.9 and Figure 3.9, it is seen that the percentage of attendance in obc boys in
government school is 77 before the implementation of school uniform .The percentage of
positive behaviour in sc boys is 54. The percentage of test score in sc boys is 58. A low rate of
percentage attendance has been noticed before implementation. The causes of these low
percentage mostly is due to poor financial status of obc boys who are unable to purchase proper
clothing for schools to match up to the rich status of students from posh localities, thus to avoid
the shame they bunk schools and hence a low percentage of attendance is seen in class. Jealousy
,Greed and Anger plays a factor in behavioural downgrade of obc boys .The rich clothes of
students from upper class society creates a feeling of jealousy and desire for their belongings
hence leading to fights and other social evils like theft and murder too. The overall test grade is

32
also low due to unwanted attention diversion. Students concentrated more on showing off their
fellow classmates rather than concentrating on studies. Students even face biological disturbance
such a depression and other psychological diseases thus disabling them from concentrating of
studies. They spend much time on clothing options rather than academic performance.

Table 3.10. EFFECT ON OBC BOYS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

PURPOSE OBC BOYS

ATTENDANCE 96%

BEHAVIOUR 66%

TEST SCORE 60%

SOURCE –FIELD STUDY

Figure 3.10. EFFECT ON OBC BOYS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

33
Both Table 3.10 and Figure 3.10 reveal that the Average percentage of attendance in obc boys in
government school is 96 after the implementation of school uniform. The percentage change of
positive behaviour in obc boys is 66. The percentage of test score in sc boys is 60. In which the
average percentage of attendance, behaviour is very high in comparisons with before
implementation of school uniform. Whereas the average percentage of test score is more than
before implementation of school uniform but there is an average or very little increase in test
score Wearing uniforms in public school result in positive effects on all factors taken into
consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance .like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable
due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly uniform imparts and promotes equality
among various sections of society or people. Student when inform in uniform see a friend in
fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to. Address code makes a student a student much
more professional and discipline towards learning atmosphere as well as life by altering a person
attitude towards success.

Table 3.11. EFFECT ON OBC GIRLS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

PURPOSE OBC GIRLS

ATTENDANCE 67%

BEHAVIOUR 57%

TEST SCORE 61%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

34
Figure 3.11. EFFECT ON OBC GIRLS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

Both Table 3.11 and Figure 3.11 show that the percentage of the attendance is 67.The percentage
of the behaviour in obc girls is 57, the percentage of test score is 61 which is very low in both
obc girls and obc boys before the implementation of school uniform. There was no benefit
considerably noticed before the implementation of school uniform. Before implication of school
uniform in public school the result were average or below average. Girl‟s performance was lower
than boys. Boys also did not show much improvement in their performance. Girls as well as boys
lacked in discipline. The performance was not good before the implication of school uniform in
government schools. Girls have shown better behavioural percentage as compared to boys .girls
is known to be much calmer and better at behaving as compared to boys. While girls try their
best to stay away from a fight, they too are not untouched by jealousy and greed. Studies have
even shown that girls show much more jealousy as compared to boys of same age. Test score of
obc girls are average mainly because of poor concentration and dedication to academic studies.
Most of their time is spent on wondering what to wear to school today instead of what to read in
class or exam today. Thus obc girls have shown a poor academic, behavioural and attendance
percentage.

35
Table 3.12. EFFECT ON OBC GIRLS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

PURPOSE OBC GIRLS

ATTENDANCE 88%

BEHAVIOUR 68%

TEST SCORE 64%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

Figure 3.12. EFFECT ON OBC GIRLS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

Both Table 3.12 and Figure 3.12 show that in obc girls, the percentage of the attendance is
88.The percentage Change of the positive behaviour in obc girls is 68, the percentage of test
score is 64 which is very high for obc girls and obc boys when compared to percentages before
the implication of wearing uniform in public school uniform. In which the average percentage of
attendance, behaviour is very high in comparisons with before implementation of school
uniform. Whereas the average percentage of test score is more than before implementation of

36
school uniform but there is an average or very little increase in test score Wearing uniforms in
public school result in positive effects on all factors taken into consideration like behaviour, test
score and attendance .like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable due to same looks s hared by the
whole herd. Similarly uniform imparts and promotes equality among various sections of society
or people. Student when inform in uniform see a friend in fellow classmate and not a rival to be
compared to. Address code makes a student a student much more professional and discipline
towards learning atmosphere as well as life by altering a person attitude towards success.

