Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine

Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration

Mr.Dhana Lingam M P - Criminologist

Assistant Professor & IEDC
Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Udaya Arts & Science College, Vellamodi
Kanyakumari
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration

Unit-I: Forensic Science Forensic Science-definition, Origin and development in India. Forensic
Science Laboratory set up in India. Scene of Crime1 : General crime scene procedure – notes
of observation, photography, sketching.

Unit-II: Imprint and Pattern Evidence Physical Evidence: Classification of physical evidence –
class and individual characteristics. Identification and individualization of physical evidence.
Locards Principle of exchange - Finger Prints2 , Footwear and tyre impressions.

Unit-III: Questioned Documents Questioned documents-writing materials, general and

individual characteristics, Principles of handwriting identification of handwriting and type written
scripts, Forgery cases.

Unit-IV: Forensic Medicine Forensic Medicine-Meaning1 . Medico Legal documents- Evidences-

Basic Principles of Medical practices – Duties of Doctors - Negligence – consent – types -
Euthanasia – Medical Legal Autopsy

Unit-V: Toxicology Classification of poisons2 . Routes of Administration of poisons. Action of

poisons. Factors are modifying the actions of poisons. Post-mortem changes in death due to
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
poison – Poisonous bites – Collection of material for identification – analysis and identification.
Alcohol – effect of alcohol – Alcohol and vehicular accidents.

Unit-I: Forensic Science

Forensic Science is the application of scientific principles and techniques to solve criminal
cases. It involves the collection, preservation, and analysis of evidence from a crime scene to
support or refute a hypothesis in a criminal investigation. The term forensic comes from the
Latin word "foris", meaning "outside" or "public," which refers to the use of science in legal or
public matters. Forensic science plays a crucial role in both criminal justice and legal
systems.

Definition of Forensic Science

Forensic science refers to the application of science to criminal and civil laws,
primarily—though not exclusively—during criminal investigations. It encompasses a wide range
of scientific disciplines, such as:

● Criminalistics: Identification and analysis of physical evidence.

● Toxicology: Study of poisons, drugs, and their effects on the human body.
● Ballistics: Study of firearms and ammunition.
● DNA analysis: DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals.
● Forensic pathology: Medical examination of cause of death.
● Forensic anthropology: Identification of human remains.
● Forensic entomology: Use of insect evidence to estimate time of death.

Forensic science is a multidisciplinary field that draws on knowledge from various branches of
science to answer legal questions related to crime.

Origin and Development of Forensic Science in India

Forensic science in India has a long and evolving history. Here is a brief overview of its origin
and development:
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
1. Ancient Practices:

○ Ancient India had practices for crime investigation based on evidence and
observation, but the application of scientific methods was not formalized. Early
Indian texts such as the "Arthashastra" (written by Kautilya around 300 BCE)
discussed topics such as criminal investigation and the use of physical evidence.
2. Colonial Era:

○The real development of forensic science in India began during the British
colonial rule in the 19th century. The British brought Western forensic
knowledge, and India started seeing formalized use of science in crime
investigations.
○ Dr. Sir Edward Henry, a British officer, played a key role in developing the
fingerprinting system in India, which became one of the most important
methods of identification.
3. Modern Development:

○ The first forensic laboratory in India was established in Calcutta (now

Kolkata) in 1952, under the West Bengal Police. This marked the beginning of
a more systematic approach to forensic science.
○ Over time, the field expanded, with more laboratories and scientific expertise
emerging across India. Forensic science became an essential component of
criminal investigations, especially with the development of DNA profiling,
fingerprint analysis, and toxicology testing in the latter half of the 20th
century.
○ National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU), established in Gandhinagar,
Gujarat, is one of the leading institutions for education and research in forensic
sciences in India.

Forensic Science Laboratories in India

The role of Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs) is to assist law enforcement agencies by
analyzing evidence from crime scenes. These laboratories provide scientific analysis of
materials such as blood, hair, fibers, weapons, drugs, and explosives.

Notable Forensic Science Laboratories in India:

1. Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL):

○ Located in New Delhi, the CFSL is a premier national forensic laboratory in India
that assists in the analysis of forensic evidence at the federal level.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
2. State Forensic Science Laboratories:

○Maharashtra: One of the largest and most well-equipped FSLs in India, located
in Nagpur.
○ Kolkata: The West Bengal Forensic Science Laboratory is one of the oldest.
○ Bangalore: The Karnataka Forensic Science Laboratory is known for its
advanced equipment and expertise.
3. Forensic Science Institutes/Universities:

○ National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU), Gandhinagar: Provides

education, training, and research in various branches of forensic science.

Scene of Crime (Crime Scene Procedures)

The scene of the crime is the physical location where a crime has occurred or where evidence
of the crime can be found. It is crucial to secure and document the crime scene properly in order
to preserve evidence for forensic analysis.

General Crime Scene Procedure

1. Securing the Scene:

○The first responder (police or investigator) must immediately secure the crime
scene to ensure that evidence is not tampered with, contaminated, or destroyed.
This may involve setting up perimeter barriers, controlling the entry of
personnel, and ensuring that only authorized individuals are allowed access.
2. Protecting Evidence:

○Evidence can be physical (blood, fibers, fingerprints) or trace (tiny particles that
may be important). It is important that the crime scene is preserved and that no
one disturbs the evidence. This includes avoiding unnecessary walking around or
touching objects that may contain evidence.
3. Scene Documentation:

○ Every aspect of the scene must be documented as thoroughly as possible. This

includes:

○ Photographs: A complete photographic record of the crime scene should be

taken. This includes wide-angle shots of the overall scene, as well as close-up
shots of specific evidence, to ensure that nothing is missed and that the scene
can be reconstructed later if needed.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
○ Notes of Observation: Investigators should take detailed notes about everything
observed at the scene, such as the location of evidence, the condition of the
environment (e.g., weather, lighting), and the general layout of the area. These
notes are crucial for later analysis and for providing testimony in court.

○ Sketching: A rough sketch of the crime scene should be created, indicating the
locations of important evidence, landmarks, and potential points of entry and exit.
The sketch is essential for visualizing the scene and can help in understanding
how the crime occurred. A scale drawing can be created to provide further
accuracy.

■ The sketch should include:

■ Orientation (e.g., compass directions).
■ Distances between various items and evidence.
■ Key evidence locations (e.g., bodies, weapons, or other objects).

