BIOLOGY

Morphology of
Chapter 5
Flowering Plants
opic-1Important Families
Revision Notes
D\ Family Malvaceae:
Vegetative Characters:
can be found in variousMembers
of
the Malvaceae family
growth forms, including trees,
shrubs, and herbs. Some species within this family have
root nodules that can host
Stem: Stems can be erect ornitrogen-fixing bacteria.
climbing, depending on the
Species.
Leaves: Leaves are typically
compound or simple. Thealternate
and can be pinnately
leaf base often features a
pulvinus, which is a swelling at the
Stipules, small leaf-like structures, base are
of the leaf stalk.
often
Floral Diagram
the base of the leaf. The venation of the leavesis present
1suallat Fruit: The fruit of plants in the Malvaceae family is often
reticulate (net-like). a legume, which is a type of dry, dehiscent ruit that
Floral Characters: splits open to release seeds. Seeds may vary in number
(a) Inflorescence: The
inflorescence is a long, and are usually non-endospermic (lacking a significant
meaning the flowers are arranged inracemose,
unbranched stem. endoSperm).
(b) Flower: Flowers in the Floral Formula: The floral formula for the
Malvaceae family are family can be represented as: %+ Ks Cs, A Malvaceae
bisexual and zygomorphic (bilaterally
symmetrical). G)
(c) Calyx: The calyx consists of
five Economic Importance:
sepals that are economically important members: The Malvaceae family has several
fused together (gamosepalous). These
an imbricate aestivation, sepals have
specific arrangement. meaning they overlap in a
> Some species are sources of
pulses (gram, arhar,
(d) Corolla: The corolla is made up of five sem, moong, soybean).
> Edible oils like soybean and
are polypetalous (separate from eachpetals, which
other). The from certain members. groundnut are derived
arrangement of petals follows vexillary aestivation.
(e) Androecium: There are ten > Indigofera plants are used for dye
stamens, typically > Sunhemp is a source of fibres. production.
diadelphous (grouped into two sets, usually with > Species like Sesbania and
nine fused together and one separate). Each
is dithecous, mearning it has two anther > Some members are Trifolium are used as fodder.
lobes. cultivated for ornamental
(f) Gynoecium: The ovary is superior, purposes (e.g., lupin, sweet pea).
positioned above the attachment point meaning it is > Medicinal plants like
floral parts. The ovary is usually of other
this family.
Mulaithi are also found within
(consisting of one carpel) and unilocular monocarpellary
(with a OveralL, the Malvaceae family is
diverse and inchudes
single chamber). Many ovules are typically present plants with a range of uses, from agriculture and industry
within the ovary. The style is single. to
horticulture and traditional
2Family Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)medicine.
Flowering Vegetative Characters: Menmbers of the
Brassicaceae
Twig Stigma family include annual or perennial herbs, rarely
Many species within this tamily have a shrubs.
The leaves are typically alternate characteristic oor.
Stamens and may be simple
Style pinnately compound.
Staminal Stem: The stem is usually erect and
Tube Leaves: Leaves are often arranged herbaceous.
Ovary. the stem. Leaf shape can vary, and they alternately alon,
Stamen on Thalamus toothed, lobed. In some species, the leaves
or may be enu
Staminal Tube Gynoecium may have
distinctive odor when crushed.
 MORPHOLOGY OF FLOVWERING PLANTS
Floral Characters: 45
(a) Inflorescence: The inflorescence is which are arranged in a crOSs-like
raceme, with flowers arranged alongtypically
a central
a
arrangement is why pattern. This
the farnily is often
called
stem. Cruciferae (cross-bearing).
Flower: Flowers in the Brassicaceae family are (e) Androecium: There are usually six starnens, with
yoicallv bisexual and have a radial symmetry four long and two short stamens
(actinomorphic).
arrangement). (tetradynarnous
i CalyN: The calyx consists of four sepals, which are ()
often free (not fused).
Gynoecium: The gynoecium typically consists of
two carpels (bicarpellary). The ovary is
Corolla: The corolla consists of four petals, positioned usually
superior, above the attachrnent point of
The fruit is typically a
other floral parts.
capsule known as a silique or silicle, which
numerous and arranged in two rows within the fruit splits open to release seeds. The seeds are
Stamen Stigma Stamen
Stigma Corolla
Flowers
Fruit -Ovary K
Sepal
Leaf AFlower -Calyx
LS. of Fower