Table 3.13. EFFECT ON GENERAL BOYS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

PURPOSE GENERAL BOYS

ATTENDANCE 72%

BEHAVIOUR 60%

TEST SCORE 57%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

Figure 3.13. EFFECT ON GENERAL BOYS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF

SCHOOL UNIFORM

37
Both Table 3.13 and Figure show that the percentage of attendance in general boys in
government school is 72 before the implementation of school uniform .The percentage of
positive behaviour in general boys is 60. The percentage of test score in sc boys is 57. A low rate
of percentage attendance has been noticed before implementation. The causes of these low
percentage mostly is due to poor financial status of general boys who are unable to purchase
proper clothing for schools to match up to the rich status of students from posh localities, thus to
avoid the shame they bunk schools and hence a low percentage of attendance is seen in class.
Jealousy ,Greed and Anger plays a factor in behavioural downgrade of general boys .The rich
clothes of students from upper class society creates a feeling of jealousy and desire for their
belongings hence leading to fights and other social evils like theft and murder too. The overall
test grade is also low due to unwanted attention diversion. Students concentrated more on
showing off their fellow classmates rather than concentrating on studies. Students even face
biological disturbance such a depression and other psychological diseases thus disabling them
from concentrating of studies. They spend much time on clothing options rather than academic
performance.

Table 3.14. EFFECT ON GENERAL BOYS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

PURPOSE GENERAL BOYS

ATTENDANCE 96%

BEHAVIOUR 71%

TEST SCORE 62%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

38
Figure 3.14. EFFECT ON GENERAL BOYS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

Both Table 3.14 and Figure 3.14 show that the Average percentage of attendance in general boys
in government school is 96 after the implementation of school uniform. The percentage change
of positive behaviour in general boys is 71. The percentage of test score in sc boys is 62. In
which the average percentage of attendance, behaviour is very high in comparisons with before
implementation of school uniform. Whereas the average percentage of test score is more than
before implementation of school uniform but there is an average or very little increase in test
score Wearing uniforms in public school result in positive effects on all factors taken into
consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance .like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable
due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly uniform imparts and promotes equality
among various sections of society or people. Student when inform in uniform see a friend in
fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to. Address code makes a student a student much
more professional and discipline towards learning atmosphere as well as life by altering a person
attitude towards success.

39
Table 3.15. EFFECT ON GENERAL GIRLS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF
SCHOOL UNIFORM

PURPOSE GENERAL GIRLS

ATTENDANCE 67%

BEHAVIOUR 55%

TEST SCORE 60%

SOURCE: FIELD STUDY

Figure 3. 15. EFFECT ON GENERAL GIRLS BEFORE IMPLIMENTATION OF

SCHOOL UNIFORM

Both Table 3.15 and Figure 3.15 show that the percentage of the attendance is 67.The percentage
of the behaviour in general girls is 55, The percentage of test score is 60 which is very low in
both general girls and general boys before the imple mentation of school uniform. There was no
benefit considerably noticed before the implementation of school uniform. Before implication of
school uniform in public school the result were average or below average. Girl‟s performance
was lower than boys. Boys also did not show much improvement in their performance. Girls as

40
well as boys lacked in discipline. The performance was not good before the implication of school
uniform in government schools. Girls have shown better behavioural percentage as compared to
boys .girls is known to be much calmer and better at behaving as compared to boys. While girls
try their best to stay away from a fight, they too are not untouched by jealousy and greed. Studies
have even shown that girls show much more jealousy as compared to boys of same age. Test
score of general girls are average mainly because of poor concentration and dedication to
academic studies. Most of their time is spent on wondering what to wear to school today instead
of what to read in class or exam today. Thus general girls have shown a poor academic,
behavioural and attendance percentage.

Table 3.16. EFFECT ON GENERAL GIRLS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL

UNIFORM

PURPOSE GENERAL GIRLS

ATTENDANCE 90%

BEHAVIOUR 72%

TESTS SCORE 65%

SOURCE-FIELD STUDY

41
Table 3.16. EFFECT ON GENERAL GIRLS AFTER IMPLIMENTATION OF SCHOOL
UNIFORM

Both Table 3.16 and Figure 3.16 show that in general girls the percentage of the attendance is
90.The percentage Change of the positive behaviour in general girls is 72, the percentage of test
score is 65 which is very high for general girls and general boys when compared to percentages
before the implication of school uniform In which the average percentage of attendance
,behaviour is very high in comparisons with before implementation of school uniform. Whereas
the average percentage of test score is more than before implementation of school uniform but
there is an average or very little increase in test score Wearing uniforms in public school result in
positive effects on all factors taken into consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance
.like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly
uniform imparts and promotes equality among various sections of society or people. Student
when inform in uniform see a friend in fellow classmate and not a riva l to them.