Key Steps for Scene of Crime Documentation:

1. Initial Survey:

○ A walkthrough is conducted to understand the layout of the scene and to get a

sense of what occurred.
2. Photographic Evidence:

○ Take photographs from different angles and distances, including before any
evidence is touched or moved. Photographs should capture the overall scene as
well as close-ups of crucial evidence.
3. Evidence Collection:

○ After documentation, physical evidence such as blood samples, weapon

fragments, fingerprints, hair, or fibers are collected carefully using appropriate
tools to avoid contamination.
4. Chain of Custody:

○ Every piece of evidence collected at the crime scene must be carefully

documented to ensure that the chain of custody is maintained. This means
tracking who handled the evidence and ensuring it is not tampered with.
5. Final Survey and Scene Release:

○ After collecting all evidence, a final walkthrough of the crime scene is conducted
to ensure no evidence is overlooked. Only then can the scene be released or
handed over for further investigation.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Importance of Proper Crime Scene Procedures

1. Preservation of Evidence:

○Proper handling, collection, and documentation of evidence are essential to

ensure that it is admissible in court.
2. Accuracy in Investigation:

○The more accurate and comprehensive the initial observations, photographs, and
sketches, the better the investigation and subsequent legal process will be.
3. Prevention of Contamination:

○ Ensuring that only authorized personnel handle evidence minimizes the risk of
contamination and misidentification of evidence.
4. Legal Integrity:

○ Maintaining a proper record of how evidence was handled and ensuring a chain
of custody is maintained helps protect the legal integrity of the investigation.

Conclusion

Forensic science plays a critical role in criminal investigations by providing scientific evidence
that can confirm or disprove theories about a crime. In India, forensic science has evolved over
time, and there is a well-established network of forensic science laboratories. Proper
procedures at the crime scene, including securing the scene, documenting the evidence, and
maintaining the integrity of the evidence, are essential for ensuring justice is served.

எப்பொருள் எத்தன்மைத்து ஆயினும் அப்பொருள்

மெய்ப்பொருள் காண்பது அறிவு

"வெளித்தோற்றத்தைப் பார்த்து ஏமாந்து விடாமல், அதுபற்றிய உண்மையை

உணர்வதுதான் அறிவுடைமையாகும்."
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration

"என்காற் பொற்சிலம்பு மணியுடை அரியே"- கண்ணகி(சிலப்பதிகாரம்)

"என்காற் பொற்சிலம்பு மணியுடை அரியே"- கண்ணகி(சிலப்பதிகாரம்)
Madras 30th October 1849

From

Surgeon T.Rey
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
To

Captain I.Maitland

Superintendent,

Government Carriage Manufactory,

Madras.

Sir,

In answer to your letter as per No.286 dated 20th October 1849 may I have the honour to inform you that I do not
think it possible by any chemical process to ascertain the relative physical properties of wood of different kinds. Their
hardness and tenacity can only be measured by mechanical means and it must depend in a way upon the ultimate
.................and return herewith the samples of wood sent and remain.

Yours Obedient servant,

P.Thomas Rey Surgeon (Chemical Examiner) Madras

30th October 1849

Genesis of Tamil Nadu Forensic Sciences Department

1849: FSD owes it's origin to a small laboratory in the name of "Chemical Examiner's
Laboratory" sometime even before 1849 (as per the opinion - report - document dated
Oct.30,1849 that could be traced in the archives; so one believes that the year of birth could
be earlier than 1849).

1905 : A separate Police Laboratory was established by appointing a Coin and Currency
Expert to render scientific assistance to the investigating officers.

1935 : Appointment of Ballistic Expert.

1936 : Appointment of Foot-Print Expert.

1951 : Appointment of Document Expert.

1959 : Establishment of the first integrated "Forensic Science Laboratory" by combining

three Laboratories viz., the "Chemical Examiner's Laboratory" , the "Police Laboratory" and
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
the "Prohibition and Excise Laboratory". This has brought under one roof all types of
scientific examination in relation to criminal, civil and social justice administration.

1967 : Bifurcation of "Forensic Science Laboratory" into two units viz., the "Forensic
Science Laboratory" and the "Chemical Examiner's" Laboratory.

1970 : Establishment of Mobile Forensic Science Laboratories to render field criminalistics

service at the scene of crime.

1971 : Separation of the "Prohibition and Excise Laboratory" from the "Forensic Science
Laboratory ".

1973 : Merger of Forensic Science Laboratory and Chemical Examiner's Laboratory.

1974 : Debut of two Regional Forensic Science Laboratories one at Madurai and the other
at Coimbatore.

1976 : Began offering a two-year full time MSc., Forensic Science course with the affiliation
of the University of Madras.(Temporarily suspended)

1980 : Merger of the "Prohibition and Excise Laboratory "with the mainstream of "Forensic
Science Laboratory".

1981 : Recognized for conducting Ph.D Programmes.

1984 : Renamed in its present form as "Forensic Sciences Department".

 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration

In the early 20th century,

Dr. Edmond Locard, a forensic science pioneer in France, formulated the theory
which states, “Every contact leaves a trace”. This became known as Locard’s
exchange principle and is the basis for all forensic science

Vision & Mission

Transforming the institution as a Centre of Excellence in providing

world-class Forensic Science Services for the effective scientific
investigation of Crime and Justice Delivery System. Providing timely
and accurate Forensic Reports for the cause of 'Justice through
Science' by upholding the integrity and Professional Ethics, embracing
State-of-the-Art Techniques, Maintaining Professional Competence and
Quality Assurance

Unit-II: Imprint and Pattern Evidence

 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Imprint and Pattern Evidence are types of physical evidence that are crucial in forensic
investigations. These types of evidence provide distinctive characteristics that can be linked to
the suspect, victim, or crime scene. They include fingerprints, footwear impressions, tire
treads, and other forms of patterns left by objects or individuals during a crime.

In this unit, we will cover the classification of physical evidence, its individual and class
characteristics, identification, and the importance of Locard's Principle of Exchange, which
underscores the transfer of material between individuals and objects during a crime.

Physical Evidence: Classification and Characteristics

1. Classification of Physical Evidence

Physical evidence is any material object that can establish that a crime has been committed or
can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim. Physical evidence can be categorized into two
broad categories:

● Class Evidence: Evidence that can be associated with a group of objects or people, but
not with a particular individual.
● Individual Evidence: Evidence that can be traced back to a specific individual or
source.

