Globalization: An Overview (Jerome Yip and Sarah Eaton)

The term “globalization” refers to the large scale partnering of world economies and cultures. Globalization is a
controversial concept. Its proponents praise the benefits of an integrated international market where goods, labour,
capital, and ideas can flow freely and promote economic development at all levels of society. Critics consider
globalization to be a gateway to unbridled capitalism, allowing powerful corporations to displace local enterprises and
further widen the gap between the very wealthy and the very poor.

Globalization is a process through which international communities, organizations, corporations, and individuals have
become increasingly interconnected through economics, politics, culture, and the earth’s environment. It is
characterized by increasing the flow of capital, labour, goods, and ideas between societies, and is often defined as the
increasing development of a borderless world or “global village.” Globalization has spurred both economic development
and cultural and political strain, as countries learn to cope with the effects of globalization on their individual countries.

Understanding the Discussion

Capital: Resources used as factors in producing more goods or services.

Foreign Direct Investment: An investment made in a company of a foreign economy.

Free Trade: A form of international trade wherein countries may exchange goods without restriction or tariffs.

Goods: Objects produced, sold, and consumed within an economy.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The measurement of the total market value of goods or services produced within a
country.

Labour: Work accomplished by people.

Protectionism: A set of policies and regulations, such as the raising of tariffs or restrictions of certain goods or services,
enacted to discourage the importation of foreign goods or services.

Tariff: An imposed tax on goods or services exported from or imported into a country.

World Merchandise Trade: The sum of export and import trade carried out between countries of the world.

History

The historical origins of globalization are widely debated. While some academics posit that it began in modern times,
other place its beginnings during the time of the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, or nineteenth century maritime trade
between European powers and their colonies.

Nonetheless, numerous scholars agree that there have been times throughout history during which domestic policies
and politics have conflicted with international economic integration. For example, the twentieth century witnessed a
breakdown in the development of a global economy due to the severely protectionist economic policies instituted after
the World Wars. During the period between 1913 and 1950, per capita income growth dropped below 1 percent.
International investment also plummeted. The World Wars were not only severe obstacles to international economic,

1
political, and cultural connectivity between the nations involved, but they also hindered economic development in other
nations around the world.

After the Second World War, newly revitalized industry and new technologies helped to generate a boom in both world
population and the international economy. The end of the wars and the fall of barriers and tariffs in Europe created a
significant increase in the exchange of goods. Global trade nearly tripled between 1980 and 1999. Economic growth in
China, India, Mexico, Thailand, and Vietnam, and international trade agreements, became the groundwork for the global
economy. In addition, the creation of international economic organizations such as the World Trade Organization, the
International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank helped to accelerate trade and economic cooperation. The
establishment of multinational alliances such as the European Union also occurred. Through such multinational
networks, goods, labour, capital, and ideas now flow at an unprecedented pace and volume from one country to
another.

Although the concept of a “global village” has become a reality through technologically powered economic integration,
globalization also brings about social, political, economical, cultural, and environmental disruptions.

Globalization creates favourable conditions for the transfer of jobs and industry from developed Western nations to
developing countries. This process is referred to as “off-shoring.” Jobs and industries are most often transferred to
countries with lower production costs, particularly lower employment costs. In developed economies, such as Canada or
the United States, production costs are higher because they are bound and influenced by currency rates and minimum
wage requirements. In Canada, wages are further affected by strong unions, such as the Canadian Automobile Workers
(CAW) union. The minimum wage for a factory worker in China stands around $0.54 USD per hour. In China, 7.45
Renminbi (RMB, or yuan), which is equivalent to about $1 USD, can feed a person for an entire day. In 2010, Canada’s
minimum wage varied between $8.00 to $10.25 CAN per hour by province or territory. The Canadian minimum wage
worker earns between thirteen to fifteen times more than the Chinese factory worker. While a Canadian company can
achieve lower production costs, an increased profit margin, and greater competitiveness by relocating their
manufacturing operations to China, other Canadian companies may be forced to close because of their reduced ability
to compete. Off-shoring has lead to the closure of factories and a widespread elimination of jobs in Western countries.

