JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
DANTIWADA, BANASKANTHA
SESSION 2024-25
NAME: ROHIT DELVADIYA
CLASS : 12TH SCIENCE
ROLL NO: 1223
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
TOPIC: CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
GUIDED BY: MR. MANSINGH MEENA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly
than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person,
whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true
feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time."
On the very outset of this project, I would like to extend my sincere &
heartfelt obligation towards all personages who have helped me in this
endeavor. Without their active guidance and help, cooperation &
encouragement, I would not have made headway in the project. The
success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got
this all along the completion of my project work.
First and foremost, I would like to thank our school principal MR. RAJEEB
KUMAR SHARMA for providing me with the opportunity to work on this
project and for his constant support throughout.
I am ineffably indebted and extremely thankful to MR. MANSING MEENA
for giving me the opportunity to work on this project and for his
conscientious guidance and encouragement to complete this
project. Working all along, under their supervision brought me immense
knowledge both practically and theoretically which would be of great help
to me ahead in my life.
I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence my gratitude towards
my parents and member of family, who have always supported me morally
as well as economically.
At last but not least gratitude goes to my friends who directly or indirectly
helped me to complete the project. Any omission in this brief
acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.
Thanking you – ROHIT DELVADIYA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that I, ROHIT
DELVADIYA a student of Class 12TH
SCIENCE
at JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
have successfully completed the biology project
on "contraceptive methods " as a part of my
academic curriculum academic session 2024-25
SUB. TEACHER PRINCIPAL VICE PRINCIPAL
EXTERNAL INVIGILATOR
SEAL OF INSTITUTION
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM & STRATEGIES
INDIAN GOVT. MEASURES
POPULATION EXPLATION & CONTROL
CONTRACEPTION
METHODS OF CONTACEPTION
BIBILIOGRAPHY
REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
• It is the state of physical,
emotional, behavioral and social
fitness for leading a reproductive
life.
• According to WHO: A total
wellbeing in all aspects of
reproduction,
i.e., physical, emotional,
behavioral and social.
Reproductive Health- Problems
&
Strategies :-
ÞIndia was among the 1st countries to initiate
actions & plans to attain total reproductive
health as social goal.
These programs are called as ‘FAMILY
PLANNING’-initiated in 1951.
Improved programs covering reproduction
related areas are in operation- ‘Reproductive
& Child Health Care Programs’ (RCH).
Create awareness about various reproduction
aspects & provide facilities and support to
build reproductively healthy society.
HOW HAS THE GOVERNMENT
TAKEN MEASURES?
• Through the help of audio-visuals &
print media to create awareness.
• Family members, close relations are
involved in the awareness.
• Sex education is introduced in schools to
provide awareness
• Proper information about reproductive
organs, adolescence & related changes,
safe & hygienic sexual practices,
sexually transmitted diseases (STD),
AIDS etc.
• Educating people about birth control
options, care of pregnant women, post-
natal care of mother & child, importance
of breast feeding, equal importance to
both male & female child- socially
conscious healthy family
• Awareness of uncontrolled population
growth, social evils- build socially
responsible healthy society.
• Implementation of various action plan
requires infrastructural facilities,
professional expertise & material
support to provide medical assistance
and care to people in reproduction
related problems, pregnancy, delivery,
STDs, abortions, contraception,
menstrual problems, infertility etc.
• Statutory ban on Amniocentesis- legally
check female foeticide, massive child
immunisation- programs.
• Researches on reproduction related
areas, supported by gov. & non-
governmental agencies to improve/ find
new methods upon the existing ones.
Saheli
(Contraceptive)- Central Drug Research
Institute (CDRI)
• Improved reproductive healthy society-
increased medically assisted deliveries,
better post natal care, decreased maternal
& infant mortality rate, small families,
better detection & cure of STDs-
increased facilities for sex related
problems.
POPULATION EXPLOSION AND
BIRTH
CONTROL
• The increase in size and growth of
human population is called population
explosion.