Class Characteristics

● Class characteristics are traits or features of an object that are shared by a group of
similar objects. They cannot identify a specific source or individual but can help narrow
down the list of potential sources.
● Example: A type of tire tread that fits many vehicles of the same make and model. It
can tell you what kind of vehicle was involved, but not which specific vehicle.

Individual Characteristics

● Individual characteristics are unique to a particular object or person. This evidence can
be traced back to a specific source with a high degree of certainty.
● Example: A fingerprint or a bullet with unique markings left by the gun's rifling. These
characteristics are specific to an individual or a particular item.

2. Identification and Individualization of Physical Evidence

● Identification is the process of determining what a particular piece of evidence is,

whether it is a bullet, blood sample, shoe print, or fiber.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
● Individualization refers to the process of matching physical evidence to a specific
person or object. This is done by examining the unique characteristics of the evidence
that link it to a specific source.

○ Example: A fingerprint can be individualized because no two fingerprints are

the same. Even if the fingerprint is found in a large database, the specific ridge
patterns can be linked to an individual person.

○ Example: A piece of broken glass from a crime scene can be matched to a

specific window or bottle, individualizing it as coming from a certain object.

3. Locard’s Principle of Exchange

Dr. Edmond Locard, a pioneer in forensic science, formulated the Principle of Exchange in
the early 20th century. This principle is one of the foundational concepts of forensic science and
states:

● "With contact between two items, there will be an exchange of microscopic

material."

This means that whenever a person, object, or place is involved in a crime, they leave behind
traces of themselves (e.g., hair, fibers, blood) and also collect traces from the environment (e.g.,
soil, paint, or residue). Locard's principle highlights that:

1. Every contact leaves a trace.

2. There will be a transfer of evidence between the suspect, victim, and the crime scene.
3. Forensic scientists can use these transferred traces to link individuals to crimes and
scenes.

This principle supports the importance of properly collecting and analyzing evidence from all
areas involved in the investigation.

Types of Imprint and Pattern Evidence

1. Fingerprints

Fingerprints are perhaps the most widely recognized form of pattern evidence. They are
unique to every individual and do not change throughout a person’s life, which makes them a
powerful tool for identification and individualization.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
● Fingerprint Formation: Fingerprints are formed by the unique patterns of ridges and
valleys on the fingertips, which develop in the fetus and remain unchanged unless
altered by injury.

● Types of Fingerprints:

○ Loop: The most common pattern; it has one or more ridges that enter from one
side, curve around, and exit the same side.
○ Whorl: A circular or spiral pattern with two or more deltas.
○ Arch: A pattern where the ridges run from one side to the other without forming a
loop.
● Identification: The analysis of fingerprints involves comparing specific ridge patterns,
minutiae (specific points like ridge bifurcations and endings), and the overall structure.

○ Latent Prints: These are prints left on surfaces that are not visible to the naked
eye but can be developed using chemicals or powders.
○ Patent Prints: Visible prints left on a surface, such as those in blood or ink.
○ Plastic Prints: Three-dimensional prints left in soft materials like wax or putty.

2. Footwear Impressions

Footwear impressions are prints left by shoes on surfaces like dirt, mud, or soft materials
(carpets, dust). These impressions can be a form of class evidence (such as the brand or style
of the shoe) or individual evidence (such as unique wear patterns on a sole or damage to the
tread).

● Types of Footwear Evidence:

○ Impressions: Visible patterns left on a surface.

○ Shoeprints: Prints left in materials such as dust or sand.
● Analysis of Footwear Evidence:

○ Tread Patterns: The design on the bottom of a shoe that helps to identify the
manufacturer and model.
○ Wear Patterns: Over time, a shoe develops distinctive wear that can be tied to a
specific individual.
○ Unique Marks: Sometimes shoes have cuts, wear, or other unique marks that
can individualize them.
● Importance: Footwear impressions can help establish:

○ The number of individuals at a scene.

○ The path taken during a crime.
○ The size and type of shoes worn by the suspect.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
3. Tire Impressions

Similar to footwear impressions, tire impressions can provide valuable evidence in an

investigation. The tread pattern on a tire is unique to the manufacturer and model, and like
footwear, the wear patterns on tires can individualize the tire.

● Analysis of Tire Impressions:

○ Tread Patterns: Used to identify the tire make and model.

○ Track Width and Wheelbase: Can help determine the type of vehicle used.
○ Unique Markings: Tires may have punctures, stones lodged in the tread, or
other unique marks that can be traced back to a specific vehicle.
● Importance: Tire impressions can help:

○ Confirm the make and model of a vehicle involved in a crime.

○ Link a suspect’s vehicle to a crime scene.
○ Establish the route taken by the vehicle, or the location of a suspect’s car at a
crime scene.

Collection and Preservation of Imprint and Pattern Evidence

1. Fingerprints:

○Preserving Latent Prints: Fingerprints must be carefully lifted from crime

scenes using powder, tape, or chemicals. Special methods like cyanoacrylate
fuming or ninhydrin may also be used.
○ Digital Analysis: Modern fingerprint evidence is often analyzed using
automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS), which compare prints
from crime scenes with databases of known prints.
2. Footwear and Tire Impressions:

○ Casting: Impressions left in soft material (like mud or snow) can be cast using
materials like dental stone to create a physical mold of the print.
○ Photography: Clear, high-quality photographs of the impressions should be
taken from multiple angles before any attempts to lift or cast the impressions.
○ Documentation: Accurate measurements should be recorded to ensure that the
scale and position of the impression are preserved for analysis and courtroom
presentation.

Conclusion
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Imprint and pattern evidence, such as fingerprints, footwear impressions, and tire treads,
play a vital role in criminal investigations by helping to link suspects to crime scenes or victims.
Forensic scientists rely on the classification of physical evidence into class and individual
characteristics, ensuring that evidence can be identified and individualized for legal purposes.
Locard's Principle of Exchange emphasizes the transfer of material during a crime, which
provides opportunities for forensic examination to reveal critical evidence. Proper collection,
preservation, and analysis of imprint and pattern evidence are essential for the successful
resolution of criminal cases.

Unit-III: Questioned Documents

Questioned documents are documents whose authenticity or origin is disputed or unclear. In

forensic science, the examination of questioned documents plays a critical role in determining
the legitimacy of documents used in criminal investigations. Forensic document examiners
analyze the physical characteristics of documents, handwriting, ink, paper, and typewritten or
printed materials to determine whether they are genuine or forged.