Calyx Stigma
-Placenta Style
AFlowering Twig, -Ovary wall Stamen
LOvule
-Locules Ovary

T.S. of Ovary Androecium

Corolla and Gynoecium
Floral structure and floral diagram of a typical plant
(Mustard-Brassica campestris) of family Brassicaceae.
Floral structure and floral diagram of a typical plant (Mustard-Brassica campestris) of family Brassicaceae.
Floral Formula: The floral formula for the Brassicaceae
group of flowering plants, including herbs, shrubs, and
family can be represented as: %Ky4) C4) A6, G2 some trees. Many Asteraceae plants have a milky sap.
Economic Importance: The Brassicaceae family includes Stem: Stems can vary widely in habit, from herbaceous to
severaleconomically important plants: woody, and may beerect or prostrate.
ºCrops: Many important vegetables belong to this Leaves: Leaves are typically alternate and may be simple
family, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, or pinnately compound. In some species, leaves are otten
kale, Brussels sprouts, and mustard. arranged in a basal rosette. The presence of stipules is rare
Oilseeds: Canola (rapeseed), which is a source of in Asteraceae.
canolaoil, is derived from a Brassicaceae plant. Floral Characters:
Spices: Mustard seeds are used as aspice. (a) Inflorescence: The inflorescence in the Asteraceae
º Ornamentals:Some species, like Arabis and Aubrieta, family is unique and called a capitulum (head).
are cultivated as ornamental plants. The head is composed of numerous small flowers
Weeds: Some Brassicaceae species are considered grouped closely together,surrounded by modified
weeds, such as shepherd's purse and wild mustard. leaves called bracts.
Ihe Brassicaceae familyis characterised by itsdistinctive
ioral arrangement, with four petals forming a cross (b) Flower: The individual flowers within the
ike shape. It is economically significant due to its many capitulum are often very small and may appear
cultivated vegetable crops and ojlseeds, as well as its use tubular or ligulate (strap-like). Flowers in
in horticulture and spice
production. Asteraceae are tvpically bisexual and radially
Family Compositae (Asteraceae): symmetrial (actinomorphic).
absent,
Vegetative Characters: The Asteraceae family, also known (c) Calyx: In Asteraceae, the calyx is reduced or
as Compositae or the sunflower family, includes adiverse and its role is often taken over by a pappus, which
 Sohed PoperssChapterwise &Topicwise
46 Oswaal NEET (UG)
> Ornanentals: Many popular ornarnerntal
like daisies, chrysanthetniutns, and
Is a croWn of bris tles, scales. or hairs that aids in
Asteraceae members
seed dispersal
Plants: Some species, such as
(d) Corolla: The conlla consists of ive fused petalk, > Medicinal propertie
forming a tubular or ligulate structure, depending and arnica,have medicinal
Asteraceae species are
on the tvype ot flower in the cajitulum > Weeds: Certain
(e) Androecium: The number of stamens can vary but weeds in agriculural settings
Some mnernbers, ike ciovet ard
is usuall five > Honey Plants:
goldenrod, are valuable nectar sources fox
( Gynoecium: The gynoecium typically consists of
a single carpel and may be superior or inferior, production. honey
farnily is known for
depending on the species. The Asteraceae its
Fruit: The fruit is often an achene, a small, dry, one-seeded
composed
resernbies
inflorescence structure, which
of many
sa
snall flowers It is a
singe uniowet
cue
fruit Achenes are often accompanied by the persistent but is drverse
economically important fanily with menbers usedand
pappus, which aids in seed dispersal.
agriculture, horticulture, and various indusres
Floral Formula: The floral formula for the Asteraceae
familv can vary widely due to the presence of numerous Family Graminae (Poaceae):
small flowers within the capitulum, but a simplified Vegetative Characters:
representation is: %Ko Co, As) G) > The Poaceae family, comnonlv known as
the
family, includes herbaceous plants with gass
jointed stems (culms). holow
>Members of this family are typically
charactersei
by long, narrow leaves with parallel venation
Stem:
> Thestems (culms)of Poaceae are usuallv
cvlindnal
hollow, and jointed.
> They may vary in height and are
herbaceous, although some species can tvpicallv
become
woody at the base.
Leaves:
> Leaves are alternate and consist of a blade and a
sheath.
Br % K23 pappus Co5) Ap G > The leaf blade is usually
long, inear, and narrow
Ray floret with parallel veins.
> Ligules, membranous or hairy
present at the junction of the leafstructures, may be
blade and sheath
> Stipules are typically absent.
Floral Characters:
(a) Inflorescence:
> The
inflorescence in Poaceae is ottena characteristic
structure called aspike.
> The spike is composed of
numerous small clsely
packed flowers, each subtended by a small bract
called a glume.
> In some grasses, the inflorescence mav be a panicke
raceme, or other types.
(b) Flower:
Br, > Grass flowers are typically small, with reducedt
Kzy pappus Co A, G petals and sepals.
Discfloret They are typically unisexual, with
Floral diagram with floral formula both maie
(staminate) and female (pistillate) tlowers found
Economic Importance: The on the same plant
(monoecious) or different plant
economnic importance due to Asteraceae family is of great
its diverse range of species: (dioecious).
(c) Calyx:
Crops: Several importantcrops belong to this family, Grasses lack a distinct calwy. and their flowers hae
includingsunflower (for oil), artichoke, and lettuce. reduced perianth parts.
 MORPHOLOGY OF
(d) Corolla:
FLOWERING PLANTS 47
> The
corolla is
often absent or reduced Economic Importance:
inconspicuous structures
(e) Androecium: in grass to
flowers,
small, The Poaceae family is of immense economic importance
due to its role in agriculture:
> Stamens are
usually three or six, º Cereals: Grasses such as wheat, rice, maize (corn),
species.
> Thev may depending
on the
barley, and oats are major staple crops, providing
() Gynoecium:
have long filames and anthers. grains for human consumption and animal feed.
> The > Forage: Grasses like Timothy and Bermuda grass are
gynoecium
which is often typically consists of a single carpel, grown for livestock forage.
other floral parts).superior (above the attachment
of > Lawns and Turf: Many grass species are used for
> The ovary may lawns, sports fields, and golf courses.
be
or trilocular (with unilocular
(with asingle
Fruit:
three chambers). chamber) Erosion Control: Grasses are planted to control soil
erosion in various
> Thefruit of environments.
> Biofuels: Some grasses,
fruit called grasses like switchgrass, are used in
is typically a dry,
as a grain.
a
caryopsis, which is often one-seeded biofuelproduction.
referred to The Poaceae family is characterised by its
Floral Formula: hollow stems, and distinctive grass-like habit,
of inflorescence structure. It is
> The floral
formula for the Poaceae family can be thatparamount importance in agriculture,
providing
simplified as: %Ko Co are a primary source of human and animal grains
A3+3G1 worldwide. nutrition