Developing economies often have poorly enforced or non-existent labour and environmental standards. While this may
represent an opportunity to increase profit margins for multinational corporations, anti-globalization activists have
accused such corporations of abusing the rights of workers at off-shore operations. Operations with extremely low
wages in comparison to developed countries, and excessively long and poor, or hazardous working conditions are often
referred to as “sweatshops.”

The often ill-defined labour standards of developing nations have given rise to a considerable amount of labour rights
infringements. China’s State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS) estimates economic losses of $40 billion USD a year
due to occupation-related disease, disorder, infirmity, or death. These occur in part because heavily pollutive industries
often choose to off-shore their operations to avoid environmental barriers present in nations such as Canada. In
developing markets, polluting companies are often left unchecked by local and federal regulations. Such markets are
known as “pollution havens.”

Within a technologically powered and economically integrated global market, environmental changes in one location on
the planet may have sizable effects in another location. Issues such as climate change and other environmental changes
attributed to industry have tied globalization and the environment together.

Globalization Today

On November 22, 1999, tens of thousands of protesters rallied in Seattle, Washington, during the first World Trade
Organization (WTO) meeting in the United States. The WTO is an international organization of 151 member states with

2
the mandate to regulate and liberalize international trade. Activists protested against the impact of free trade on both
developing and developed economies, the environment, and human rights. Critics argue that globalization’s institutional
mainstays, the WTO, World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), are creating a world where capitalism and
corporate interests take precedence over human rights and the earth’s environment.

In Canada, there are also protests against globalization. In 2010, a branch of the Royal Bank in Ottawa was the target of
an attack protesting against the G8 and G20 gatherings scheduled for the following month in Toronto.

In recent years, developing economies have outperformed many of the developed nations in terms of gross domestic
product (GDP) percentage growth. The liberalization of trade and the establishment of the global market have
contributed to increases in people’s quality of life. In 2007, China outperformed the United States as the main
contributor for world economic growth. India followed closely behind.

Issues such as income distribution inequality, labour rights violations, human rights infringements, trade imbalances,
and environmental degradation remain important and widely debated. Economic analysts, diplomats, critics, and
environmentalists continue to study how to best integrate environmental standards and regulations in a global market.
Meanwhile, trade disputes continue to result in tension.

From August 2006 to August 2007, the United States exported $41.2 billion USD of goods and services to China, while
China exported $205.1 billion USD of goods and services to the United States, leaving the United States with a $164
billion USD trade deficit with China. The situation is further complicated by China’s $1.43 trillion USD in foreign exchange
reserves - or reserves of US currency. In November 2007, when Chinese officials announced their intentions to diversify
their foreign exchange reserves into stronger currencies other than the US dollar, the trade value of the US dollar fell to
a fifty-seven year low against the Canadian dollar, and to lows against sixteen of the most internationally traded
currencies.

Although globalization remains a widely debated concept, few doubt that economic integration and the rise of emerging
markets has permanently altered the world’s economy and impacted international politics for generations to come.

This interconnectedness was demonstrated during the global financial crisis that began in 2008. The collapse in market
price of complicated financial products whose values were based on the US real estate market and the uncovering of
misleading and corrupt investment schemes at some of the world’s largest investment firms, negatively impacted the
economy of nearly every country in the world, including Canada. While Canada’s real estate market is structured quite
differently from that of the United States and, as a result, there were far fewer foreclosures, nevertheless, the price of
real estate plummeted and the impact on the economy was substantial.

In the effort to save the world’s economy from total collapse, government based financial bailouts were implemented
on an unprecedented scale. Critics of globalization saw the events of the financial crisis as vindication— or proof of the
problems inherent in a system of global trade rooted in financial co-dependency. However, proponents of globalization
argue that the problems of the financial crisis, once alleviated, will result in a strengthened, more reliable system of
global finance and trade that will continue to improve quality of life for everyone.