This unit will cover the following topics:

1. Writing Materials
2. General and Individual Characteristics of Handwriting
3. Principles of Handwriting Identification
4. Identification of Handwriting and Typewritten Scripts
5. Forgery Cases

1. Writing Materials

Writing materials are the tools and substances used to create documents, such as pen ink,
pencil, typewriters, printers, and paper. Forensic experts study these materials to identify
their composition and origin, helping to verify or challenge the authenticity of a document.

Types of Writing Materials:

● Ink: Inks vary in composition, and modern forensic labs can analyze ink to determine the
time period in which a document was written or whether the ink is consistent with the rest
of the document.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
● Pencil: Pencil markings are often easier to detect in documents because they leave
distinctive graphite or carbon traces.
● Paper: The texture, weight, and watermark of paper can sometimes be linked to a
specific manufacturer or time period.
● Typewritten Documents: Typewriting produces unique patterns of ink distribution, and
forensic analysis can identify typewriters or printing devices used to create a document.

2. General and Individual Characteristics of Handwriting

Handwriting is a unique form of expression for each individual, shaped by both habit and
anatomy. Forensic document examiners rely on identifying general and individual
characteristics of handwriting to authenticate or question documents.

General Characteristics of Handwriting:

● Slant: The angle at which the writer holds the pen and the angle of the writing strokes.
● Size: The height and width of letters, which can indicate the writing style.
● Spacing: The space between words, letters, and lines, which can indicate whether a
document was written by the same person or multiple individuals.
● Form: The shape of individual letters (e.g., how a “D” or “T” is written) and whether the
person writes in cursive, print, or a combination of both.

Individual Characteristics of Handwriting:

● Letter formation: Variations in how certain letters are written can be unique to a person
(e.g., a loop on the letter "l", or the angle of a “G”).
● Pressure: The way the writer applies pressure on the paper while writing can result in
distinctive patterns.
● Speed and rhythm: The speed at which someone writes, and the consistency of rhythm
in their writing, can be identified.
● Spacing: The precise spacing between letters, words, and lines may vary and can be a
unique characteristic.

3. Principles of Handwriting Identification

The identification of handwriting is a scientific process that involves comparing various features
of the questioned writing with known samples. Handwriting experts look at the fundamental
characteristics of a person's writing to make an identification.

Key Principles in Handwriting Identification:

 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
● Consistency: If the writer has a consistent style, it is easier to identify their handwriting
based on the presence of distinctive characteristics.
● Forensic comparison: In forensic handwriting examination, the expert compares a
known sample (the person’s handwriting) with a questioned document (the disputed
document) to establish whether they match.
● Examination:
○ The expert examines:
■ Letter formation (e.g., curvature of letters, angularity).
■ Pen pressure (strong or light).
■ Slanting (vertical, left, or right).
■ Connection between letters (whether cursive writing is connected or
disjointed).
● Ruling out variations: Handwriting can vary slightly based on factors such as stress,
health, or writing speed, so an expert considers these variations before making a
conclusion.

Steps in Handwriting Identification:

1. Obtain known samples: To compare questioned documents, handwriting experts

require known writing samples from the individual in question. These are ideally obtained
under controlled conditions.
2. Examine features: The examiner will closely study the general and individual
characteristics of the handwriting, looking for unique traits.
3. Conclusion: Based on the comparison, the expert will conclude whether the questioned
document was written by the individual or someone else.

4. Identification of Handwriting and Typewritten Scripts

Handwriting and typewritten scripts are examined using similar principles, although the
techniques for analysis differ slightly.

Identification of Handwriting:

● As discussed above, handwriting is individualized and highly unique. Forensic examiners

look for distinctive features in a questioned document (like a signature or handwritten
note) and compare them with known handwriting samples.

Identification of Typewritten Scripts:

Typewritten documents can be analyzed for the following:

 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
● Typewriter Font: Different typewriters produce unique fonts due to small mechanical
differences. Even typewriters of the same brand can have different characteristics
depending on their age and maintenance.
● Spacing between Letters: Typewriters often leave consistent, mechanically determined
spacing between characters, which can be used to identify the machine.
● Wear Patterns on Typewriter Keys: Over time, the keys on typewriters may wear down
differently, producing subtle variations in the typewritten text.

Modern technology such as computer printers and photocopiers can also be analyzed for
patterns, toner composition, and resolution to determine whether a document is original or a
reproduction.

5. Forgery Cases

Forgery refers to the act of producing false or altered documents with the intent to deceive.
Common forms of forgery include signatures, documents, and currency. Forensic document
examiners are often called to investigate forgeries and determine whether a document is
authentic.

Types of Forgery:

● Signature Forgery: Forging someone's signature is a common crime, and experts are
often called to compare the suspect's handwriting with the genuine signature.
● Document Alteration: Sometimes, a legitimate document is altered to reflect false
information. For example, the amount on a check may be altered, or a contract may be
changed after signing.
● Counterfeiting: This involves the creation of fake documents, such as fake IDs, fake
currency, or forged legal documents.

Methods Used to Detect Forgery:

● Ink analysis: Different inks can be identified based on their chemical composition.
● Paper examination: Forged documents may be printed on paper with different
characteristics (thickness, texture, watermark).
● Digital analysis: In some cases, digital forensics can be used to analyze electronic
documents for signs of tampering or alterations.
● Comparison with known samples: The most reliable method of detecting forgery is to
compare the questioned document with known authentic samples of the person's
handwriting or signature.

Conclusion
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Forensic document examination is a crucial field in forensic science, involving the analysis of
handwriting, typewriting, and writing materials to establish the authenticity or origin of
documents. Experts in this field rely on principles like handwriting identification, comparison of
unique characteristics, and the detection of forgeries to provide valuable evidence in criminal
investigations. Whether examining a forged signature, determining the authenticity of a
document, or identifying a typewritten script, forensic experts use a variety of methods to assess
and identify questionable documents.

Key Concepts in this Unit:

● Writing Materials: Ink, paper, typewriters, etc.

● Handwriting Characteristics: Slant, pressure, size, rhythm.
● Handwriting Identification: Comparing general and individual characteristics to known
samples.
● Typewritten Scripts: Identifying typewriters by font, key wear, and other unique
features.
● Forgery: Detecting and analyzing forged documents, signatures, and alterations.

Unit-IV: Forensic Medicine

Forensic Medicine involves the application of medical knowledge to the investigation of legal
matters. It plays an essential role in determining the cause and manner of death, assessing
injuries, and identifying potential criminal activity. Forensic medicine also deals with issues like
negligence, consent, euthanasia, and medico-legal documentation.