P3+3 A3+3 G(3)

Floral diagram with floral formula

Objective Questions
1. Which family includes plants with diverse growth (a) Brassicaceae (b) Malvaceae
forms, such as trees, shrubs, and herbs, and is known (c) Poaceae (d) Asteraceae
for having nitrogen-fixing root nodules in some
species?
4. What type of fruit is typically found in the Poaceae
(a) Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
family, commonly referred to as a grain?
(a) Capsule (b) Achene
(b) Asteraceae (Compositae) (c) Legume (d) Caryopsis
(c) Poaceae (Graminae) 5. Which family is characterised by a floral formula that
(d) Malvaceae includes K Cy Ajo G?
2 In the Brassicaceae family, what is the typical (a) Brassicaceae (b) Malvaceae
arrangement of petals in the corolla that gives it the (c) Poaceae (d) Asteraceae
family'scommon name? 6 The Brassicaceae family includes several economically
(a) Fused into a tube important crops, including all of the following except:
(b) Arranged in across-like pattern (a) Cabbage (b) Mustard
(c) Separated and actinomorphic (c) Sunflower (d) Kale
(d) Reduced and 7. In the Malvaceae family, the floral formula represents
inconspicuous a superior ovary and a single carpel. What is the G
O. Which family is known for its unique inflorescence
in the formula indicative ot?
structure called a"capitulum" composed of numerous (b) Single ovule
Small flowers surrounded by modified leaves called (a) Single petal
bracts? (c) Single style (d) Single sepal
 48
8
Which OswaalNEET (UG) Solved Papers Chapterwise &Topicwise BIOLOGY
and long,family is known for its hollow,
(a) narrow leaves with parallel jointed stems 10. In the Asteraceae family, what structure often takes
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
(b) Malvaceae
(c) baceae (Graminae)
venation? the role of the calyx and aids in seed dispersal?
(a) Sepals (b) Corolla
(d) Asteraceae (Compositae) (c) Pappus (d) Glume
9.
Which
family family is
and is of often referred to as
(a) Brassicaceae immense economic
agriculture? the
"grasSin
(c) Poaceae importance Ars wer Key
(b) Malvaceae 1. (d) 2.
(d) Asteraceae (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6.
(c)
7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c)10. (c)
1.
Option (d) is correct.
The Answers &Explanations
growthMalvaceae
nodules. forms andfamilycan includes a 6.
wide range
Option (b) is correct. have Option (c) is correct.
2
of
The
because Br assi
itscaceae family is
nitrogen-fixing root Sunflower does not belong to the
it is a
3 shape of a cross.flowers have fouroften called 7. optionsmember
areall crops AsteraceaeBrassicaceae
of the
from family. Thefamily;
Option
The (d) is
correct.
petals Cruciinferaethe
arranged Option is correct.
In the
(b) the
Brassicaceae other
family.
4.
nfloreAstscence
iTheOption eraceaestructure
(d) is
family is known for
called a its
8. single Malvaceae
Optioncarpel,
(c) is and
it floral formula G)
The Poaceae correct.typically contains many represents
a
a fruit of correct.
dry, grasses in the "capi tu lum. " unique family"andand family is ovules.
grain. one-seeded fruit Poaceae family is
charactcommonly
stems is
5
Option
The (a) is
to thegiven floral correct.
known as a typically
caryopsi s
9,
Option
The (c) narrow
is leaves.
correct.
erised
by known
its as
hollow, jointed the"grass
formula K4
or Poaceae
10. family" and isfamily is
Brassicaceae family. C4y A6G Option
In (c) is
correct.
indeed
essential
in known as the grass
Asteraceae agria culture.
the
corresponds or
theabsent,
the the famnily, the
role of and is calyx is
calyxpappus
and aids in often
structure reducedon
seed that takKes
dispersal.
 Structural
Chapter 7
Organisation
in Animals
opic Anatomy and Morphology of Frog
Revision Notes primarily feed on insects
They arecarnivorous and
Brief notes on the digestive,
nous, and reproductive systemscirculatory,
and other small prey.
of afrog: respiratory, place
Digestive System: > Food is swallowed whole, and digestion takes
in the stomach and small intestine.
Frogs have a simple digestive system consisting of
mouth. esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and Undigested material is eliminated through the
lange intestine. cloaca.
Brief notes on the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and
reproductive systerms of a frog:
Upper eyelid
Nictitating membrane Oesophagus
Liver.
-Buccal cavity
Pharynx
External nostril Gall-bladder Stomach
-Tympanum Bileduct
Ileum
Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Cloacal
Brachium Pyloric constriction
aperture Antebrachium Urinary -Rectum
bladder Cloaca
Digits
Crus

Web
Digestive System of Rana hexadactyla
Toes
Rana hexadactyla - External morphology

Circulatory System: lingual.

external jugular
º Frogs have a closed circulatory mandibular
precaval -internal jugular
system with a three-chambered
subscapular innominate
heart: two atria and one ventricle.
brachial subclavian
> Oxygenated and deoxygenated muculo-cutaneous pulmonary
blood partially mix in the ventricle, Sinus venosus
which is not as efficient as the
four-chambered heart found in
mammals and birds.
º Blood is pumped to the lungs to hepatic
pick up oxygen and then circulated -hepatie portal
to the body. postcaval gonadial
gastric
renal
dorso lumbar -anterior abdominal

renal portal intestinal

splenic
pelvic
femoral
sciatic

FrogVenous system (Dorsal view)

 Oswaal NEET (UG) Solve
Papers Chapterwise &lopicwise
50

Respiratory System:
Nervous System:
have a well-developed
BIoLoGY
(breathins nervous systenm
Ings have both pulmonary respiration respiration including a brain and spinal cord.
through the lungs) and cutaneoUs
hey have sensory organs such as
(breathing thnough the skin) eyes, ears
They breathe though their nostrils, which lead to (tympanic membrane for hearing), and
the ungs Organs, olfactory
The skin must remain mojst for efficient cutaneous The nervous system controls various behavi.
respiratikn, which is crucial, especially for aquatic including jumping, swimmning, and vocalization
ies
Reproductive System:
Fat body > Frogstypically reproduce sexually.
Vas Males and females have distinct reproductive
eftferens organs.
Testis
> During mating, the male grasps the female in a
Kidney behavior called amplexus.
Adrenal body
> Eggs are fertilized externally as the female lavs
them, and the male releases sperm to fertilize them.
Ureter
> Tadpoles hatch from the eggs and undergo
metamorphosis to develop into adult frogs.
Rectum Opening of
the ureter