The global financial crisis brought to the forefront of public debate the ever-widening worldwide income inequality gap.
Globalization, critics contend, allows the world’s rich to continue getting richer, while stagnating mobility for the global
middle class, and making the poor, working-class populations even poorer. Between 2001 and 2011, the median pay for
a Canadian CEO jumped from $1.4 million, to $4.1 million. As further evidence of the shift in economic mobility,
investment and personal income growth opportunities were once more readily accessible to the middle class. But in
2010, the top 10 percent of Canadian earners generated 57 percent of investment income.

3
Bibliography

Books

Inda, Jonathan Xavier and Renato Rosaldo, eds. The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell
Publishing, 2008.

Kumaravadivelu, B. Cultural Globalization and Language Education. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.

Zedillo, Ernesto, ed. The Future of Globalization: Explorations in the Light of Recent Turbulence. New York: Routledge,
2008.

Periodicals

Grant, Tavia, and Janet McFarland. “How Globalization has Left the 1 Percent Even Further Ahead.” Globe and Mail, 18
Nov. 2013.

Kwok, Vivian Wai-yin. “Toy Maker Finds China May Not Be Cheapest.” Forbes (2 Nov. 2007).

Kearney, Chris. “Globalization.” Vital Speeches of the Day. 75.5 (May 2009): 210-214.

Lewington, Jennifer. “In Canada, Business Schools Lead Push for Globalization.” Chronicle of Higher Education 6 Apr.
2012: A20–21.

Olsen, Kelly. “Asia seen ready to take stronger leadership role in world economy.” The Canadian Press. (18 Jun 2009)

Websites

Jordan, Pav. Protesters take aim at Canada G20, G8 summits. Reuters 20 May 2010.
http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2014709020100520

Mendelson, Michael and Pamela Divinsky. Canada 2015: Globalization and the Future of Canada’s Health and Health
Care. Caledon Institute of Social Policy, 2002. www.caledoninst.org/PDF/55382024X.pdf.

4
 Point: Globalization Provides a Better Life for All (Jennifer Graham)

Thesis: Globalization is a beneficial process that has occurred throughout human history because of the positive and
long-term benefits it provides, including prosperity, security, and enrichment.

Summary: The process of globalization is best understood as the development of a better life through international
cooperation. It transformed North America from an agrarian to an industrial society and is the primary reason why
Canadians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the world. Past or present, globalization is widely recognized as
a force for good. It is not a zero-sum game, in which one country gains at the loss of another, but rather globalization is a
game in which everyone wins.

Introduction

Simply defined, globalization is the increased cross-border flow of goods, services, people and capital. Economists
coined the term in 1962 to describe a process of worldwide integration and increased economic efficiency pioneered by
Scandinavian Vikings as early as 1000 CE. The explorer Christopher Columbus is perhaps the most infamous of historical
globalizers who, on a mission to discover new trading routes to India, miscalculated in his navigation and landed in the
Americas in the fifteenth century. Late twentieth-century expansion in Asian countries, such as China, India, and “Asian
Tiger” countries including Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, demonstrates how successful globalization can transform
impoverished nations into booming economic metropolises.

Prosperity

Globalization is a proven force for generating prosperity. At the 2000 World Economic Forum, US President Bill Clinton
commented on the importance of open markets in worldwide efforts to improve standards of living and build shared
prosperity. In fact, only those countries that have opened their economies to international trade, capital flows and
competition have experienced economic progress. Globalization has reduced the number of people living in absolute
poverty (defined as less than $1 per day by the World Bank) by hundreds of millions and brought about a significant
decline in rates of child labour.