This unit will cover:

1. Forensic Medicine - Meaning

2. Medico-Legal Documents and Evidence
3. Basic Principles of Medical Practice
4. Duties of Doctors
5. Negligence
6. Consent and Types of Consent
7. Euthanasia
8. Medical Legal Autopsy

1. Forensic Medicine - Meaning

 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Forensic medicine, also known as legal medicine, is the application of medical knowledge to
the law. It involves the investigation and evaluation of physical and biological evidence from
living or deceased individuals, especially in criminal cases. Forensic medical practitioners help
determine the cause of death, injuries, identification of victims, and assess the nature of
criminal acts.

Key Functions:

● Autopsies: Determining the cause of death, time of death, and manner of death
(natural, accidental, suicide, homicide).
● Injury Analysis: Evaluating injuries to determine whether they are consistent with the
report or allegation.
● Expert Testimony: Forensic physicians often serve as expert witnesses in court,
providing their findings on medical matters related to criminal investigations.

2. Medico-Legal Documents and Evidence

Medico-legal documents are official documents created by medical practitioners in connection

with legal investigations. These documents are critical in criminal and civil cases, providing
evidence based on medical facts.

Types of Medico-Legal Documents:

● Death Certificates: Legal document confirming the cause of death.

● Medical Reports: Written by physicians, these can include the results of physical
examinations, autopsies, or injury assessments.
● Consent Forms: Legal documents in which patients consent to medical procedures or
treatments.
● Injury Reports: Detailing injuries, especially in cases of assault, accidents, or violence.
● Sexual Assault Examination Reports: In cases of sexual violence, forensic medical
exams document injuries, biological evidence, and other physical findings.

Importance of Medico-Legal Evidence:

● Verification of Facts: Medico-legal evidence helps verify facts and provide reliable
evidence in court cases.
● Chain of Custody: Medico-legal documents and evidence are carefully handled to
ensure they are admissible in court.

3. Basic Principles of Medical Practice

 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Forensic medicine is governed by several core principles that guide ethical and legal practices.
Medical practitioners are bound by both medical ethics and legal regulations.

Key Principles:

● Confidentiality: Doctors must keep patient information confidential, unless required by

law to disclose it (e.g., in cases of suspected abuse or death).
● Duty of Care: Doctors are required to provide the best possible care within the limits of
their knowledge, skills, and resources.
● Competence: Medical practitioners must remain competent in their field and perform
procedures or evaluations they are qualified to handle.
● Consent: Before performing any procedure, doctors must obtain consent from patients
or their legal representatives, unless the patient is incapacitated.
● Beneficence: The duty to act in the best interest of the patient, promoting health and
well-being.

4. Duties of Doctors in Forensic Medicine

Forensic physicians play a crucial role in criminal investigations and legal proceedings. Their
duties include:

Key Duties:

● Examining Victims: Doctors examine victims of violent crimes, providing reports on

injuries and their possible causes.
● Conducting Autopsies: Determining the cause of death through post-mortem
examination, identifying injuries, and ruling out foul play.
● Providing Expert Testimony: Forensic medical experts are called to court to explain
medical findings in layman's terms.
● Collecting Evidence: In cases of sexual assault or violence, forensic doctors may
collect biological samples (e.g., blood, semen, hair) to identify suspects.

5. Negligence in Medical Practice

Medical negligence occurs when a healthcare professional fails to provide the standard of care
expected of them, leading to harm or injury to the patient. It is a critical issue in forensic
medicine and may have legal consequences.

Types of Negligence:

● Medical Malpractice: Failure to properly diagnose, treat, or perform a procedure.

 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
● Failure to Obtain Informed Consent: If a patient is not fully informed about the risks of
a procedure and gives consent under false assumptions.
● Failure to Monitor: Not monitoring a patient's condition adequately during or after a
procedure.

Legal Consequences:

● Medical professionals may be held accountable in civil or criminal courts for negligence if
the patient's condition worsens due to errors in treatment or judgment.

6. Consent and Types of Consent

In forensic medicine, consent is an essential concept. Patients must provide consent before
any medical procedure, and the consent must be informed.

Types of Consent:

● Expressed Consent: Clearly given consent, either verbally or in writing, for a specific
procedure.
● Implied Consent: Assumed consent, often in emergency situations where the patient is
unconscious and unable to give explicit consent.
● Informed Consent: When the patient is provided with full information about the
procedure, including risks, benefits, and alternatives.
● Consent for Autopsy: In some cases, an autopsy is conducted with the consent of the
family or as directed by the authorities in cases of suspicious death.

7. Euthanasia

Euthanasia refers to the practice of intentionally ending a person's life to relieve suffering. It is a
controversial ethical and legal issue in many countries.

Types of Euthanasia:

● Active Euthanasia: Direct action taken to end a person’s life, such as administering a
lethal dose of medication.
● Passive Euthanasia: Withdrawing life-sustaining treatment or allowing death to occur
naturally.
● Voluntary Euthanasia: When a person requests to end their life, typically through
medical intervention.
● Involuntary Euthanasia: When a person’s life is ended without their consent, often
against their will.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
In many jurisdictions, euthanasia remains illegal or is highly regulated.

8. Medical-Legal Autopsy

A medical-legal autopsy is a post-mortem examination performed to determine the cause of

death, especially in cases of suspicious deaths, murders, accidents, or deaths under unusual
circumstances.

Purpose of a Medical-Legal Autopsy:

● Determining Cause of Death: The primary goal is to ascertain the cause of death (e.g.,
trauma, poisoning, natural causes).
● Establishing Time of Death: Medical examiners determine the approximate time of
death, which can provide crucial information in criminal investigations.
● Identifying Toxic Substances: If poisoning or drug overdose is suspected, the autopsy
can identify the presence of toxins or drugs in the body.
● Injury Analysis: A medical-legal autopsy is crucial for analyzing injuries sustained prior
to death, which could help determine if foul play was involved.

Unit-V: Toxicology

Toxicology is the study of poisons, their effects, and the identification of toxic substances in the
body. This branch of forensic science is crucial in determining the cause of death in cases
involving poisoning.

This unit will cover:

1. Classification of Poisons
2. Routes of Administration of Poisons
3. Action of Poisons
4. Factors Modifying the Actions of Poisons
5. Post-mortem Changes in Death Due to Poison
6. Poisonous Bites
7. Collection of Material for Identification and Analysis
8. Alcohol and its Effects

1. Classification of Poisons
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Poisons are substances that can cause harm or death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by
the body. They can be classified based on their origin, effect, and mechanism of action.