Urinary Cloaca
bladder
Cloacal
aperture
Rana hexadactyla - Male
Urinogenital System

1
Objective Questions
Which part of a frog's
for the initial digestiondigestive system is responsible
of food, primarily in
(c) Tympanic membrane
down insects and other small prey? breaking (d) Spinal cord
(a) Smallintestine (b) Stomach 5 In the process of amplexus, the
(c) Esophagus
male frog grasps the
female. What is the primary purpose
(d) Large intestine of this behavior?
2 What is the primary (a) Protect the female from
predators
chambered heart in frogs,disadvantage of the three
as compared to the four
(b) Maintain territorial
(c) Facilitate mating and
dominance
chambered heart in mammals and birds? fertilization
(a) It pumps blood less efficiently. (d) Ensure parental care
(b) It cannot circulate oxygenated blood. 6
Frogs can breathe through
(c) It lacks a septum. What is the advantage of both their lungs and skin.
(d) It has a single atrium. cutaneous
frogs in comparison to pulmonary respiration for
(a) Cutaneous
respiration is respiration?
(b) It allows frogs to stay more energy-efficient.
3.
Cutaneous respiration is essential for some frog
species. What is a key requirement for efficient periods. submerged for longer
cutaneous respiration in frogs? (c) Cutaneous
(a) Active lung respiration respiration can occur even when the
mouth is closed.
(b) Dry skin (d) It allows frogs to
(c) Aconstant supply of insects obtain more oxygen from the
atmosphere.
(d) Moist skin 7
What is the role of the
Which sensory organ in frogs is responsible for how does it
(a) They are
contribute toolfactory organs in
their survival? frogs, and
detecting sound and vibrations, aiding in their
(b) They aid inresponsible vision and navigation.
for
communication and predator avoidance? detecting sound and vibrations in the
(a) Eyes environment.
(c) Olfactory organs
(b) Olfactory organs are used to sense
changes in
temperature.
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATIONIN ANIMALS 51
a They help frogs locate prey and avoid predators from the
(a) It prevents the backflow of bloodbetween the
Duringamplexus, which specific adaptation in the ventricle into the atria and is located
&
ale trog's forelimbs facilitates grasping the female? atria.
i Suction cups (b) Copulatorv pads (b) It regulates the flow of blood between the heart
(c) Sharp claws (d) Elongated digits and the lungs.
r swallowing fod, it goes through the digestive (C) The AV valve ensures unidirectional blood flow
proess, What role does the small intestine play in in the systemic circulation.
this prveS, specifically (d) It is responsible for separating oxygenated and
Itabsorbs nutrients andminerals from the food deoxygenated blood in the ventricle.
a The small intestine initiates chemical digestion.
ic It primarily stores and temporarily holds food.
A The small intestine is responsible for breaking
Answer Key
down cellulose. 1, (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)6. (c)
What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valve 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
in the frog's heart, and where is it located?

Answers &Explanations
1. Option (b) is correct. 6. Option (c) is correct.
The stomach is responsible for the initial digestion of The advantage of cutaneous respiration for frogs
food in frogs, particularly in breaking down insects is that it can occur even when the mouth is closed.
and other small prey. This is crucial for frogs, especially when they are
2 Option (a) is correct. submerged in water.
The three-chambered heart in frogs is less efficient 7. Option (d) is correct.
than the four-chambered heart in mammals and Olfactory organs in frogs help them to locate prey
birds because it allows partial mixing of oxygenated and avoid predators. They play a crucial role in the
and deoxvgenated blood in the ventricle. frog's survival and are not primarily responsible for
3. Option (d) is correct. vision or temperature detection.
Efficient cutaneous respiration in frogs requires that 8. Option (b) is correct.
their skin remains moist. Cutaneous respiration is Male frogs have copulatory pad on the first digit
crucial, especially for aquatic frog species. of fore limbs which facilitate grasping the female
4. Option (c) is correct. during amplexus aiding in successful neating
Option (a) is correct.
The tympanic membrane, or the eardrum, is
9