Trade also promotes growth because it enables a country to develop its resources and its citizens’ skills. This in turn
permits an increased level of global output at a minimal cost of production, providing access to basic needs such as
cheaper food, clothing and shelter. There are many examples of poor people grasping the opportunities provided by
trade and technology and bettering their lives, including Mexican farmhands who pick fruit in California, and Bangladeshi
seamstresses who make clothes for Europeans. Thirty years ago, South Korea was as poor as Ghana, but trade has
helped it grow to become as rich as Portugal as of 2008.

It is in Canada’s best interest to increase economic participation and improve living conditions worldwide. It does not
make sense for Canada to isolate itself from the rest of the world. This would hinder trading and thus impact both the
Canadian and world economy in the long run. Trade that does not concern itself with developing economies promotes
inequality and hostility and reverses economic growth. As such, it is the Canadian government’s duty to embrace and
promote globalization.

Security

A second benefit of globalization is that it promotes security. US President George W. Bush contended that societies
open to international commerce are the most open to democracy within their borders. The purpose of a liberal market

5
economy is to civilize the quest for profit and use it as an engine to fuel social progress. Trade creates the habits of
freedom that provide security and extend political power. US President Barack Obama has also supported the growth of
global trade.

A shift toward democratic ideals has transformed many governments by making them more accountable to their citizens
and fostering awareness of human rights. The best examples of this transformation are China and India. Since opening
their borders to trade, these countries have seen improved economic conditions and their citizens have gained personal
liberties and some leverage to demand more accountability from their governments. It is not only communist and post-
colonial countries that have benefited from globalization. During the two decades leading up to 2008, the percentage of
countries that moved from autocracies and dictatorships to multi-party elections grew by 30 percent.

The expanding circle of free trade increases security because economic growth establishes a successful middle class with
the money and power to exercise its right of choice in both consumer and political arenas. The improved social and
economic status of women is an example of how globalization promotes security. Educated women provide an
advantage in a competitive world, as they generally have fewer children than uneducated women and are able to make
productive and dramatic improvements to a country’s economy and industries. Their spending habits tend to center on
investment in education, health, nutrition and family life. Thus, countries that introduce female education experience
social progress; while those that exclude women from full societal participation tend to fall behind.

While a country of unskilled labourers cannot expect to transform itself quickly from vulnerability to security overnight,
globalization is a certain path toward the goal of security. Working conditions may not be ideal at first, but the profits
from this labour can be invested in education and training for longer-term improvements. This will move the country
away from labour-intensive manufactures and toward a society of experienced workers able to command higher wages
and an enforceable constitution of human rights. The same initiative was necessary for Canada’s transition during the
Industrial Revolution of the early twentieth century, and historians and citizens today will testify that the difficult yet
temporary conditions of the time proved worthwhile.

Enrichment

Globalization enriches the human experience through increased cultural and economic integration, which promotes
diversity by opening society to new technology, communication and ideas. Commercial communication between the
world’s nations brings about a sharing of ideas and exposure to new ways of doing business. Transportation creates
opportunities for foreign study, allowing citizens to experience first-hand the civil liberties, living standards and customs
of other countries.

As economies become more efficient, the cost of communication decreases. For example, the cost of a three-minute
telephone call from New York City to London, England, has decreased from approximately $300 US in 1930 to less than
10 cents in 2008. This drop in the price of telecommunications has increased opportunity for economic growth and
made the benefits of information available to almost everyone.

Moreover, globalization helps to break down discrimination against people on the basis of religious beliefs or race. In
fact, globalization has transformed diversity into a value, in-and-of itself. Globalization is not about imposing on or
eradicating cultural norms. Instead it is a process by which imported goods and services are adapted to reflect local
traditions and needs, sometimes referred to as “glocalization” to reflect the local aspect. A good example of this is
McDonald’s restaurants. As the corporation expands into different countries, it changes its menu to reflect the adopted
culture. For example, there is no beef on the menu in India out of respect for religious practices there.