Types of Poisons:

● Organic Poisons: Derived from plant or animal sources (e.g., cyanide, ricin, snake
venom).
● Inorganic Poisons: Substances like heavy metals (e.g., lead, arsenic, mercury).
● Chemical Poisons: Synthetic substances like industrial chemicals, pesticides, and
drugs.
● Biological Poisons: Bacteria, viruses, or toxins produced by microorganisms (e.g.,
botulinum toxin).

2. Routes of Administration of Poisons

The route by which poison enters the body can significantly affect how the body absorbs and
reacts to it.

Common Routes of Poison Administration:

● Ingestion: Swallowing toxic substances (e.g., drugs, household chemicals).

● Inhalation: Breathing in toxic gases or vapors (e.g., carbon monoxide, fumes from
volatile chemicals).
● Injection: Administering poison directly into the bloodstream or tissues (e.g., intravenous
drug use, snake venom).
● Absorption: Poisons absorbed through the skin (e.g., toxic chemicals or pesticides).

3. Action of Poisons

Poisons affect the body in various ways, depending on their chemical properties and the
systems they target.

Effects of Poisons:

● Neurotoxic Poisons: Affect the nervous system (e.g

., organophosphates, cyanide).

● Cytotoxic Poisons: Destroy cells (e.g., certain heavy metals like mercury).
● Hepatotoxic Poisons: Damage the liver (e.g., acetaminophen overdose).
● Renal Toxic Poisons: Affect the kidneys (e.g., ethylene glycol, antifreeze).
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration

4. Factors Modifying the Actions of Poisons

Several factors can influence how poisons affect the body, including:

● Age: Young children and the elderly may be more sensitive to poisons.
● Health Status: Pre-existing conditions like liver or kidney disease can alter the
metabolism of poisons.
● Dose: The amount of poison consumed plays a critical role in the severity of poisoning.
● Time of Exposure: The duration of exposure to the poison can influence its lethality.

5. Post-Mortem Changes in Death Due to Poison

The body undergoes characteristic changes after death from poisoning, which can provide
forensic clues about the cause of death.

● Toxicological Samples: Blood, urine, gastric contents, and tissues are analyzed to
detect the presence of poisons.
● Signs of Poisoning: Specific post-mortem changes may include discoloration of
tissues, bloating, and distinctive odors (e.g., bitter almond smell in cyanide poisoning).

6. Poisonous Bites

Snake bites, insect stings, and bites from other venomous creatures can cause poisoning.

Snake Venom:

● Snake venom can be neurotoxic, hemotoxic, or cytotoxic, affecting different parts of

the body.
● Common venomous snakes include cobras, vipers, and pit vipers.

Other Poisonous Bites:

● Insects (e.g., bees, wasps) and animals (e.g., dogs, bats) can transmit toxins or
diseases like rabies.

7. Collection of Material for Identification and Analysis

 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Forensic toxicologists collect samples like:

● Blood: To detect systemic poisoning.

● Urine: To identify drugs or toxins.
● Stomach Contents: To find ingested poisons.
● Tissues: To detect accumulated toxins in organs like the liver or kidneys.

8. Alcohol and its Effects

Alcohol is one of the most common intoxicants and can have profound effects on the human
body. Alcohol-related accidents, including vehicular accidents, are a common cause of injury
and death.

Effects of Alcohol:

● Central Nervous System: Alcohol depresses the CNS, impairing motor skills, judgment,
and reaction times.
● Overdose: Large quantities of alcohol can cause respiratory failure, coma, and death.
● Alcohol and Vehicular Accidents: Alcohol consumption impairs driving ability, leading
to accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Blood alcohol content (BAC) is crucial in legal cases
involving driving under the influence (DUI).

Conclusion

Both Forensic Medicine and Toxicology are pivotal fields within forensic science. They involve
examining medical and toxicological evidence to understand causes of death, injury, or
poisoning, and are essential in the investigation of criminal cases and accidents. Forensic
medicine covers areas like medical practice, consent, and autopsies, while toxicology involves
identifying poisons, their effects, and their role in death and injury.
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
Unit-I: Forensic Science

Important Questions & Answers

1. What is the definition of Forensic Science?

○ Answer: Forensic science is the application of scientific principles and techniques to solve crimes.
It involves the collection, preservation, and analysis of evidence from crime scenes to establish
facts in legal investigations.
2. What is the origin and development of forensic science in India?

○ Answer: Forensic science in India has a long history, with the first formal forensic science
laboratory being established in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1952. The development of forensic
science in India was influenced by the advancements in forensic science globally, especially in
Europe and the United States. The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) was
established under the Ministry of Home Affairs to provide scientific assistance in criminal
investigations.
3. What is the general procedure followed at the scene of a crime?

○ Answer: The general procedure includes:

■ Securing and preserving the crime scene to prevent contamination.
■ Noting initial observations about the scene.
■ Photography of the scene from different angles.
■ Sketching the crime scene with measurements.
■ Collecting physical evidence carefully and preserving it in labeled containers.
4. Why is photography and sketching important at a crime scene?

○ Answer: Photography and sketching are important because they provide a visual record of the
crime scene as it was found. This can serve as evidence in court and helps investigators analyze
the scene later. Sketches with measurements help recreate the scene for further analysis.

MCQs with Answers

1. Which of the following is the primary purpose of forensic science?

○ a) To identify the accused

○ b) To assist in criminal investigations through scientific analysis
○ c) To provide medical treatment
○ d) To conduct psychological evaluations
○ Answer: b) To assist in criminal investigations through scientific analysis
2. Where was the first forensic science laboratory set up in India?

○ a) Delhi
○ b) Mumbai
○ c) Calcutta (now Kolkata)
○ d) Chennai
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
○ Answer: c) Calcutta (now Kolkata)
3. Which of the following is NOT a part of the general crime scene procedure?

○ a) Securing the scene

○ b) Preserving the evidence
○ c) Making personal assumptions
○ d) Sketching the crime scene
○ Answer: c) Making personal assumptions

Unit-II: Imprint and Pattern Evidence

Important Questions & Answers

1. What is physical evidence? Explain its classification.

○ Answer: Physical evidence refers to any material items that are involved in a crime or
investigation. It can be classified into two categories:
■ Class evidence: Evidence that can be associated with a group (e.g., tire tread patterns,
blood type).
■ Individual evidence: Evidence that can be linked to a specific individual (e.g.,
fingerprints, DNA).
2. What is Locard’s Principle of Exchange?