responsible for detecting sound and vibrations in The small intestine's primary role is to absorb
nutrients and minerals from the food, making it an
frogs, helping them in communication and predator
essential part of the digestive process.
avoidance.
5. Option (c) is correct. 10. Option (a) is correct.
Amplexus is a behavior in which the male grasps the The Atrioventricular (AV) valve in the frog's heart
ventricle
female to facilitate mating and the release of sperm prevents the backflow of blood from the
atria,
into the atria and is located between the
to fertilize the eggs. It does not primarily serve to ensuring unidirectional blood flow.
protect the female or maintain territorial dominance.
 Molecular Basis of
Chapter 28 Inheritance
opic Protein Biosynthesis
Revision Notes 2. Translation:
Protein Bieoeynthesis Transatk tas pace in rines, wcn a
L Transcription: te frand in the cypasrn n ttched he
Transription erdplasrric reticulurn (ER, n eutaryA s
is tsed as a oKCus the cell nucleus, where DNA
in º The ribne reads the n?NAin ts,
WC ar
(mRNA) ternplate to synthesize rmessenger PNA sequerm fthreeTcertides ech
º RNA
polyrnerase is the enzyrne respoible for acids to the ritrIE
trarscription. The tRNA antid, which is
During nnperertary
unwinds,trarscription,
the DNA double heliz the mRNA udon, erUres that the orret amunc
and one ofthe DNA
terrplate for mRNA synthesis. strands sTVeS as a acid is added tro the yninz
º Peptide bonds frnrn betweer phypeptide
chain
º RNA adjacert arriro cda
rucdeotides (aderine, uracil, cytreine, and creating a polypepide chairn
giarine ) are added to the gwing, rnPNA strand, 3. Protein Folding
conplerneritary to the DNA tenplate º Once the polypeptide chain is
The resulting pre-mRNA
underyAs
further to fold into a syrithesized, it begrs
processing three-dirnensional structure.
º Protein folding is drivern by
" Intros
(no-codinz rezions) are renved various chemica
" Exrs (oading
interactions, inchudinz hydrogern bonds,
rejons) are spliced tother to
forn mature rmRNA. hydrophcbic interactions, imic bonds, ard disulfide
. A5cap and a poly-A tail are added for
bridges.
º Proper folding is crucial for the protein to
and efficient trarsla tion. stability achueve its
functional confornation.
Prnn yrthesis Pree arrino cide Molecular chaperones assist in protein folding and
prevent nisfolding
4. Post-Translational Modifications:
Matute
ceus Many proteins undergo post-translational
nodifications to acquire their final functional forn
º These modifications inchude
Anticden
phosphorylation
Tratnpn t2NAbring aino (addition of phosphate groups), gycosyiatior
cuplasn acád to ritosne (addition of sugar groups), acetylation (addion
DAD thrngh of acetyl groups), and lipidation (addition of lipid
groups), arnong others
º Post-translational modifications can alter a proteins
D PiboMme stability, activity, and interactions with othet
molecules.
Nezt RNAeIAeS
5. Protein Targeting and Trafficking:
NA Some proteins are synthesized with speific
leaves targeting signals that guide thern to their intended
cellular destinations.
Gwing arriro largeting signals may direct proteins to the nucieus,
2 Transeripticn mitochondria, endoplasnic reticulum, or other
(Prein)
organelles.
Intracellular transport mechanistns, such as vesiies
Newy fomed and rnotor proteins, facilitate protein trafficking
prtein within the cell.
 ANNVA ANRNENIANCE

