Line graph/ Bar chart/ Pie chart/ Tables

Bar charts: to compare one item to another, to compare items over time, and
to show correlations
Line graph: to compare items over time, to show frequency or distribution, and
show correlations
Pie Charts: to compare one segment to the whole. ( with trends & no trends)
Tables: provide us with an effective way of looking at
groups of related numbers.
Paraphrase:
From..to…
Over 5 years from…to..
Between…and…
During the years…
During the period of 5 years, starting in…
For about…years from… to…
Over a 5-year period 2000-2005
During the first 5 years of the 2000s
Over the year/ the decade
In a period of 5 years: from…to…
Kind of the graph + verb + what + where + when
Format report:
1. Opening statement
Kind of the graph + verb + what + where + when
2. Overview statement
short summary of the main/ most important feature(s)

the following sentences where relevant: an additional

comment on a special feature, an overall summary of the main ideas or
future implications
3. Body paragraphs
2 trends: upward & downward  1 paragraph cho up, 1 paragraph cho down
3 trends: upward & downward & stable:
 Upward: 1 paragraph, downward and stable: 1 paragraph
 Downward: 1 paragraph, upward and stable: 1 paragraph
1 trend: describing the items with the same or different increase or decrease
levels.
Vocabulary:
Illustrate/ show/ indicate/ demonstrate/ display/ present/ compare/ describe/
provide/ give informations on
Predict/ anticipate/ estimate/ forecast/ project/ expect

It can be seen from the graph/table that...............................................................

As the graph/table shows,....................................................................................
As can be seen from the graph/table,...................................................................
As is shown by the graph/table,...........................................................................
From the graph / table, it is clear / obvious / apparent / that...............................

Special features:
Overall, _____________
It is noticeable to see that _______________ _____________
In general, _____________
It is not surprising that _____________
It also noticeable that______________________________________________
It can be seen from the graph/ table that________________________________
As can be seen from the graph/ table,__________________________________
From the graph/ table, it is clear/ obvious/ apparent that___________________
Percentage/ proportion/ ratio/ figures/ statistics/ data/ share
Past Simple to talk about ‘finished’ time, e.g. in 2000, etc.
Present Perfect to talk about ‘unfinished’ time or time ‘until now’, e.g. since
2007,
2010 – present, etc.
Future tense to talk about predictions in future time, e.g. in 2030, next year, etc.
predicted
anticipated
estimated
that Subject will
It is forecast
+ Verb
projected
expected
set
predicted
anticipated
Subject (be) to + Verb
estimated
…
subject + will +
The prediction is that
Verb
Subject will Verb

Double: x2, triple: x3

MEANING VERB NOUN
go down decrease(-d) decrease
fall (fell/fallen) fall
drop(-ped) drop
decline(-d) decline
dip(ped) down and up /
plunge(-d) (big change)
/
plummet(-ed) (big change)
slump(-ed) (big change) /
go up increase
increase(-d)
rise
rise (rose / risen)
growth
grow (grew / grown)
/
rocket(-ed) (big change)
leap
leap(ed) (big change)
/
shoot up (shot up) (big change)
/
soar(-ed) (big change)
surge
surge(-d) (big change)
/
double(-d)
treble(-d) /
increase threefold / fourfold

no change a leveling off at

level(-ed) off at
/
remain(-ed) the same at
remain(-ed) stable at /
remain(-ed) constant at
/
remain(-ed) unchanged at
stability/a period of
stabilize(-d) at
stability
constant change fluctuate(-d) fluctuation
vary (varied) variation
be erratic /
position peak(-ed) at
reach(-ed) a peak of
hit/reach a trough of
reach(-ed) a high of
reach(-ed) a low of
stand at (stood/stood)
 begin/start at
end/finish at

MEANING ADJECTIVE / ADVERB

steady / steadily
slight / slightly
gradual / gradually
small change minimal / minimally
marginal /marginally
fractional / fractionally
remarkably
moderate change moderate / moderately
sharp / sharply
steep / steeply
considerable / considerably
large change significant / significantly
dramatic / dramatically
substantial / substantially
exponential / exponentially