Mike Moore, then the Director General of the World Trade Organization, said in a 1999 speech, “Nobody is a racist, or
an ultra-nationalist, or a protectionist when their child is sick. They want the best this world has to offer, and why not?”

6
The best world is the one that offers the best possible approach to every issue–globalization is the tool that allows
individual countries to develop their unique offerings and share them with the world.

Conclusion

Globalization is about allowing and enabling people to pursue their goals and to realize the best life possible through
access to ideas, technology, and people across borders.

Globalization creates prosperity by ensuring efficiency. As explained above, inefficiency is counterproductive in that it
allows people to waste their talents and countries to squander their limited resources. Also, globalization promotes
security because it creates a middle class with the knowledge, capital and confidence to demand human and civil rights.
Finally, globalization is a proven way to enrich the human experience and secure independence through
interdependence.

In sum, globalization is good for people in material, personal, and cultural terms, and that is why Canada, a nation of
free people, should support it.

Bibliography

Books

Dyck, Rand. Ed. Studying Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Ontario: Thomson Canada, Ltd., 2002.

Mingst, Karen. Essentials of International Relations. New York: Norton & Company, 1999.

Soros, George. On Globalization. New York; Public Affairs, 2002.

Periodicals

Abu-Laban, Yasmeen. “The Future and the Legacy: Globalization and the Canadian Settler-State.” Journal of Canadian
Studies 35 (2000-01); 262-76.

Bugyis, Eric. “Faith in Globalization.” Commonweal. 136.7 (10 Apr 2009): 16-29

Farhana, Shanzida. “Women and Health: In the Context of Global Restructuring.” Canadian Social Science. 4.3 (2008): 1-
8.

Immelt, Jeff. “Time to re-embrace globalization.” Economist: The World in 2009. (20 Dec 2008): 141

Palmisano, Samuel J. “A Smarter Planet.” Vital Speeches of the Day. 75.1 (Jan 2009): 45-47.

Ransom, David. “The Age of Possibility.” New Internationalist. 421. (Apr 2009): 12

Websites

The International Forum on Globalization. 8 February 2008 http://www.ifg.org.

7
 Counterpoint: Globalization Benefits Powerful Businesses at the Expense of Poor Nations (Melanie Lambrick)

Thesis: The globalization process was created in the economic interests of transnational corporations and rich nations.
As a result, international and domestic equality are put at risk, culture and democracy are threatened, and serious
environmental damage is incurred.

Summary: Globalization has been created predominantly by economic world powers to serve their own interests. It is
not a neutral or inevitable process. Globalization challenges many cornerstones of Western life, including equality,
environmental protection, democracy, and cultural diversity. Such changes have met with protest from a worldwide
“anti-globalization” movement. This movement highlights the importance of assessing the meaning of globalization, its
direction, and its compatibility with community principles and future goals.

The Globalization Story

Most portrayals of globalization emphasize a natural and progressive view of increased international integration as a
result of developments in transport and communication. As this occurs, it is important to remember that such
integration is part of the larger historical process of industrialization and, like industrialization, globalization is the
product of choices made by powerful actors. As a result of these choices, life has changed all over the world, but these
changes do not affect everyone in the same way. Economic capacity gives transnational corporations and the leaders of
powerful industrial nations the power to promote increased trade and advance communications, which they do to
benefit their own agendas. Therefore, it stands to reason that their economic interests will be paramount in the
unfolding process of globalization. This process is designed so that trade liberalization, privatization, international
finance and transnational corporations all thrive. Because it is guided mainly by monetary interest, it is most appropriate
to call this process economic globalization.

The massive worldwide anti-globalization movement is evidence that globalization is neither inevitable nor a means of
progress for all. Actors within this movement come from diverse social classes, age groups and cultures. Despite their
differences, they have banded together to draw attention to the economic and political problems with globalization.
Protesters at world summits, anti-privatization political networks and international organized labour all participate in
anti-globalization efforts. Economic globalization is only one possible direction for the future, and anti-globalization
activists assert that it is not a desirable direction while suggesting alternatives.