○ Answer: Locard’s Principle of Exchange states that "With contact between two items, there will
be an exchange of material." This principle suggests that every interaction between a suspect and a
crime scene results in the transfer of trace evidence that can later be used to link them.
3. How are fingerprints, footwear impressions, and tire impressions identified?

○ Answer:
■ Fingerprints: Each individual has unique fingerprint patterns that can be used to identify
them.
■ Footwear impressions: These are analyzed based on unique wear patterns, tread
patterns, and size to identify the shoe and possibly the wearer.
■ Tire impressions: These are analyzed for unique tread patterns, tire marks, and other
features that may be linked to a specific vehicle.

MCQs with Answers

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of class evidence?

○ a) It can be traced to an individual source

○ b) It can only be linked to a group of objects or people
○ c) It is always unique
○ d) It never helps in solving a case
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
○ Answer: b) It can only be linked to a group of objects or people
2. Which of the following is NOT a type of imprint or pattern evidence?

○ a) Fingerprints
○ b) Blood spatter patterns
○ c) DNA samples
○ d) Shoeprints
○ Answer: c) DNA samples
3. What does Locard's Principle of Exchange state?

○ a) There is no exchange of material between the suspect and the crime scene.
○ b) There is always an exchange of material between the suspect and the crime scene.
○ c) The material exchanged is always the same.
○ d) Evidence can only be collected from the victim.
○ Answer: b) There is always an exchange of material between the suspect and the crime scene.

Unit-III: Questioned Documents

Important Questions & Answers

1. What are questioned documents?

○ Answer: Questioned documents are documents whose authenticity is in doubt. These could
include altered, forged, or counterfeit documents that are being investigated to verify their
genuineness.
2. What are the principles of handwriting identification?

○ Answer: Handwriting identification is based on the premise that each individual has unique
handwriting characteristics. Forensic experts examine traits such as letter formation, slant,
pressure, spacing, and other idiosyncrasies to identify the writer.
3. What is forgery, and how is it detected?

○ Answer: Forgery is the act of producing a false document with the intent to deceive. Detection of
forgery involves comparing handwriting or signatures, examining ink and paper, and looking for
other signs of alteration or manipulation.

MCQs with Answers

1. Which of the following can be classified as a questioned document?

○ a) A signed contract
○ b) A handwritten letter
○ c) A forged will
○ d) A printed magazine
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
○ Answer: c) A forged will
2. What is the primary feature of handwriting identification?

○ a) Ink used in writing

○ b) The type of paper used
○ c) Individual characteristics in letter formation
○ d) The color of the writing instrument
○ Answer: c) Individual characteristics in letter formation
3. Which of the following is a common method of detecting document forgery?

○ a) Ink analysis
○ b) Paper chromatography
○ c) Comparing handwriting samples
○ d) All of the above
○ Answer: d) All of the above

Unit-IV: Forensic Medicine

Important Questions & Answers

1. What is forensic medicine?

○ Answer: Forensic medicine is the branch of medicine that applies medical knowledge to legal
matters, such as determining the cause of death, identifying injuries, and analyzing bodily fluids or
tissues in the investigation of criminal cases.
2. What is the role of a forensic pathologist in a medico-legal autopsy?

○ Answer: A forensic pathologist conducts autopsies to determine the cause and manner of death.
They also assess the presence of any injuries, trace evidence, or substances that may have
contributed to the death, such as drugs or toxins.
3. What are the types of consent in forensic medicine?

○ Answer: The types of consent are:

■ Expressed consent: Given explicitly, either verbally or in writing.
■ Implied consent: Assumed in cases of medical emergency.
■ Informed consent: The patient is made fully aware of the risks and benefits of a
procedure before agreeing.

MCQs with Answers

1. Which of the following is a responsibility of a forensic pathologist?

○ a) Diagnosing diseases
○ b) Performing autopsies to determine the cause of death
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
○ c) Administering medications
○ d) Treating injuries
○ Answer: b) Performing autopsies to determine the cause of death
2. What is the purpose of a medico-legal autopsy?

○ a) To provide medical treatment to the deceased

○ b) To determine the cause and manner of death
○ c) To examine the deceased's medical history
○ d) To obtain consent for organ donation
○ Answer: b) To determine the cause and manner of death

Unit-V: Toxicology

Important Questions & Answers

1. What is toxicology?

○ Answer: Toxicology is the study of poisons, their effects on the body, and how they can cause
harm or death. It plays an important role in forensic science by helping to determine the cause of
death in cases involving poisoning.
2. How are poisons classified?

○ Answer: Poisons can be classified based on their origin (e.g., organic, inorganic, biological) or
their effect on the body (e.g., neurotoxic, cytotoxic, hepatotoxic). They can also be classified
based on their route of administration (e.g., ingestion, inhalation, injection).
3. **What is the role of toxicology in vehicular accidents?**
● Answer: Toxicology plays a key role in determining if substances like alcohol or drugs contributed to a
vehicular accident. Blood alcohol content (BAC) tests and drug screenings help establish if impairment was
a factor.

MCQs with Answers

1. Which of the following is a type of poison that affects the nervous system?

○ a) Cyanide
○ b) Arsenic
○ c) Mercury
○ d) All of the above
○ Answer: a) Cyanide
2. Which of the following is NOT a method of poison administration?

○ a) Inhalation
○ b) Injection
○ c) Ingestion
 Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
○ d) Compression
○ Answer: d) Compression
3. What is the primary purpose of toxicological analysis in forensic science?

○ a) To identify the type of poison used

○ b) To determine the cause of death in poisoning cases
○ c) To test for alcohol in the blood
○ d) All of the above
○ Answer: d) All of the above

Biological Sciences- 1.Anthropology2.Biology3.DNA4.Serology

ChemicalSciences-1.Chemistry2.Excise3.Explosives4.Narcotics
5.Prohibition6.Toxicology

Physical Sciences 1.Ballistics2.Physics3.Computer Forensics

Common- 1.Documents2.Instruments3.Photography4.Reception

ANTHROPOLOGY DIVISION
The Anthropology Division undertakes the examination of
skeletal remains for establishing individual identity. This
involves superimposition examination of the unidentified
skull and face photographs and the ante-mortem and
postmortem X-rays of the suspected dead individual.
Skeletal remains, burnt bones and bone fragments are also
examined for assessing the origin, sex and age. In addition,
photo-photo, photo-video and video-video comparisons of
facial images are also done.
Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration

BIOLOGY DIVISION

The Biology division detects/examines biological fluids such

as blood, semen, saliva, urine, faecal matter and specimens
like hair, fibres, wood, tissue, pollen grains etc. which may
be present on the clothing of the victims or perpetrators, at
the scene of crime and on the weapons/articles used for
committing the offence. Furthermore, identification and
comparison of diatoms in sternum/femur of the deceased
versus control water samples are carried in cases of
drowning.