FaicESS

HRNA

tolatt

Objectlve Questlons
() annlaton ntnol
AnaYsS
() |analattalontol
A tation thatienula in ihe
(a) NNAxmerae (b) lwnone in atene ca lead o autatitution of a siuple
) enuse ( ) Guavvlranerane uleotile a contitton knowu a
A Iurins ranxlation, wher does the pen ot (a) vaeshittutatlon
transvation wur within the riboome (b) Nilent mutattkon
(a) n the large subunit (c) Nonenne mutatlon
(b) Atthe Asite (d) Minnenne nutation
(c) On the mkNAnnolecule
luprokaryoten, wlhat nequene in teognized by RNA
(d) At the startodon olvmerane to nitlate traCHptio at the corret aite?
4 What is the primary nole ot melecular chapeone in (a) TATA bON
the context ofprotein kolding? (b) Shine Dalyano nequce
(a) Theycatalyze the formation ofpeptide bond. (c) Initiatorelenent
(b) Thevprevent the formation of disulide bridgen. (d) Inhancer nequence
(c) They guide the protein to its correvct cellula 9. Whith molecule in renontble tor ta ilitating the
destination. entry of aminoacyl RNA into the ibosoe's A nite
during trannlation?
(d) They asist in properprotein tolding and prevent (a) mkNA
mistolding
4
(b) rRNA
Which post-translational nnodification typically
(c) SRI' (Signal Recogniton P'articke)
involves the addition of phosphate groups o
(d) EF-u(Elongation Factor )
proteins and is crucial for regulating various cellular
Processes ? 10, Disulfide bridges, a tye of chemical interaction
(a) Acetylation (b) Glyeosylation involved in protein toding, primarily fom between
which amino acid residues in aprolein?
(c) Phosphorylation (d) Lipidation
5. What cellular structures or mechanisms facilitate
(a) Aspartic acid andt glutamic acid
(b) Cysteine residues
he targeting and trafficking of proteins to the lhenylalanine and euine
(c)
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? (d) Lysine and aryinine
(a) Microfilaments
(b) Motor proteins
(c) Ieroxisomes
(d) Golgi apparatus
6. Which level of regulation involves the Answer Key
raBe at which mRNA 0s translated into controlling 4. (c)5. (b)6. ()
(a) Itanscriptional control protein? 1. (d) 2(1)3. (d)
(b) Iost-transcriptional control (d) 10. (b)
7. (d)| 8. (b)9.
 UG S e t

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Answers&Explanations
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 Chapter 30 and Disease Human Health
opic Tobacco Abuse
Revision Notes >
Combining
1Health Risks and Consequences: increases thecounseling ofwith NRTs or
likelihood medications
> Tobacco abuse is a leading cause of preventable
6.
Prevention and Policies: success.
deaths worldwide.
> Smoking is linked to numerous health risks.
Comprehensive tobaccoabuse:
crucial to reduce tobacco control measures are
"
including lungs cancer, which is the most common Tobacco taxes and price
cause of cancer-related deaths.
consumption. increases discourage
> Cardiovascular diseases caused by smoking include "
heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease. Restrictions on
and sponsorshiptobacco advertising, promotion,
>Chronic respiratory conditions like chronic marketing prevent exposure to tobacco
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and "
emphysema are prevalent among smokers. Health warning labels on cigarette
2 Nicotine Addiction:
inform consumers of the risks. packages
"
> Nicotine is a highly addictive substance found in
Smoke-free laws protect nonsmokers from
tobacco.
secondhand smoke.
7. Global Impact and
> Nicotine addiction is characterized by physical and International Initiatives:
> Tobacco abuse is a
psychological dependernce. global epidemic, affecting
> Withdrawal symptoms, such as
irritability, populations worldwide.
and cravings, make quitting challenging. anxiety, International organizations like the World Health
3.Social and EconomicImpact: Organization (WHO) promote tobacco control
> Tobacco abuse has far-reaching through the Framework Convention on Tobacco
society and the economy: consequences for Control (FCTC).
> FCTCis a global treaty aimed at reducing tobacco use
" Increased healthcare costs due to
treating through evidence-based policies and cooperation
tobacco-related illnesses. among nations.
" Lost productivity due to absenteeism and 8. Emerging Tobacco Products:
smoking breaks at work.
" Environmental costs, including > The emergence of e-cigarettes and vaping products