hit a low
fell and then leveled off
remained flat/stable
plummeted
rose gradually
fell gradually
soared
dipped
fluctuated
hit a peak
 - Upward
- Downward - Task achievement
1. Major trends - Stable - Coherence
- Fluctuate (upward, and cohesion
downward)
- Past tenses
- Grammatical range
- Present tenses
2. Tenses and accuracy
- Present perfect
- Task achievement
- Future
- Upward
- Lexical resources
3. Verbs/Nouns - Downward
- Grammatical
of - Stable
range and
movements - Fluctuate (upward,
accuracy
downward)
4. - Lexical resources
- Large change
Adjectives/Adver - Grammatical
- Moderate change
bs range and
- Small change
for degree accuracy
Adverb patterns
- S + V + Adv - Grammatical
5. Sentence
Adjective patterns range and
structures
- There + be + Adj + noun accuracy
- S + V + Adj + noun
S + V + Adv from …. to
S + V + Adv by … from …. to
S + V + Adj + noun of … - Grammatical
6. Prepositions
from range and
and
…. to accuracy
articles
S+ - Lexical resources
starts/begins/ends/finishes at
…
Sequencing expressions: first,
next,
- Grammatical
then, after that
range and
Relative clauses: which, who,
6. Join changes accuracy
when, where, …
- Coherence
Adverb clauses of time:
and cohesion
before,
after, …

Introduce a new part:

Looking at the details,_____________________________________________
As regard_____________________,___________________________________
As for_______________________,___________________________________
With respect to________________,___________________________________
COMPARISON
STRUCTURE
WORDS
 Sentence Clause
Others
connectors connectors
and
Similarly, both ... and like (+ noun)
Likewise, not only ...but (be) similar (to)
also also (be) the same as
too as the same is true for
just as

CONTRAST
STRUCTURE
WORDS
Sentence
Clause connectors Others
connectors
despite (+noun) in
However,
spite of (+noun)
Nevertheless,
but differ from
By comparison,
while (be) different
Conversely,
whereas (from)
In contrast,
(be) dissimilar to
By contrast,
(be) unlike

Highlight special features:

What stands out from the graph/ chart is that____________________________
The most striking feature of the graph/ chart is that_______________________
Another interesting point is that______________________________________
One particularly interesting fact highlighted by the data/ figure given is that___
A further point of interest is that_____________________________________
Approximating figures Fractions
around a tenth
about a fifth
approximately a quarter
approaching a third
almost half
nearly two thirds
close to three quarters
 (well/just) under
(well/just) over
(slightly) more/less than

Proportion/amount/number/
Percentage Fraction
majority
the overwhelming majority/ the vast
89% majority
a massive 89%, a hefty 89%
approximately
73% a significant/ vast majority
three quarters
precisely two
66% a large proportion
thirds
48% a good proportion almost a half
35% just over a third
25% a small number exactly a quarter
15% a small minority
a tiny minority, a modest minority,
an insignificant amount, a modest
5% a small fraction
5%, a
mere 5%

Three quarters/ 75 percent/ three out of four

Almost half/ 48 percent/ close to one half/ nearly half
One third/ one in three/ 33 percent
A be substantially more + long adj. than B
considerably less + short/long
a lot adj.
far
much
somewhat
significantly
 slightly
fractionally

fewer + countable
noun
significantly
less +
There be considerably
uncountable noun than noun
There be far
more +
slightly
countable/uncoun
table noun

There be
There be nearly as
many + countable noun
(not)
much+ uncountable noun as noun
twice
There be almost ss
three
There be more than
times
about twice
A be as adj.
three times

A short adj.+ est

be the noun
B most long adj.

short adj.+ est

most long adj.
The second most long adj. noun be noun
third short adj + est
least long/short adj.
biggest
largest increase be in
The
smallest number of be from
most significant
A have the largest percentage of noun
 number
to make up
to constitute
to stand at nearly half of ….
to comprise 30% of …
to account for the majority of …
to record a significant percentage
to consist of of …
to amount to
to represent

Number as subjects
- 22% of people emigrated to the UK in 2007 because they were
looking for a job
- 30% of people immigrated to the UK to have a definite job
accounted.
Prepositions at and with
- Having a definite job accounted for 30% of immigration to the UK
and this figure was very
similar to emigration, at 29%.
- The proportion of those moving to join a family member was quite
similar to immigration
and emigration, at 15% and 13% respectively.
- Joining a family member with 15% of immigration to the UK
shared almost the same figure
as emigrating for the same purpose.
Parentheses
- Although a significant number of people (32%) gave ‘other’
reasons or did not give a reason why they emigrated, this accounted
for only 17% with regards to immigration.
Percentage Fraction
Commas
80% four-fifths - Interestingly, only a small
75% three-quarters minority, 4%, emigrated for
70% seven in ten formal study.
65% two-thirds
- A large number of people,
60% three-fifths
55% more than half 22%, emigrated because they
50% half were looking for a job.
more than two
45%
fifths Percentage Qualifier
40% two-fifths
35% more than a third 77% just over three quarters
30% less than a third
25% a quarter
20% a fifth
15% less than a fifth
10% one in ten
5% one in twenty
77% approximately three quarters
49% just under a half
49% nearly a half
32% almost a third