Unequal Players

Globalization benefits those with access to international networks while excluding all others. Through this practice,
inequality grows at both the state and international level. For example, within Canada and the United States (US)
workers who possess globally-applicable skills are offered high-paying jobs within transnational companies. At the same
time, workers in industries such as manufacturing are losing their jobs. This happens because transnational corporations
are able to pick and choose where their workers come from. Due to reduced trade barriers, these corporations can
move factories out of Western countries such as Canada and the US and into countries without minimum wage laws or
stringent labour practices. Cheap labour enables them to produce goods inexpensively and make higher profits. The
result is an ever-increasing income gap between different kinds of workers.

This income gap is also apparent between nations. As countries with resources for advanced communication and
transportation take advantage of new global markets, the economies of many developing nations are left behind. The
resulting increase in global inequality was noted by the United Nations (UN) in its 1992 Development Program Report,
which declared that the richest 20 percent of the world’s population earn over 82 percent of the world’s income.

8
Movers and Shakers

As mentioned above, globalization promotes the movement of production to certain cost-effective sites. During this
process, workers often are forced to move as well, in order to find jobs within growing industrialized areas. This
movement is emotionally, financially and culturally traumatic. In some areas where workers move and cannot afford to
resettle, urban slums develop. These slums are overcrowded, unsanitary and dangerous.

In industrialized nations such as Canada, workers are affected negatively by the fluid labour structure promoted by
globalization. When job markets become internationally competitive, organized labour becomes less practical. Demands
for health and dental plans, pensions and vacations no longer are negotiable, as workers can be replaced by those in
poorer countries, who will demand less. A trend toward privatization favours contracting out jobs in the public sector to
the cheapest source. This means that more people are working for low hourly wages instead of high salaries. Public
employees lose their jobs as private firms take over community services. In poor countries, exploited workers work long
hours for pitiful wages with little or no benefits. Labourers everywhere are pitted against each other in a struggle that
results in work for those who provide the cheapest (and therefore least secure) employment.

To the End of the Earth

The economic push of globalization is just as disastrous for the environment as it is for equality and labour. The
environmental impacts of increased production and transportation are clear, as climate change has been linked directly
to human industrial activity. As globalization is dependent on ever-increasing amounts of transportation, production,
and consumption, it is only a matter of time before environmental disaster strikes. This urgent problem is neglected
because in the progress of globalization, which is motivated by money, things that have no price, like air and water, are
not accounted for. Considering the ongoing depletion of the ozone layer, rising sea levels and decreasing fresh water
supplies, it seems the economics of globalization are on a crash course with the planet’s survival.
Poisoned Diversity and the Death of Democracy

While globalization’s worldwide influence affects everyone differently, the net result can be homogenizing. Globalization
requires certain processes, like a free market economy and a flexible labour force, in order to function. These processes
are developed and used by global decision-makers, and others must adopt these processes in order to participate
successfully in globalization. If they do not or cannot, their economies will be affected negatively. Thus, globalization
forces those who want to participate in the international economy to assume a liberal capitalist mode of organization.
Such influence extends beyond economics to general lifestyle, time management and philosophy. Alternately called
“Americanization” or “Westernization,” this phenomenon is compounded by the spread of Western influence through
increased communication, product distribution, and travel and results in a loss of cultural diversity. Other economic
systems, languages and non-commercial organizations rapidly are being replaced with a single liberal capitalist way of
life. In light of the problems mentioned above, an economically globalized system hardly seems the best solution for
everyone; yet soon it may be the only solution available.

Globalization’s economic power forces nations to make certain decisions impinging on states’ sovereignty. If a nation
wants to participate in the international economy, become wealthy and affect global decisions, it must adjust its laws to
make them amenable to international investment. This can take the form of actions such as lowering taxes for
corporations, subsidizing development, and providing cheap labour. To finance these actions, welfare programs such as
health insurance are cut, and citizens’ taxes are raised. In an international arena where every nation is competing for
investment, domestic interests are abandoned.