42
 CHAPTER 4
Summary and Findings

4.1. Summary
Numerous school districts have embraced school uniforms as an innovative step to add on to
safety and reduce aberration in the schools. The consequence of school uniforms allowed added
security, a reduction in peer pressure, and an overall decline of diversion. There is no general
agreement whether the implementation of school uniforms has brought any changes in students‟
behaviour and academic performance. In actuality, the parents and students have raised questions
and disapproval regarding this policy of implementing school uniforms .The government
officials and administrators are in favour of freedom for student but they support the introduction
of school uniforms for proper educational experience and discipline too. School uniforms are
meant for equality. Same clothes for all students helps reduce various factors like jealousy,
comparison, and dispute among students .Our country consist of various classes of people like
rich ,poor or middle class, everyone cannot afford good quality clothes and thus this is where the
school uniform policy comes in handy. One doesn‟t have to buy different types of clothes for
each day of their school instead they can wear the same outfit everyday and not be questioned if
they are rich or poor. Students should be ignorant of the social evils like money and class system,
and this is what school uniforms focus on. It is often seen among students of same background or
community or class grouping together against different group creating hazardous situations like
bullying and tormenting the lesser group in the schools via physical fights or symbolism.
Sometimes its possible for other school students to intrude the school premises without
permission and disrupt the peace and harmony of the school, thus introducing schools uniforms
helps distinguish a student from different school. The use of official uniforms allows students to
be exposed to less peer pressure by eradicating common causes. Students don't have to be
concerned about wearing designer clothes or shoes, or even be concerned about their hairstyle.
This allows the students to work with less stress and diversion. With school uniforms in play, the
students no longer have to be concerned about establishing a fashion statement among the school

43
mates or be on top of the line among the others, it‟s just studies and other academic works that
they need to focus on.

4.2. Findings

4.2.1. Effect on Attendance

The percentage of attendance in boys and girls in government school is before the
implementation of school uniform is lower in comparisons with after the implementation of
school uniform. A low rate of percentage attendance has been noticed before implementation.
The causes of these low percentage mostly is due to poor financial status of boys and girls who
are unable to purchase proper clothing for schools to match up to the rich status of students from
posh localities, thus to avoid the shame they bunk schools and hence a low percentage of
attendance is seen in class. Jealousy ,Greed and Anger plays a factor in behavioural downgrade
of boys and girls .The rich clothes of students from upper class society creates a feeling of
jealousy and desire for their belongings hence leading to fights and other social evils like theft
and murder too. The overall test grade is also low due to unwanted attention diversion. Students
concentrated more on showing off their fellow classmates rather than concentrating on studies.
Students even face biological disturbance such a depression and other psychological diseases
thus disabling them from concentrating of studies. They spend much time on clothing options
rather than academic performance. After implementation the average percentage of attendance,
behaviour is very high in comparisons with before implementation of school uniform. Whereas
the average percentage of test score is more than before implementation of school uniform but
there is an average or very little increase in test score Wearing uniforms in public school result in
positive effects on all factors taken into consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance
.like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly
uniform imparts and promotes equality among various section of society or people. Student when
inform in uniform see a friend in fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to. Address
code makes a student a student much more professional and discipline towards learning
atmosphere as well as life by altering a person attitude towards success.

44
4.2.2. Effect on behaviour

The average percentage of behaviour in boys and girls in government school is before the
implementation of school uniform is lower in comparisons with after the implementation of
school uniform. A low rate of percentage attendance has been noticed before implementation.
The causes of these low percentage mostly is due to poor financial status of boys and girls who
are unable to purchase proper clothing for schools to match up to the rich status of students from
posh localities, thus to avoid the shame they bunk schools and hence a low percentage of
attendance is seen in class. Jealousy, Greed and Anger plays a factor in behavioural downgrade
of boys and girls. The rich clothes of students from upper class society creates a feeling of
jealousy and desire for their belongings hence leading to fights and other social evils like theft
and murder too. The overall test grade is also low due to unwanted attention diversion. Students
concentrated more on showing off their fellow classmates rather than concentrating on studies.
Students even face biological disturbance such a depression and other psychological diseases
thus disabling them from concentrating of studies. They spend much time on clothing options
rather than academic performance. After implementation the average percentage of attendance,
behaviour is very high in comparisons with before implementation of school uniform. Whereas
the average percentage of test score is more than before implementation of school uniform but
there is an average or very little increase in test score Wearing uniforms in public school result in
positive effects on all factors taken into consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance
.like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly
uniform imparts and promotes equality among various sections of society or people. Student
when inform in uniform see friend in fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to. Address
code makes a student a student much more professional and discipline towards learning
atmosphere as well as life by altering a person attitude towards success.