DNA DIVISION

The DNA division examines and compare DNA in

paternity/maternity dispute cases, human identity cases
(HID), in mass disasters and for the identification of
perpetrators in sexual assault cases. The samples dealt with
include blood stains, seminal stains, salivary stains bones,
teeth, tissue and hair with root.
Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration

SEROLOGY DIVISION

The Serology division undertakes the examination of stains

of blood, semen and saliva, tissue and bones to determine
the species origin (Human or Animal). After determining the
origin, the ABO blood grouping of the samples is carried
out.

CHEMISTRY DIVISION
The Chemistry division examines fire
accelerant/inflammable residues in fire and arson cases,
Phenolphthalein and Sodium carbonate in trap (Prevention
of Corruption Act) cases, acidic and basic chemical
substances encountered in vitriolage cases, comparison of
soil samples, detection and quantification of nicotine in
tobacco products, paints and pigments in Hit and Run cases,
pigments and dyes in counterfeit currency and examination
of the purity of petroleum products. Detection and
comparison of chilly powder in murders and thefts,
examination of contact traces, dust, dirt, medicinal
preparations, spurious chemicals and elements, and
elemental analysis of jewellery and idols are also carried
out.

EXCISE DIVISION

The Excise division examines the samples in connection with

the enforcement of the Excise Acts/Rules. Analysis of
alcoholic beverages (IMFL-Indian Made Foreign Liquor, beer,
wine), rectified spirit, neutral spirit and molasses as per BIS
Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
standards, analysis of special spirits (grape spirit, malt spirit
etc.), denatured spirits, denaturants, fusel oil, spent wash,
spent lee, medicinal & toiletry preparations, spirituous
essences, industrial products such as DL preparations and
ayurvedic preparations is done. Standardization of
hydrometer and thermometer is done. This division also
renders opinions regarding the disposal and re-use of
confiscated rectified spirits and IMFS and other technical
matters related to the Excise for the Commissioner (P & E).

EXPLOSIVES DIVISION
The Explosives division examines and identifies explosive
substances (low and high explosives) in the exhibits seized
by the investigating authorities. These exhibits include
seized explosive substances and defused explosives,
improvised explosive devices (IEDs), pyrotechnic
compositions, debris, swabs, fragments, splinters, clothing,
containers, post-blast debris and post-mortem samples.

NARCOTICS DIVISION

The Narcotics division identifies both naturally occurring

narcotic substances like ganja, opium, mescaline,
psilocybin/psilocin and khat, as well as
semi-synthetic/synthetic narcotic drugs, psychotropic
substances and precursor chemicals in samples referred by
the enforcement agencies under the Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act and allied rules.

PROHIBITION DIVISION
Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
The Prohibition division analyses various liquors like arrack,
rectified spirit, wine, beer, vodka, sondisoru, toddy,
ayurvedic preparations, fermented wash, and Indian made
foreign spirits (brandy, whisky, rum, gin).The admixture of
atropine in Indian Made Foreign Spirits and arrack/ rectified
spirits is also examined. Furthermore, the examination of
coloured and flavoured alcohol, and other related
substances like molasses, flavouring agents and caramel is
also done. This division has also dealt with detection of
kadukkai,urea,Ammonium sulphate, Iodine Tincture in
various liquors.

TOXICOLOGY DIVISION
The Toxicology division analyses post mortem visceral
samples and body fluids to detect various poisons and
alcohol in cases of suicide, homicide, accidental exposure,
road and workplace accidents, and other unexplained
deaths. Besides, post mortem samples from birds and
animals as well as food and water samples in suspected
poisoning cases are examined. Blood and urine samples are
tested for alcohol in cases of DUI, drinking on duty, public
nuisance etc. Furthermore, the samples of food and
beverages served to Z-plus VVIP dignitaries and
international leaders visiting the state are also tested prior
to consumption.
Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration

COMPUTER FORENSICS DIVISION

The Computer Forensics division analyses digital forensic

evidence such as computer hard disks, USB drives, zip
disks, optical disks, floppy disks, and other storage media
such as smart cards, flash memory cards, memory
sticks/cards, compact flash cards, micro memory cards, pen
drives, thumb drives, SSDs, compact disks, digital versatile
disks, magnetic strip cards (credit and debit cards) etc. The
examination includes the retrieval of active and deleted data
from SIM cards in both (Android/iphone) GSM/CDMA smart
phones.

PHYSICS DIVISION
The Physics division undertakes examination relating to:
restoration of erased identification numbers on motor
vehicles, gas cylinders, cameras etc.; identification of
counterfeit Indian currencies and other associated
materials; tampering of electrical energy meters;
foot/footwear impressions, tyre-track marks of vehicles,
glass fractures, suspected photographs; identification of
tool/s used in the commission of various offences;
identification of motor vehicles involved in Hit-and-Run
cases, studying paint flakes, wooden slivers, tyre marks,
glass pieces etc.; motor vehicles involved in traffic accident
cases; authenticity of audio and video recordings and
speaker identification; reconstruction of plausible
mechanism of Improvised Explosive Devices from the debris
collected at the explosion site; determination of cause of
fire in electrical related fires; the strength of materials
involved in cases of suspected hanging,trade mark violation
Fundamentals of Forensic Science and Medicine
Mr.Dhanalingam - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology & Police Administration
study; and miscellaneous evidence materials such as idols,
capsules, buttons, fabrics,wire samples etc., for
identification or establishing common origin.

BALLISTICS DIVISION
Ballistics Division undertakes examination of various Small
Arms and Ammunitions involved in criminal cases for
identification and to establish the link between the Crime
and the Criminal. The challenges in the Forensic Ballistics
examination, among others, are:

* Establishing the identity of firearm (including

countrymade firearm) used in the commission of offence.

* Identification of type of firearm used through fired bullets

and cartridge cases found at the Crime Scene or extricated
from body of the deceased/victim.

* Estimation of Muzzle-Target Distance / Direction of firing

from the effects of gunshot on the target.

* Possibility of ricochet of bullet.

* Shooter identification.