deforestation
for tobacco farming and litter from has raised concerns:
butts. cigarette " These products are often marketed to youth and
4. Youth and may serve as a gateway to tobacco use.
Adolescents: " Research is ongoing to understand the long
Adolescence is a critical period for tobacco initiation, term health effects and safety of e-cigarettes.
with a lifelong health
7 Factors contributing toimplicatiorns.
youth tobacco abuse include 9. Environmental Impact:
Peer pressure, exposure to advertising, and flavored > Tobacco farming and cigarette manufacturing have
products that appeal to younger audiences. significant environmental implications:
contributes
P tarly prevention and education programs are " Deforestation for tobacco cultivation
essential to deter youth from to habitat loss and climate change.
5. Smoking tobaccouse. harm
Cessation and Treatment: " Pesticide use in tobacco farming can
Quitting smoking offers significant health benefits, ecosystems.
pervasive
Cigarette waste, incuding filters, is a
º regardless of age.
Effectivesmoking cessation methods include: form of litter.
poses substantial health, social,
Behavioral counseling and support. In summary, tobacco abuse globally. A comprehensive
Nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), like and economic challenges
prevention, cessation support, and
nicotine gum, patches, and lozenges. approach involving tobacco abuse and
essential to combat
Prescription
and varenicline.medications, such as bupropion strong policies is
reduce its harmful
on individuals and
effects
societies.
 Oswaal NEET(UG)SolvedPapers Chapterwise & Topicwise BIOLOG
56
Objective Questions
key strategy to discourage
1.
Which ot the foll wing is the most common cause of
cancer elated deaths ass(ciated withtobaco abuse?
(a) Bladdet cancer
What is onethrough
consumption
(a) Allowing
policy
unrestricted
measures?
tobacco advertisino tobacer
tobacco taxes
2 (c) Lung cancet (b) Liver cancer (b) Reducing smoke-free laws
What (d) Breast cancer (c) Enforcing
health warning labels
(a) engicharact
challRayd ng treriindividuals
ses nicotineto quiaddiction,
t smokin g?making it
7.
(d) Removingorganization promotes tobacco
Which global Convention on ccont o l
through the Framework
(b)
(C) Minimal metabolism of nicotine in the body
withdrawal symptoms
(d) Thvsical ofand psvchological
Control (FCTC)?
Nations Educational,
United Organization
Scientific Tobac o
3,
In Absence
to cravings
dependence (a) Cultural (UNESCO)
addition increased ishealthcare costs, what other
economic consequence (b) United
Nations
Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
International
Children'
abuse?
(a)
associated with tobacco
(c) World Trade Organization (WTO)
(b) Decreased healthcare emplooymenttopportunities (d) World Health Organization (WHO)
Reduced productivity due to increased work
hours 8 Concerns have arisen about e-cigarettes serving as
substance is
(C) Increased gateway to tobacco use. What
(d) Lost investment duein public health campalgns found in e-cigarettes that raises these concerns? typicaly
smokingproductivity to absenteeism (a) Nicotine (b) Cannabis
and
4.
What factors breaks at
work (c) Vitamin E (d) Caffeine
making contribute
(a) Lackadolescence
to
a critical youth tobacco abuse,
9 How does pesticide use in tobacco
to environmental harm?
farming ocontribute
of access to period for
(b) Strict legal tobacco products initiation (a) It increases soil fertility.
(C) Peer regulaexposure
pressure, tions to
(b) It promotes biodiversity.
(c) It harms ecosystems and non-target species.
(d) flavored products advertising and (d) It has noenvironmental impact.
WhichComprehensi
smokingve education
5.
cessation programs 10. Besides lung cancer, which of the
cardiovascular disease associated with following is
tobacco abuso
behavioral
therapies
method combines
or counseling with nicotine (a) Osteoporosis (b) Atherosclerosis
Success? prescription medications forreplacement (c) Diabetes (d) Alzheimer's disease
(a) increased
(b) Behavioral counseling alone Answer Key
(c) Nicotine
Prescriptionreplmedications
(d) Combination therapy
acement therapies
alone (NRIS) 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4.
(c)|5. (d)6. (c
7. (d)8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)