• Indian population- 350 million at
independence and crossed 1 billion in
May
2000
• Alarming growth rate- scarcity of basic
requirements (food, shelter & clothing) •
The reason for high population explosion
are:
1. Decline in death rate.
2. Longer life span.
3. Decline in maternal mortality rate (MMR)
4. Decline in infant mortality rate (IMR) 5. Some
religious belief against birth control.
6. Lack of reproductive health knowledge.
• Some steps to overcome population explosion:
1. Motivate smaller families using
contraceptive methods
2. Awareness through media, posters/ bills-
Hum Do Hamare Do (we two, our two)
3. Couples mostly young, urban, working ones
adopted ‘one child norm’
4. Statutory raising of marriageable age,
female- 18, male- 21
5. Incentives to couples with small families
6. Contraceptive methods, to prevent unwanted
pregnancies
CONTRACEPTION
• Contraception aims to control birth, by
using contraceptives
• Prevention of conception or fertilization
of ovum during sexual inter course is
called contraception.
• An ideal contraceptive should be user-
friendly, easily available, effective and
reversible with no or least side effects.
• The different types of contraceptives are:
1. Natural / Traditional method
2. Barrier method
3. Intra uterine device [IUD’s]
4. Oral contraceptives
5. Injection and implants
6. Surgical method
Natural methods:
• It work on the principle of avoiding
chances of ovum and sperms meeting.
a) Periodic abstinence:
• Is a method in which couple avoid or
abstain coitus form day 10 to 17 of the
menstrual cycle when ovulation could be
expected.
b) Withdrawal or coitus interruptus:
• In this method male partner withdraws
his penis from the vagina just before
ejaculation to avoid insemination.
c) Lactational amenorrhea:
• Based on fact that ovulation/cycle absent
during intense lactation following parturition.
Hence chance of fertilization is absent.
• Effective for 6 months, side effects are nil
• Chances of failure are high.
Physical contraceptive or Barrier methods:
• This method prevents contact of sperm and
ovum by barrier.
• Available for both male and female.
a) Condoms:
• Barriers made of thin rubber/ latex sheath,
selfinserted & disposable.
• Covers penis in male & vagina and cervix in
female. It is used so that semen does not enter
the female reproductive tract.
• It also prevents AIDS and STDs.
b) Diaphragm, cervical caps and vaults:
• Barrier, made of rubber latex.
• Inserted into the female reproductive tract to
cover the cervix
• Block entry of sperm through cervix,
reusable
• Spermicidal cream, jellies, foams along with
these barriers
Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
• These devices are only used by female
• Inserted by doctor or nurses in the uterus
through vagina.
• They are available as:
a) Non-medicated IUDs
e.g. Lippes loop: Phagocytosis of sperm
b) Copper releasing IUDs
e.g.CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375
• Cuion released suppresses sperm motility
and fertilizing capacity of sperm.
• IUDs incrs phagocytosis of sperm within
the uterus
3) Oral contraceptives:
• Oral administration of small doses of
progesterone or progesterone- estrogen
combination
• Female, tablets & so called pills, taken
daily for a period of 21 days
• Inhibit ovulation & implantation & alter
the quality of cervical mucus to prevent
entry of sperm
• Effective less side effects, Eg. Saheli- non
steroidal preparation, once a week PILL
4) Injections or implants:
• It is also called as sterilization method
advised to male/ female partner to prevent
any future pregnancy.
• Blocks gamete transport, thus prevent
conception
• Sterilization in male is called-vasectomy &
female- ‘tubectomy’
• Vasectomy- a small part of the vas deferens
is removed or tied up through incision made
on scrotum
• Tubectomy- small part of fallopian tube is
removed or tied up through incision of
abdomen/ vagina
• Highly effective, reversibility is very poor
1. www.vedantu.com
2. www.byjuys.com
3. www.brainly.com
4. www.wikipedia.com
