UNIT IV

DETAILED
DRAWINGS OF ROOMS
AND ARCHITECTURAL
COMPONENTS

BY

AR.SHAKTHI &

AR.SINDHU
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Design and detailing out of floor, wall and ceiling finishes/ construction/ laying

• The term ‘flooring’ refers to the lower enclosing surface of spaces within buildings.
• This may be part of the floor structure, such as the upper surface of a concrete slab or floor boards, but typically it is a permanent covering laid over
the floor.
• ‘Flooring’ can also be used to describe the process of laying flooring material.
• There is a wide range of flooring materials available:

• TIMBER

• Given that each piece is different, the unique aesthetic of timber is one of the main appeals for its use as flooring.
• It can also be very durable although it may scratch and is prone to movement.
• As timber is hygroscopic (sponge-like), it can unsuitable for use in rooms that may be exposed to humidity or moisture, although treatment of the
timber can make it resistant to moisture.
• There are several options for finishing timber, such as wax, oil or lacquer.
• The two main types of timber flooring are:
• Solid: Each board is made from a single piece of wood, typically 18-20mm thick, usually fitted using tongue-and-groove.
• Engineered: Each board consists of three or four layers of laminated timber, held together at right angles by glue to create a plank typically of around
14mm thickness
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Design and detailing out of floor, wall and ceiling finishes/ construction/ laying

• LAMINATE FLOORING
• Laminate flooring is a compressed fibreboard plank covered with an image of a material such as timber, stone, tiles and so on that is then given a
protective coating.
• Laminates can be suitable for rooms that wish to benefit from the aesthetics of a ‘natural’ floor but at a lower cost, with easier installation, and without
the risk of being damaged by scratching.
• Good quality laminates are durable and may have a 20- year warranty.
• They require minimal maintenance and may be installed with under-floor heating.

• VINYL FLOORING

• Vinyl flooring can be supplied in rolls or tiles and is generally fixed by gluing.
• It can be manufactured in a very wide range of colours and profiles and as with laminate flooring can simulate the appearance of other materials.
• The advantages of using vinyl flooring include:
• It is durable.
• It is easy to maintain and keep clean.
• It is capable of getting wet without buckling, making it suitable for use in bathrooms, kitchens,
• It is easy to install.
• It can be relatively inexpensive
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Design and detailing out of floor, wall and ceiling finishes/ construction/ laying

• BAMBOO FLOORING
• Rather than being wood, this is grass that has been compressed into a floor material, and is nailed down or glued together.
• It has the advantage of being a renewable resource and water resistant.
• Due to its insufficient hardness compared with wood, it is more prone to being dented and scratched.

• CORK FLOORING
• Cork is a water-resistant, renewable material that is suitable for a range of spaces, including basement and bathroom installations.
• Cork can be clicked together in the same way as laminates or can be glued.
• Cork floors are warm and flexible although they can be damaged easily by sharp objects.
• Tile (porcelain or ceramic) There are many options in terms of colour, texture, shape and finishes of tiles. Because of their hardness they are difficult to
scratch or dent, and are also suited to wet environments
• they are difficult to install and can break if there is a lack of support beneath the tiles.

TILES
• Tile These are generally more expensive than porcelain or ceramic options, but can be more aesthetically pleasing.
• They need to be properly sealed when installed, a process that will need repeating occasionally to keep the tiles protected

• CARPET
• It is made of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing. The pile is usually wool or fibres such as nylon, polyester or polypropylene that are heat
treated after having been twisted together into tufts or woven.
• There are many varieties of texture, style and colour available and generally carpet is both durable and easy to maintain.
• Carpet also has insulating properties in terms of both heat and sound. However, carpets can stain quite easily and can be damaged by water and damp
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Design and detailing out of floor, wall and ceiling finishes/ construction/ laying