1.
Option (c) is Answers &Explanations
Lungs cancercorrect.
is
related deaths the most common cause of cancer prescription medications, increases the likelihood of
associated with tobacco abuse, as
stated in the reference 6
success in smoking cessation.
Option (c) is correct. material. Option (c) is correct.
2,

Nicotine addiction is Enforcing smoke-free laws is a key

psychological characterised by itboth physical and
dependence, 7. discourage tobacco consumption.
Option (d) is
policy measure to
individuals quit
to making challenging for correct.
3
Option (d) is smoking.
In addition correct.
The World Health
to
increased
tobacco
on Tobacco Organization (WHO) promotes
control through the
atproductivity
due to
absenteeismhealthcare costs, lost material. Control (FCTC), as Framework Convention
work is an economic
tobacco abuse.
and smoking breaks
consequence associated with
8
Option (a) is correct. mentioned in the
Option (c) is correct. Concerns
tobacco useabout e-cigarettes servingto as a gateway to
Factors contributing to youth are primarily
peer pressure, tobacco
to advertising,abuse include 9 nicotine in e-cigarettes. related the presence OT
products, whichexposure
make and flavored
adolescence acritical period
Option (c) is correct.
for initiation. Pesticide
and use in tobacco farming can harm
Optionnon-t(b)arget
Option (d) is correct.
Combinationwiththerapy,
10.
is species, as mentioned in the ecosysteis
material.
which correct.
Atwithherosclerosis is acardiovascular disease associated
counseling nicotine combines behavioral
replacement therapies or tobacco abuse, in
mentioned diseases. addition to the other