proportion /
number / amount
Percentage
/ majority /
minority
a massive 85%
a hefty 80%
a very large
75% - 85% majority
the vast majority
the overwhelming
majority

a significant
65% - 75%
proportion
10% - 15% a minority
a very small
number
5%
a tiny 10%
a modest 10%

2. Age groups
There are several ways to say age groups.
- people in the 20-29 age group/bracket
- the 20-29 year-olds
- people aged 20-29
- 20-29 year - old people
- people from 20 to 29 years old
- people in the youngest/oldest age group
3. Linking devices
Useful linking devices can help better the description and make a
difference. Study the following
structures.
COMPARISON
STRUCTURE
WORDS

Sentence Clause Others

connectors connectors

and …
Similarly, ….. both ... and Like (+ noun),
Likewise, ….. not only ...but ……
Also, …… also Similar to (+
,too as…. noun), …..
just as …..
- Similar to Bernie’s Buns, Lovely Loaves also gained the biggest sales
from doughnuts.
- Bernie’s Buns and Lovely Loaves were similar in that they both earned
most from
doughnuts.

CONTRAST
STRUCTURE
WORDS

Sentence Clause
Others
connectors connectors

despite
(+noun)
However, in spite of
Nevertheless, (+noun)
but
By comparison, differ from
while
Conversely, (+noun)
whereas
In contrast, as opposed to
By contrast, (+noun)
compared
to/with (+noun)
A Although +
clause, clause
Though +
clause, clause
- Bernie’s Buns sold approximately 120 cookies, while Lovely Loaves sold
only around 65.
- Different from Bernie’s Buns which sold approximately 120 cookies,
Lovely Loaves sold
only around 65.
- Bernie’s Buns sold approximately 120 cookies, as opposed to Lovely
Loaves which sold
only around 65.
- Approximately 120 cookies were sold by Bernie’s Buns, compared to
around 65 cookies
which were sold by Lovely Loaves.
- Although fewer doughnuts were sold by Lovely Loaves than by Bernie’s
Buns, they were
still the most popular items for the b

Cách viết phân số:

Tử số: số đếm
Mẫu số: số thứ tự
Nếu tử >=2 thì mẫu thêm “s” vào sau
VD: two-thirds
The former/ the latter
Structure:
The number of students increased by 1,000 from 1,000 in 2009 to 2,000 in
2012.
 The number of students rose sharply from 1,000 to 2,000 during 2009-
2012
 There was a sharp rise in the number of students from 1,000 to 2,000
during…
 The number of students experienced/ witnessed/ showed/ underwent a
sharp rise from.. to…
 The period 2009-2012 witnessed/ underwent/ experienced a sharp rise in
the number of students from 1,000 to 2,000.

From.. to: tăng từ đâu đến đâu

At: tại điểm nào
By/ of: tăng thêm, giảm đi bao nhiêu
Earnings= revenue= salaries= income
The graph presents the earnings of four cafes in New York during 12
months last year.
- The line graph provides information on/about the amount of money
which was earned by
four cafes in New York last year.
- The line graph illustrates how much money was earned by four
cafes in New York during
12 months last year.
Subject + verb + noun phrase (+ relative clause) + …
Subject + verb + noun
phrase + …
Subject + verb + noun clause + …

Subject + verb + by… from…in…to….in..

The number of students increased by 1,000 from 1,000 in 2009 to 2,000 in 2012.
- The income of the Tea Room fell by about $11,000 from almost $160,000 in January
to just under $50,000 in December.
There + be + (a/n) + noun of…in…from…in…to…in…
- There was an increase of 1,000 in the number of students from 1,000 in 2009 to
2,000 in 2012.
- There was a fall of about $11,000 in the income of the Tea Room from almost
$160,000 in January to just under $50,000 in December.
Similarly, articles do need to be employed accurately in your answers.
- The line graph provides information about the income trends of four cafes in New
York over a period of one year.
- It is noticeable that the income for the Tea Room is lower in the winter months than
that for the other three cafes.