4.2.3. Effect on Test Score

The average percentage of behaviour in boys and girls in government school is before the
implementation of school uniform is lower in comparisons with after the implementation of
school uniform. A low rate of percentage attendance has been noticed before implementation.
The causes of these low percentage mostly is due to poor financial status of boys and girls who
are unable to purchase proper clothing for schools to match up to the rich status of students from

45
posh localities, thus to avoid the shame they bunk schools and hence a low percentage of
attendance is seen in class. Jealousy ,Greed and Anger plays a factor in behavioural downgrade
of boys and girls .The rich clothes of students from upper class society creates a feeling of
jealousy and desire for their belongings hence leading to fights and other social evils like theft
and murder too. The overall test grade is also low due to unwanted attention diversion. Students
concentrated more on showing off their fellow classmates rather than concentrating on studies.
Students even face biological disturbance such a depression and other psychological diseases
thus disabling them from concentrating of studies. They spend much time on clothing options
rather than academic performance. After implementation the average percentage of attendance,
behaviour is very high in comparisons with before implementation of school uniform. Whereas
the average percentage of test score is more than before implementation of school uniform but
there is an average or very little increase in test score Wearing uniforms in public school result in
positive effects on all factors taken into consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance
.like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly
uniform imparts and promotes equality among various sections of society or people. Student
when inform in uniform see a friend in fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to.
Address code makes a student a student much more professional and discipline towards learning
atmosphere as well as life by altering a person attitude towards success.

4.3. Major Findings

Wearing uniforms in public school result in positive effects on all factors taken into
consideration like behaviour, test score and attendance .like a sheep in a herd is unidentifiable
due to same looks shared by the whole herd. Similarly uniform imparts and promotes equality
among various sections of society or people. Student when inform in uniform see a friend in
fellow classmate and not a rival to be compared to. Address code makes a student a student much
more professional and discipline towards learning atmosphere as well as life by altering a person
attitude towards success by wearing uniforms in public schools .A dress code makes a student
much more professional and disciplined towards learning as well as life by altering a person‟s
attitude towards success. Dress code brings a sense of professionalism thus making the students
ready for their life in a corporate world when they grow up and get a job because higher level of
discipline ensures a higher chance of landing a good job. A dress makes you what you are, a bold

46
dress will by default make your nature bold and a subtle dress will make you more self involved
and calm natured person, thus a school uniform brings a sense of equality for students as they see
their fellow classmates as their own and not of any other class of society. Flashy clothes do no
good and distract a student which leads to comparison and jealousy and other social evils are
born in young buds. Without the need to be updated with the latest fashion trend, the students
can now focus entirely on studies and improve their performance. School is the base of life and
career for a student and the way teachers, parents and authorities mould them will make them
either successful or a total failure in their career .Implementing uniform system not only
disciplines the child but also teaches them equality and treating fellow students with love and
respect as their own. This modification leads to uplift in grades because it‟s much easier to focus
when all and sundry are dressed similarly .Additionally, a student‟s attendance also improves ;
when he/she doesn‟t have to go through the hurdle of picking out a new outfit every morning.
Schools Implementing Uniforms will experience reduction in violence and other factors leading
to commotion between students. Without the stress of competing with different styles, Students
are more relaxed in school. They will feel quall and at peace, leading to disappearing thoughts of
violence .Compelled uniforms will reduce the weapon predicament considerably .They will be
harder to hide with all students dressed identically, therefore fewer weapons and other socially
harmful stuff will be brought to school.

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student dress and uniforms: A case of commercialism in schools. The Journal of Negro
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Barling, J., & McEvoy, M., & Tucker, S., and Turner, N. (2010). Transformational leadership
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Bodine, A. (2003). School uniforms and discourses on childhood. Childhood, 10(1), 43-63. Doi:
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Calabrese, E., & Olshan, J. (2010, September 27). City‟s „grand‟ child. New York Post.
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Essex, N, (2006). A teacher‟s pocket guide to school law. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
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Gentile, E., & Imberman, S. (2009). Dressed for success: Do school uniforms improve student
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