As the sovereignty of the state is compromised, where does democracy fit in? Many claim that globalization promotes
the spread of democracy along with the Western way of life. This may be partially true, as international lending agencies
like the World Bank insist on the institution of democracy in client countries. Whether or not the resulting political and
social systems are beneficial or truly democratic, states are instituting more democratic processes as a result of

9
globalization. It would seem, then, that globalization is beneficial for democracy. Yet, on a worldwide level, democracy is
weakening along with state power. Contemporary democracy is designed to work at the state level and is dependent
upon shared experience and values for success. This is not possible globally. Moreover, globalization decisions about
labour standards and the environment are not being decided by democratic national or international governments; they
are being made by transnational corporations. Even those that oppose globalization, such as international non-
governmental organizations, are not democratic because they do not represent everyone affected by globalization. As
the decisions that influence people’s lives are being shifted to the international arena, state level democracy appears to
be increasingly limited as an institution.

Conclusion

Globalization is driven by the economic interests of a relatively small group of players, yet it impacts the lives of
everyone on the planet. This process puts equality, the environment, diversity and democracy at risk while constraining
any one nation’s ability to protect the interests of its citizens. Globalization is the result of a process put into motion by
liberal capitalist interests, and it is possible that other interests can put into motion alternative processes. However, the
homogenizing effects of globalization reduce alternative possibilities every day. Therefore, the negative impacts of this
spreading problem must be recognized immediately; action cannot be deferred.

Bibliography

Books

Brawley, Mark R. The Politics of Globalization: Gaining Perspective, Assessing Consequences. Peterborough, Ontario:
Broadview Press, 2003.

Eschle, Catherine, and Bice Maiguashca, eds. Critical Theories, International Relations and ‘the Anti-Globalisation
Movement: The Politics of Global Resistance. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Held, David and Anthony McGrew. Globalization/Anti-Globalization. Cambridge: Polity, 2002.

Petras, James and Henry Veltmeyer. Globalization Unmasked: Imperialism in the 21st Century. Halifax: Fernwood, 2001.

Pantich, Leo, et al, eds. The Globalization Decade: A Critical Reader. Halifax: Fernwood, 2004.

Periodicals Belle, Walden. “A meltdown primer.” New Internationalist. 417. (Nov 2008): 34-35.

Foster, John Bellamy. “A Failed System.” Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine. 60.10 (Mar 2009): 1-23.

Macleod, Meredith. “REVERSING GLOBALIZATION; SOARING OIL COSTS WILL LOCALIZE ECONOMIES, EXPAND TRANSIT
JOBS - AND GREEN EARTH.” The Hamilton Spectator. (15 Jun 2009)

Miclkethwai, John. Adrian Wooldridge. “THE GLOBALIZATION BACKLASH.” Foreign Policy. 126 (Sep/Oct 2001): 16

Ransom, David. “The road to meltdown.” New Internationalist. 418. (Dec 2008): 23-24.

Scheve, Kenneth E., Matthew J. Slaughter. “A New Deal for Globalization.” Foreign Affairs. 86.4 (Jul/Aug 2007): 34-47

”The Fragile Web of Foreign Trade.” Economist. 391.8633 (30 May 2009): 16-17

10
”Turning their backs on the world.” Economist. 390.8619 (21 Feb 2009): 59-61

Woods, Ngaire. “Saving Globalization...Again?” World Today. 65.4 (Apr 2009): 4-6

Websites

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Globalization101.org. The Levin Institute. 13 February 2008.
http://www.globalization101.org/.

”Globalization.” Youthink! But do you know? 2008. The World Bank Group. 13 February 2008.
http://youthink.worldbank.org/issues/globalization/.

11