• RUBBER
• Rubber flooring is made from natural or synthetic materials, including recycled rubber tyres.
• It is categorised as a type of resilient flooring, since it exhibits characteristics of elasticity or ‘bounce’. This also makes it suitable for dance floors,
restaurants or other high traffic areas where foot fatigue and slippage can occur.
• Rubber flooring is also becoming a popular option for domestic installations. It’s being used for children’s playrooms, shower and bath rooms, garages,
home gymnasiums and other applications that tend to require moisture and stain resistance, sound absorption, durability, elasticity and temperature
stability.
• POURED FLOORING
• Poured floors (asphalt and polymeric) Mastic asphalt and polymeric floors are poured as liquids and spread out across surfaces to harden and cure.
This creates a finish without seams.
• While asphalt and polymer flooring options are not especially common, they do have advantages in both commercial (especially industrial) and
domestic applications where water protection and durability are high priorities. can stain quite easily and can be damaged by water and damp

• DOMESTIC FLOORING
• It is most common for domestic flooring to be installed on a room-by-room basis rather than using one material throughout. Different rooms have
different requirements from their floorings.
• Bedroom: The most popular choice is carpet, although wood, laminate, or vinyl are suitable.
• Kitchen: Vinyl is a popular choice as it isn’t affected by water, is easily cleaned and has durability. Tiles and laminate flooring are also options.
• Lounge/dining room: The flooring decision is likely to be down to aesthetic preferences, as all floor types are suitable.
• Landings/stairs: The majority of upstairs areas are carpeted
• Bathroom/wet areas: Vinyl and tiles are ideal as they are unaffected by water and require minimum maintenance. Good quality vinyl with an R10 rating
is slip resistant and therefore ideal for wet rooms.
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Design and detailing out of floor, wall and ceiling finishes/ construction/ laying

• Commercial flooring
• The most common types of flooring used in commercial buildings are: Vinyl Easy to maintain, and unlike tile floors, there is no grouting involved.
• vinyl’s hard wearing quality, it can withstand large amounts of foot traffic, making it suitable for a wide range of commercial environments.
• Safety flooring This is a form of flexible, heavy duty, high grade vinyl or rubber flooring with slip resistant grains included. Essential for many industries
to create a safe working environment.
• This flooring is easy to maintain and keep clean., this flooring’s slip resistant quality makes it suitable for many workplace environments.
• Commercial carpets and carpet tiling - These are popular for many businesses due to the aesthetic quality that can be achieved. Carpet tiles are
common in offices because instead of laying down a large role of carpet, the individual tiles can be laid down and removed as required, giving flexibility,
access to raised floors and saving on wastage
 UNIT IV

Design objectives Effective building design

• It requires balancing multiple objectives:

• aesthetics, acoustics, environmental factors, and integration with the building's infrastructure—not to mention cost of construction as well as long-term
operation costs.
• Aesthetics Modern dropped ceilings were initially created to hide the building infrastructure, including piping, wiring, and/or ductwork, by creating a
plenum space above the dropped ceiling, while allowing access for repairs and inspections.
• Drop ceilings may also be used to hide problems, such as structural damage.
• Further, drop out ceilings can also conceal the sprinkler systems while still providing full fire suppression functionality.
• dropped ceilings were made of basic white tiles, but modern innovations now offer a plethora of options in sizes, colors, materials visual effects and
shapes, patterns, and textures as well as support systems and ways to access the plenum.
• Custom runs of specialty ceiling tiles can be done at relatively low cost compared with the past.

• Acoustics
• Acoustic balance and control was another early objective of dropped ceilings.
• A noisy room can overstimulate occupants, while a too quiet interior may seem dull and uninviting.
• The acoustic performance of suspended ceilings has improved dramatically over the years, with enhanced sound absorption and attenuation. This is
sometimes achieved by adding insulation known as Sound Attenuation Batts (SABs), more commonly referred to as "sound batts", above the panels to
help deaden sounds and keep adjacent rooms quieter.
• Environmental factors Indoor environmental quality Indoor environmental quality includes ventilation, VOC emissions, lighting and thermal system
control, thermal comfort, use of daylight for natural illumination, acoustics, and optimization of outdoor view availability.
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Design objectives Effective building design

• Sustainability
• Many manufacturers of modern dropped ceilings include sustainability as an objective. Sustainable features may include:
• Energy efficiency, including daylight efficacy and thermal insulating qualities. This uses the ceiling plane to reflect daylight as well as electrical
illumination to maximize lumen efficacy, which also improves the comfort and usability of interior spaces. A level of about 75% is considered good,
although higher levels are possible.
• Reduced resources needed for construction of the tiles
• Recyclable/reused/renewable materials

• Refer drawings given in the drawing pdf